k18 - pengantar gizi

8/9/2019 k18 - Pengantar Gizi

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INTRODUCTION

HEALTH : State of complete physical, mental and

social well-being and not merely the absence

of disease or infirmity.

NT!"T"#N : Tal$ing abo%t the science and the process

of food which is cons%med.

As a science : The st%dy of the n%trients and their

s%bstances enclose the action, interaction

and balance in relationship to health and

disease and m%st be concerned with social,

economic, c%lt%ral and psychological

implication of food and hearing.


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As a process : The st%dy of how the food ingestes,

digestes, absorbes, transportes and %tili&es

and disposes the end prod%ct.

NT!"ENTS : The constit%ent in food that m%st be

s%pplied to the body in s%itable amo%nts '

incl%de proteins, fats, carbohydrates,

minerals, (itamin, water and o)ygen.

NT!"T"#NAL STATS

The conditions of health of the indi(id%al

which is infl%enced by %tili&ation of

n%trients. "t is determined by the medical

and dietary history thro%gh physical

e)aminations and laboratory in(estigation.


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NT!"T"#NAL *A!E

The application of the science and art of

h%man n%trition in helping people select and

obtain foods for the primary p%rpose of

no%rishing their bodies in health or disease

thro%gho%t the life cycle.

NT!"T"#NAL *#N+"T"#N

ood n%trition : the %ality of n%trition in

which the essential correct amo%nts and

balance of n%trients to promote the highest

le(el of physical and mental health.

%ality : the terms of good, ade%ate and

optim%m.


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A*H"E/E0ENT

To achie(e a good n%trition re%ires :

1. applications of agric%lt%ral science and technology.

2. food processing

3. food a(aibility

4. go(ernemental controls

5. economic condition of the people

6. ed%cational programmes

7. efficients %se of food

0ALNT!"T"#N

An impairment of health res%lting from a deficiency, e)cess

or imbalance of n%trients ' incl%de %nder n%trition and o(er

n%trition.


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8##+ 0ETA9#L"S0

1. ingestion - - - inta$e of food

2. digestion - - - preparing food for the body

3. absorption - - - g.i tract into circ%lation

4. transportation - - - circ%lation system

5. respiration - - - o)ygen s%pply

6. %tili&ation - - - in body metabolism

7. e)cretion - - - %ndigested food and body

wastes

8AT

8at, #il, Lipid - palatable foods

- 5-6 ; cons%med

- total digestion

- no limitation inta$e

- so%rce of energy


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*haracteristics - nat%ral : - sat%rated

- %nsat%rated fatty acid

- physical: S8A solid in room temp

8A li%id in room temp

- heating : in T---------- rancid

in T---------- b%rnt

< acrolein =

- chemistry : - hydrogenation

- em%lsification

- safonication

- sol%able in alcohol


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*omposition : carbon, hydrogen, o)ygen

*lassification : - simple lipid - triglyceride

- wa)

- compo%nd lipid

- phospholipid =

- lipoprotein


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9ody 8at : - ins%lation and padding

- body former

- protector

- l%bricants

- metabolism

+igestion -- stomach ----------------- em%lsification

-- d%oden%m ----------------- panc. @, bile.s

em%lsification

hydroli&ation

em%lsion

yey%n%m ----------------- micelles

absorption


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chylomicron --------lymph (es

portal (

li(er

blood : lipoprotein

adipose tiss%e triglycerides

cholesterol

So%rces ---------------- animal, plant

8at *ontaining ------- (eg.oil 1;

margarine 2;

pean%t 4B;

chees 34;

limb 24;

egg 11;

po%ltry 4;


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mil$ 4;

*A!9#HC+ATES

*arbohydrates are called simple s%gars. "n the str%ct%ral

part of plant in the form of cell%lose contains starches and

s%gars. Starches can be hydroysed to simple s%gars by the

action of digesti(e en&ymes.

*lassification - monosacharides


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physiologic importance and need not be present in the

diet.

He)oses ' gl%cose

galactose

mannose

fr%ctose

gl%cose : grape s%gar

corn s%gar

less sweet, water sol%able, so%rce of

energy

fr%ctose : fr%it s%gar

from fr%its, honey, (egetables

more sweet

pentose : ribose,)ylose,arabinose


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from body metabolism

+isacharides

do%ble molec%les of gl%cose

acid hydrolysed ---- gl%cose

S%crose : cane s%gar, beet s%gar

table s%gar

sol%able

crystal

lactose : mil$ s%gar

less sweet

maltose : malt s%gar


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>olysacharide

Starch -------- amylase

amylopectin

cell%lose


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%ndigestible polysach ------- b%l$ of the

feces ----- e)creted

So%rce ------staple food

>rotein --B; organic component

ber&eli%s' protein ta$e

the first place

N bearing s%bstance

*omposition : * 5;

# 2;

N 16;

H 7;

S 3;


