keystone...keystone official publication of the pennsylvania junior classical league fall 2017 latin...

KEYSTONE Official Publication of The Pennsylvania Junior Classical League Fall 2017

Latin So Far Zavier Fackler, Butler

Butler’s leaders are al-

ways outstanding people

who take on their roles

and responsibilities with

pride, and this year is no

exception. We are all

looking forward to seeing

the outcome of this

“political” race. Another

great aspect of Latin this

year, and every year, is

just the class itself. Being

surrounded by so many

wonderful people with

such great personalities

makes Latin all the more

welcoming. The Latin

program seems to attract

and contain some of the

best and brightest stu-

dents. There never seems

to be a bad apple in the

bunch. Among the amaz-

Latin this year has been

a wonderful experience.

Leaving the class at the

end of the school year is

upsetting, but coming

back makes it worth the

wait. So far, we have

flown through the re-

view of nouns, verbs,

and word endings like it

was nothing. Anything

forgotten over the sum-

mer has been reinstalled

in everyone’s minds. It

is always so refreshing

to get back into the

swing of things when it

comes to Latin. Also

with elections approach-

ing, there are many great

candidates to possibly

run the Butler Area Jun-

ior Classical League.

Falling into a New Season of JCL

ing students, the teachers

are fantastic too. They

are truly passionate

about Latin and educat-

ing their students about

the language and culture.

They always find ways

to keep things interest-

ing. As a fun way to re-

view the other day, we

got to play charades.

You can only imagine

how amusing that was

when someone got the

verb esse (to be)! We

have not been back to

school for long, but I can

already tell that this year

will be a great year for

Latin. I cannot wait to

see what is in store!

Romans were Astrological

Geniuses?

2

Friendly Competition 3

The Coin of Alexander 4

Conrad Weiser JCL Raises

Money for Kabala School

in Africa

5

Ludi Romani 6

Women’s Hairstyles in

Ancient Rome

9

The Language of Science 10

Remembering Our Roots:

More Fun Than You’d

Expect!

11

Not Your Grandma’s

Cookie

13

From The Editor’s Desk 15

Inside this issue:

From Magistra Hay, PAJCL Chair -

Salvete Omnes! I don't want to take much space from student submissions, so I will keep this short. PA-

JCL's new website is www.pajcl.net! By the time you read this issue, we will have had our final meeting with the

designer! My goal is to launch it on November 1, if not sooner. We are very excited that the website will also

include a database for membership and convention registration! Sponsors, please look for an email from me by the

end of October with directions on how to complete your 2017-2018 membership registration. I hope that you all

will look for OfficialPAJCL on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Gratias maximas for your patience as we work

to put the finishing touches on the new website and get our social media accounts up and running!

http://www.pajcl.net/

Romans were Astrological Geniuses? Nate Corle, Bedford

Did the Romans

know that the names of

their gods and goddesses

would become the names

of the planets in our solar

system? Jupiter, Saturn,

Mars, Venus, and Mer-

cury were given their

names thousands of

years ago because they

were the only planets

that the Romans could

see through their tele-

scopes. The other planets

were not visible to the

Romans. So why are the

rest of the planets in our

solar system named after

Roman gods? The as-

tronomers that discov-

ered the other planets

followed the tradition as

a tribute to the great Ro-

man Empire. In addition

to the planets, most of

the moons, and some as-

teroids, were named after

creatures, gods, and god-

desses found in Roman

mythology. The gods

and goddesses behind

our planets’ names are

Mercury, the winged

messenger; Venus, the

PAJCL KEYSTONE

Goddess of Love; Mars,

the God of War; Jupiter,

the King of Gods; Sat-

urn, the former God of

Agriculture; Uranus, the

former God of the Sky;

Neptune, the Lord of the

Sea; and, Pluto, the Lord

of the Underworld. Ter-

ra, the Goddess of the

Earth, is one of the few

Roman gods and god-

desses that does not have

a planet named after her.

