gs;spf; fy;tpj; Jiw mhpaY}H khtl;lk;.

KidtH. m. GfNoe;jp

Kjd;ikf; fy;tp mYtyh;. mhpaY}H khtl;lk;.

kjpg;gpw;Fhpa khztr; nry;tq;fNs!

cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vd; md;G tzf;fk;.

khztHfNs! cq;fs; vz;zk; caHthf ,Uf;fl;Lk;; .

cq;fs; Kaw;rpiaf; iftpl;L tplhjPHfs;. cq;fshy; KbAk>; vg;gb

vd;why; cd; rf khztj; NjhoHfs; jhd; Mz;L NjhWk; elf;Fk;

nghJj; Njh;tpy; msg;ghpa rhjidg; gilf;fpwhHfs;. mjdhy; jhd;

nrhy;fpNwd> cq;fshy; KbAk;. khztj; NjhoNu!

NjHT cd;idf; fz;L mQ;r Ntz;LNk jtpu> NjHitf; fz;L eP

mQ;rf; $lhJ. KbAk; vd;why; Kaw;rp nra;> KbahJ vd;why; gapw;rp

nra;. cd;dplk; Mw;wy; nfhl;bf; fplf;fpwJ mij Kaw;rpahy;

ntl;b vL. ek;khy; KbahjJ vJTk; ,y;iy vd vz;Z> ePq;fs;

rhjhuz khztHfs; my;yH rhjid khztHfs;> KbahJ vd;gJk;

,ayhJ vd;gJk; Nrhk;Ngwpf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd thrfk;. cd;dplk;

jho;T kdg;ghd;ik ,Ue;jhy; mjw;Fj; jho;ghs; Nghl;L tpL. kdpjid

Nkk;gLj;JtJ fy;tp . me;jf;fy;tpapd; NtH frg;ghfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.

Mdhy; mjd; gok; ,dpg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

khztHfNs! cq;fsplk; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; MHtk;

njhlHe;J ,Ue;jhy; ntw;wp ckf;Nf. ‘gbg;gJ kwe;JtpLk; vd;gjw;fhfg; gbg;gij kwe;JtplhNj’> Vndd;why; Njhz;Lfpd;w

kzypy; jhd; ePH Ruf;Fk;> gbj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhy; jhd; gbj;jJ

kdjpy; epw;Fk;. fhak; glhj %q;fpy; Gy;yhq;Foy;

MfhJ>neUg;gpyplhky; jq;fk; n[hypf;fhJ> mJ Nghyj;jhd; cd;

NjHr;rpAk; Kayhky; KbahJ.

khztr; nry;tq;fNs! cly; tUj;jk;

ghHf;fhky>mjpf Neuk; J}q;fhky; cd; nraypy; rpe;jidr; nrYj;J

ntw;wp cd;idj; Njb ehb tUk;. ve;j Neuj;jpy; vJ Kf;fpak;

vdgij eP czu Ntz;Lk;. NjHT neUq;Fk; Neuj;jpy; Kf E}ypy;

%o;fhky;> thl;]; Mg;gpy; tho;f;if elj;jhky;> njhiyf;fhl;rpapy;

njhiye;J Nghfhky; cd; vjpHfhyj;ij epidj;J epfo;fhyj;ij

gaDs;sjhf;Fq;fs;.

‘tpopj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; gbj;Jf;

nfhz;bUq;fs; gyd; fpilf;Fk;. gbg;gijj js;spg;Nghl;lhy; ntw;wpAk;

cd;idtpl;Lj; js;spjhd; epw;Fk;. Jd;gk; VjhtJ ,Ue;jhy; mij

epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fhNj Jd;gj;ijj; J}uj;jpy; it mg;NghJjhd;

ntw;wp cd; mUfpy; tUk;.

khztr; nry;tq;fNs! vjw;Fk; fhuzk; nrhy;yhNj>” fhuzk; nrhy;gtd; ntw;wp ngWtjpy;iy. ntw;wpg;ngw;wtd;

fhuzq;fs; nrhy;tjpy;iy”. Njhy;tpf;F Mapuk; fhuzq;fs; cz;L

ntw;wpf;F xNu fhuzk; mJ tplhKaw;rp xd;W jhd;…

khztHfNs! nghOJ Nghf;Ftjw;fy;y Mf;Ftjw;F>

fhyk; capH Nghd;wJ. Neuk; jtWtJ NeHik jtWtjw;Fr rkk;

Mifahy; Neuj;ij kjpj;J> ed;whf gbj;J mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs;

vLq;fs;. mfuj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; ek; mhpaY}H khtl;lk; fy;tpapy; rpfuk;

njhLtJ cd; ifapy; - cd; ek;gpf;ifapy;

cq;fs; NjHr;rpf;F ,e;jr; rpwg;Gf;ifNaL cW Jizahf

,Uf;Fk;.gbAq;fs;> gadilAq;fs;.

cq;fs; Kaw;rp ntw;wp mila tho;j;JfpNwd;!

KidtH. m. GfNoe;jp Kjd;ikf; fy;tp mYtyh;.

mhpaY}H khtl;lk;.

XII STANDARD – ENGLISH MINIMUM MATERIAL

ARIYALUR DISTRICT

Q.Nos CONTENT PAGE NUMBERS

PART-A (20×1=20)

1-20 Synonyms 22,53,84,119,160,198

Antonyms 23,53,85,120,160,199

Abbreviation 90-91

Compound Words 91-92

Blended Words 166,227

Clipped Words 166,226

Foreign Words 208-209, 286-287

Idiom 206-208

Modal auxiliary verbs 137-138, 194

Quasi/Semi-Modal verbs 139-140, 191-194

Prefix/Suffix 89-90,167

Syllabification 128

Singular/Plural 19

Sentence Pattern 26-28, 34-37

…..phobia

…..cide

…...ism

…..ist

Euphemism 169,231

Eponymous words 168,229

Cliché 170,223

Phrasal verbs 206,283

Relative Pronoun 172-173

Preposition 205

British/American English 19-21

PART-B (7×2=14)

i) Poem comprehension and literary appreciation

(4 out of 6)

ii)Do as directed(Transformation of sentences) 62-65,94-95,214-216

PART-C (7×3=21)

i)ERC (2 out of 3)

ii)Prose short questions & answers(2 out of 3)

iii)Answer any three of the following:- (3 out of 4)

Road Map 71

Slogan Writing 146-147

Expanding News Headlines

Proverb-Meaning Match 59,108

Pie-chart Comprehension 142

Dialogue Writing 164-165,218

Describing a Process 217

Proverb Filling 59,108

Table Comprehension

PART-D (7×5=35)

Prose Paragraph

Poem Paragraph

Non-detailed Passage Paragraph (hints developing)

Summary Writing OR Note Making 29

Spot the Error OR Fill in the blanks (homophones, 209, 130, 97-99

link word, modal, tense)

CV Writing OR General Paragraph

Field Identification OR General Comprehension 58,112,127,163

PART-A (20×1=20)

I Answer all the questions:-

Choose the correct options given below:- 20×1=20

Synonyms Clipped word Prefix Sentence Pattern Eponymous words

Antonyms Foreign word Suffix ….phobia Cliche

Abbreviations Idiom Syllabification …..cide Phrasal verb

Compound word Modal verb Singular …..ism Relative Pronoun

Blended word Quasi Modal Plural Euphemism Preposition

Synonyms Antonyms

Lesson-1

1. captives - prisoners 1. broad × narrow

2. ruffle up - disturb / upset 2. honourable × dishonourable/

3. reason - ability to unworthy

think/logic 3. faithful × disloyal

4. interred - buried 4. reverence × contempt /

5. honourable - disrespect

noble/upright/respect 5. sacred × unholy/impure

6. eloquence - power of 6. ruffle up × smooth / calm

speech/art of using speech 7. blunt × sharp

7. valour - courage 8. praise × criticise

8. slew - killed 9. valiant × coward

9. mutiny - revolt 10. vigorous × spiritless

10. wit - intelligence 11. brief × detailed

11. vile - bad and evil 12. traitors × patriots

12. censure - judging 13. Implicit × explicit

13. resolved - informed 14. Pertinent × rareness

14. valiant - brave 15. Patronizing × renewing

15. sacred - holy

16. issue - children

17. grievous - serious

18. reverence - honour/respect

19. ransom - huge amount

20. vanquished - defeated

21. soothsayer - astrologer

Lesson-2

1. ceaseless - untiring 1. radically × moderately

2. emerged - arose 2. domineering × submissive

3. intuition - insight 3. marvellous × ordinary

4. advent - arrival 4. subservient × dominant

5. frailty - weakness 5. bestowed × denied

6. dormant - 6. dormant × active

hidden/latent/inactive 7. frailty × strength

7. endurance - tolerance 8. timid × bold

8. libel - false statement 9. infinite × finite

9. crusader - one who fights 10. forbidden × allowed

for a noble cause/fought for 11. interested × indifferent

the cause. /uninterested

10. subjugation - suppression 12. prevalence × rareness

11. ornate - decorate

12. cultivate - develop

13. implicit - guessed

Lesson-3

1. awakened - arouse/roused 1. sturdy × weak

2. stranded - unable to 2. shrouded × uncovered

move/marooned/abandoned 3. abandoned × inhabited

3. delicately - carefully/tactfully 4. eventually × initially

5. continuously × intermittently

4. consummate - complete 6. vanish × appear

5. bizarre - strange 7. bustling × inactive

6. menacing - threatening 8. deterred × encouraged

7. recce - survey 9. forbidden × allowed

8. truant - play hide and 10. feasibility × impossibility

seek

9. sturdy - strong

10. transfixed - fascinated

11. fascinating - attracting

12. hot pursuit - chasing

13. retained - continued to

possess

14. vanish - disappear

Lesson-4

1. inadvertency - unintentional 1. copious × meagre

actions 2. risible × serious

2. solicitous - anxious 3. obscure × clear

3. censure - criticism/judge 4. tranquility × agitation

4. seduce - tempt 5. perfect × imperfect

5. tranquility - calmness 6. omitted × included

6. perusal - careful reading 7. adverse × favourable

7. animated - encouraged 8. obvious × hidden/obscure

8. proposition - theory/idea/belief 9. protracted × shortened

9. repress - restrain

Lesson-5

1. battered - struck/hit hard 1. interested × indifferent

2. petrified - stood immobile 2. Illiterate × literate

with fear/stunned 3. vile × harmless/good

3. vile - evil/bad 4. agony × pleasure/happiness

tempered 5. undamaged × damaged

4. patronage - support and 6. sacred × unholy

encourage 7. loosened × tightened

5. sullen - silent/miserable 8. suspicious × certain

6. hysterically - shout within 9. despise × love/admire

controllable emotion / screamed 10. creator × destroyer

7. squashed - subdued/made silent 11. indifferent × interested

8. instantly - immediately 12. stupid × clever

9. belittling - scant respect 13. sullen × cheerful

10. clambered - climbed with 14. belittling × praising

difficulty

11. indifferent - lack of interest

Lesson-6 . unheralded - unannounced 1. ultimate × initial

2. accelerated - speeded up 2. extinguished × lit

3. stench - stink/bad smell 3. cursed × blessed

4. industrious - hard working 4. obscure × obvious/clear

5. assail - attack 5. monstrous × humane

6. harness - control 6. trivial × significant

7. poignant - feelings/sharp 7. serenely × violently/excitedly

feelings of sadness 8. destruction × construction

8. ominous - threatening 9. harness × release

9. exposition - 10. remote × near

elucidation/clear explanation 11. defeat × success

10. unleashing - let loose 12. exaggerated × underplayed

11. enigma - mystery 13. guilt × innocence

12. pertinent - relevant 14. infinitesimal × huge

13. construed - interpreted 15. relevant × irrelevant

14. genius - extraordinary

15. perplexity - complication

PC UPS UGC PSU

RP TV

HSS Ltd Mon CPU NLC LPG CD BBC

Kg VCR FM WHO SAARC CAD TOEFL LASER

VIBGYOR RADAR AIDS ISRO GATE HUDCO VIRUS AVADI NASA ATM TANSI UGC UNO KMVN

USA AIBA IELTS GST

TNPSC STD ISD MBA MHRD GPS NSS PTA

NGO ICU IIM MRI ECG NCC LED CPU

CBSE GDP LCD NRI IIT ITI

: Personal Computer : Uninterruptible Power Supply : University Grants Commission : Public Sector Unit : Received Pronunciation : Television : Higher Secondary School : limited : Monday : Central Processing Unit : Neyveli Lignite Corporation : Liquefied Petroleum Gas : Compact Disc : British Broadcasting Corporation : Kilogram : Video Cassette Recorder : Frequency Modulation : World Health Organization : South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation : Computer Aided Designing : Test of English as a Foreign Language : Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red

: Radio Detection and Ranging : Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome : Indian Space Research Organisation. : Graduate Aptitude Test for Engineering : Housing and Urban Development Corporation : Vital Information Resources Under Siege

: Armed Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India : National Aeronautics and Space Administration : Automated Teller Machine : Tamilnadu Small Scale Industries : University Grants Commission : United Nations Organisation : Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam

: United States of America : Association International –de-Boxe Amateur : International English Language Testing System : Goods and Service Tax : Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission : Subscriber Trunk Dialing

: International Subscriber Dialing : Master of Business Administration

: Ministry of Human Resource Development : Global Positioning System : National Service Scheme : Parent Teacher Association : Non Governmental Organisation : Intensive Care Unit : Indian Institute of Management : Magnetic Resonance Imaging

: Electro Cardio Gram : National Cadet Corps : Light Emitting Diode : Central Processing Unit : Central Board of Secondary Education : Gross Domestic Product : Liquid Crystal Display : Non Resident Indian

: Indian Institute of Technology : Industrial Training Institute

COMPOUND WORD

Noun Word denoting the name

Verb Word denoting the action

Adjective Which qualifies the noun

Adverb Which qualifies the verb

Gerund „-ing‟ form of a word used a subject or as an object.

