june 26, 2015 instructor: gloria mohammad workshop fall 2010-2011 1 apa citation style rules and...

April 18, 2023 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2010-2011

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APA Citation Style

Rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for

documenting sources used in a research paper


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Introduction

This presentation is based on the 6th edition (2010) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA).

It is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the APA Manual.


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Why do we cite?

To provide a way to access the sources used To ensure the accuracy of scientific knowledge To protect the rights of authors (the original source for

the material) To promote ethical responsibility and academic

consistency in a discipline's writing community If you do not cite and document your sources correctly,

you run the risk of plagiarism

( http://research.library.gsu.edu/content.php?pid=62772&sid=462185 )


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Citations In Text


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General Information

APA uses the author-date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of publication are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.

When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year.

When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.

When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text and use quotation marks.

If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free-standing indented block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.


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Point of view and voice in an APA paper -- Use the third person point of view rather than

using the first person point of view or the passive voice;

e.g., The study showed that…, NOTI found out that….

The active voice rather than passive voice;

e.g., The participants responded…, NOT The participants have been asked….


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EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT CITATION – One work by one author

In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned... OR

In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children learned... OR

In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…


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Works by multiple authors

When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Some feminists researchers question that “women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997, p. 2).


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Works by multiple authors

When a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference occurs and then subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For example:

First citation:

Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that...

Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that...

For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of the first author followed by et al. and the year.

Harris et al. (2001) argued...(Harris et al., 2001)


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Works by no identified author

When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title).

Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report.

The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).

The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).


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Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation

Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they appear in the reference list

Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990) suggest that...


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Specific parts of a source

Always give the page number for quotations or to indicate information from a specific table, chart, chapter, graph, or page. The word page is abbreviated but not chapter. For example:

The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).


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In-text Citations: Format for a quotationWhen quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase.

Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of publication, the page number, but keep the citation brief—do not repeat the information.

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11)


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Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase.

List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).


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CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST


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Basic Information

In general, references should contain:

Title Author name Publication date Publication information


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Special GuidelinesFor information obtained electronically or online include the DOI

(Digital Object Identifier)

DOI - a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice.

When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed. Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx

If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher.

Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines; do not add a period after a URL, to prevent the impression that the period is part of the URL.


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Books

Book, 2 authors: Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The

guide to everything and then some more stuff. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Book, 2 authors w/edition:Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing

brain-compatible learning (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.


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Books

Book, no author or editor: Merriam-Webster's college dictionary (10th

ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Book, revised edition: Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytical

procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.


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Chapter of a Book

Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.


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Periodicals

Journal article - one author Mellers, B.A. (2000). Choice and the relative

pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.

Journal article - two authorsKlimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA

and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal:

Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.


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Periodicals

Journal article - three to seven authors Saywitz, K.J., Mannarino, A.P. Berliner, L., & Cohen,

J.A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American

Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049.

Journal article - more than seven authors Gilbert, D., McClernon, J.F., Rabinovich, N.E.,

Sugai, C., Plath, L.C., Asgaard, G.,…Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG

activation and ……


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Journal Article with DOI:

Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Journal Article when DOI is not available:

Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo


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Newspaper Articles

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Online Newspaper Article:

Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap conservation's rewards. The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com

Magazines

Magazine article:Chamerlin, J., Novotney. A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008,

May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29.

Online Magazine article:Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists

fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from

http://www.apa.org/monitor/


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Reference Books

VandenBos, G.R. (Ed.). APA dictionary of pscyhology. Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

Entry in an online reference work, no author or editor

Heuristic. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic


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Technical and Research Reports

(often with corporate authors)

Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Report. Retrieved

from http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/200

0/index.htm


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Blog post

Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of the ones in the

middle.

[Web log post]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/20

09/1/23.php


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Notes about authors

Invert all authors' names. Give surnames and initials for up to and including 7

authors Spell out the full name of a group author. For

example: National Institute of Mental Health. For edited books, place editors' names in place of

author position and enclose the abbreviation "Ed." or "Eds."

In a reference with no author, move the title to the author position, before the date of publication.

Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work


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Notes about publication dates: (1993). Journals, books, audiovisual media. (1993, June). Meetings; monthly magazines,

newsletters, and newspapers. (1994, September 28). Dailies and weeklies. (in press). Any work accepted for publication but

not yet printed. (n.d.) Work with no date available.


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Reference List References cited in the text of a research paper must

appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.

Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.

Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.

Indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."


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Internet sites for APA Stylehttp://apastyle.apa.org/

http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/apa.html

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html

http://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/apa.htm

http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/referencing/apa.htm

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