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The small %nit of molec%lar str%ct%re of protein called

amino acid

9lood plasm 7;

9rain tiss%e ;

0%sc.Tiss%e 2;

8%ction : -- growth and de(

reg%lator

maintenance

defence

energy

Str%ct%re' protein consist of chain of amino acids

Foined to each other and also to any

other chemical gro%ps


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*lassification' nat%ral AA - aliphatic

- arithmatic

- S contain

- heterocyclic

Acidic AA

9asic AA

>hysical and *hemical >roperties

1. Simple protein

hydrolyses by acidsGal$alis ---- simple AA and

deri(ates

2. *onF%gated protein

simple protein combined with a non protein

s%bstances


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Essential Amino Acid

Lysine, le%cine, isole%cine, (aline, threonine,

methionine, phenylalanine, trytophane

Histidine, arginine ---- growth

*omplete >rotein artially *omplete >rotein

"ncomplete >rotein

Sol%able >rotein


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Total AA

+enat%ration ------- by physical G chemical infl%ences

------- proteolytic en&yme

>rotein 9alance ------- inbalance compos, dysbalance and

To)icity

!E"!E0ENT

%antity men 1-2 gG$g.bwGday

omen 1-1.5 gG$g.bwGday

>regn I6 gGday

Lact I1-15gGday

%ality - s%fficient amo%nt of AA contents

N contents

*ondition ' age, se), acti(ity

So%rce ' animal, plant, incon(entional


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+igestion >hysical

*hemical

En&yme

Amino Acid

Stomach --- pepsin

Acid hydrolysis

>olypep ------ simplified to small gro%p of peptide

"ntestine --- trypsin

Al$alic hydrolysi+ypeptide ? monopeptide

--------------- absorbed

less trypsin --- %ndigested fiber

N organic

I colon bacterie


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after 3 hrs ---- the digestion is nearly complete

>rotein deficiency

s%ally combine with calorie

Ad%lt : protein calorie maln%trition

*hildren : --- marasm%s

--- $washior$or

MINERAL

Elements res%lted from the b%rning animals or plant tiss%e

which are %s%ally designated as ash.

Almost 4; of body weight is made %p of the elements.

>resent in organic and inorganic compo%nds. 0etabolic

r%les ' b%ilders, acti(ators, reg%lators, transmitters and

controllers.


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ro%ping :

A. 1. maFor minerals

*a, 0g, Na, J, >, S, *L.

2. minor minerals

8e, *%, ", 0n, 0o, *o, Kn.

3. trace elements

8, Al, 9r, Se, Si, *d, *r, /, Sr, Ni.

9. 1. maFor elemets

2. minor elements


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no estimate amo%nts

1. essentials for body f%ctions


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IRON (Fe)

+istrib%ting : 0ale 5 mgG$g.9w

8emale 35 mgG$g.9w

7- ; 8%nctional

; in Hb

2 ; in myoglobin and iron containing

en&ymes.

2 ; Storage < 8erifin,hemosidenin=

"n li(er, spleen, bone marrow


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>lasma : "ron I glob%lin

M transferin < slidesophylin=

>lasma 8e : 0ale 5-1 mcg ;

8emale 4-135 mcg ;

8%nctioning : - o)ygen carrier

0etabolism : "ron tranferin M "ron balancing in

"rythroporesis

So, /%lnerables need more 8e

Animal < 8e 1 ? 3 ;=

/egetable < 8e 1 ? 2 ;=

Absorbed

Transportation and %tili&ation :

+epend on :


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1. 8e absorption

2. !elease from body reser(e

3. !elease from Hb brea$down

Heme

Heme

Heme I lobin M Hemoglobin

Heme


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IODINE (I)

+istrib%tion and f%nction

body iodine


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eneral metabolism

0etabolism :"odine organic ingested to inorganic

"odine inorganic absorbed

Jeeps the balance to the le(el of circ%laring thyroid

hormon

Transport :

8ree iodine

>rotein binding iodine 9"=

>9" M sensiti(e M le(el of thyroid acti(ity

hich is controlled by thyroid stim%lating

hormon


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Thyrosin :

• +iiodotyreosin

• Triiodotyrosin

• Thyro)in

Thyro)in is iodine containing protein M

Thyroglob%lin comple)

+aily allowances :

0ale : 14 mcg

8emale : 1 mcg"n pregGlact 125 ? 15 mcg.

So%rces :

Sea foods

/egetables0eats

Eggs

*ereals


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"n blood plasma :

B5 ; *% I protein cer%loplasmin

8%nction :

Hb fromation

0elanin pigment formation

"ntegrity of myelin sheath

>hospholipid synthesis 9one de(elopment

en&ymes constit%ents

allowances :

ad%lts : 2 mg *%Gday

*hilds : , mg *%Gday

So%rces :

0eats

Shellfish

*ereals


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Eggs

8ish

!eg : ,3 - ,5 mgGday

QQ

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