Compound word Combination Compound word combination

Long forgotten Adjective + Verb Duty free Noun + Adjective

Well-to-do Adverb+Prep+Verb Kitchen garden Noun+Noun

Wood work Noun+Verb Son-in-law Noun+Prep+Noun

Down-to-earth Prep+Prep+Noun World famous Noun+Adjective

Taxi driver Noun+Noun Shop owner Noun+Noun

Shop owner Noun+Noun Day-to-day Noun+Prep+Noun

Sports man Noun+Noun Out patient Prep+Noun

Point-to-point Noun+Prep+Noun Washing machine Gerund+Noun

Air conditioning Noun+Gerund Swimming pool Gerund+verb

Pass port Verb+Noun Birth place Noun+Noun

Red hot Adjective+Adjective In put Prep+Verb

Blended Word

Blended Word Combination Blended Word Combination

Newscast News + Broadcast Agronomy Agriculture+economy

Docudrama Documentary+Drama Bollywood Bombay+Hollywood

Melodrama Melody + Drama Breathalyzer Breath+anyalyzer

Telecast Television + Broadcast Cellphone Cellulose+diaphone

Edutainment Education+ Entertainment Email Electronic+mail

Edusat Education+Satellite Fantabulous Fantastic+fabulous

Interpol International+Police Hitech High+technology

Travelogue Travel+Catalogue Indo-Pak India+Pakistan

Electrocute Electro+Execute Infomercial Information+commercial

Heliport Helicopter+Airport Infotech Information+technology

Motel Motorway+Hotel Internet International+network

Smog Smoke+Fog Modem Modulator+demodulator

Medicare Medical+Care Mediclaim Medical+claim

Brunch Breakfast+Lunch Triplicate Three+duplicate

Vegeburger Vegetable+Hamburger Transistor Transfer+resistor

Technowizard Technology+Wizard Workacholic Work+alcoholic

Moped Motor+Pedal Cycle Lecdem Lecture+Demonstration

Camcorder Camera+Recorder Internet International+Network

Mobike Motor+Bike Bit Binary+Digit

Handycam Hand+Video Camera Telex Teleprinter+Exchange

Oxbridge Oxford+Cambridge

Clipped Word

S.No Word Clipped form

1 Suitcase Case 21 Chimpanzee Chimp

2 Helicopter Copter 22 Photograph Photo

3 Demonstration Demo 23 Cafeteria Café

4 Discotheque Disco 24 Gasoline gas

5 Examination Exam 25 University varsity

6 Fanatic Fan 26 Influenza flu

7 Refrigerator Fridge 27 Hippopotamus hippo

8 Gymnasium Gym 28 Bridegroom groom

9 Handkerchief Kerchief 29 Advertisement ad

10 Kilogram Kilo 30 Brother bro

11 Laboratory Lab 31 Perquisites perk

12 Demarcate Mark 32 Omnibus bus

13 Market Mart 33 Automobile Auto

14 Mathematics Maths 34 Necktie tie

15 Memorandum Memo 35 Correspondence course corres

16 Microphone Mike 36 Signature Sign

17 Moving Movie 37 Spectacles Specs

Picture

18 Paragraph Para 38 Taxicab Taxi

19 Fountain pen Pen 39 Caravan Van

20 Telephone Phone 40 Perambulator Pram

Foreign Word

bonafide Genuine de facto In fact sine die For an indefinite period

resume Summary versus Against ex gratia Given as a

status quo The situation

prima

facie At first sight liaison

favour

Co-ordination

in toto Totally

in

camera Secret session via

of activities

By way of

en masse As a group via media Middle course erratum Error

post mortem After death bon voyage Pleasant journey ad hoc For a particular purpose

en route On the way rapport A close relationship viva voce A oral test

ad interim Temporarily Status quo In the former state Adieu Good bye

Alias Otherwise Sans Without Proforma For the sake of form

known as

Protégé Dependant In cognito In disguise Tete-a-tete Intimate Conversation

between two

Lingua franca A common Elite Select/choice In memoriam In memory of

language

Versus Against En masse On the whole Fait accompli Something already

happened and cannot

Be changed

Nouveau People who Alibi False plea of Déjà vu A feeling that

riche are newly rich absence something has

Happened before

Bon homie Pleasantness verbatim Using the Dejure According to

of manners same original words law

Words ending with phobia & mania

Term Definition Term Defintion

Anglophobia Fear of using English Hydrophobia Fear of water

Claustrophobia Fear of enclosed space Acrophobia Fear of heights

Agarophobia Fear of public places Achluiphobia Fear of darkness

Acousticphobia Fear of noise Agrizoophobia Fear of wild animals

Ailurophobia Fear of cats Antlophobia Fear of floods

Arsonphobia Fear of fire Tachophobia Fear of speed

Snakephobia Fear of snakes Scolionophobia Fear of school

Satanophobia Fear of satan Rupophobia Fear of dirt

Poinephobia Fear of punishment Potophobia Fear of alcohol

Phasmophobia Fear of ghosts Ochlophobia Fear of crowds

Nyctophobia Fear of darkness Monophobia Fear of being alone

Laliophobia Fear of speaking Kleptophobia Fear of stealing

Xenophobia Fear of strangers Katsaridaphobia Fear of cockroaches

Kakorrhaphiphobia Fear of failure

Megalomania Mental illness Kleptomania Strong desire to steal

Pyromania Set fire to things Biliomania A craze for books

squandemania Spend money recklessly

Words ending with …ism

Term Definition Term Defintion

Optimism Hopeful feeling that all Patriotism Love of country

will turn out well

Nationalism The doctrine that your Egocentrism Concern for your own

country‟s interests are superior interests and welfare

Feminism A doctrine that advocates Criticism A serious examination

equal rights for women and judgment of something

Amateurism Participating in sports as Barbarism A brutal barbarous,

a hobby rather than for money savage act

Idealism Belief that the best possible Heroism Exceptional courage

concepts should be pursued when facing with danger

Absenteeism Habitual failure to be present at work

Words ending with …ist

Term Definition Term Defintion

Pathologist Studies diseases Ornithologist Studies birds

Entomologist Studies insects Archaeolist Studies artifacts and physical remains

Sociologist Studies functioning of human society Geologist Studies the matter that constitutes the earth

Linguist Studies languages and their structure Seismologist Studies earthquakes

Herpetologist Studies reptiles and amphibians meteorologist Studies atmosphere, weather and climate

Anesthetist Doctor trained to Dentist One who treats

administer anesthetic diseases of the teeth

Radiologist One who treats the actions Cartoonist One who is skilled in

of the serum of the blood drawing cartoons

Fictionist One who promotes fiction Vocabulist A lexicographer

Martialist A warrior Militarist A military man

Taxonomist One skilled in taxonomy Emanicipist A freed convict

Agronomist One well versed in agronomy Mediocrist A mediocre person

Versonist A translator Pulmonologist Who Specializes in lung problems

Dermatologist Who specializes in skin problem Gynecologist Treats diseases specific to women

Nephrologist Treats kidney Neurologist Treats nervous system

Gastroenterologist Treats stomach disorders Ophthalmologist Treats vision problems

Neonatologist Treats critical infants Cardiologist Treats heart problems

Otolaryngologist Treats ear,nost,throat

Words ending with …cide

Term Definition Term Defintion

Acaricide A chemical agent used to kill mites Bactericide Any drug that destroys bacteria

fratricide The murder of your sibling Fungicide Any agent that destroys fungi

Genocide Systematic killing of a racial or cultural group Ger micide Age nt that destroys microorganisms

Herbicide A chemical agent that destroys plants Homicide The killing of a human being

by another human being

Infanticide Murdering an infant Insecticide A chemical used to kill bugs

Larvicide A chemical used to kill larval pests Matricide The murder of one‟s own brother

The murder of one‟s own father or

mother Patricide The murder of one‟s own

father

pediculicide A chemical agent that kills lice Pesticide A chemical used to kill insects or animals

regicide The act of killing a king Scabicide A drug that destroys the itch

mite that causes scabies

Silicide Compounds of silicon with a more suicide The act of killing oneself

electropositive element

Tyrannicide Killing a tyrant Vermicide An agent that kills worms

Virucide An agent that destroys

viruses

Eponymous words

Eponymous

word Meaning

Eponymo

us word Meaning

Boycott To protest Silhouette Dark outline of a figure against bright

background

Draconian Harsh punishment Lynch Executing arrested persons without proper trial

Bowlderise Removing obscene passages from the book Chauvinism Aggressive patriotism

Guillotine Instrument used for execution Thespian Relating to drama and the theatre

Pasteurize Process of partial sterilization Maverick An independent minded person

Braille A form of the written Sandwich A person caught between two opposite factors

language for blind people

Dunce A stupid person Quisling A traitor

narcissism Extreme selfishness Sadist A person who derives pleasure from

inflicting pain on others

Machiavellian Cunning

Euphemism

Euphemism Meaning Euphemism Meaning

Visually challenged Blind Funeral director/mortician Undertaker

Rest room Lavatory Homemaker Housewife

In the low income level Poor Corporal punishment Beating children with a cane

Late bloomers Slow learners Full figured Fat

Handicapped Physically challenged

Cliche

Cliché Meaning Cliché Meaning

To sail in the same In the same situation Fell on deaf ears Not noticed by others

boat like the other person

Knew no bounds No limit Last but not the least Not less important

than the rest of the persons

Feather in the cap Another credit Give a long rope Give enough time

Hand in glove Working together Come out in flying colours Come out successfully

To put the cart Doing things in a To add insult to injury

Offend someone badly

again

before the horse disorganized manner

No smoke without fire There is some truth in everything There is no reason or rhyme Without any explanation

Every Tom, Dick and Harry Everyone without exception With bag and baggage With everything

The long and short of it The gist of it Through thick and thin In all circumstances

First and foremost Chiefly/mainly Kith and kin Friends and relatives

Take a back seat Take a less prominent

part in something

Idiom

Idiom Meaning Idiom Meaning

To be on cloud nine To be extremely happy A yellow streak Being coward

A shadow of one’s self Not having enough strength

At the end of one’s

tether To have no patience or energy left

To give a piece of To be frank in At logger heads To disagree strongly

one’s mind disapproving something

Put on airs unnatural behavior to In the pink Extremely healthy

impress others

A bolt from the blue Unexpected event Honour bound To do something as a moral duty

In two minds In a dilemma Take a hard line Not giving up easily

Stand a chance To be in a favourable position Go a long way To last for a long time

Throw in the towel to give up In our corner Dispute

On the ropes Defeat Below the belt Unsporting behavior

Square off Prepare for a conflict Tight corners Difficult situation

Shot his bolt To use all In a nice pickle In a tight spot

Have cold feet Hesitate Alarm bells ringing Sign of something going wrong

Back to the wall In serious difficulty Grasp-clutch at straws Try any method to overcome a crisis

Saved by the bell Help at the last moment Right up one’s alley near

Drive one up the hill Took to that Hit the road Back again

Take for a ride Giving false excuses In panic mode tensed

Thick and fast To grow in large numbers Take part Participate

At the helm In charge Loud and clear Very clearly

Big way On a large scale Give a piece of mind Scolding

The burning question The main question A stone’s throw Very near

In deep waters Big trouble Fair and square In a big way

By and by As time goes by Matter of concern Something to worry about

Once and for all As a final settlement In short supply Lacking

One thing leads to Unplanned sequential A drop in the ocean Very small

another things

Break even No profit, no loss At close quarters Very near

Make ends meet Manage with money Matter of concern Something to worry

Clean slate A past record without discredit

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verb Meaning Phrasal verb Meaning

Put up with Tolerate Quarrel with Oppose

Tore up Tear Ran into To hit someone

Eat out Eat in a hotel Cope with Deal with

Figure out Understand Bag of Full of

Cave in Collapse Engage in Take part

Hand down Delivered Pile on Increased

Argue into Argue Revert to Return back

Push forward Continue to do something Broke out Started suddenly

Hang around Move with no aim Hunt down Try to find every member

Melt away Disappear slowly Nose around Look forward to

finding information

Account for Explain Ask after Enquire

Ask for Invite Back up Support

Bear off Win Bear with Tolerate

Blow out Extinguish Blow up Explode

Break down Fail Break in Enter by force

Break out Sudden start Break off End

Break up Dissolve Bring about Cause to happen

Bring up Educate/rear Call in Ask to come

Call for Need Call on Visit

Call off Cancel Call up To recollect

Call upon Invite to speak Carry off Take away

Carry out Perform Come across Meet by chance

Come off Take place Come out Appear

Come up Mention Cut away Remove by cutting

Cut down Reduce Cut in Interrupt

Cut off Remove Cut short Reduce

Cut up Divide something Fall in Collapse

Fall off Become less Fall out Quarrel

Get along Make progress Get at Reach

Get away Escape Get in Enter

Get off Get out of a place Get through Succeed

Get up Rise Get into Get involved

Give away Distribute Give in Surrender

Give over Finish Give up Stop

Go ahead Proceed Go against Oppose

Go around Move around Go by Obey

Go down Decrease Go for Attack

Go into Investigate Go on Continue

Go out Stop Go through Read

Keep away Avoid Keep down Control

Keep off Avoid Keep on Continue

Keep out Stop Keep up Maintain

Lay down Surrender Lay out Prepare

Look after Take care Look into Investigate

Look on Regard Look out Search

Look over Examine Make out Understand

Make over Hand over Make up Compensate

Pass away Die Pass by Move along

Pass out Faint Pick on Criticize

Pick up Improve Pick out Select

Pick over Examine Pull back Withdraw

Pull up Stop Pull down Destroy

Pull through Recover Put down Note down

Put forward Advance offer Put off Postpone

Put on Wear Put out Extinguish

Put up Accommodate See over Inspect

See through Look into See to Deal with

Set in Fixed Set off Depart

Set out Start Stand by Support

Stand for Represent Stand out Prominent

Take back Withdraw Take down Write down

Take in Deceive Take on Play against

Take off Leave the ground Take over Take charge

Turn down Reject Turn off Switch off

Turn on Switch on Turn out Produce

Turn up Appear Wait around Wait with reason

Wait on Accompany Wait up Wait

Wait behind Wait Went about Routine

Went on Continued Went out stopped

Prefix/Suffix

Prefix Word Suffix Word

Ir- Irregular, irradiant -ish Feverish, bookish

Im- Impure, immobile, -tion Collection,

impossible examination

Un- Unhappay -ship Scholarship

In- Inactive -able Available

Ex- Ex-minister -al Lexical

De- Demerit -ment Government,

employment

Anti- Anti virus -ance Clearance, ignorance

Non- Non lexical -ous Courageous

Il- Illegal, illegible -sion Discussion

Pre- Prepaid -ity Purity

Post- Post paid -age Marriage

Dis- Discourage -ile Mobile

Dia- Diameter -ise Popularize

Mis- Misunderstand -ful Useful

Bi- Bi-cycle -hood Childhood

Tri- Tri-cycle -less Useless

-ness neatness

Syllabification

A E I O U

V V ,> I M m

1. Words ending with -tion, -cion and -ssion:

Calculation = cal-cu-la-tion

Coercion = co-er-cion

Communication = com-mu-ni- ca-tion

Suspicion = sus-pi-cion

2. Words with -ity :

Activity = ac-ti-vi-ty

Electricity = e-lec-tri-ci-ty

Creativity = cre-a-ti-vi-ty

Productivity = pro-duc-ti-vi-ty

3. Words ending with -graphy:

Biography = bi-og-ra-phy

Photography = pho-tog-ra-phy

Geography = ge-og-ra-phy

Radiography = ra-di-og-ra-phy

4. Words ending with -ical:

Economical = e-co-no-mi-cal

Geographical = ge-og-ra-phi-cal

Logical = lo-gi-cal

Mathematical = ma-the-ma-ti-cal 5. Words ending with –ly :

