UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO

MAWTS-1

Six Functions of Marine Aviation

12 January 2007

STUDENT HANDOUT

For Use by MAWTS-1 Only

UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO

CHAPTER ONE

AIR RECONNAISSANCE Lesson Purpose: To introduce the missions, tasks, and capabilities of air reconnaissance assets. References: (a) MCWP 2-11, MAGTF Intelligence Collections, Air Reconnaissance (b) MCWP 3-42.1 UAV Operations I. Introduction

A. Historical Overview

1. Throughout the history of armed conflict, opposing forces have sought to control the high ground for better observation and fields of fire. With the advent of the aircraft, commanders could obtain surveillance of the enemy without necessarily paying the price for taking the key terrain. With the outbreak of World War I, aircraft were designed and employed solely for reconnaissance. The air engagements that occurred between pilots and observers were waged with pistols, carbines, hand grenades and even shotguns. Although the airplane had many early successes as a reconnaissance asset, ground forces generally placed more emphasis on cavalry patrols for their intelligence.

2. The following excerpt describes air reconnaissance in support of a landing force at

Gallipoli:

On Tenedos, an airfield 800 yards long had been constructed with the aid of Greek workmen who uprooted a vineyard and, with oil drums filled with cement, rolled the ground moderately flat. From the island, the Gallipoli peninsula could be clearly seen, but Cape Helles was seventeen and a half miles away, and Gaba Tepe, where the Australians and New Zealanders were to land, was thirty-one miles away - a formidable distance for even for an aircraft in those days.

Carrying volunteer Naval Officers as observers, usually lightweight midshipmen,

Samson got his new radio-telephone into use, and the spotting for fleet guns greatly improved. Since the radio-telephone was a one-way system, the warships checked back the messages they received with a searchlight. Much of the most important part of Samson's work, in these last days before the attack, was his photography of the enemy entrenchments.

3. As technology improved from World War II through Operation Iraqi Freedom,

airframe mounted cameras were used in addition to hand held cameras. Cameras were configured for a variety of aircraft, to include the P-38, P-51, B-24, RF-4B, and F/A-18D.

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a. Tinian. One of the more successful Pacific campaigns of World War II was the conquest of Tinian. Major General Harry Schmidt was of the opinion that photographic reconnaissance, "left nothing to be desired". The reconnaissance effort included seven dedicated air photo missions, which were flown by various Army Air Corps and Naval units. From these, excellent mosaic maps of the entire island were constructed and distributed to all echelons down to battalion commanders. In the Fourth Marine Division, not only the Commanding General and his staff, but also all battalion commanders and some company commanders made several flights over the island in order to familiarize themselves with the terrain on which they would have to fight. Based on air photos, the intelligence section estimated the enemy troop strength to be 11,350. (Within 550 of the actual number of Japanese on the island). Air reconnaissance greatly reduced unknown risks for the Tinian operation.

b. Normandy. One of the great concerns prior to Operation Overlord was the

possibility of the German army reinforcing the beaches at Normandy. Due to recent technology breakthroughs, night photography under huge strobe lights was made available. A reconnaissance mission determined that the Germans were ill prepared for an attack at Normandy on the night prior to the invasion and thereby reduced the unknown risks of the operation. The tactics associated with air reconnaissance progressed tremendously during World War II. Early in the war, reconnaissance aircraft were slow but very stable photography platforms. These aircraft often went unarmed and unescorted. Needless to say, many were lost due to enemy action. Later in the war, faster and better armed aircraft were utilized such as the P-38 and the P-51.

c. Vietnam. As aircraft evolved into the jet age, air reconnaissance capabilities also increased. In February 1963, the Marine Corps acquired the first 9 of what would eventually amount to a fleet of 46 RF-4Bs, a photographic reconnaissance version of the basic F-4 Phantom. Radar imaging was used as well as the ability to image areas at night with new infrared technology. Electronic and unmanned reconnaissance also evolved during this time. Numerous unmanned vehicles were used during the Vietnam War for high-risk missions over North Vietnam and China.

d. Operation Iraqi Freedom. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, EA-6B, F/A-18D, AH-1, and AV-8Bs with Litening II pods were invaluable to the MAGTF commander for the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance they provided. Their multi-spectral, all weather capabilities gave the Iraqi regime nowhere to hide and were critical in the swift and unchallenged destruction of over five Iraqi Divisions. Imagery was not only used for identification but was also used for precision targeting with laser and satellite guided bombs. When used in concert with the variety of Joint and National systems available, the ISR effort of these Air Reconnaissance platforms raised both the commander’s and warfighter’s situational awareness to an unprecedented level.