This is because in many

languages, including Lat-

in, “earth” is a variation

of the word “terra,”

meaning “ground” or

“soil.” Were the Ro-

mans astrological geni-

uses? Certainly! They

were inspired by their

gods when naming the

stars, and astronomers

continue to pay hom-

age to their Roman pre-

decessors when classi-

fying celestial bodies.

The impact that the Ro-

Ad astra Mary Flaherty,

Friendly Competition Jiwoo Cheon, North Allegheny

The clock was started,

and the seconds ticked

down. All feet hustled

into excitement, and all

hands leaped into action,

stacking bright red Solo

cups on top of one anoth-

er. The first pyramids

were constructed then

torn down, these steps

repeated until subsequent

pyramids formed down

the line of cheering stu-

dents.

The cup stacking was

only the beginning of the

NAJCL Minute to Win it

games. Held at the Sep-

tember general meeting,

the games were intended

to break the ice between

members, new and old

alike, and introduce the

fun-loving spirit of JCL.

Five teams, created ran-

domly to encourage min-

gling with unfamiliar

faces, would compete in

four challenges. At the

end of each challenge,

the last place team would

be eliminated until only

one team remained.

While the fierce compe-

tition ensued, members

of the eliminated teams

could leisurely color Ro-

man themed coloring

pages.

Soon, the last pyramid

was torn down. By a nar-

row margin, the final

team to finish was deter-

mined and eliminated.

The remaining four hast-

ily reorganized them-

selves for the next chal-

lenge: M&M transfer.

The students would

again form a line, but

this time, they would

transfer M&M candies

down a row of plates

with only a straw. Some

seemed put off by the

thought of sucking up

M&Ms with a straw, but

all hesitation was shoved

aside when the clock was

once again started.

M&Ms flew across the

plates, illicitly assisted

by hands at times, until

the time ran up. Aston-

ishingly, there was a tie

between the last two

teams, so 30 seconds

were added to the clock.

After the frantic last

stretch, the team to be

eliminated was decided.

Next was the cookie face

challenge. The competi-

tors were to place a Nila

wafer on their foreheads

and get it into their

mouths without using

their hands. Dropped

cookies meant instant

disqualification. If four

of the team’s members

succeeded, then the team

PAJCL KEYSTONE

was safe. One group

completed the challenge

outrageously swiftly in a

matter of seconds, while

the other three struggled

about evenly. Yet again

it was a close match, but

the final two teams were

declared.

The fourth and final

challenge was the Gordi-

an Knot. Due to a higher

member turnout than ex-

pected (always excited to

welcome more JCLers,

though!), the teams were

much too large for this

closely knit task, but we

proceeded nonetheless.

The number of tangled

arms definitely made the

challenge more difficult,

but also more interesting

to watch. The two final-

ist teams seemed to be

evenly matched at first,

but once one of them

gained an edge, the lead

only grew and that team

triumphed.

Victory was shortly cel-

ebrated, though, for the

games had been a lie all

along. In fact, a fifth

challenge was intro-

duced that would raise a

single victor from the

winning team. The chal-

lenge was none other

than a rock paper scissor

showdown. Former

teammates turned into

enemies. Fists slapped

against palms intensely.

Shouts of delight and

dismay echoed through-

out the cafeteria. One

by one, the losers were

beat out, until only one

remained. The single

victor, a lone 8th grader,

entirely foreign to the

club, bewilderedly re-

ceived her fabulous

Final Round of the Minute-to-Win-It games at the

September meeting: Gordian Knot

power after killing two

of his competitors in bat-

tle. After Septimius died,

he passed the throne to

his two sons Geta and

Caracalla… who then

proceeded to try to kill

each other. Caracalla

succeeded, but was as-

sassinated by his praeto-

rian prefect Macrinus,

who then took the throne

for about a year, only to

be killed by a 15-year-

old Elagabalus who quite

literally deserves his

own paragraph.