Economically=e-co-no-mi-cal-ly Politically = po-li-ti-cal-ly

Carefully = care-ful-ly

6. Words ending with –ate:.

Anticipate = an-tic-i-pate

Calculate = cal-cu-late

Congratulate = con-gra-tu-late

Educate = e-du-cate

7. Words ending in –ic :

Elastic = e-las-tic

Electronic = e-lec-tron-ic

Fantastic = fan-tas-tic

8. Words ending in –logy:

Biology = bi-ol-o-gy

Geology = ge-ol-o-gy

Psychology = psy-chol-o-gy

Zoology = zo-ol-o-gy

9. Other words:

Caravan = ca-ra-van

Disappointment = dis-ap-point-ment

Singular/ plural

Um/on - a e.g datum – data,

us - i e.g radius –radii, syllabus-syllabi

is - es e.g axis-axes ,analysis - analyses

a - ae e.g formula – formulae

x - es ,ces e.g matrix – matrices, index - indices

f/fe - ves e.g leaf –leaves

y - s or ies e.g key-keys, butterfly-butterflies

if there is a consonant prior to y then remove y and add „ies‟.

if there is a vowel prior to y then add „s‟.

Oo - ee eg. Foot-feet, tooth-teeth

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Index Indexes Matrix Matrixes

Ox Oxen Bench Benches

Brush Brushes Potato Potatoes

Key Keys Butterfly Butterflies

Formula Formulae Criterion Criteria

Phenomenon Phenomena Analysis Analyses

Hypothesis Hypotheses Axis Axes

Basis Bases Terminus Termini

Stimulus Stimuli Fungus Fungi

Syllabus Syllabi Nucleus Nuclei

Radius Radii Alumnus Alumni

Ultimatum Ultimate Stratum Strata

Memorandum Memoranda Curriculum Curricula

Stadium Stadia Medium Media

Agendum Agenda Erratum Errata

Bacterium Bacteria Datum Data

Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Man Men

Mouse Mice Louse Lice

Child Children Goose Geese

Foot Feet Fish Fish

Deer Deer

Sentence Pattern

SV - We played.

SVA - We played yesterday.

SVOA - We played cricket yesterday. ASVO - Yesterday we played cricket. SVO - We played cricket. SVIODO - Ram gave me a bat.

SVIODOA - Ram gave me a bat yesterday. ASVIODO - Yesterday Ram gave me a bat. SVC - Ram is tall. SVCA - Ram is tall now. SVOC - We elected him captain. SVOCA - We elected him captain yesterday. ASVOC - Yesterday we elected him captain. ASVC - Yesterday I was tired. ASVA - Yesterday I came to school. SVAA - I came to school yesterday.

British English/American English

BE AE BE AE BE AE

Autumn Fall Biscuit Cookie Sweets Candy/candies

Crisps Potato chips Film movie Ground floor First floor

Holiday Vacation Lorry Truck Luggage Baggage

Mobile phone Cell phone Nappy Diaper Petrol Gasoline

Post Mail Tap Faucet Taxi Cab

Tin Can Underground Subway Railway Railroad

Lift Elevator Flat Apartment Pavement Sidewalk

Aerial Antenna Druggist chemist

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Modal auxiliary verbs Usage

Can Ability, request

Could Past ability, possibility

May Permission or future possibility

Might Future possibility

Must Necessity or obligation

Shall Offer or suggestion

Should Advice or suggestion

Will Willingness, certainty, promise

Would Request, invitation

1. Eve teasers should be punished severely. 2. A good teacher can make even boring lessons interesting.

3. In the army, the soldiers must obey their officers.

4. The sky is overcast. It may rain. 5. The patient is critical but who knows he may recover. 6. The world should avoid war.

7. I can smell something burning in the kitchen. It may be the meat in the oven. 8. May I come in sir? Yes, you may.

9. One should/must always keep his promises. 10. May I ask you a favour?

11. If you visit us, we will be happy. 12. During my teens, I would always sit for hours together in front of the TV.

13. If you worked hard, you would pass. 14. Be alert, this may happen to anyone.

15. Soldiers sacrifice their lives that others should/will be happy. 16. During our trip to the States, shall we visit the Niagara falls?

17. You should not pluck the flowers. 18. Caesar‟s wife must be above suspicion.

19. People who live in glass house should not throw stones. 20. Give me a fish I can live for a day. Teach me to fish, I can/will live for life.

21. No man can call back yesterday. 22. God cannot me everywhere, so he made mothers.

23. He who pays the piper will call the tune. 24. It will make a man scratch where he doth not itch to see a man live poor to die rich.

25. Thou shall not steal. 26. One never knows what the future will bring. 27. Law makers should not be law breakers. 28. If you work hard, you will pass in the examination.

29. I would like to hear you play the flute. 30. You should not write on the wall.

31. As you keep scoring low marks, you should work hard. 32. They would allow them if the paid the fees.

33. We should help the needy. 34. I shall definitely stand by you in your troubles.

35. We must keep the rules on the road. 36. One should always keep one‟s promise.

37. If you perform well you will/can win the prize. 38. It is cloudy and it may rain.

39. If you perform well you will/can win the prize. 40. It is cloudy and it may rain.

semi/Quasi modal Verbs

Semi or quasi modal auxiliary verbs Usage

Ought to What‟s right/obligation

Need Necessity

Dare to Courage and boldness

Used to Past habit

1. We have been here for more than an hour. Need we wait any longer?

2. You ought to feel sorry for what you have done. 3. When I was in the army we were used to a rigorous and punishing schedule.

4. How dare you ask me such a question? 5. How dare you call me names? 6. As h is classmates, we ought to stand by him through this crisis. 7. I used to wake up at five o‟ clock in the morning when I was young.

8. My father used to go for a long walk when he was young. 9. He used to play foot ball in his college days.

10. You need not read every chapter. 11. My marks are so poor. I dare not show my progress report to my parents.

12. I ought to buy a carton of milk. 13. How dare you oppose the leader?

14. I used to swim in the river everyday when I was young. 15. Students ought to submit the record note books on time.

16. We ought to help the needy. Relative pronouns

S.No Condition Relative Pronoun

1 person ........ person Whom

2 person ....... person/thing Whose

3 person ........ verb who

4 thing ........ which/that

5 place ....... where

6 Time when

7 Reason why

1. This is the boy who won the race 2. Show me the book that/which you bought yesterday. 3. Is there anyone who can help me do this homework?

4. That is the house where I was born. 5. The wrong deeds that/ which we do are more often remembered than our good ones.

6. My friend whose father works in Agra has come. 7. Most of the friends whom she had invited came for her wedding 8. The film is about a leader who led the freedom struggle.

9. Kumarasamy whose house I live in owns most of the mills in this town. 10. Shakespeare, who lived in the 16th century, is considered to be the greatest dramatist. 11. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay model of the Taj Mahal.

12. The tallest building which has a restaurant on the thirteen floor was on fire. 13. The movie is a about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his nation.

14. Students who speak English fluently will easily get jobs. 15. This is what I heard about him.

16. Tell me the address of the boy who you want to meet.

17. Ravi whose office I work in owns an expensive car.

18. People who walk a few miles in the morning enjoy good health. 19. He is an honourable man whom you can trust.

20. The good deeds that we do are often interred with our bones. 21. Mrs. Benitha who teaches us English is our class teacher.

22. He is the man whose bike is stolen. 23. My brother who is in X std is a fan of Dhoni.

Prepositions

Table 1

1. In Place cs;Ns 2. On Place NkNy

Time ,y; Time md;W

3. At Place f;Fs; 4. For Noun f;fhf

Time f;F Time Mf

5. By Place mUNf 6. From Place ,Ue;J

Time f;Fs; Time ,Ue;J

Noun My; Noun ,Ue;J

7. To Place f;F 8. since Time ,Ue;J

Time Tiu

Noun f;F

Table 2

About gw;wp Above NkNy Across FWf;Nf

After gpwF Along topahf Among ,ilNa

Before Kd;Nd Behind gpd;Nd Below fPNo

Between ,ilapy; Down fPNo In front of Kd;Nd

Into cs;Ns Near mUfpy; Of cila

Off epWj;J Over NkNy Through topahf

Under fPNo Up NkNy Upon kPJ

With Cld; Beside mUfpy; Since ,Ue;J

1. We enjoyed our outing even though the weather was terrible. 2. The new manager will take over the charge from me next week. 3. He will take upon the added responsibility of supervision along with finance and

administration. 4. Your daughter is exactly like you. She has perhaps taken after you. 5. The fighting had gone almost throughout the night. 6. The school has decided to go on with the preparations for the sports day in spite of the inclement

weather. 7. The principal doesn‟t show favour to anyone. She always goes by the rules. 8. In your absence we could not conduct the meeting.

9. Besides his regular income he also receives his father‟s pensions. 10. I have gone through the shelves in the library but I can‟t find a Thesaurus.

11. She was happy in spite of / despite her poverty.

12. You must not go against the advice of your parents.

13. They continued the match in spite of the rain. 14. He continued to bowl in spite of / despite his shoulder injury.

15. He wrote the exam in spite of / despite his illness.. Study Skills Eg.1………….. compiled the first English dictionary. a)Robert Cowdrey b) Johnson c) Webster d) none The answer is a) Robert Cowdrey

Email format is: username@service provider e.g ghss@gmail.com

Yahoo.com and google.com are the two famous search engines.

Robert Cawdrey, compiled the first English dictionary in 1604. A person who writes and edits dictionaries is called lexicographer.

First thesaurus was published in the year 1752 by Peter Mark Roget.

Dr.S.R.Ranganathan is the father of the Indian Library Movement.

Journal section contains periodicals and journals.

Facilities for photocopying is reprography. The two most widely used systems of classification of books is a) Dewey Decimal System b)

American Library of Congress System. OPAC is Online Public Access Catalogue. An abbreviation cannot be read as a word. An acronym can be read as a word. Eg.GATE

Reports are accurate and objective descriptions of important events.

International network is known as internet.

If an agent is omitted in passive sentence, it is called impersonal passive voice.

A table is a list of data arranged in rows and columns.

A travelogue is an account of writing of one‟s travel.

TV, Radio and Newspapers are some of the mass media.

Discourse markers are simple words in speech to fill up the gaps in conversations.

A caption is a catchy word or a slogan for an ad.

Classified and Block Ad are the two types of Ads.

Accuracy, Brevity and Clarity are listed as the ABC of communicative writing. Cohesion is the link between successive clauses in a text.

Coherence is the reader‟s understanding of the text.

Drafting is a stage in the process of writing.

Compere is an act of introducing the participants in a programme.

Alliteration is the use of the same consonant sound of letters at the beginning of words.

Assonance is the use of the same vowel sound of letters at the beginning of words.

A comparison with as, like is known as simile.

A comparison without as, like is known as metaphor.

PART-B (7×2=14)

Answer any SEVEN of the following:-

Q.No.21-26 Poem-Appreciation Questions, Poetic Device

Poem1. A PSALM OF LIFE- H.W.LONGFELLOW

1. What are mournful numbers? Ans: Sad songs. 2. Why do people say life is an empty dream? Ans: Because of failure. 3. What does the poet say about life?

4. What are beating like muffled drums? Ans. Human hearts. 5. What does grave refer to?

6. What journey is being talked about here? Ans. Journey of life. 7. When should we act? Ans. Today. 8. Why is art long? Ans. It is permanent. 9. What is world compared to? Ans. Battlefield. 10. What is life compared to?

11. What is meant by bivouac of life? Ans. Temporary life on earth. 12. What is meant by strife?

13. What does the phrase mean „take a heart again‟? Ans. Gaining confidence in life. 15. What should we learn?

Ans. Learn to work hard. 16. What does the poet expect us to be?

Ans. The Poet expects us to be a hero in the battle of life 17. Who leaves the footprints? Ans. The great men

Poem 2: WOMEN’S RIGHTS – ANNIE LOUISA WALKER 1. Whose rights cannot be robbed?

Ans. Women’s rights. 2. Where do women claim to dwell? Ans. At home. 3. What is meant by inane abstraction? Ans. Stupid inactiveness. 4. Explain the phrase „Sleep our life away‟. Ans. Waste one’s life in sleep. 5. Who are compared to humble plants? Ans. Women. 6. What are hedgerows? Ans. Bushes along the roadside. 7. What is cherished circle? Ans: Members of family and friends who love women. 8. What is the privilege? Ans: Women fill their homes with happiness and love.

3. A NOISELESS PATIENT SPIDER – WALT WHITMAN 1. What is spider compared to? Ans: Soul. 2. What is promontory? Ans: High point of land near a coastal area. 3. What does gossamer thread do? Ans: It unites the universe. 4. What does „it‟ refer to?

5. What does „you‟ refer to? Ans. Soul. 6. Who is musing? Ans. The human Soul. 7. What is filament? 8. Ans. A thin thread from the spider’s mouth. 9. How does the soul stand? Ans. Surrounded and detached. 10. What is meant by gossamer thread ? Ans. A thin film like substance produced by the spider/saliva of the spider. 11. Who throws the gossamer thread? Ans. Human soul.