II. Body

A. Purpose of Air Reconnaissance.

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1. Simply stated, when a commander commits his Marines to battle, he does so with risks. The purpose of reconnaissance is to reduce the commander's unknown risks. An aviators’ ability to observe the battlefield and report in near-real time gives the MAGTF commander a multi-dimensional capability. The ACE can view the entire area of operations in depth. This facilitates the early identification of enemy activities that are essential to the MAGTF’s success. Air reconnaissance can be broken down into two basic categories.

a. Strategic Reconnaissance. The gathering of information, which is used to

affect policy on the national or international level. This information is used by strategic planners and is conducted mostly by National or Theater assets. Some USMC aircraft are utilized in this role to a limited extent, but not as their primary mission.

b. Tactical Reconnaissance. Tactical air reconnaissance is the use of air

vehicles to obtain information concerning terrain, weather, and the disposition, composition, movement, installations, lines of communications, electronic and communication emissions of enemy forces. Also included are artillery and naval gunfire adjustment, and systematic and random observation of ground battle areas, targets, and/or sectors of airspace.

B. Current Platforms

1. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

a. Pioneer Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). The Pioneer is currently the only

UAS the MAGTF operates and is the only organic imagery platform that is dedicated solely to reconnaissance. The mission of the UAS squadron (VMU) is to conduct day and night UAS operations in support of the MAGTF. The Pioneer is assigned to the VMU squadron in MACG-38 (3d MAW), and MACG-28 (2d MAW). Pioneer is capable of reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) at altitudes of up to 15,000 feet. The UAS is employed to detect, recognize, identify, and locate targets in support of the MAGTF; assist in the adjustment of indirect fire weapons; conduct real-time reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence collection; provide support for rear area security; assist in search and rescue (SAR), helicopter route and landing zone reconnaissance, and BHA / BDA. Although a highly capable system, the USV does have some limitations that include cross-winds exceeding 10 knots, 100 nautical max range, and line-of-sight transmission limitations.

b. RQ-1 Predator. The RQ-1A Predator is a long endurance, medium altitude unmanned aircraft system for surveillance and reconnaissance missions. It is a Joint Forces Air Component Commander-owned theater asset for reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition in support of the Joint Force Commander. Surveillance imagery from electro-optical, video cameras, and a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) can be distributed in real time both to the front line soldier and to the operational commander or worldwide in real time via satellite communication links. A typical Predator system configuration would include four aircraft, one ground control system and one Trojan Spirit II data distribution terminal. The system operates at an altitude of 25,000 ft and at a range of 500 nautical miles. The endurance of the air vehicle is more than 24

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hours and the cruise speed is over 70 knots. The air vehicle is equipped with UHF and VHF radio relay links, a C-band line-of-sight data link which has a range of 150 nautical miles and UHF and Ku-band satellite data links.

c. RQ-4 Global Hawk. The Global Hawk program provides real-time electronic imagery of large geographic areas. The UAV flies autonomously at high altitudes over long distances and remains on station for prolonged periods of time. It carries a payload of synthetic aperture radar, infrared and electro-optical sensors linked electronically through a worldwide satellite communications system to its ground control and information processing station. The plane will be able to obtain high resolution imagery in near real time, through adverse weather, day or night. Optimized for low-to-moderate threat conditions, the Global Hawk can accomplish long endurance reconnaissance missions where range, endurance and persistent coverage are paramount. The Global Hawk system will be able to survey, in one day, an area equivalent to the state of Illinois (40,000 square nautical miles), while providing imagery with a three-foot resolution. Alternatively, the system can provide more detailed (one-foot resolution), 'spot' images if needed. For a typical mission, the Global Hawk system can fly to a target area 3,000 nautical miles away, and stay airborne for 24 hours collecting data before returning while flying at altitudes up to 65,000 feet.

