KETOACIDOSIS

WARNING • Is a life – threatening condition• When large amounts of fats are metabolized for

energy.(the body uses fat instead of glucose for fuel)• When fat is broken down, chemicals called KETONES

are produced. They get into a person's blood and urine .

• High levels of KETONES cause the blood to become more acidic.

• This happens in improper fasting or diet, and high protein diets.

• nausea, vomiting, belly pain, fast breathing, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness.

• The odor of ACETONE can be detected on the persons breath.

• People with KETOACIDOSIS need to get emergency medical treatment.

Symptoms of KETOACIDOSIS

• Proper DIET & EXERCISE and MEDICAL Check – up.• Monitor a person on a very low-carbohydrate diet. • Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from

CARBOHYDRATE in your diet. However, stored fat is broken down and KETONES are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (GLUCOSE) for energy or if your body cannot use blood sugar glucose properly.

• KETONES test in blood or urine.

Precautions

KETONE

KETONE means• KETONE (pronounced as key tone) is an

organic Functional Group characterized by a CARBONYL group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms.

• FUNCTIONAL GROUP in which two organic substituents are bonded to a CARBONYL.

KETONE can be generally represented by the formula:

R1 R2

O║C

PREPARATIONS

Synthetic

Oxidation 2ᵒ Alcohol gen. formula

2ᵒ Alcohol -----→ KETONE + H2OEXAMP

LE

CH3 – CH – CH3

OH

--------→ KMnO4

KMnO4K2Cr2O7

CH3 – C – CH3

O ║

H2O

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

ACETONE

Hydration of Alkynes gen. formula

Alkynes + H2O ---→ Ketone

EXAMPLE

CH3 – C ≡ CH H2 – O --------→ CH3 – C – CH3

O ║

PROPYNE ACETONE

Natural Sources

║O

H3C

CH3 – CH – CH3

Menthone

Mint plants & Peppermint Flavoring

Camphor Tree

Characteristics medicinal odor; & an ingredient in some inhalants

Fructose

APPLICATIONS

EXTRACTION

ORAL contraceptives

║O

H3C OHC ≡ CH

norethynodrel

║O

H3C

H3C

CH3│C ═ O

Progesterone

║O

H3C

H3C OH

Testosterone

FOOD Industry

CH3 – C – C – CH3

O║

O║

Biacetyl

Butter & Margarine Flavoring

Indus.Cleaners

Paint Thinners

Cosmetic Industry

TANNING LOTION

HO – CH2 – C – CH2 – OH

O║

TANNING LOTION

(DHA) dihydroxyacetone

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• KETONES are water clear, highly mobile liquids with a characteristic odour.

• They are chemically very stable. • Due to the carbonyl group, KETONES are hydrogen acceptors

and have an outstanding solvency. • This makes KETONES more volatile than alcohols and

carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.• A carbonyl group is polar. This makes KETONES polar

compounds. • The carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding,

and KETONES are soluble in water.

Physical distinction of KETONES

Class Example Molecular weight

Boiling Point

Solubility in water

Ketone ACETONE 58 56 ᵒC Soluble

Alcohol 2 - propanol 60 97 ᵒC SolubleAldehyde Propanal 58 49 ᵒC Soluble

Alkane Butane 58 0 ᵒC Insoluble

Table of Comparisons

Therefore KETONES compares to Alcohol, Aldehyde, Alkane and Carboxylic Acid are in

D’ middle in terms in B.P. & Solubility.

Carboxylic Acid Acetic Acid 60.5 118 ◦C Infinite

NOMENCLATURE

CH3 – C – CH3 O║

Simplest KETONE

acetone

IUPAC

COMMON

2 – propanone

dimethylketone

EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE

CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH3

O║

IUPAC 4 – octanone

COMMON butylpropylketone

EXAMPLE

CH3 – CH – C – CH – CH3

O║

CH3

3HC IUPAC

COMMON

2,2 – dimethyl – 3 – pentanone

diisopropylketone

EXAMPLES O║C

IUPAC

dicyclohexyl ketone

O║C (CH2)5 – CH3

IUPAC cyclohexylhexyl ketone

EXAMPLE

CH3 – C – CH – C – (CH2)2 – CH3

O║

(CH2)4 – CH3

CH3(CH2)4

IUPAC 3 – pentyl – 4 – propyl – 2 – nonanone

EXAMPLES

CH2 ═ CH – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3

O║

IUPAC 5 – hexen – 3 – one

O║

CH3

IUPAC 3 – methyl – 2 – cyclohexenone

EXAMPLES

CH3 – CH2 – CH ≡ CH – C – C – CH3

O║

OH

NO2

IUPAC 3 – hydroxy – 3 – nitro – 4 – heptyn – 2 – one

O║

IUPAC 2 – cyclobutynone

EXAMPLES

CH3 – C – CH2 – C – CH3

O║

O║

IUPAC 2,4 – pentandione

CH3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH2 – C – H O

║

O║

IUPAC 5 – oxohexanal

O ║ C – CH3

acetophenone

O ║ C benzophenone

EXAMPLES

EXAMPLES O ║ C – CH3

CH2

2 – benzylacetophenone

IUPAC

O ║ C CH3

CH3CH2

IUPAC

3 – ethyl – 4 – methylbenzophenone

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

HYDROGENATION gen. formula

KETONE + H2 ----→ 2° ALCOHOLPt

EXAMPLE

CH3 – C – CH3

O ║

--------→ + H – H CH3 – CH – CH3 Pt

OH

ACETONE 2 - PROPANOL

HYDROGENATION EXAMPLE

O ║

+ H – H --------→ Pt

OH

CYLOPENTANONE

CYLOPENTANOL

Hemi Formation gen. formula

KETONE + Alcohol ↔ Hemiketal + Alcohol ↔ Ketal + H20H+ H+

EXAMPLE

-FIN-