Poem 4: ENGLISH WORDS – V.K.GOKAK 1. What is compared to leech craft? 2. Who bleached our souls? 3. What is compared to „tongues of fire‟? 4. What is called „the dawn‟?

5. What are called „winged seeds‟? 6. What looks like a „golden fireflies‟? 7. Who does the word „you‟ refer to ? 8. What are „winging words‟ compared to? 9. What are „fathomless words‟? 10. Who poses the „cosmic riddle‟? Ans. English Words. 11. What is meant by „leech craft‟? Ans. Ancient medical treatment of removing impure blood.

12. Meanings for these words: cluster- group; devouring – consuming in large quantities; thornmills – a vast area of thorny bushes; nascent – beginning to develop: global merchandise – worldwide

trade.

13. What does the phrase „crossed the furrowed seas‟ imply? Ans. English is a foreign language. 14. What is meant by “Indo – Aryan blood”? Ans. English belongs to Germanic,an Indo-Aryan language. 15. Explain the phrase „the spoils of ages‟. Ans. English words have grown rich by borrowing words from other languages over the years. 16. Which were the thorns in our flesh? Ans. Hurdles of expression in our language. 17. What do owls symbolize? Ans. Ignorance.

5. SNAKE – D.H.LAWRENCE 1. What is a pitcher? Ans. Pitcher is an earthen vessel. 2. Where did the snake come from? Ans. From the fissure in the wall. 3. What is his voice of education? Ans. His knowledge. 4. What is Etna? Ans. A volcano in Sicily. 5. Who must be killed? 6. Who does the poet like? 7. Who is the lord of life? Ans for 5, 6, 7 – Snake 8. Who was afraid? 9. Who is the second comer? 10. Who does „I‟ refer to?

Ans. From 8 to 10: The poet. 11. Why did the poet feel honoured? Ans. Because the snake, the lord of lives has visited his house. 12. Who is referred as „someone‟? Ans. The Snake. 13. Whom does „he‟ refer to? Ans. The Snake. 14. What did the poet‟s voice of education tell him? Ans. The voice of education told him to kill the snake. 15. What is the mean act? Ans. The poet tried to kill the snake.

6: THE MAN HE KILLED – THOMAS HARDY 1. What is infantry? Ans. A unit of foot soldiers. 2. Why did the poet shoot the other soldier? Ans. Because he was his enemy. 3. Who does „I‟ refer to?

4. Who does „he‟ refer to? Ans. Enemy soldier. 5. What is a nipperkin? Ans. A glass for wine or beer. 6. Who were staring face to face? Ans. The poet and his enemy. 7. How would he treat the other if met somewhere else?

Ans. He would help him with half – a – crown. 8. In what way is war quaint and curious? Ans. Many soldiers are killed in war for no reason. 9. What does half - a – crown mean? Ans. An old British coin. 10. What is a trap?

11. Who were standing face to face? Ans. The poet and the enemy soldier.

V B) POETIC DEVICES 3×1=3

ALLUSION

1. Dust thou art, to dust returnest, - The allusion is from The Bible. 2. And I thought of the albatross, - The allusion is from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by S.T.Coleridge. 3. In the beginning was the word

And the word was God. - The allusion is from The Bible.

SIMILE

(Clue words ‘as’, ‘so’, ‘like’)

1. Still, like muffled drums, are beating 2. Be not like dumb, driven cattle 3. As humble plants by country hedgerows growing

4. Speech that came like leech craft 5. O winging words like homing bees you borrow

6. Like a golden swarm of fireflies 7. That hung like clustered stars

8. And I like a second comer waiting 9. He lifted his head from his drinking as cattle do

10. And flickered his tongue like a forked night on the air. 11. Writhed like lightning and was gone. 12. And lifted his head, dreamily, as one who has drunken 13. And looked around like a God, unseeing, into the air

14. Like a king in exile, uncrowned in the underworld

METAPHOR (A comparison without ‘as’ or ‘like’)

1. Life is but an empty dream 2. In the world‟s broad field of battle

3. Footprints on the sands of time 4. Not in a dreamy and inane abstraction To

sleep our life our way 5. Till the gossamer thread you fling catch somewhere, O my soul 6. O winged seeds! You crossed the furrowed seas. To

nestle in the warm and silent earth 7. You bleached our souls soiled with impurities 8. O tongues of fire! You came devouring

9. You were the dawn, and sunlight filled the spaces 10. And so, I missed my chance with one of the lords of life.

ALLITERATION (Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several nearby words.)

Ex: And the grave is not its goal Ans.: grave – goal

Sailing our lives solemn main Ans.: sailing – solemn.

RHYMING WORDS, RHYMING SCHEME

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

Is our destined end or way; But to act, that each tomorrow

Find us farther than today. 1.What are the rhyming words? Ans.: sorrow – tomorrow

way – today

2.What is the rhyming scheme? Sorrow - a

Way - b

Tomorrow - a

Today - b

Ans. a b a b

APOSTROPHE “O winged seeds! You crossed the furrowed seas.” “O

winging words! Like homing bees you borrow.”

Q.No.27-30 Transformation of sentences.

REPORT THE DIALOGUE

Eg.1. Father : Don‟t watch TV during examination time. Varun : Sorry daddy, Today they are telecasting our school programme.

Father : O.K., I‟ll watch the programme with you. Answer: Father asked Varun not to watch TV during examination time. Varun felt sorry and said that they were

telecasting their school programme that day. Father said that he would watch the programme with him.

Eg.2 Teacher: Mala, why were you absent yesterday?

Mala : I went to Temple, sir. Teacher: Okay, Complete the assignments I have given.

Answer: The teacher asked Mala why she had been absent the previous day. Mala replied that she had gone to temple. He agreed to it and asked her to complete the assignments which he had given.

Eg.3 Lawyer : Do you have sisters? Client : We are two brothers only. Lawyer: Then it has to be shared between you two.

Answer: The lawyer asked the client if he had sisters. The client said that he did not have and added that they were two brothers only. The lawyer told him that it had to be shared equally between them two.

Here are some rules for the use of reported speech: 1. If the verb used is in the present tense in the direct form, it should be changed to the past tense and the

conjunction „that‟ is to be added. 2. In the case of direct questions, the word order changes in the reported form. 3. Use the infinitive „to‟ in reported speech when we make requests or give commands. 4. In negative commands and requests, „not to‟ is added before the verb. 5. The verb remains unchanged in reported speech when a general and known truth is reported. 6. The reported verb can be retained as such or it can be changed into the past perfect tense, if the verb used

in the direct speech is in the simple past. 7. The words like this/now/here/today/yesterday/tomorrow are replaced by that/then/there/that day/the

previous day/the next day in the reported speech.

Combine the sentences using Relative Pronouns. 1. Gunga Ram picked up wasps. The boys had battered them with badminton rackets. (which)

Gunga Ram picked up wasps which the boys had battered them with badminton rackets. 2. They were a set of four brothers, known for their toughness. They had proved it again. (who)

They were a set of four brothers who were known for their toughness had proved it again. 3. The teacher bought a snake from a snake charmer. It could run both ways. (which) The teacher

bought a snake from a snake charmer which could run both ways.

BEGIN WITH SHOULD/HAD/WERE

1. If an angel were to tell me such a thing of her, I would not believe it. Ans. Were

an angel to tell me such a thing of her, I would not believe it 2. If it had not rained, we would have gone to the theatre. (Begin with had) Ans. Had it not rained, we would have gone to the theatre. 3. If I were a lion, I would kill all the animals in the forest. (Begin with were) Ans. Were I a lion, I would kill all the animals in the forest. 4. If I had come earlier, I would have met my grandfather. (Begin with had) Ans. Had I come earlier, I would have met my grandfather. 5. If she had attended the interview, she would have been selected. (Begin with had) Ans. Had she

attended the interview, she would have been selected. 6. If Paul were a rich man, he would help all the poor. (Begin with were) Ans. Were

Paul a rich man, he would help all the poor. 7. If you should be late once again, you would lose your job. (Begin with should) Ans. Should

you be late once again, you would lose your job. 8. If he had explained the problem, I would have helped him. (Begin with had) Ans. Had he explained the problem, I would have helped him. 9. If it were not for the expenses involved, I would go by air. (Begin with were) Ans. Were it not for the expenses involved, I would go by air.

10. If you should need to meet me, you can call this number. (Begin with should) Ans. Should

you need to meet me, you can call this number. 2. If I had known you were ill, I would have called on you. (Begin with Had) Ans: Had I

known you were ill, I would have called on you. 5. If he had told them the truth, he would not have been punished.(Begin with Had) Ans: Had he told them the truth, he would not have been punished. 6. If I were a monkey, I would hop from tree to tree. (Begin with Were) Ans: Were I a monkey, I would hop from tree to tree . 8. If you should need my help again, just give me a call.(Begin with should)

Ans: Should you need my help again, just give me a call. 11.If I had enough money, I would donate it to your school.(Begin with „had‟) Ans: Had I enough money, I would donate it to your school.

COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES 1.As there was heavy rain, the match was delayed.(rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans: There was heavy rain and so the match was delayed. 2.Malar had one pen only. She helped Manina.(Combine the sentence using though) Ans: Though Malar had only one pen, she helped Manina. 3.As my uncle was not willing to help me, I had to apply for a loan from the bank. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans: My uncle was not willing to help me and so I had to apply for a loan from the bank. 4.I stand for justice and fair play , the whole world knows about it. (combine the sentence using that) Ans: The whole world knows that I stand for justice and fair play.

5.It is really surprising that he has not been arrested by the police. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans: He has not been arrested by the police and it is really surprising. 6.He was ill at the time of the examination. He obtained a high score in the subject (Combine the sentence using though) Ans: Though he was ill at the time of the examination, he obtained a high score in the subject.

7.I like tea I prefer coffee (combine the sentence using though) Ans: Though I like tea, I prefer coffee.

8.As my friend was not there, I had to come back disappointed. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans:My friend was not there and so I had to come back disappointed. 9.It started drizzling The cricket match did not stop.

(Combine the sentences using though) Ans: Though it started drizzling ,the cricket match did not stop 10.Unless you work hard, you will not pass. (Rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans: Work hard or else you will not pass. 11.When the cat is away, the mice are at play. (Rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans: The cat is away and so the mice are at play.

12.The transport workers were on strike. I had to walk back home. (Combine the sentence using as)

Ans: As the transport workers were on strike, I had to walk back home. 13.The sum is too difficult for me to understand. (Rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans: The sum is very difficult and so I cannot understand it. 14.He tried his best .He could not open the box. (Combine the sentences using though) Ans: Though he tried his best, he could not open the box. 15.As my brother was sick, he could not attend the class.

(Rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans: My brother was sick and so he could not attend the class.

16.I hurried to the railway station. I could not catch the train . (Combine the sentence using „though‟)

Ans: Though I hurried to the railway station, I could not catch the train. 17.It was raining heavily. The farmers went on with their work. (Combine the sentences using „though‟) Ans: Though it was raining heavily, the farmers went on with their work. 18. The day broke, the birds came out of their nests. (Rewrite as complex sentence) Ans: When the day broke, the birds came out of their nests.

19. Priya has recovered after the accident. Her fractured arm is still in a cast (Form a compound sentence) Ans: Priya has recovered after the accident but her fractured arm is still in a cast 20. Run three miles every day. You will lose one and a half kilos a week. (Rewrite as a complex sentence) Ans: If you run three miles every day, you will lose one and a half kilos a week.

21. The questions being easy, all the students passed. (Rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans: The questions were easy and so all the students passed. 22. As the traffic was heavy , we could not reach the place in time. (Rewrite as a compound sentence)

Ans:The traffic was heavy and so we could not reach the place in time. 23. In spite of being old, he walks quickly. (Rewite as a complex sentence) Ans: Though he is old, he walks quickly 24. Karthi is intelligent. He will get a job. (Rewrite as a compound sentence) Ans:Karthi is intelligent and so he will get a job. 25. We must eat to live. (Rewrite as a complex sentence) Ans: We must eat so that we can live. 26. Take an umbrella. It may rain .(combine the sentences using „in case‟)

Ans: Take an umbrella incase it rains. 27. On seeing the dog, the thief ran away. (Rewrite as compound sentence) Ans.: The thief saw the dog and at once he ran away. 28. The rain stopped. They started to play. (Rewrite as complex sentence) Ans: After the rain stopped, they started to play. 29. In spite of her best performance she was not given the prize. (Rewrite as compound sentence) Ans: She performed the best but she was not given the prize. 30. The pickpocket saw the policeman and ran away.(Rewrite as complex sentence) Ans: As soon as the pickpocket saw the policeman, he ran away. 31. She was poor. She was always happy. Ans: She

was poor but she was always happy. 32. The mountain is so steep that I cannot climb it. (Rewrite as compound sentence) Ans.: The mountain is very steep and so I cannot climb it. 33. He is old. He walks quickly. (Rewrite as complex sentence) Ans.:

Though he is old, he walks quickly. 34. The rain stopped. The play resumed. (Rewrite as complex sentence) Ans.: Since the rain stopped, the play resumed. 35. An industrious man is sure to succeed. (Rewrite as complex sentence)

Ans.: A man who is industrious is sure to succeed

CHANGE INTO SIMPLE SENTENCES

1. I forgot my birthday My teacher remembered it. She greeted me on that day.

Ans: Remembering my forgotten birthday, my teacher greeted me on that day. 2.Anne Mansfield Sullivan was poor and ill. Yet she taught Helen Keller with a passion. Ans: Despite her being poor and ill, Anne Mansfield Sullivan taught Helen Keller with a passion.

3.Bharat is very arrogant He will not apologise. Ans: Being very arrogant, Bharat will not apologise.

4.Ram lost the match. He decided to resign as captain. Ans: Having lost the match, Ram decided to resign as captain.

5.The coffee is very hot. I cannot drink it. Ans:The coffee is too hot for me to drink.

6.We must eat. We can live. (simple sentence) Ans: We must eat to live.