Elagabalus was raised in

the eastern provinces,

primarily in Syria, where

he was extensively ex-

posed to various Eastern

religions which he would

come to practice over

Greco-Roman polythe-

ism. He worshipped one

god in particular: Ela-

gabal, an Eastern sun

god. When he came to

be emperor through the

support of his mother

and a legion, Elagabalus

placed worship of Ela-

gabal over all other gods.

Soon, he began to live a

life of decadence and

debauchery and flaunt

traditional Roman social

norms, marrying a vestal

virgin before divorcing

her, forcing the Roman

Fall 2017

Under the hot

Tuscan sun, I squinted in

disbelief at a small green

disk that I unearthed in

the dirt after three days

of digging at a Roman

archaeological site near

Populonia, Italy. It was a

bronze coin!

It was amazing to

see this treasure, previ-

ously lost to the ages,

resurface in the Mediter-

ranean air where it had

been minted. The coin

was encrusted by dirt

and weathered by time,

but I could distinguish

one word defiantly pro-

truding from the grime:

Aequitas, Equality. Upon

further research and

cleaning, I found that the

Roman Emperor Alexan-

der Severus, who took

the throne in AD 222,

was portrayed on this

coin.

But let’s look at the his-

torical context for these

events. Alexander Seve-

rus was a member of the

Severan dynasty (as his

name would suggest)

and this entire dynasty

was forged in blood and

iron. A little less than

three decades prior, Se-

verus’ granduncle, Sep-

timius Severus, seized

This is the bronze coin that portrayed the Emperor Alex-

ander Severus, found by the photographer digging in a

Roman archaeological site near Populonia, Italy.

senate to prostrate them-

selves before his Eastern

gods, and engaging in

numerous extramarital

affairs. This disregard

for everything Roman

angered many (as ex-

pected) and soon Elagab-

alus was forced to adopt

his cousin, Alexander –

of copper coin fame – as

his co-Augustus. Elagab-

alus, being the vindictive

boy-emperor he was,

then tried to immediately

strip Alexander’s author-

ity from him. This an-

gered the Praetorian

Guard, who demanded to

see Alexander and Ela-

gabalus in person. Ela-

gabalus, knowing that

anyone disobeying the

Praetorians will probably

end up dead, complied –

and ended up dead by

the end of the day with

his cousin Alexander on

the throne.

Here we can finally un-

derstand Alexander’s

proclamation of Aequi-

tas. By proclaiming

“equality” on widely dis-

tributed coins, he sought

to denounce injustices

suffered by common

people under his

cousin’s rule and gain

the commoners’ support

for his reign. It was iron-

ic that the more valuable

coins of the period

meant the wealthy bore

messages focused in-

stead on the Emperor’s

imperial power and loy-

alty to his soldiers, rather

than democratic ideals.

The Coin of Alexander Anthony Zhu, Harriton

PAJCL KEYSTONE

On Saturday, September

30, the Reading Movies

11 & IMAX Theatre

hosted a Popcorn Pep

Rally. The school club or

team who brought the

most people to see a

movie and voted for its

club would win $500. In

addition, each person

who voted enjoyed a free

popcorn as he watched

the movie. Kimberly

Lam, an active

CWJCL’er, learned of

the contest through her

cousin and CW alumnus,

Timmy Tieu who works

at the movie theatre.

Kim told our advisor,

Ms. Rurode about this

opportunity. Last Febru-

ary Conrad Weiser HS

Media Center began a

partnership with Dr. Sam

Kargbo to help refurbish

the Kabala Secondary

School located in north-

eastern Sierra Leone. We

have donated books and

desktop computers to the

school. However, over

the summer the Media

Center librarian men-

tioned to Ms. Rurode

that funds were needed

to cover shipping costs to

send all the donated

items. Ms. Rurode

thought that JCL could

raise some money to

cover these costs and

perhaps pay for scholar-

ships for students at-

tending the Kabala

School.