2. Organic Aircraft.

a. EA-6B. The mission of the EA-6B squadron is to conduct aerial electronic reconnaissance and aerial electronic warfare. The Prowler has a fully integrated electronic warfare system combining long-range, all-weather capabilities with advanced electronic countermeasures. The four Marine Corps Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadrons (VMAQ-1, -2, -3, -4) are the only active duty Marine Corps units fully capable of performing airborne electronic reconnaissance. VMAQ squadrons normally support the air reconnaissance missions with five aircraft. The VMAQ aircraft are employed to perform electronic protection (EP), electronic warfare support (ES), and electronic attack (EA). The VMAQ aircraft also process and disseminate information from digital tape recordings obtained during electronic warfare (EW) missions to update and maintain enemy electronic order of battle (EOB) and for use in subsequent air operations. In the EA role, the EA-6B is capable of suppressing enemy air defense or conducting escort or standoff jamming in support of strike aircraft as they enter and exit threat corridors during approaches to target areas.

b. AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS). The NTS on the AH-1W provides

significant tactical reconnaissance capabilities to the MAGTF. Day optics allow for TV recording with up to a 34x magnification, while the FLIR gives nightline capability with up to 25x magnification. The NTS enhances the AH-1W's warfighting capability by adding FLIR sensor, CCD TV sensor, Laser Designator / Rangefinder, Automatic Target Tracking and FLIR, and CCD TV video recording.

c. AV-8B / Litening II. Targeting pods organic to tactical aircraft provide a significant tactical reconnaissance capability to the MAGTF for both day and night operations. The Litening II contains a high-resolution, forward-looking

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infrared sensor (FLIR) that displays an infrared image of the target to the pilot. It has a wide field of view search capability and a narrow field of view acquisition / targeting capability of tactical targets. The pod contains a charged coupled device (CCD-TV) camera used to obtain target imagery in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The pod is equipped with a laser designator for precise delivery of laser-guided munitions. The targeting pod includes an automatic target tracker to provide fully automatic stabilized target tracking at altitudes, airspeeds and slant ranges consistent with tactical weapon delivery maneuvers. These features simplify the functions of target detection and recognition, and permit pilots of single-seat fighters to attack targets with precision-guided weapons on a single pass.

d. FA-18D (Reconnaissance Capable). The F/A-18D (RC) is equipped with the Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System (ATARS) and the Radar Upgrade (RUG) Phase II with synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The F/A-18D (RC) is a land based all weather multi-spectral imagery collector. Currently four FA-18D (RC) aircraft per F/A-18D squadron are configured for tactical reconnaissance. Although reconnaissance is not the primary mission of these aircraft, the F/A-18D (RC) is capable of both Dedicated and Integrated reconnaissance roles due to the multi-mission capabilities of the F/A-18. Once imagery is collected, datalink configured ATARS aircraft can transmit near real time imagery to specially equipped ground stations. These stations include the Marine Corps’ Tactical Exploitation Group (TEG) and ships equipped with the Joint Services Imagery Processing System – Navy (JSIPS-N).

e. Hand-held Cameras. The most available imagery collection system is the hand-

held camera carried by any airborne platform. As the least expensive and most responsive collection system, the hand-held camera is a lucrative source of intelligence. The primary advantage of the hand-held camera is its low cost and ease of use for the operator. Digital camera technology and high bandwidth communication systems have made handheld cameras a viable imagery source that will be used extensively in the foreseeable future.

3. Joint Aircraft.

a. JSTARS. The Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) is a

wide area surveillance system designed to provide near-real time command and control through its ability to detect, locate, classify, and track both fixed and mobile ground targets, slow-moving rotary and fixed-wing aircraft, and rotating antennas in all-weather conditions. Future plans include growth potential for enhanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR), inverse SAR, and automatic target recognition. The E-8C aircraft, a militarized, electronics version of the Boeing 707-300, is the platform for the JSTARS system. A common ground station (CGS) will deploy to a supported unit to receive the radar data collected by the platform.

b. U-2. The U-2 is an extremely capable, high-altitude, long endurance, multi-

sensor airborne reconnaissance system. The U-2 is a U.S. Air Force system that supports national and theater collection objectives. Details of the U-2, to include its collection capabilities and its sensor systems are classified. The

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JTENS Manual and the DARO MARPP provide additional details on the U-2 system.