7.She told me a story. It was about a giant. Ans: She told me a story about a giant. 8.I like tea. I prefer coffee. Ans: I prefer coffee to tea 9.The hunter took his rifle. He shot the man eater. Ans:

Taking his rifle the hunter shot the man eater 10.A man who is industrious is sure to succeed. Ans: An industrious man is sure to succeed.

11.I completed my homework I set out to play. Ans: Having completed my homework, I set out to play.

12.This is a mango from my garden. It is sweet. Ans:This sweet mango is from my garden.

Ans:This mango from my garden is sweet. 13.He told me a story. It was about a hermit.

Ans.: He told me a story about a hermit. 14.Though she was poor, she was always happy.

Ans.: In spite of her poverty, she was always happy. 15.Bharath is very arrogant. He will not apologise. Ans.: Being arrogant, Bharath will not apologise. 16.She told me a story. It was about a giant.

Ans.: She told me a story about a giant.

PART-C (7×3=21)

Answer any SEVEN of the following:-

Part-I

i)Q.No.31-33 Explain with reference to the context:- (2×3=6)

1. Context:

Poem : A Psalm of Life

Poet : H.W. Longfellow

Explanation:

H.W. Longfellow‟s „A Psalm of Life‟ gives a great deal of good advice. One should not think that life is an empty dream. Life is to be enjoyed. Life is real. Mere enjoyment or sorrow is not our goal. We must work hard.

ERC – Clue Words mournful, empty, Dust, Art, muffled, driven cattle, for, paints, brother, achieving, bivouac, past, present, future.

2. Context:

Poem : Women‟s Rights

Poet : Annie Louisa Walker

Explanation:

Annie Louisa Walker emotionally and satirically expresses her views on women‟s rights. Men should not

rob their rights. Women want to live in seclusion beneath the household roof but not as an inane. They bring brightness to home. Like hedgerows, they spread sweet smell. They feel privileged to make the family happy. They

want to die unknown to others. These are a woman‟s mission.

ERC – Clue Words

rob, seclusion, household, inane, privileged, unknown, unnoticed,

3. Context:

Poem : A NOISELESS PATIENT SPIDER

Poet : Walt Whitman

Explanation:

Walt Whitman saw a spider. It was noiseless and patient. The spider tried to touch the vast surrounding. It sent out filament after filament out of itself. It was spinning its web. The poet compares spider to the human soul.

Poem : English Words

Poet : V.K. Gokak

Explanation:

V.K.Gokak is a famous poet in Kannada. In this poem „English Words‟, he admires the efficacy of „English

Words‟. He compares English to leech-craft because it purified our soiled souls. He calls it tongues of fire, winged

seeds, winging words, fireflies and nectar. English is a cosmic riddle. It is a biblical allusion. ERC – Clue Words

leech-craft, soiled souls, O tongues, O winged seeds, O winging words, Owls, nectar, Indo- Aryan, fireflies, word, global

5. Context: Poem : Snake

Poet : D.H.Lawrence

Explanation:

The poem „Snake‟ by D.H.Lawrence gives us a moral. All things created by God are beautiful. Man must learn to appreciate them. It was a hot day in July. The poet saw a poisonous snake from a fissure. It was drinking water in a water trough. The voice of his education told him to kill the snake. But he could not do that.

ERC – Clue Words

expiate, education, fissure, July, hospitality, as cattle, afraid, convulsed, albatross, King, bowels

6. Context: Poem : The Man He Killed

Poet : Thomas Hardy

Explanation: Thomas Hardy‟s “The Man He Killed” brings out the unpleasant realities of war. The poet and his enemy were out of work. So, they joined the army. They shot at each other. The poet killed the enemy and felt guilty,

because, the poet has no valid reason for killing the enemy. Had they met in an inn, they would have drunk and felt

happy. Thus, war is curious and strange. ERC – Clue Words

inn, shot, curious war, nipper kin, out of work

Part-II

ii) Answer any TWO of the following:- 2×3=6

Prose Questions & Answers:-

Lesson-1 Julius Caesar

1.How does Brutus justify the murder of Julius Caesar? Brutus expresses his grief for Caesar. He is happy because Caesar was great. He honours him for his courage. But he killed him because he was ambitious. 2.How was Caesar killed? By whom? The conspirators surrounded Caesar. Casca stabbed him first. Others followed him. Brutus too stabbed him brutally. Caesar did not expect this. He died in agony. 3.How does Antony prove that Caesar was not ambitious? Antony argues that Caesar filled the state treasury with the ransoms for the captives. He refused the crown thrice. He had written a will favouring the people. This proves that Caesar was not ambitious. 4.Why was Brutus’ stab ‘the most unkindest cut of all’? Brutus was the most trustworthy friend of Caesar. He was Caesar‟s angel. So his stab was described as the most unkindest cut of all.

ERC – Clue Words

promontory, spider, unreeling, filament,

4. Context:

oceans, musing, bridge, gossamer.

5.On what condition is Antony allowed to make his funeral speech? Brutus allows Antony to take Caesar‟s body to the market place. He warns Antony not to blame the senators in his funeral speech.

Lesson-2 The Ceaseless Crusader

1.According to Gandhi, what do the women need most? According to Gandhi, the woman needed education most. She needs the right to be free and equal and the right to shape her own destiny side by side with man. 2.What was Gandhi’s attitude towards the superstitions? Gandhi did not believe that everything was good because it was ancient. He did not believe that anything was good because it was Indian. He said that if he had the power, he would sweep them out. 3.What is true morality?

True morality means finding out the true path for oneself and following it without fear. 4.What is ahimsa?

Ahimsa means infinite love, which again means infinite capacity for suffering. 5. Why does Gandhi call women ‘the female sex’ not ‘the weaker sex’? If strength means brute strength, then a woman is less brute than a man. But if it means moral power, woman is immeasurably superior. So Gandhi calls woman „the female sex‟ and not „the weaker sex‟. 6.Who are the ancient models of womanhood? Sita, Savitri, Damayanthi and Draupadi are the ancient models of womanhood. He valued them most for their moral strength.

Lesson-3 To the land of snow

1.Give reasons as to why it is difficult to keep warm in the Tibetan mountain? At over 4000m, it is very difficult to get firewood. It is also raining. So it is difficult to keep warm in the Tibetan mountain. 2.What is meant by a) the sun plays truant for most of the day b) you gotta be dead first c) his confidence is

heartening. a) The sun does not shine for most of the day. b) Suraj Kund is difficult to reach because of the bad terrain. It is situated in the far end of a glacier and one will die before reaching it. c) Khem Nam‟s words give confidence to the author. 3.Patience is an art well learnt when one is at the mercy of nature – why does the author make this observation? At Ragash Kund the author had to spent two days and nights due to bad weather. The sun played truant. It was too

cloudy to venture out. Howling winds, bright sunshine, and hailstorms chased each other. At those times the author had to wait patiently. Hence the author makes this observation.

Lesson-4 A Dictionary of the English Language 1.What is the lexicographer’s ‘negative recompense’? „Recompense‟ means reward for one‟s hard work. Instead of getting a reward for his hard work, a lexicographer may at the most hope only to escape from reproach. This is his negative recompense. 2.What caused Johnson to devote his book to the honour of his country? Why did he do it? During Johnson‟s time,

many European scholars were engaged in the task of purifying their respective languages. Johnson joined this contest and wanted to make English purer and more orderly than other European languages. This noble aim caused to Johnson

to devote his book of dictionary to the honour of his country. 3.Why does Johnson say, ‘success and miscarriage are empty sounds’? Samuel Johnson had been working on his dictionary for many years. Most of his well-wishers were dead and gone. His wife had divorced him three years earlier. So the success or the failure of his book did not mean much to him. They were sounds which are not going to affect him anyway.

Lesson-5 The mark of Vishnu 1.Why did the author consider Gunga Ram as a stupid old Brahmin? Gunga Ram was illiterate and full of superstitions. He did not know that snakes never drank milk. So the author considered him a stupid old Brahmin. 2.How did the narrator and his brother manage to capture the Kala Nag? The narrator and his brothers surrounded the Kala Nag. The snake tried to escape. But a stick caught him in the middle and broke his back. Thus the narrator and his brother managed to capture the Kala Nag. 3.Why did Gunga Ram never hurt animals? Gunga Ram was devoted to Vishnu, the creator. To him, all life was sacred. So he never hurt animals. 4.When did Gunga Ram realize that the boys had captured the Kala Nag? As the school bus was leaving, the boys showed the tin to Gunga Ram. They shouted that the Kala Nag was inside the tin. Then Gunga Ram realized that the boys had captured the Kala Nag.

5.Narrate briefly the incident in the class room. The Science teacher loosened the cord around the tin. Immediately the lid flew. The Kala Nag tried to bite

the teacher. The teacher fell on the floor. The boys stood up on their desks. They cried hysterically. The Kala Nag

fell out of the tin. He dragged himself painfully to the door.

Lesson-6 Hiroshima

1.Which were the countries that were involved in the bombing of Hiroshima?

America, Britain, and China were the three countries involved in the bombing of Hiroshima.

2.Who were the three men who took the final decision to drop the bomb? President Truman of America, Premier Attlee of England and Marshal Chaing Kai of China were the three

men who took the final decision to drop the bomb on Hiroshima. 3.Describe the preparations made on the 6

th of August 1945 when the bomb was dropped.

Three aircrafts were sent to report on weather conditions, two to carry instruments and observers. One aircraft was to take over if anything happened to the B29 into which the bomb was actually loaded.

4.Why does the author refer to the bombing as ‘an unearthly evil’? The bomb was dropped on Hiroshima from a height of 31000 feet above the earth. It exploded at 2000 feet

over the city to have more impact. So the author refers to the bombing as an unearthly evil. 5.What was the immediate impact of the atomization?

Due to atomization, then thousand casualties went to a single hospital. The victims were unable to eat because the whole area was stanching. A lot of buildings collapsed. Thus the atomic age was born with a whimper. 6.What was the effect after the atomization of Hiroshima?

It inflicted death, mutilation and irreparable loss on 160000 people. Pregnant women aborted and never conceived again. Some were permanently sterilized. Even a minor burn took months to heal. There was a sudden drop in the count of blood cells.

Part-III

iii) Answer any THREE of the following:- 3×3=9

1.Road map 4.Proverb-Meaning Matching 7.Describing a process

2.Slogan writing 5.Pie chart/bar chart/table comprehension 8.Proverb Completion

3.Expanding News headlines 6.Dialogue writing

Road Map

You are here vd;w gFjpapypUe;J tpdhtpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s ,lj;jpw;F vg;gb nry;yNtz;Lk; vd;gij 3 my;yJ 4 thf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

Go straight and turn right/left.

Walk along ……… road and turn / cross / ……

You will find …..(destination)… opposite to / near ….. (land mark)…..

Describing the process xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghl;il tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;. For removing stain

Apply soap or few drops of lemon juice.

Rub it gently.

Wash your cloth.

Use a dry cleaning solvent.

For preparing tea/coffee

Boil some water.

Add tea/coffee powder and allow it to boil.

Add a cup of milk.

Add sugar to taste.

Stir it, filter it and serve it.

You may use the following verbs:-

Boil, add, filter, stir, cut, affix, fold, attach, cook, mix, rinse, wash, rub, apply, use etc.

Writing Slogans

1 Air conditioner Bring Switzerland into your room / Keeps cool

2 Ball-point pen Flawless writing

3 Camera Let‟s capture the (happy) moment

4 Cell phone Connectivity on the move / World in your hand

5 Chocolates A sweet gift of love

6 Clothes You are what you wear

7 Computer Doorstep (key) to knowledge / Technology at your door step

8 Credit card Buy now, pay later

9 Detergent Washes white

10 Diapers Dry babies

11 Digital camera Catches / Captures / Keeps the moments/ Say cheese and freeze

12 Dress For elegant look / For dashing and smashing looks

13 Encyclopedia Storehouse of knowledge

14 Eraser Erases everything but the past

15 Fairness cream Silky glow

16 Family planning One family, One child

17 Five-star hotel Live in the lap of luxury

18 Footwear For smooth walk

19 Gum Fixes everything except broken hearts

20 Hair oil For long hair

21 Health drink Keeps you light and brisk / Gives you strength

22 Hill resort Home away from home

23 Home theatre Armchair viewing

24 Hotpacks Warmth for hours

25 Ice cream No more summer, chillers are here / Melts in your mouth

26 Inner wear So soft and smooth and comfortable

27 Insurance LIC is the best policy

28 Internet banking Why be in a line, when you can be online

29 Jeans clothes Rough and tough

30 Jewellery Dazzle and sparkle

31 Lens Gives clear vision

32 Lipstick Choose the colour of your smile/ Smile in style

33 Match box Make fire in a rare way

34 Micro-tip pen Flawless writing flows

35 Mirror Clear reflection

36 Motorbike For extra mile and smile / Ride with pride / Races like a horse

37 Mouse The world at a click

38 Music system Hear more, enjoy more

39 Pens The magic of words /Thought transmitter / Glides on the paper

40 Refrigerator Keep fresh, stay fresh

41 Scooter For smooth riding

42 Seat belts Tuck yourself into safety

43 Shampoo Silky and smooth

44 Shoes Put your best foot forward / A comfortable sole in a cosy hole

45 Silk sarees Blooms from the looms

46 Slippers Get, set, go / To take in your stride

47 Soap Soup to your skin

48 Steel rods Long and strong

49 Switches Click for flick

50 Telescope Add a new scope to your life

51 Toothpaste For a confident smile

52 Torchlight The sunbeam in your hand

53 Trade union The world of freedom

54 Washing machine remove dirt from clothes

55 Watch / Wrist watch Sharp time for sharp people/on your guard

Completing the proverb

1. ………..vessels make much noise. a) Complete b) Empty c) Pot d) kettle

2. ……..is the index of the mind.

a) Face b) Nose c) Eye d) soul

3. ………..of water make a mighty ocean.

a) Lot b) Heavy c) Ful d) Little drops

4. All that glitters is not ……

a) diamond b) ruby c) gold d) silver

5. ……………is wealth.

a) Health b) Wealth c) Money d) good

6. Barking dogs seldom ……

a) cry b) sob c) bite d) run

7. …….is the best policy.

a) Necessity b) Humility c) Curiosity d) Honesty

8. …………..home is best.

a) East or West b) North or West c) East or North d) East or South

9. Failure teaches ……

a) moral b) success c) legal d) virtues

10. ……..wins the race.

a) Slow and steady b) Slow and fast c) confidence

11. ………….is better than cure.

a) Precaution b) Prevention c) Perception d) Conception

12. ……….is the best help.

a) Self-esteem b) Self-concept c) Self help d) Self pity

13. ………while the iron is hot.

a) Strike b) Beat c) Hit d) Blow

14. ………is the the best teacher. a) Opportunity b) Possibillity

c) Patience

d) Experience

15. …..never fails. a) True love b) True friendship

c) kindness

16. Make hay while the …..shines. a) sun b) moon

c) Jupiter

d) star

17. ……always triumphs. a) Lie b) Truth c) Honest d) Moral

18. Look …….you leap.

a) after b) and then c) before d) at

19. …………makes waste.

a) Cast b) Cassette c) Haste d) past

20. …….makes many things.

a) Property b) Honey c) Beauty d) Money

Matching proverbs with the meanings

1. One flower makes no garland A single person cannot be powerful

jdp kuk; Njhg;ghfhJ

2. Covet all, lose all Do not be over ambitious/Be happy with what you

Nguhir ngU e~;lk; have/ Greed will spoil a person /Over desire is

dangerous.