The week before Sep-

tember 30, JCL cam-

paigned and advertised

to the entire student

body to go the movies

on Saturday and vote

for JCL as their favorite

club. If we won the

money it would be do-

nated to the Kabala

School. Students in the

Latin III class filmed a

short video which was

shown throughout the

school to explain the

campaign and encourage

students to participate.

On Monday we learned

that JCL had won the

$500! Several students

met Dr. Sam today and

presented him with the

check for $500. Even

though our school is

small, we were able to

come together for this

great cause. $500 will pay

the yearly tuition for 30

students to attend the Ka-

bala School. CWJCL is

proud to help another

school expand its re-

sources and learning op-

Conrad Weiser JCL Raises Money for Kabala School in Africa

Rachel Kesselring, Conrad Weiser

Conrad Weiser JCL decorates for Homecoming!

Ludi Romani Elizabeth Rinehart, Downingtown West

PAJCL KEYSTONE

dangerous games did not

have religious im-

portance, but rather

served as violent enter-

tainment. Ludi Romani

also featured theatre

heavily inspired by

Greek theatre. Ludi

Romani featured a

bloody sacrifice for Jupi-

ter followed by a feast.

During the bloody sacri-

fice a heifer (a young

female cow that has not

had a calf) was required

for Jupiter. The priest

Ludi Romani

(Roman Games) are ex-

actly what they translate

to: The Roman Games.

They were an annual cel-

ebration of Jupiter held

from September 12-19.

Later Ludi Romani were

extended from Septem-

ber 5-19th, then again to

add September 4th to

honor Julius Caesar. Ludi

Romani is the oldest fes-

tival, founded by Tar-

quinius Priscus in 366

BC. The dangerous

games included chariot

races in the Circus Maxi-

mus, which commonly

led to death, and gladia-

tor fights with both man

vs man combat and man

vs animal combat. Gladi-

ators typically were

criminals, prisoners, or

slaves. Later, females

also would be trained to

fight. During Nero’s

reign (from December

37AD- June 38AD) Nero

had “exotic” Ethiopian

women fight too. These

sprinkled wine and sa-

cred bread over the heif-

er before killing it by

cutting its throat. The

heifer was then disem-

boweled and its most

vital organs were burned

at the altar. The rest of

the animal was eaten

during the feast. The

Epulum Jovis, on the

13th of September, was

a banquet held in Jupi-

ter’s honor. The final

days of the Ludi Roma-

ni were celebrated with

Directions: Decipher the 5 Latin words below that have been Scrambled

Word Jumble! Genevieve Barge, Ellis

Answers: Atrium, Vestibulum, Tablinum, Culina, Cubiculum

PAJCL KEYSTONE

Ice Cream and Initiation Steph da Costa, Upper Dublin

Nothing beats eating ice

cream with good friends.

Our Latin club has capital-

ized on this realization and

we have held an ice cream

social for as long as I can

remember, which is about 3

years. In past years, the ice

cream social was the first

meeting of our club and

freshmen would decide

whether or not they wanted

to join by how the meeting

went (spoiler alert: they

always joined). This year

was extra special as our ice

cream social doubled at the

freshman initiation. We

filled our bowls with ice

cream and M&Ms, gummy

bears, mini chocolate chips,

and various toppings as the

cafeteria filled with the joy-

ful sounds that usually

come with a club’s first

meeting: people dis-

cussing their classes

and weekend plans and

the excited chatter that

comes with people eat-

ing together. As the

bowls were emptied, we

began to initiate the

freshmen. We had them

stand in a circle and

“Charon,” the boatman

The new UDJCL members!

who brings souls to the

Underworld, handed

them ambrosia, the food

of the gods. Charon was

played by our club pres-

ident, Natalie David,

and the ambrosia was

actually Starbursts be-

cause we are lowly

mortals. The freshmen

also drank the “blood of

Caesar”, which was ac-

tually fruit punch, as

Caesar died a long

time ago. The fresh-

men then proceeded

to recite the JCL

creed and were offi-

cially initiated as

members of the

UDJCL. Overall, it

was a very enjoyable

experience and I look

forward to spending

Roman Gods Jordana Avigad, North Allegheny

Solution on page 13

PAJCL KEYSTONE

Look where you are

A man undefeatable

You’re now trapped in a jar

What do you see?