d. RC-7 ARL. The RC-7 Airborne Reconnaissance Low (ARL) is a cost effective

and versatile multi-function, day / night, all-weather airborne reconnaissance system. This U.S. Army system provides tactical commanders with near-real time airborne COMINT and IMINT collection and designated area surveillance. The system is self-deployable and self-sustaining for 7-10 days in forward areas to provide an immediate down link to commander and warfighter and disseminate intelligence products to host nations and other allied forces. ARL is capable of supporting operations in low to medium intensity-level conflicts. The RC-7 ARL is a modified DeHavilland fixed-wing aircraft. Intelligence collected on ARL can be analyzed and recorded on the workstations in real-time or stored on board for post mission processing.

e. EP-3 SSIP. The EP-3 provides over-the-horizon SIGINT collection for Navy

Fleet and Joint commanders. It performs near real time I&W and targeting missions in support of naval/joint task forces. It is designed to provide intelligence, targeting BDA, especially in areas beyond the range of carrier-based assets. The EP-3 is a standoff platform. Its worldwide access, responsiveness, and low profile can be attributed to its ability to deploy without the need for dedicated, conspicuous ground support. The Navy uses the EP-3 as an electronic warfare asset to support tactical commanders in exploiting threat communications (COMINT) and non-communications (ELINT) emitters. The system also accepts tasking from the National Security Agency (NSA) to be conducted in conjunction with operational requirements.

f. RC-12 GUARDRAIL. The GUARDRAIL common sensor (GRCS) systems are

remotely controlled, airborne COMINT / SIGINT collection and locations systems with ground-based processing, analysis and reporting capabilities. The RC-12 GRCS is a standoff platform requiring two to three aircraft for precise geolocation using on-board direction finding equipment. There are several generations of the system currently in service with the U.S. Army, each with different capabilities. The GUARDRAIL system is carried on the C-12 Super King aircraft and provides support to the U.S. Army Corps and echelons above corps (EAC). A GUARDRAIL system consists of an integrated processing facility (IPF), 6-12 airborne relay facilities (ARF), and auxiliary ground equipment test van (AGE), three interoperable data links (IDL), a power generation system and associated ground support equipment.

g. E-3 AWACS.. The E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) is an

airborne early warning (AEW), command and control aircraft. It is designed to provide highly mobile, flexible and survivable wide area surveillance and control capability and to overcome the inherent limitations of ground based radar systems. AWACS is a U.S. Air Force system that provides the air component commander (ACC) with tactical battle management in an operating area. There is no ground / surface system to receive, process, exploit, or communicate intelligence information. All AWACS mission

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functions involving surveillance and reconnaissance are performed on the aircraft.

h. C-130 SENIOR SCOUT. The SENIOR SCOUT system is a palletized

collection capsule designed for insertion and removal in any C-130E/H aircraft. It provides rapidly deployable worldwide SIGINT support for theater, national, counter narcotic and special operations requirements. It also provides timely, tailored intelligence reporting to meet user needs. Primary operation is in the standoff mode and is self-contained for autonomous operation. The SENIOR SCOUT system is operated and maintained by the Air National Guard, under the operational control of the U.S. Air Force, Air Combat Command.

C. Tasking Process.

1. Request Process

a. Pre-Crisis (Garrison/Peacetime) Intelligence Collection. Peacetime or garrison activities make up the set of pre-crisis operations that a MAGTF might be tasked to conduct. The focus of collection management efforts during these periods must be preparation for deployment or crisis. The axiom, “train like we fight” advocates realistic training and continuous preparation. The predominant collection focus during pre-crisis periods is obtaining basic or encyclopedic intelligence on the AO and current intelligence on the threat. These support the observation and orientation functions in the OODA loop. In researching current or basic intelligence, the intelligence analysts will consult various databases or online sources. During this period national and theater resources are relied upon heavily.

b. Intelligence collection database/resources maintenance and management. As mentioned above, intelligence sections will develop databases of information or rely upon those established at the national or theater level. The focus of effort for the collection section should be on gathering estimative intelligence when planning for contingencies to support the orientation. In preparing to support a contingency, the collection section should develop a collections SOP and must use the exercise during training or field exercises. The SOP should provide direction on reference materials and collection operations information.

c. Reference materials. The focus of the collection section during pre-crisis is

acquiring the necessary tools and skills to accomplish their mission in wartime. There is no standard list of reference materials that a MAGTF collection section should possess. The MAGTF or MARFOR’s mission, echelon, and contingency responsibilities should tailor the references held. Among these tools are key reference materials, which may include:

• Theater and Fleet collection TTPs

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• DIA, NSA, CIA or other national agency reference publications and instructions.