3. Haste makes waste Hurry makes you worry/Tension leads to

Gjwpa fhupak; rpjWk; imperfection.

4. Even Homer nods Even great men can make mistakes/

Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk; Even perfect people fail sometimes.

5. Make hay while the sun shines Make use of the chances/

fhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs; Make use of every opportunity/

Act in the right time.

6. Waste not want not Do not waste/ Be frugal/ Reckless spending lands

nghUl;fis tPzhf;fhNj us in poverty.

7. All that glitters is not gold Most appearances are deceptive/

kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y Do not be misguided by appearances.

8. Seeing is believing Do not believe in rumours

fz;zhy; fhz;gNj nka;

9. Look before you leap One should think well before one acts/

Mokwpahky; fhiy tplhNj Think well before taking any action/

Think well before you do anything.

10. Where there is a will, there is a way Strong will power is needed to achieve anything/

kdkpUe;jhy; khu;f;fk; cz;L Strong will power paves the way.

11. Rome was not built in a day Nothing can be achieved at once/

vijAk; cldbahf nra;aKbahJ A steady growth leads to progress/

One cannot achieve everything at once.

12. As you sow so you reap Accept the result of your action.

Tpid tpijj;jtd;

tpid mWg;ghd;

13. Strike while the iron is hot Make use of every opportunity/

tha;g;Gfisg; gad;gLj;J Make hay while the sun shines.

14. Empty vessels make much noise People who talk more will achieve nothing/

FiwFlk; $j;jhLk; People without knowledge speak much.

15. Pen is mightier than the sword Words can be more powerful than wars.

thu;j;ijfs; typik tha;e;jit

16. Honesty is the best policy Always speak the truth.

tha;ikNa nty;Yk;

17. To err is human No one is completely perfect.

jtW nra;tJ kdpj ,ay;G

18. Birds of same feather flock together Likeminded people make good friends/

,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk; Like minded persons always help one another.

19. Union is strength United we stand, divided we fall.

Xw;WikNa gyk;

20. Too many cooks spoil the broth A work should not be entrusted to many people.

xU Ntiyia mjpfkhNdhuplk; xg;gilf;ff;$lhJ

21. Blood is thicker than water Family bond is always closer/

jhd; Mlhtpl;lhYk; jd; jir MLk; Your relatives are more interested in you/

Favouring one‟s close relatives.

22. Work is worship Be conscious of your duty.

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;

23. Many a drop makes an ocean Small savings make one rich together.

rpW Jsp ngU nts;sk;

24. Reading makes a perfect man Try to read as much as possible

thrpg;gtd; KOikahd kdpjd;

25. Health is wealth Take care of your health

MNuhf;fpaNk nry;;tk;

26. Truth alone triumphs Always speak the truth

tha;ikNa nty;Yk;

27. Manners maketh a man You should learn good manners

ew;gof;fq;fs; ey;y kdpjid

cUthf;Fk;

28. Borrowed garments never fit well Don‟t imitate others

eP ePahf ,U

29. Better late than never Even if delayed attend the meeting

fhy jhkjkhdhYk; nraiyr; nra;JKb

30. No pain no gain One cannot succeed without hard work

fbd ciog;gpd;wp ntw;wpapy;iy

31. Brevity is the soul of wit Be short while speaking and writing

RUq;fr;nrhy;yp tpsq;f it

32. Every dog has its day Even an unfortunate person has his times of glory

JujpU\;lrhypf;Fk; ntw;wp tUk;

33. Barking dogs seldom bite Talkative people will not achieve anything

Fiuf;Fk; eha; fbf;fhJ

34. A stitch in time saves nine Give attention to little details. We will save

rpW tpraq;fspYk; ftdkhapU ourselves time and wealth

35. Man proposes god disposes Divine help is essential to make efforts fruitful

ehk; xd;W epidf;f nja;tk; xd;W

epidf;Fk;

36. Beggars cannot be choosers One should know one‟s limitations

ekJ gytPdj;ij ehk; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

37. Call a spade a spade cz;ikNa NgR Say the truth

38. As you sow so you reap What you do to others you will have in turn

tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;

39. Misfortune never comes single Bad luck follows on in succession

f\;lq;fs; jdpahf tUtjpy;iy

40. Speech is silver, silence is gold Silence is better than speech

Ngr;irtpl mikjpNa rpwe;jJ

41. Fortune favours the brave Courage leads to success

ijupak; ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk;

42. No man is an island Prefer to live in groups

jdp kuk; Njhg;ghfhJ

43. Practice what you preach Example is better than precept

nrhy;tijr; nra;

44. Enough is as good as a feast Be contented and moderate

NghJnkd;w kdNk nghd; nra;Ak; kUe;J

45. Practice is better than precept Action speaks louder than words

Ngr;irtpl nray;ghNl rpwe;jJ

46. Cut your coat according to the cloth Live according to your means

,Ug;gijf;nfhz;L rpwg;gha; tho;

47. Slow and steady wins the race Systematic schemed work pays

jpl;lkpl;l nray;ghL ntw;wpjUk;

48. Still water runs deep Patience is powerful

nghWik rf;jp tha;e;jJ

49. Rolling stone gathers no moss wise people don‟t boast

mwpQu;fs; myl;bf;nfhs;tjpy;iy

50. The child is the father of the man Child is wiser than man

jha; gj;jb gha;e;jhy; gps;is gjpdhwb

gha;thd;

51. It is no use crying over spilt milk Don‟t worry about the past

fle;jij epidj;Jf; fyq;fhNj

52. When one door shuts another opens Life offers many chances

xU top milgl;lhy; kWtop jpwf;Fk;

53. When in Rome do as Romans Be adjustable to all

,Uf;Fkplj;jpw;F jFe;jhw;Nghy;

nray;gL

54. Borrowed garments never fit well Don‟t imitate others

eP ePahf ,U.

Pie chart Comprehension nfhLf;fg;gl;l glj;ijAk;> jiyg;igAk; vy;yh tptuq;fSk; njspthfg; GupAk; tiu $u;e;J Nehf;fTk;. gpd;du; Nfs;tpfisg; gbj;J Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk;.

tl;l tiuglk; (Pie chart) vd;why; ve;nje;j gpuptpw;F vj;jid rjtPjk; (%) kjpg;G nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij $u;e;J Nehf;fTk;.

The proportion of the world's books annually

published in each language Russian(4.7%)

Portugese(4.5%)

Korean(4.4%)

Italian(4.0%)

Dutch(2.4%)

Swedish(1.6%)

Japanese(5.1%)

Spanish(6.7%)

French(7.7%)

German(11.8%)

Chinese(13.3%)

English(28.0%)

Other(5.8%)

study the chart given below and answer the questions that follow:-

1. Which language books are published the most?

2. Which language books are published the least? 3. What are all the languages that come between 4 and 5%? gl;il tiuglk; (Bar chart) vd;why; x mr;R vd;d jftiy

vt;tsT msTfspy; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk; y mr;R vd;d jftiy vt;tsT msTfspy; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gijAk; xg;gPL nra;J $u;e;J Nehf;fp tpilaspf;fTk;.

Study the chart given below and answer the questions that follow:-

No. of people

18000

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

No. of people

6000

4000

2000

0

Historic Pilgrim Beach Hill stations Theme monuments centres resorts parks

1. Which type of tourist centre is preferred by the second largest number of tourists?

2. Which type of tourist centre is preferred by the least number of tourists? 3. Name two tourist centres preferred by the most number of tourists. xU ml;ltiz nfhLj;Jk; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fyhk;.

The following table gives information about the classification of foreign tourists from four countries according to their mode of travel to India in 2002. Read the table carefully and answer the questions given below.

Country Arrivals Proportion to the total (%)

(in numbers) Air Sea Land

Japan 59709 94.7 1.1 4.2

South Korea 29374 94.3 0.1 5.6

Australia 50743 97.6 0.6 1.8

New Zealand 10811 96.7 0.8 2.5

Answer the following: 1. The maximum number of tourists arrived from …….. 2. From which country the minimum number of tourists arrived by air? 3. The tourist revenue from ….. country is the least.

Complete the dialogue ciuahlypy; tpLgl;l gFjpfis fz;Lgpbj;J epug;g Ntz;Lk;.

E.g

Passenger : Sir, When is the next bus to Madurai?

Conductor : The next bus is at 11 O‟ clock sir. Passenger : What is the bus-fare to Madurai?

Conductor : The bus-fare is fifty five rupees sir.

Expanding the News Headlines

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfis rw;W tpupj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;. tpil Fiwe;jgl;rk; 2 thf;fpaq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;;. rk;gtk; ele;j ,lk;> Njjp Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

E.g 1. Mobile phones banned in schools. Tamilnadu government has issued an order banning use of mobile phones in the school premises by students.

2. Rain lashes Chennai. Heavy rain has lashed Chennai last night flooding many residential areas.

3.Railway fares to go up. The Railways Minister has said that the fares for all classes will be raised marginally during the budget.

4.Summer Science Camp from May 18. The Lions Club of Karaikudi has set u summer science camp for school students from May 18 at Alagappa University Auditorium. Registration is going on. 5.New syllabus for Std.XII next year. The government has announced that new syllabus will come into force for Standard XII in all schools in Tamilnadu from next year.

Section-IV 41-47Answer the following:- 7×5=35

41.Prose Paragraph either or choice 42.Poem paragraph either or choice 43.Non-detail paragraph either or choice with hints 44.Summary writing or Note making 45.Spot the error or Fill in the blanks (homophones, linked word, modals, tense etc) 46.CV writing or Writing general paragraph 47.Field identification or General Comprehension or Situational Dialogue 41. Prose Paragraph

1. JULIUS CAESAR introduction: „Julius Caesar‟ is a play written by William Shakespeare.

Oration of Brutus:

The Oration of Brutus is simple. He tried to justify the murder of Caesar. He assured that he loved Rome more

than Caesar. He rejoiced at Caesar‟s valour, love and fortune. But he killed Caesar because he was ambitious. He told that if Caesar were alive all Romans would be slaves. Thus he successfully convinced the angry mob.

Oration of Mark Antony: Mark Antony was a talented orator. He tried to prove that Caesar was not ambitious. He explained how Caesar

filled the state treasury and how he refused the kingly crown thrice at Lupercal. He spoke about the will of Caesar but

refused to read it. He showed the wounds on Caesar‟s body inflicted by Brutus and his friends. He wept and said that it was the unkindest cut of all. He touched the hearts of the Romans. Conclusion: The two speeches are typical of the two great leaders.

2. THE CEASELESS CRUSADER

Gandhi believed in ahimsa and satyagraha. He tirelessly supported women‟s equality. He made them

participants of all the social activities. Gandhi never supported the blind following of old traditions. According to him,

untouchability, child marriage and child widowhood are old practices. They should be abolished once and for all. Gandhi had a long life experiment with truth. He never strayed from the path of truth. He believed that truth

was God. This strong belief led him to experiment the strength and weakness of womanhood. He despised to call women weaker sex. It was his firm belief that women are mentally stronger than men. If all the women of the world

gather together, they would kick the atom bomb without fear. Ahimsa means infinite love. Women can display love better than men. They are the true soldiers of the army

of satyagraha. They have been sent to this world by God as messengers of the gospel of non- violence. Gandhi hoped that the future is with women if non –violence becomes the law of the world.

3. TO THE LAND OF SNOW To the land of snow is an interesting travelogue by Ahtushi Deshpande. It is the description of the trekking

experience to the Milam glacier. The author started from Munsiyari village in UP State. The 65 year old Khem Nam was his guide and Laxmi,

a young man was the porter. The team went up the Goriganga river and Bhutia villages. It took 5 days to cross these

places. The unsteady weather did not allow them to proceed their trekking. They trod carefully on the icy tracks; crossed many hills, watched beautiful pools; and tasted the sweetest

waters of the ponds.

When they reached Milam, it snowed continuously for three days and three nights. The author realised that

patience is an art well learned when one is at the mercy of nature. They successfully scaled the Milam glacier. Then they started climbing down. On the way, they saw the two peaks of Nanda Devi Main and Nanda Devi East. After

paying respect to Goddess Nanda Devi, they came back to Munsiyari.

4. A DICTIONARY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Samuel Johnson compiled the first dictionary of the English Language. He wanted to fix the pronunciation of English words and to maintain their purity. He wanted the language to be in order and take away the confusions in the use of words.

Johnson hoped his dictionary would be very useful. It would definitely help foreigners to learn the language. It would help the readers to learn more about literature and science.

At the same time, he was aware of the short comings. Unlike any other literary work, his work had to face

strong criticism. He sacrificed much of his life time in compiling the dictionary. He compiled this dictionary with a lot of difficulty. No dictionary can be perfect for the growth of any language. So is his work but he was happy that he had

done some valuable work for his language. 5. THE MARK OF VISHNU

It is a story that mocks the deep blind beliefs of people. Gunga Ram was an illiterate servant. He was full of

superstitions. He believed thatall creatures were holy. There was a poisonous snake in the garden of the house. He called it kala nag. Every night he would place a bowl of milk in front of the hole in which the snake lived. He would be

very happy to see the milk gone and believed that it would not harm anyone in the house. The playful boys in the house always poked fun at the innocent Gunga Ram. They used to tell him that one

day they would kill the kala nag. Gunga Ram cautioned them strictly. One day the boys spotted the snake basking in

the sun. The boys surrounded the snake armed with sticks. They battered the snake and broke its back. They put the snake in a tin and tied the lid with a string.