A world spinning without you

Was once hard to believe

What do you hear?

A never-ending silence

But now can you face fear?

What’s on your mind?

Wars you’ve fought from the long past

Now you’re on the wrong side

Ares, what went wrong?

You’ve been bested

There’s no wars in your jar

Just your head to spin

You say you’re strong

But you’re ideally so weak

Mere mortals know you’re wrong

What about death?

And what else would excite you?

Jar of Ares Carlo Andreassi, Butler

If they didn’t lose breath?

What about life?

And what makes it so useless?

Just a pawn for your crime

Every moment

You witnessed a tragedy

Could you sleep while knowing?



There’s no wars in your jar

Just your head to spin

To you, the resolution is conflict

To repeat the mistakes we’ve made

To you, a war is only a object

And not mortal flesh trapped, enslaved

We all have a jar, just like you

Most don’t learn

Only few of us do



Explanation: Ares, the god of war, is also described as the god of warlike frenzy. Although he was immor-

tal, he was defeated in battle by Heracles, a mortal. He was then stuffed in a jar by two giants afterwards,

Cerberus Veronica Pimenova, Seneca Valley

al. As a bride or Vestal

Virgin, the seni crines

was the preferred style.

The bride’s hair was nor-

mally parted with a hasta

recurva or hasta caeliba-

ris which was a bent iron

spearhead or flower

crown. Even though all

females wore their hair

long, there was a differ-

ence between the hair-

styles of young girls

when compared to ma-

ture women. Young girls

wore their hair flowing

loosely down their

backs, while women

braided and wrapped

their hair. Much like to-

day, dying your hair was

Throughout time,

people have expressed

themselves through ap-

pearance. In Ancient

Rome, a woman used her

hair to express her indi-

viduality and her role in

society. A woman’s hair-

style could be deter-

mined by her age, social

status, wealth, and pro-

fession. When used sym-

bolically, hair marked

rites of passage such as

funerals and weddings.

For Romans, hair was

considered to be very

suggestive and was one

of the determining fac-

tors of the allure of a

woman. Consequently, it

became natural for wom-

en to spend time on their

hair to look more attrac-

tive. Romans preferred

complicated, unique

hairstyles as it indicated

elegance, style, and

wealth. The natural style

was associated with bar-

barians, who were

thought to have neither

money nor culture to cre-

ate elegant hairstyles.

Simply letting your hair

down was one of the

hairstyles of prostitutes.

During different ceremo-

nies, women had certain

hairstyles they would

wear. Loosened hair was

common during a funer-

popular among women.

Different ingredients

were used to make each

color dye. For example,

to dye your hair in Ro-

man times, you had to

use a mixture of animal

fat and beechwood ash-

es. When dying it black,

it was suggested to use

leeches that rotted in red

wine for forty days. And

so, Roman women took

great pride in their well-

coiffed hairstyles, silent-

ly conveying many

things. By her hair, a

woman could show off

to others, and in turn, she

could determine the indi-

viduality and social sta-

Fall 2017

Women’s Hairstyles in Ancient Rome Emera Gregor, Bedford

seni crines Traditional Roman Flower Crown

PAJCL KEYSTONE

The Language of Science Aidan Bova, Harriton

Ever since I start-

ed showing interest in

science when I was little,

I have wondered why

scientific names are al-

ways in Latin or Greek.