• SOPs for all MAGTF intelligence and reconnaissance units.

d. Intelligence Collection Operations Information. In addition to ensuring key references are on-hand within the section, the collection operations section should emphasize training in usage of automated and manual intelligence collection applications, formats, and messages. A collection section with contingency responsibilities in a specific warfighting CINC’s AOR should familiarize themselves with the contingency plan (CONPLAN) or OPLAN collection plan. The plans should be reviewed to ensure that MAGTF specific requirements have been included. The collection section should develop its own intelligence collection plan using the theater’s collection plan as guideline. The end state would be a draft collection plan can then that can be rapidly implemented and updated upon receipt of a warning and alert orders. Finally, intelligence collection sections must maintain operational information on the readiness of all MAGTF intelligence and reconnaissance units. The collection manager and subordinate personnel should stay abreast of new doctrine, systems, and capabilities as they are developed.

e. Contingency intelligence collection activities. The primary intelligence collection

priority of the MAGTF and MARFOR intelligence section is training and exercise in contingency intelligence collection activities. The uncertain climate of world politics mandates that intelligence personnel invest their garrison time wisely in preparing for the “next crisis”. The most reliable source of direction in contingency planning is to consult the standing contingency plans or review any impending contingency tasking in your AOR. The intelligence collection planning should be done as part of a larger effort by the G-2/S-2 section or the MAGTF staff. When contingency planning is done in conjunction with the MAGTF P&A Cell or the MAGTF plans and operations sections, the collection section will gain a greater understanding of the unit’s mission, scope, tasks, and priorities.

(1) RFI's - Requests for Information are established by commanders and

staffs at all levels. RFI's are passed to the G/S-2 at each level for consolidation. The G/S-2 provides answers that they have available at their echelon. Once all RFI's are consolidated at the highest level, a collection plan is formulated. Certain RFI's will be filled by air reconnaissance. If this is the case, the intelligence section will fill out a Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance Request (JTAR/SR).

(2) JTAR/SR - This form is prioritized by the G/S-2 and passed to the

ACE Headquarters. TACC Future Operations Section assigns the mission via the air tasking order. The JTAR/SR will then be forwarded to the squadron.

2. Dissemination. Air reconnaissance products can be disseminated through a variety

of means. Voice is the quickest but least efficient method. Imagery can be transmitted via satellite, high speed internet, copied to CD-ROM, printed to hard copy, or sent by courier.

III. Summary

Intelligence will continue to drive operations during wartime. As Winston Churchill wisely

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said, "However absorbed a commander may be in the elaboration of his own thoughts, it is sometimes necessary to take the enemy into account."

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CHAPTER ONE – POST TEST

AIR RECONNAISSANCE

1. What are the two types of air reconnaissance? _________________________ and _________________________ 2. What is the only MAGTF asset that performs air reconnaissance as its primary

mission? ________________________________________ 3. Which USMC aircraft are assigned the mission of visual reconnaissance?

__________________________________________________

4. What are some advantages/capabilities of the UAS? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are some advantages/capabilities of the ATARS? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How are air reconnaissance missions received? ___________________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER TWO

ANTI-AIR WARFARE Lesson Purpose: To introduce the reader to the concepts of anti-air warfare. Reference(s): (a) Joint Pub 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (b) MCWP 3-2, Marine Aviation (c) MCWP 3-22, Anti-air Warfare (d) MCWP 3-23, Offensive Air Support (e) MCWP 3-23.1, Close Air Support I. Introduction

A. From WWI to the present, anti-air warfare (AAW) has been an integral part of Marine Aviation and an essential ingredient to success. Historically this function has been required with varying degrees of intensity depending upon the extent and nature of the enemy air threat. Marine forces have not had to actively counter a meaningful enemy air threat since WWII. Today, however, the sophistication and magnitude of anti-air weapons systems available to even third world countries pose a serious threat to any mission we may be assigned. With this in mind we must understand the function of AAW so that we can apply it against all potential threats. To do this we will try to answer the following questions:

- What is AAW? - What are the types of AAW? - What is the purpose of AAW? - What are the principles of AAW? - What is the Marine Corps AAW system?