The next day the boys took the tin to school and gave it to the science teacher. When the teacher unfastened

the string, the snake came out of it and rushed towards the door. There Gunga Ram stood with a bowl of milk. He prostrated in front of the snake begging for its forgiveness. But the snake bit Gunga Ram on the very mark of Vishnu

on his forehead. Gunga Ram died on the spot. 6. HIROSHIMA

The statesmen were in a dilemma about dropping the newly invented atom bomb. The political situation

helped Truman of the USA, Attlee of the UK and Chaing Kai Shek of China to decide to drop the atom bomb made with the Uranium 235. The bomb was dropped by Colonel Paul. W. Tibbet over Hiroshima, a city of Japan.

It was an unearthly evil .Radio activity affected the ignorant people very badly in all possible ways. Pregnant women got aborted. Many were affected with cancer. Blood cells either went very low or very high causing them to bleed. It led to death and new diseases continued even after five decades. 42. POEM PARAGRAPHS

1.A PSALM OF LIFE – H.W.LONGFELLOW

It is a poem of optimism and positive thinking. According to the poet, life is not a dream. It is real and earnest.

Neither enjoyment nor sorrow is our goal. We must work hard, because life is short. We must make our lives great.

Time is passing without a stop. World is like a battlefield. We have to struggle and win. This world is a temporary

camp. As long as we live, we should be like heroes, not like dumb driven cattle. We should forget the past. We should

not depend on future. We should have faith in God and act in the present. Lives of great men are good examples to

follow. We should work and do our duty. We should not be discouraged by failures.

2. WOMEN’S RIGHTS – ANNIE LOUISA WALKER

Annie Louisa Walker feels proud of being a woman and she considers so called women‟s duties as their

privileges. A Woman‟s mission is to make her home bright with happiness. They do not waste their time in laziness.

They are like humble plants. Plants collect rain water and give forth sweet smelling flowers. Women also fill their

homes with love and happiness. Women are not known beyond their family circle but take that as their privilege. They

live in seclusion, spread happiness and die unknown. 3. A NOISELESS PATIENT SPIDER – WALT WHITMAN

The poet Walt Whitman saw a spider weaving its cob web on an elevated place. It sent out filament endlessly from its mouth. It tried to connect the space around. On seeing this, the poet was reminded of his soul. Like the spider,

the human soul stands in isolation and tries endlessly to connect with God. It searches for the bridge of hope to connect

itself with God. It tries to connect the entire universe with the thread of love. 4. ENGLISH WORDS – V.K.GOKAK

The poet V.K.Gokak admires English Language. He compares the language to leech craft that purifies blood. He compares English to forest fire. Like forest fire English destroys all unwanted thoughts from our minds. English

Words crossed English Channel and entered India and got settled here. English language belongs to Indo Aryan family

of languages. As the language explains divine things and God, the poet says English is a divine language.

5. SNAKE – D.H.LAWRENCE

Snake is a wonderful poem. It speaks about the poet‟s feelings towards the snake. On a hot summer day a

snake came to his water trough to drink water. The poet had to wait for his turn to take a pitcher of water. The snake

took a long time to drink water. This gave the poet enough time to study the snake. It was golden in colour. His

knowledge of education cautioned him that it was a poisonous snake. His inner voice urged him to kill the snake. He

took a log and threw at the snake. The snake was not hurt but ran into its hole. Now the poet felt guilty. The snake did

not harm him. But he harmed the snake. It was like a guest that came to his house. He insulted his guest. He was so

sorry for his mean act. 6. THE MAN HE KILLED – THOMAS HARDY

It is a poem that brings out the ugly face of war. The poet was in the battlefield. He shot at his enemy and

killed him on the spot. Now a thought crossed the mind of the poet. Why should he kill a person who had done to him

no harm? Was there any personal enmity between the poet and his so called enemy? The meaningless war made them

meaningless enemies. The poet joined the army because he was unemployed. The same was the case with his enemy.

Actually they were not patriots. They were soldiers made out of poverty. It was only the situation that forced them to be

cruel to each other. If these two had met in an inn, they would have become friends. The poet blames the war for this

tragic event.

43. Paragraphs for Supplementary Reader (Hints developing) THE

SELFISH GIANT-Oscar Wilde

The Giant had a large garden. The children of the village enjoyed playing in the garden after school. The Giant returned to his garden after seven years. He became angry on seeing the children playing in his garden. He chased away

the children and built a high wall around the garden.

The children had no place to play. The spring came everywhere but it was still winter in the giant‟s garden.

One morning the giant was surprised to listen to the song of a linnet. He came out of his house to find the children

playing in his garden. They had come through a hole in the wall. Now it was spring in the garden except in one tree in a

corner. A boy was standing under the tree. He could not climb up the tree. Taking pity on the little boy the giant put

him up on the tree. The boy hugged the giant and kissed him. The Giant realised his mistake and at once knocked down

the wall. Now the children could come to play in the garden at any time.

The Giant longed to see the little boy. But he never came. The giant became old and feeble. One cold morning the Giant saw the little boy standing in his garden. He noticed the prints of nail on the palms and the feet of the little boy. The boy said that they were wounds of love. The giant recognized the boy. He was Jesus Christ. He took the giant

to His Garden-the paradise. THE LOTTERY TICKET-Anton Chekov

Ivan and Masha are a happy couple. Masha bought a lottery ticket.She asked Ivan to find the result. Ivan saw the series 9499 only, but he did not find out the number of the ticket. The husband and the wife

believed that they had won the first prize.

The prize amount was 75000 roubles. They started dreaming about how to spend the money. Ivan dreamt of buying a real estate for 25000. He decided to spend another 10000 for immediate expenses. The remaining 40000 could be deposited in a bank for interest.

Ivan thought of Masha‟s relatives. They would ask for more even if he gave them some money. And he also

thought of his own relatives. He called them reptiles. He suddenly looked at the newspaper and found out the winning number to be series 9499 number 46 and not 26. All their dreams disappeared and they came back to reality.

THE LAST LEAF-O’Henry

Sue and Johnsy were painters by profession. They shared an apartment. Johnsy had an attack of pneumonia. She was bedridden. The doctor told Sue that she would recover only if she had the will to live. Johnsy was looking

through the window. She saw an old ivv vine clinging to a brick wall. The leaves of the ivy vine were falling one by

one in the cold wind. Johnsy was counting the leaves backwards from twelve. She believed that she would die when the last leaf fell off the ivy vine.

Sue calmed down Johnsy and put her to bed. She met the old Behrman and told him about Johnsy‟sfancy. Behrman was a failure as an artist.

On hearing the account of Sue, Behrman decided to help Johnsy. That night he went to the brick wall and

painted ivy leaf. The next morning Johnsy saw one leaf still clinging to the brick wall. Her hopes of living were

revived. Johnsy recovered very soon. But Behrman had an attack of pneumonia because of his being exposed to the cold weather. He died after two days. The last leaf became Behrman‟s master piece. THE OPEN WINDOW-Saki

Mr. Framton Nuttel was a nervous patient. On the advice of his doctor, he came to stay in a rural retreat.

Actually, the husband and the brothers of Mrs. Sappleton had gone for snipe shooting only that morning. They were

expected to come back anytime now. Now Mrs.Sappleton rushed into the room repeatedly asking Mr.Framton Nuttel to

forgive her for keeping him waiting . She said that she was expecting her husband and her brother along with their pet

dog spaniel anytime. Mrs.Sappleton cried loudly to say that they were arriving. In the dim evening Mr. Framton Nuttel saw three

figures walking towards the house along with a dog. He thought they were ghosts. He rushed out of the house grabbing his hat and walking stick. When asked, Vera said that Mr. Framton Nuttel had told her that he was afraid of dogs. 44. Note Making OR Summary Writing Note

Making 1. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gj;jpfis ed;F gbj;J Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;. 2. nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G xd;W vOjTk;. 3. xt;nthU thf;fpaj;ijAk; Fwpg;Gfshf khw;wTk;. 4. nfhLf;fg;gl;l gj;jpapy; cs;s Auxiliary verbs(am, is, are, was, were, will, have,…), Articles (a, an ,

the), Linkers(and,but, so..), Prepositions (in, at, with, to, …..) kw;Wk; gpw Kf;fpakw;w thu;j;ijfis ePf;fp tpl;L Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis/thu;j;ijfis (ideas/content words) kl;Lk; vOjTk;. 5. Kf;fpa fUj;JfSf;F ,ilNa my;yJ ePf;fg;gl;l thu;j;ijfs; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; (-) rpwpa NfhL (hyphen) Nghl;Lf; nfhs;sTk;. 6. midj;J Kw;Wg;Gs;spfisAk; ePf;fptplTk;.

OR

Write Summary 1. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gj;jpfis ed;F gbj;J Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;. 2. Kjypy; Rough Copy vd vOjTk;. 3. jiyg;G vOjTk;. 4. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gj;jpfis rw;W RUf;fp Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;FkhW vOjp mij ngd;rpyhy; NkypUe;J fPo;> ,lkpUe;J tykhf FWf;fpy; rha;Tf;NfhL Nghl;L mbj;J tplTk;.

5. gpd; Fair Copy vd vOjTk;. 6. jiyg;G vOjTk;.. gj;jpfs; vij my;yJ ahiug; gw;wp nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sNjh mijNa jiyg;ghf vOjTk;.

7. Nfs;tpapy; 150 thu;j;ijfs; ,Ue;jhy; Fair copy 50 thu;j;ijfs; (3y; 1 gq;F) ,Uf;FkhW RUf;fp vOjTk;.

Q.No.45 Spot the error OR Fill in the blanks 1. One of the vd;gjid mLj;J tUk; ngah;r;nrhy; (Noun) gd;ikahfTk; (Plural)> tpidr;nrhy; (verb)

xUikahfTk; (singular) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Eg. One the boys is absent today.

2. Articles (a,an,the)

A, an – capnuOj;J Xir cila thh;j;ijfSf;F Kd;dhy; an gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Gdpj E}y;fs;> gj;jpupf;iffs;> jpirfs;> ,irf;fUtpfs;> MW> fly;> ngUq;fly; kw;Wk; kiyj;

njhlh;fSf;Fk;> ,dj;ijNa Fwpf;Fk; thh;j;ijfSf;Fk;> superlative degree-f;Fk; the gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Eg. The Bible, The Hindu, The North, The violin, The river Cauvery, The Bay of Bengal, The Indian Ocean, The cow, The tallest boy etc. 3. xUrpy thh;j;ijfs; xUikapYk; gd;ikapYk; mg;gbNa gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Furniture, scenery, luggage, baggage, fish, deer, sheep, advice etc.

4. Comparative Degree-y; junior, senior, elder, younger, superior, inferior, prefer Nghd;w thu;j;ijfSf;F kl;Lk; than-f;Fg; gjpyhf to gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 5. Concord ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;F Vw;g tpidr; nrhy;Yk; mika Ntz;Lk;.

Eg. The Sun rises in the East.

6. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences. Simple : Phrase + Main clause

Compound : Main Clause + Conjunction + Main Clause

Complex : Subordinate clause + Main Clause Eg. Though he is sick but he attended class. Ans: He is sick but he attended class / Though he is sick he attended class.

7. Preposition Eg. The boy jumped in the well. The correct answer is: The boy jumped into the well.

8. Question Tag

Eg. He is fine, isn‟t it? Ans.: He is fine, isn‟t he?

9. Tense

Eg. He come to school yesterday. Ans.: He came to school yesterday.

10. Conditional clause

Condition Result

If + verb (present) Can/will + verb (present)

If + verb (past) Could/would + verb (present)

If + verb (future) Would have + past participle

Eg. If they sing well, they would be selected. Ans: If they sing well, they will be selected.

1.He gave me an one rupee note. Ans:He gave me a one rupee note. 2.Though she is weak but she is active. Ans:Though she is weak, she is a active .

3.She kept the book in the table. Ans:She kept the book on the table. 4. None of you know the answer. Ans:None of you knows the answer.

5.We speak the English. Ans:We speak English. 6.Children prefer TV games than story books. Ans:Children prefer TV games to story books.

7.Mala is a M.A. in English. Ans:Mala is an M.A. in English. 8.One of the boy has got the first prize. Ans:One of the boys has got the first prize.

9.Two and two make four. Ans:Two and two makes four. 10.Though he was poor but he was honest. Ans:Though he was poor, he was honest.

11.Sheela is junior than me. Ans:Sheela is junior to me. 12.Ramesh went to abroad (remove to) Ans:Ramesh went abroad.

13. Guilty must be punished. Ans:The guilty must be punished. 14. Though he is still but he attend the class. Ans:Though he is ill, he attends the class. 15. The Principal with all the teachers are present.

Ans:The Principal with all the teachers is present.

16.He gave me an one rupee coin. Ans:He gave me a one rupee coin. 17.If they had contacted me, I would help them.

Ans:If they contacted me, I would help them. 18.He is confident on his success. Ans:He is confident of his success.

19. My father gave me a lot of advices. Ans:My father gave me a lot of advice. 20. He took up gymnastic when he was seven years old.

Ans:He took up gymnastics when he was seven years old. 21.A group of twelve students are travelling together.

Ans:A group of twelve students is travelling together.

22.John is best student in the class. Ans:John is the best student in the class.

23.The cat was sitting in a wall. Ans:The cat was sitting on a wall.

24.A honest man is always respected. Ans:An honest man is always respected.

25.Mathematics are my favourite subject. Ans:Mathematics is my favourite subject.

26. Each of the student has participated in the competition.

Ans:Each of the students has participated in the competition.

27.If I was a bird I would fly. Ans:If I were a bird, I would fly.

28. He is my cousin brother. Ans:He is my cousin.

29. No one know the answer. Ans:No one knows the answer.

30.She goes to school by feet. Ans:She goes to school on foot/ by walk.

31.Sun rises in the East. Ans:The sun rises in the East.