Whether it is in botany,

medicine, biology, anat-

omy, or other fields, the

names of most every-

thing regularly have

some sort of Latin name

or root. Although most

early scientific discovery

began only after the

downfall of the Romans

and the time of the great

Greek philosophers and

thinkers, science has

always crossed lan-

guage. Most scientists

of the time had familiar-

ity with the Latin lan-

guage and because of

this common basis, it

was deemed the lan-

guage of science. Since

Latin is not a language

actively spoken in any

region, it acts as a pas-

sageway across lan-

guages, making science

constant throughout all

communities and cul-

tures.

Additionally, in

order to keep consisten-

cy with older scientific

terms and theories, sci-

entists exploring new

branches of science

have held true to nam-

ing things in Latin. Carl

Linnaeus, a biologist

whose books and papers

are the starting point of

binomial nomenclature,

recognized Latin as the

language of science and

continued the trend by

publishing his new ma-

terial in Latin. Scientists

like Linnaeus, who also

sought to keep their work

in practice with other no-

table scientific names of

the day, purposely contin-

ued with this style of no-

menclature, maintaining

Latin as the official lan-

guage of science. Even

today, science stays loyal

to its Latin roots in order

to keep science universal

across all languages.

12 laws

12 rules

12 tables

The societal foundation

For every Roman citizen

Rich or poor

2000 years ago

And still relevant

The basis of our law today

Keeping us at peace

And keeping us in line

12 Tables Cameron Crawford, Downingtown West

The punishment is cruel

For breaking such laws

So be a good citizen

And follow the rules

Rome

The new age of the past

An advanced government

Similar to ours

We thank you Rome

For your 12 tables

Fall 2017

Remembering Our Roots: More Fun Than You’d Expect!

Hunter Kloss, Ellis

“Why do you learn Lat-

in? It’s a dead language,

it doesn’t matter!” Every

Latin student has heard

this whine from a class-

mate or friend at least

once in their life. Alas,

how little they know.

Roman (and Greek) cul-

ture has influenced our

modern society more

than the ordinary person

could imagine. Whether

it be the name of our

third month (March, de-

rived from Mars, the Ro-

man god of war) or a

popular book series, Lat-

in is crucial to modern

society. Two book series

that are incredibly popu-

lar are the Percy Jackson

and Harry Potter series.

The Percy Jackson books

are multiple series based

off Greek, Roman, and

other types of mythologi-

cal deities. Any of the

books written by Rick

Riordan are sure to spark

a tween or teen’s imagi-

nation and set them

down a course of com-

plete nerdiness for life

(but hey, we’re learning

Latin, that’s already

plenty nerdy). Harry Pot-

ter, a little indie series

you may not have heard

of, features more subtle

references to mythology,

such as a character

named Cassandra who is

a Seer. This nods to Cas-

sandra of Troy, who had

the gift of prophecy but

was cursed so no one

would believe her. Other

references to Greek and

Roman culture follow

similar, mythology-

based paths. For exam-

ple, multiple movies

have been made about

Hercules, the god who

had many arduous ad-

ventures. A Wonder

Woman movie just came

out, featuring an Amazo-

nian (Greek) princess.

Video games based

around mythology and

Greco-Roman culture do

exceptionally, garnering

as much as twelve spin-

offs and sequels. So, the

next time you hear some-

one complain about

Latin’s apparent useless-

ness, maybe see what

books, movies, or video

games they’re interested

in. Or, just remind them

of the modern calendar,

and give a short lesson

This is a pencil sketch of Medusa, who was a

Greek mythological monster and one of the

Gorgon sisters. As depicted, Medusa had

snakes in place of hair and had the face of a

hideous woman. Anyone who looked into her

Medusa Amanda Yang, Upper Dublin

The mythics they told of

a land far away

Creatures behold

Mythical creatures, gods

and powers unknown

Everything astray

Lands of gold

Gods dethroned

Anything can happen

Once your there then...