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II. Body

A. Anti-air warfare (AAW) is the action that is required to destroy or reduce to an acceptable level the enemy air and missile threat.

B. There are two general types of AAW: Offensive AAW (OAAW) and air

defense. OAAW constitutes operations conducted against enemy air or air defense systems before they can launch or assume an attacking role. OAAW operations in or near the objective area consist mainly of air attacks to destroy or neutralize hostile aircraft, airfields, radars, air defense systems, and supporting areas. Air defense consists of defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such an attack (Joint Pub 1-02). Air defense can be further broken down into two categories: active air defense and passive air defense.

1. Active air defense is direct defensive action taken to destroy attacking

enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such an attack. It includes such measures as the use of aircraft, interceptor missiles, air defense artillery, non-air defense weapons in an air defense role, and electronic countermeasures.

2. Passive air defense constitutes all measures, other than active air

defense, taken to minimize the effects of hostile air action. These measures include the use of cover, concealment, camouflage, deception, dispersion, and protective construction.

C. OAAW objectives include weakening the enemy's offensive air capability

to a manageable level, thereby gaining access to a zone of airspace for a specified timeframe to allow friendly air operations and local air superiority in conjunction with friendly operations. These objectives can be incorporated into three specific areas: preemptive measures, suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD), and local air superiority measures.

D. OAAW is defined by three specific tasks, each with its corresponding

objective.

1. Preemptive Measures. The objective is to weaken the enemy air threat before the enemy can make effective use of his air defense systems (air-to-air elements, ground-to-air elements, and support C3 structure) and prevent attainment of MAGTF objectives. Preemptive measures are required in the early phase of an amphibious operation and in sustained operations ashore. Preemptive measures allow subsequent air and ground operations to proceed without prohibitive interference. Preemptive measures can include:

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- Air strikes on enemy airfields to destroy or damage aircraft, facilities, and logistic support. - Attacks on command and control facilities and surveillance systems. - Air strikes on the enemy's aircraft supply and support, such as railroads and convoys. - Offensive air-to-air sweeps to search out and destroy enemy aircraft.

2. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD). The objective of SEAD is to gain access to a defined zone of airspace that will allow MAGTF operations to proceed. SEAD may become periodic in nature, applied at a critical time that will allow air and ground forces to proceed without prohibitive interference from the enemy's air defense systems. SEAD is an important part of any campaign and the MAGTF must plan a coordinated effort against the enemy air defense threat. Sustainability of a coordinated GCE/ACE SEAD plan is a function of asset availability. See FMFM 5-40/5-41 for detailed SEAD planning. In conventional warfare, SEAD will include the following strategy mix:

a. Direct confrontation of the enemy's air defense with ground forces. b. Direct confrontation of the enemy's air defense with air forces. c. Direct confrontation of the enemy's air defense with naval forces. d. Command and Control Warfare (C2W).

3. Local Air Superiority Measures. Even with successful application of preemptive measures and SEAD, a residual air threat may still exist. This threat may be of such a nature and magnitude that friendly air operations are still possible and survivable with proper application of local air superiority measures. The objective of local air superiority measures is to prevent the enemy’s residual air threat from affecting the execution of friendly operations to the point of prohibitive interference in a specific zone of action. Local air superiority measures may be used separately or in conjunction with preemptive measures and SEAD. Local air superiority measures can include:

a. The use of offensive combat air patrols. b. Escort and self-escort tactics.

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c. The use of aircraft onboard countermeasures and maneuvers.

E. The primary purpose of AAW is to gain and maintain AIR SUPERIORITY. Air superiority is "that degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force." The significant points for analysis in the preceding definition are "prohibitive interference" and "at a given time and place." In planning the conduct of an operation, the requirement exists to address these points in detail. For example, the single greatest vulnerability of an amphibious task force is during the ship-to-shore movement. Once forces are ashore, vulnerability still exists, but to a lesser degree. Therefore, the term "prohibitive interference" is relative to "a given time and place" and must be analyzed for each phase of a particular operation. The greater the scope of the operation, the more encompassing this analysis must be. The question arises as to the precise meaning of the term "prohibitive." A prohibitive level of interference exists for each phase or element of an operation beyond which success is improbable. The lack of success of any particular aspect of an operation is not necessarily characterized by abject failure. It may be limited to levels of damage or interference, which, if received, will seriously jeopardize the accomplishment of the assigned mission. Consequently, analysis of the major facets of the operation determines the level of interference, which is prohibitive. Once this determination is reached, the required AAW measures to minimize this "prohibitive interference" can be ascertained.