32.Gopi is one of the tallest boy. Ans:Gopi is one of the tallest boys.

33.I am a teacher, isn‟t I? Ans:I am a teacher, aren’t I?/ ain’t I?

34.He is a M.Sc., student. Ans:He is an M.Sc student.

35.They discussed about the matter. Ans:They discussed the matter.

36.The luggages is very heavy. Ans:The luggage is very heavy.

37. The Taj Mahal is one of the greatest wonder of the world.

Ans:The Tajmahal is one of the greatest wonders of the world.

38. He congratulated me for winning the election.

Ans:He congratulated me on winning the election.

39.He wears a HMT watch presented by his uncle.

Ans:He wears an HMT watch presented by his uncle.

40.Neither he or you is active. Ans:Neither he nor you are active.

41.He joined an European University last year. Ans:He joined a European University last year.

42. He sold his furnitures. Ans:He sold his furniture.

43.Sitting near the window and he saw the crowd.

Ans:Sitting near the window, he saw the crowd.

44. The cow is an useful animal. Ans:The cow is a useful animal.

45. One of the minister walked out. Ans.: One of the ministers walked out.

46. She is angry at her husband. Ans.: She is angry with her husband. 47. The scenery of Kashmir are enchanting. Ans.: The scenery of Kashmir is enchanting.

48. Let us hope through the best. Ans.: Let us hope for the best. 49. Unless you study well you will pass.Ans.: Unless you study well, you will not pass.

50. Sheela writes well, isn‟t she? Ans.: Sheela writes well, doesn’t she?

Tense

S.No Tense Key words

1 Simple Present Tense Always, often, rarely, usually, frequently, generally,

never, sometimes, occasionally, every day

2 Simple Past Tense Yesterday, last week, last month, ago

3 Simple Future Tense Tomorrow, next week/month, soon

4 Present Continuous Tense Now, at present, at the moment, while

5 Past Continuous Tense Then when, while, by this time yesterday

6 Future Continuous Tense Tomorrow/next week/next month by this time

7 Present Perfect Tense Already, just, just now, yet, earlier

8 Past Perfect Tense Till, before, after, since, already, when

9 Future Perfect Tense By next week/month/year

10 Present Perfect Cont. Tense -

11 Past Perfect Cont. Tense -

12 Future Perfect Cont. Tense -

1. I have been studying (study) in this school since 2005. 2. The children burst (burst) into peals of laughter. 3. The prime minister will leave (leave) for Britain next week. 4. In primitive times, stone implements were employed (employ) to kill animals.

5. In the last meeting, the blue print of the proposed holiday home was shown (show) 6. One thousand internet connections will have been given (give) in PoIIachi by the end of December this

year. 7. The experiment had to be stopped (stop) because of power failure.

8. English is spoken (Speak) all over the world by millions of people. 9. Pictures are continually taken(take) to monitor planetary positions.

10. Metals have been replaced(replace) by plastics. 11. Water boils (boil) at 100°C.

12. I would give (give) them money if I had more. 13. One never knows what the future will bring. (bring)

14. I would have called (call) on you if I had known you were ill.

15. Teach me to fish, I will /can live (live) for a life time.

16. Water is collected(collect) in the tank. 17. I would teach(teach) him if I had time.

18. While they were playing(play), there was a sudden downpour. 19. If I visit (visit) Agra, I shall see the Taj Mahal.

20. All that glitters (glitter) is not gold. 21. .If you worked hard you would pass. (pass) 22. The baby is demanding (demand) everyone‟s attention. 23. If they had tried, they would have won (win) the match.

24. The milkman knocks (knock) at the door at six o‟ clock every morning. 25. She takes (take) her bath everyday in the morning.

26. Here comes (come) Hamlet. 27. .Rahim read (read) a poem last night.

28. I am preparing (prepare) for the examination at present.

Modal, Semi/Quasi modal auxiliary verbs OR Parts of speech & Homophones

Modal, Semi/Quasi Modal Auxiliary Verbs Modal auxiliary verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must

Quasi modal verbs: dare, ought to, used to, need

Modal auxiliary verbs Usage

Can Ability, request

Could Past ability, possibility

May Permission or future possibility

Might Future possibility

Must Necessity or obligation

Shall Offer or suggestion

Should Advice or suggestion

Will Willingness, certainty, promise

Would Request, invitation

Semi or quasi modal auxiliary verbs Usage

Ought to What‟s right/obligation

Need Necessity

Dare to Courage and boldness

Used to Past habit

Homophones

Homophones vd;gJ xNu cr;rupg;igf;nfhz;l Mdhy; spelling kw;Wk; mu;j;jk; NtWgl;l ,uz;L nrhw;fshFk;. nfhLf;fg;gl;l thf;fpaj;jpd; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fspy; rupahd thu;j;ijfisf; nfhz;L epug;g Ntz;Lk;. 1. I had no peace so he gave a piece of advice. (peace, piece)

2. The story told by the credulous old man is not credible. (credible, credulous) 3. They had dates for dessert in the desert. (desert, dessert) 4. The police tried to elicit information from the bootlegger who sells illicit liquor. (elicit, illicit) 5. The most eminent scientist in the world has been warning about the imminent danger of war. (imminent,

eminent) 6. The book which has been prescribed for the B.A. class has been proscribed for containing some remarks

against a particular religion. (proscribed, prescribed) 7. The new principal is a man of principle. (principal, principle) 8. As he is industrious he has become an industrial leader. (industrial, industrious) 9. An officious traffic police stopped the official. (officious, official) 10. When he became conscious his conscience pricked him. (conscious, conscience) 11. He is an immigrant from India. He is known as an emigrant in the new country. (immigrant,

emigrant) 12. Luxuriant plants are in the luxurious hotel. (luxuriant, luxurious) 13. As his hand writing is illegible, he is not eligible to be a clerk. (eligible, illegible) 14. The judicious decision was appreciated by the judicial officer who tried the case. (judicious, judicial) 15. They sell all types of cell phones. (sell, cell) 16. He noted about the dairy in his diary. (dairy, diary)

17. My adopted son adapted himself to the new environment. (adopted, adapted) 18. The car loaded with stationery items hit a stationary bus. (stationery, stationary)

19. The popular actor visited the most populous city. (popular, populous) 20. The army personnel cannot go on leave for their personal reason. (personnel, personal)

21. His attempt to find the vein was in vain. (vein, vain)

22. He asked me to wait and know my weight. (wait, weight) 23. He lost this pen in the last exam. (lost, last)

24. The whole class looked at the hole. (whole, hole) 25. The police officer in plain clothes came by a plane. (plain, plane) 26. I shall write the right answer. (write, right) 27. Birla is industrious and he can solve any industrial problem. (industrious, industrial)

28. Last week he did not attend the school as he was weak. (weak, week) 29. She threw the rubbish through the window. (threw, through)

30. I shall check the bill and send you the payment by cheque. (cheque, check) 31. In Japan even stationery stores are not stationary for they float on boats. (stationery, stationary) 32. I don‟t know whether the weather will permit us to go. (whether, weather)

33. Everybody appreciates our principal for his principle. (principal, principle) 34. None has seen such a scene created by monster waves so far. (scene, seen) 35. The moisture is due to the heavy dew. (due, dew) 36. We sell different types of cell .phones in our shop. (sell, cell)

37. Niveditha‟s adapted son adopted himself to the new environment (adapted/adopted) 38. None has .seen such a scene created by monster waves so far. (scene / seen)

39. The protruding root of the tree obstructed our route (route / root) 40. The moral of his story is good for the students‟ morale ( morale . moral) Extra

Aloud Noisily Altar Platform Arc Curved line

Allowed Permitted Alter Change Ark Box

Ascent Go up Birth Being born Bear Tolerate

Assent Approval Berth A sleeping place Bare Empty

Brake Stop Bred Brought up Be Exist

Break Into pieces Breed Food Bee Insect

Disease Sickness Heel Back part of foot Lose Miss

Decease death Heal cure Loose Not tight

New Fresh None Not any Pray Offer prayer

Knew Understood Nun A woman monk Prey Food

Story Tale Team Group of players Waste No use

Storey Floor Teem Fill with Waist Lower abdomen

46. CV Writing OR General Paragraph

CV Writing

Career objectives : Looking for a challenging career

Synopsis : A graduate in ….. from …. College, YYY

Profile : Good knowledge in Computer

Good knowledge in …

Good verbal and written skill

Qualification : B.A/B.Sc etc with first class

12th

with 80% from GHSS, YYY

10th

with 80% from GHSS, YYY

Experience :

Strength : Hard working

Positive attitude and open minded

Personal details : Date of Birth :

Sex : Male

Languages known : Tamil, English and Hindi

Declaration

The information given above is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Place: YYY XXX

Date : Signature

General Paragraphs

A Morning Walk A morning walk helps the person to remain healthy and active. It is a light exercise with no expertise needed.

It is good for both the young and the old people. It refreshes our mind and makes us fit. We must regularly go for

morning walk. I get up at five O‟ clock in the morning and go out for a walk regularly. My friend also comes with me.

We often go to the park near our house. The morning time is very pleasant. We get immense pleasure seeing the

picturesque beauty on the way. The fresh air gives us a good amount of energy. We take a stroll on the green grassy

lawns. It is wonderful to see the dew drops on the green grass which give an appearance of pearls. The chirping of birds

makes our heart cool. Their songs add to the beauty of nature. The fresh air from the surrounding areas is spellbinding.

Independence Day 15th August is an important day in the history of India. India became free on this day in 1947. Independence

day is celebrated as a national festival. The nation celebrates Independence day at the Red Fort. The Prime Minister

hoists the flag and takes the salute. Then, he delivers a message to the nation. At night, the Parliament House, the Red

Fort and the Rashtrapati Bhavan are illuminated with electric bulbs. The entire city looks beautiful. Many people gather

at early morning in the airy grounds of Red Fort to see the function. Throughout the country, this day is celebrated with

great enthusiasm. In the states, Chief Ministers unfurl the flags in their capitals and distribute sweets. A National

Anthem is sung after the flag hoisting ceremony. It is one of the most important days for Indians. It is a great day as we

got freedom from the clutches of the British rule.

The Dowry System The dowry system is widespread in almost all sections of the Indian society. Dowry is what parents give to

their daughters at the time of marriage. It is a kind of help given to the newly married couple from the bride‟s parents to

establish a new home. This custom is very old. This system was not much prevalent in the past because it was a

voluntary offer but these days, it has become a demand. Dowry system has weakened our society and the birth of a

daughter is no more considered to be an occasion of joy for the parents. A girl is treated as a burden on her parents.

They have to face great difficulties. They find it difficult to search out a suitable match for their daughters. Even a

beautiful and well educated girl cannot get married to a rich man‟s sons as they demand for huge amounts as dowry.

Many girls have been reported to have committed suicide to save their parents from the evils of dowry. This evil must

be eradicated form our society as soon as possible, otherwise, it will completely ruin our society.

Good manners Good manners make a man great and perfect. A good mannered person is admired by all in the society. It

makes a person optimistic and graceful in life. Good manners are more important than the Laws of the State. We should

respect our elders and love those who are younger to us. We should co-operate with each other in doing domestic work.

We should keep our home tidy and dirt free. Good manners should also be taught at the school. We should learn to

respect our teachers. We should never misbehave in the class. We should always maintain discipline in our lives. We

should never break the belongings of the school. We should always lend a hand to those students who are weak in

studies. Good manners play a significant role in social life. We should be polite and courteous to others. We should

treat everybody equal. If we are in a group, we should treat everybody equal. We should always add „please‟ to get any

favour and should never forget to say „thank you‟ as a courtesy for the favour done. By being good to others, a person

becomes great in others heart.

Early Rising It is a famous saying “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise”. The great

advantage of early rising is the good start of the day. The early riser finishes a large amount of work earlier than other

men who get out of bed late. In the early morning, the mind remains fresh and there are no disturbances. People can

think in a much better way than others. An early riser also gets some time to do some exercises in the morning as it

gives a person lot of energy and keeps his healthy. If one has to succeed in life, one must get up early in the morning. In

spite of the fact that there are great advantages of early rising, most of us fail to get up early in the morning. Life has

become very hectic and people return from their work late. As they sleep late, they are not able to get up early. But in

spite of this people should try to be early risers as early to bed and early to rise would help them to be successful in life.

Games and Sports

Games and sports play an important role in our lives. They gives us immense pleasure. They make our body flexible. They expand our lungs, increase the blood circulation and make our body fit. They instill in us a spirit of

sportsmanship, promptness, timekeeping, team spirit, leadership and respect for fellow members. Games and sports have become very popular these days and are taken as a profession by many people. Each game is played under definite rules which all the players follow. Some of the games train us to be obedient and disciplined. Apart from this, they train us how to control and abide by the rules and regulation in our lives.

Q.No. 47 Field Identification OR General Comprehension Field

identification

Agriculture tptrhak; Art fiy

Botany jhtutpay; Business tzpfk;

Commerce tzpftpay; Computer fzpdp

Education fy;tp Environment Rw;Wr;#oy;

History tuyhW Industry njhopw;rhiy

Law rl;lk; Literature ,yf;fpak;

Media Clfk; Medicine kUj;Jtk;

Music ,ir Movie rpdpkh

Nutrition and Dietics Cl;lr;rj;J kw;Wk; Politics murpay;

czTKiw

Religion kjk; Science mwptpay;

Social Service r%f Nrit Space tpz;ntsp

Sports tpisahl;L Taxation tup

Tourism Rw;Wyh Weather fhyepiy

Science & mwptpay; njhopy; Trade tzpfk;

Technology El;gk;

Information jfty; njhopy; El;gk; Tourism Rw;Wyh

technology

Industry njhopw;rhiy

General Comprehension E.g Read the following passage and answer in your own words the questions given below:- Cagou, the national emblem of New Caledonia, is an entertaining bird. Though it cannot fly, its strong legs enable it to run quickly. And when it feels threatened, it squats and spreads its wings intl a fan shape over its head. It sports a spiky hairstyle similar to those of rock stars. Questions:

1. Which country uses Cagou as the national emblem? 2. How is it different from other birds?

3. How do the legs help the bird? 4. State how the bird defends itself.

5. What is the similarity between the bird and the rock stars? *****