Your not

The Romans they

learned and fought

Through the the pain

through the the tears

They made morals and

conquered fears

Let us show you the

way

Don't wander life

astray

Swords forged from the

fists of gods

Beauty and love granted

by gods

Peace and tranquility

formed by gods

All the gods shall show

the way

The creatures being our

teachers

Morals and teachings

told

Told through the beauty

of literature

The Mythics Cole Pfenningwerth, Seneca Valley

with a process called 3D

Laser Profilometry sci-

entists can analyze the

surface and determine

the tools that were used

to engrave a message.

Finding this graffiti is

important because it tells

people a lot about what

the Romans did, how

they spent their time, and

where. It also showed

that they were a literate

society and by using this

method, anyone could

voice their thoughts, not

just politicians and pub-

When parading

around the streets of any

city, one often finds writ-

ing or drawings on many

different landmarks. The

act is known as graffiti,

and while it is illegal

now, many Romans used

it to express themselves.

Back then, because there

was no newspaper or tel-

evision, people often

wrote what they thought

on different surfaces,

whether it be someone’s

home, a staircase, or

even a shop. The graffiti

they partook in included

political slogans, poems,

puzzles, and sometimes

just statements. For ex-

ample, a piece of graffiti

that was found in gladia-

tor barracks simply stat-

ed, “I made bread.” In

addition, the practice al-

so was used for decora-

tion and sometimes by

school children practic-

ing their letters. Luckily,

modern technology has

been able to decipher the

graffiti and make it more

readable. In addition,

lic figures, but also

slaves and poor people.

Graffiti also documented

changes in society, one

example being when

Emperor Nero was in

power, there were mes-

sages found both mock-

ing him as well as prais-

ing him. Over 11,000

graffiti samples were

found in Pompeii, due to

the eruption of Vesuvius,

which preserved the

messages. Because the

artwork is still prevalent

today, it serves as anoth-

Fall 2017

The Importance of Graffiti in Rome Hunter McIlvian, Tredyffrin Easttown

This cookie is simple to make but delicious to eat. This recipe is a favorite of Roman dinner parties for

their secunda mensa (dessert). Notice how the recipe uses honey, not sugar. Ancient Romans used honey

as their prime sweetener, as cane sugar was not introduced to Europe until the 11th century A.D when the

Crusaders invaded the Middle East. The techniques have been changed for a modern kitchen, but the taste

remains the same! Edite et gaudite!

PAJCL KEYSTONE

Not Your Grandma’s Cookie Natalie David, Upper Dublin

2 1/2 cups flour

1 teaspoon baking powder

1/4 teaspoon salt

1/8 teaspoon baking soda

1/4 cup and 2 tablespoons of olive oil

1/2 cup honey

1/2 cup sesame seeds

2 eggs

Instructions:

In a bowl, combine flour, baking powder, salt, and baking soda. Set aside.

In another bowl, combine olive oil, honey, and eggs with an electric mixer until well combined. Gradually

beat in the flour mixture. Cover and chill the dough for about 1 hour or until firm.

Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Grease two baking sheets. Form chilled dough into 1-inch balls (or fun

shapes) and place dough on prepared baking sheets.

Flatten each ball slightly on the sheets. Sprinkle sesame seeds onto each cookie. Bake 10 minutes or until

golden brown. Be sure not to overcook or they will be dry.

Word Search Solution

Fall 2017

Tempus Fugit Isabella Bobo, Owen J. Roberts

With modern technolo-

gy, we can count and

keep track of every na-

nosecond of every day.

We know every minute

is 60 seconds, every hour

is 60 minutes, and every

day is 24 hours. And

while the Romans also

measured every day to

last 24 hours, that’s pret-

ty much where the simi-

larities end.

