Download - KETOACIDOSIS
KETOACIDOSIS
WARNING • Is a life – threatening condition• When large amounts of fats are metabolized for
energy.(the body uses fat instead of glucose for fuel)• When fat is broken down, chemicals called KETONES
are produced. They get into a person's blood and urine .
• High levels of KETONES cause the blood to become more acidic.
• This happens in improper fasting or diet, and high protein diets.
• nausea, vomiting, belly pain, fast breathing, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness.
• The odor of ACETONE can be detected on the persons breath.
• People with KETOACIDOSIS need to get emergency medical treatment.
Symptoms of KETOACIDOSIS
• Proper DIET & EXERCISE and MEDICAL Check – up.• Monitor a person on a very low-carbohydrate diet. • Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from
CARBOHYDRATE in your diet. However, stored fat is broken down and KETONES are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (GLUCOSE) for energy or if your body cannot use blood sugar glucose properly.
• KETONES test in blood or urine.
Precautions
KETONE
KETONE means• KETONE (pronounced as key tone) is an
organic Functional Group characterized by a CARBONYL group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms.
• FUNCTIONAL GROUP in which two organic substituents are bonded to a CARBONYL.
KETONE can be generally represented by the formula:
R1 R2
O║C
PREPARATIONS
Synthetic
Oxidation 2ᵒ Alcohol gen. formula
2ᵒ Alcohol -----→ KETONE + H2OEXAMP
LE
CH3 – CH – CH3
OH
--------→ KMnO4
KMnO4K2Cr2O7
CH3 – C – CH3
O ║
H2O
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
ACETONE
Hydration of Alkynes gen. formula
Alkynes + H2O ---→ Ketone
EXAMPLE
CH3 – C ≡ CH H2 – O --------→ CH3 – C – CH3
O ║
PROPYNE ACETONE
Natural Sources
║O
H3C
CH3 – CH – CH3
Menthone
Mint plants & Peppermint Flavoring
Camphor Tree
Characteristics medicinal odor; & an ingredient in some inhalants
Fructose
APPLICATIONS
EXTRACTION
ORAL contraceptives
║O
H3C OHC ≡ CH
norethynodrel
║O
H3C
H3C
CH3│C ═ O
Progesterone
║O
H3C
H3C OH
Testosterone
FOOD Industry
CH3 – C – C – CH3
O║
O║
Biacetyl
Butter & Margarine Flavoring
Indus.Cleaners
Paint Thinners
Cosmetic Industry
TANNING LOTION
HO – CH2 – C – CH2 – OH
O║
TANNING LOTION
(DHA) dihydroxyacetone
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• KETONES are water clear, highly mobile liquids with a characteristic odour.
• They are chemically very stable. • Due to the carbonyl group, KETONES are hydrogen acceptors
and have an outstanding solvency. • This makes KETONES more volatile than alcohols and
carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.• A carbonyl group is polar. This makes KETONES polar
compounds. • The carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding,
and KETONES are soluble in water.
Physical distinction of KETONES
Class Example Molecular weight
Boiling Point
Solubility in water
Ketone ACETONE 58 56 ᵒC Soluble
Alcohol 2 - propanol 60 97 ᵒC SolubleAldehyde Propanal 58 49 ᵒC Soluble
Alkane Butane 58 0 ᵒC Insoluble
Table of Comparisons
Therefore KETONES compares to Alcohol, Aldehyde, Alkane and Carboxylic Acid are in
D’ middle in terms in B.P. & Solubility.
Carboxylic Acid Acetic Acid 60.5 118 ◦C Infinite
NOMENCLATURE
CH3 – C – CH3 O║
Simplest KETONE
acetone
IUPAC
COMMON
2 – propanone
dimethylketone
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH3
O║
IUPAC 4 – octanone
COMMON butylpropylketone
EXAMPLE
CH3 – CH – C – CH – CH3
O║
CH3
3HC IUPAC
COMMON
2,2 – dimethyl – 3 – pentanone
diisopropylketone
EXAMPLES O║C
IUPAC
dicyclohexyl ketone
O║C (CH2)5 – CH3
IUPAC cyclohexylhexyl ketone
EXAMPLE
CH3 – C – CH – C – (CH2)2 – CH3
O║
(CH2)4 – CH3
CH3(CH2)4
IUPAC 3 – pentyl – 4 – propyl – 2 – nonanone
EXAMPLES
CH2 ═ CH – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3
O║
IUPAC 5 – hexen – 3 – one
O║
CH3
IUPAC 3 – methyl – 2 – cyclohexenone
EXAMPLES
CH3 – CH2 – CH ≡ CH – C – C – CH3
O║
OH
NO2
IUPAC 3 – hydroxy – 3 – nitro – 4 – heptyn – 2 – one
O║
IUPAC 2 – cyclobutynone
EXAMPLES
CH3 – C – CH2 – C – CH3
O║
O║
IUPAC 2,4 – pentandione
CH3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH2 – C – H O
║
O║
IUPAC 5 – oxohexanal
O ║ C – CH3
acetophenone
O ║ C benzophenone
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES O ║ C – CH3
CH2
2 – benzylacetophenone
IUPAC
O ║ C CH3
CH3CH2
IUPAC
3 – ethyl – 4 – methylbenzophenone
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
HYDROGENATION gen. formula
KETONE + H2 ----→ 2° ALCOHOLPt
EXAMPLE
CH3 – C – CH3
O ║
--------→ + H – H CH3 – CH – CH3 Pt
OH
ACETONE 2 - PROPANOL
HYDROGENATION EXAMPLE
O ║
+ H – H --------→ Pt
OH
CYLOPENTANONE
CYLOPENTANOL
Hemi Formation gen. formula
KETONE + Alcohol ↔ Hemiketal + Alcohol ↔ Ketal + H20H+ H+
EXAMPLE
-FIN-