Surprisingly, Roman

hours were rarely actual-

ly an hour long. The Ro-

mans split their days into

halves; there were 12

hours dedicated to day-

light and 12 dedicated to

darkness, no matter the

time of year. There had

to be 12 hours from dusk

to dawn and 12 hours

from dawn to dusk.

Therefore, around the

summer solstice, when

there is sunlight for

about 15 hours around

the Mediterranean, an

hour would last approxi-

mately 75 modern

minutes. Moreover, dur-

ing this same time, hours

during the night would

be cut short and last ap-

proximately 45 modern

minutes. The opposite

was true during the win-

ter solstice.

Keeping track of an

hour that didn’t have a

set, recurring time every

day seems insanely im-

probable; but the Ro-

mans did find a logical

pattern they followed.

Each hour bore a name,

well really an ordinal

number, from prima

(first) to duodecima

(twelfth) and were ac-

companied by either diei

(of the day) or noctis (of

the night) depending on

which half of the day

was being measured.

The first hour of the day

would then be hora pri-

ma diei, the second

would be hora secunda

diei, and so on.

The Romans also di-

vided their hours of the

day and night into 4 sub-

sections each called

vigiliae, or “watches”.

Each vigilia would con-

sist of three Roman

hours; For example the

prima vigilia noctis (the

first watch of the night)

would consist of the pri-

ma, secunda, and tertia

hora noctis. And the pat-

tern is followed for the

remaining 9 hours dedi-

cated to darkness and the

12 for daylight.

While this method

seems unorthodox to us,

it was very logical and

accepted by the Roman

people. However it is a

little ironic the very pop-

ular phrase “time

flies” (or Tempus Fugit)

originated from the Ro-

Mt. Vesuvius Ava Katzenell, Seneca Valley

Dormant for years,

Peace circling,

It was burning inside.

Holding back for the

sake of the others,

The peace,

It held the internal pain;

Its steaming lava boiled,

Boiled for what seemed

like eternity,

Until the eruption.

For the sake of the others,

It hid its pain.

The people thought it was,

“Fine.”

It was not “fine.”

2017-2018 Executive Board Amanda Yang, President: [email protected]

Leah Wang, Vice-President of Membership:

[email protected]

Nicole Bauer, Vice President of Public Relations:

[email protected]

Helen Luffy, Parliamentarian: [email protected]

Ashlee Shields, Secretary: [email protected]

Allison Chang, Editor: [email protected]

Patricia Hay, Chairperson:

[email protected]

Brooke McLane-Higginson, Executive Board Co-Chair:

[email protected]

Karin Suzadail, Constitutional Advisor Co-Chair:

[email protected]

PAJCL Website: The new PAJCL website will be up Novem-

ber 2017!

School Convention Total Fall

Bedford 125 250 125

Butler 125 250 125

Conrad Weiser 125 250 125

Downingtown West 125 250 125

The Ellis School 125 250 125

Harriton 125 250 125

North Allegheny 125 250 125

Owen J. Roberts 125 125 250

Seneca Valley 125 125 250

Tredyffrin-Easttown 125 125 250

Upper Dublin 125 125 250

From the Editor’s Desk

Fall 2017

Hello everyone!

Thank you for all of your

submissions to the Key-stone! The quality of the

articles, artwork, and

puzzles was impressive. I

hope you find the con-

tents interesting and en-

gaging as well.

In addition, please make

sure to continue to sup-

port both your local and state JCL chapters by

sending me your Keystone submissions. The

next deadline for the winter issue is Friday, Janu-

ary 12th. Thanks for making my first PAJCL

Keystone issue such an enjoyable experience!

Hopefully you all are excited for the new season

of JCL and what is in store for the upcoming

convention! I look forward to working with eve-

ryone again soon.

Ex animo,

Allison Chang

[email protected]

PAJCL Editor

Keystone Points!

KEYSTONE

Pompeiian Street Dunya Markovic, Tredyffrin Easttown

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