F. The Principles of AAW. The principles, which have evolved from years of

experience, are: destruction in depth, mutual support, and centralized command and decentralized control. The application of these principles is necessary to achieve and preserve air superiority.

1. Destruction-in-Depth is considered the most important principle of

AAW. The primary goal is to destroy the enemy air threat at its source. The area required to ensure destruction-in-depth is designated as the Air Defense Sector. The Air Defense Sector consists of the vital area, the destruction area, and the surveillance area. By means of operation plans and orders, the Air Defense Sector is made known to subordinate units of the MAGTF and to interested external commands. Effective communications range, detection range, weapons range (friendly and enemy), and the relative danger from an air or surface attack all govern the expansion or contraction of this area.

a. Vital Area. A vital area is a designated area or installation to be

defended by air defense units. It contains the facilities, units, and installations necessary for the MAGTF to accomplish its mission.

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The outward edge or boundary of the vital area is always the reference point in applying destruction-in-depth principles. There may be one or more vital areas, depending on the scope of the operation. The probable method of air delivery, the anticipated weapons to be used by the enemy, and an overall standoff range by which enemy air attacks must be destroyed are examined in determining and designating the vital area. The vital area corresponds with designated Air Defense priorities.

b. Destruction Area. The destruction area is an area in which it is

planned to destroy or defeat the enemy airborne threat. It begins at the edge of the vital area. The size of the destruction area will depend upon the situation; however, the goal of every air defense system should be to make the destruction area as large as possible. The three factors, which normally determine the size of the destruction area, are the capabilities of the air defense weapons system, engagement sequence, and surveillance capabilities. The destruction area is normally divided into four geographical subdivisions: the missile engagement zone (MEZ), crossover zone/line, fighter engagement zone (FEZ) and base defense zone (BDZ). The MEZ is that geographical division of the destruction area where surface-to-air missiles have primary responsibility for destruction of airborne targets. It is normally established to include the maximum range of the surface-to-air missile system. The crossover zone/line is that area in which a target normally ceases to be an air intercept target and becomes a surface-to-air missile target. The use of a crossover zone/line may not be necessary with aircraft utilizing INS manning the FEZ. The FEZ is that part of the destruction area in which interceptor aircraft have the responsibility for destroying airborne targets. The BDZ is an air defense zone established around an air base and limited to the short-range air defense weapons system defending that base. In the joint arena, the terms air intercept zone, crossover point and missile intercept zone may be used to describe the destruction area.

c. Surveillance Area. The surveillance area is the area in which air

search, detection, and tracking are accomplished. It must extend beyond the destruction area to allow enough time for warning and identification so that reaction time will permit engagement as the target reaches the destruction area. This surveillance area is not coincidental with the destruction area, as it is not limited by intercept positive control restrictions. Further, the destruction area is oriented totally toward the assigned air defense sector of responsibility, while the surveillance area might extend into another air defense sector. Special visual zones in specific avenues of

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approach may be used beyond the vital area or surrounding installations to further supplement surveillance coverage. The surveillance area must be large enough to provide maximum reaction time and a maximum number of engagements and destruction with minimum penetration of the vital area.

2. Mutual Support. This concept involves the simultaneous engagement

of a target by multiple elements of the same type weapon. In this way, the MAGTF increases the probability of preventing the penetration of the vital area by hostile aircraft or missiles. Proper location and/or employment of assets ensures that each target is within range of several AAW elements. This integrated and overlapping pattern of mutual support and continuity of engagement minimizes any reduction in effectiveness of the AAW system resulting from the loss of one or more of its elements.

3. Centralized Command and Decentralized Control is the third principle

of AAW and offers the best means of achieving economy of forces while minimizing reaction time and vulnerability to losses. Coordinated operations and economy of force require centralized command. To achieve a system that has minimum reaction time, maximum damage resistance, and inherent self-sufficiency requires the capability to function under decentralized control.

G. The Anti-Air Warfare System. Successful accomplishment of AAW

requires that the total capability of the MAGTF be merged into a single, flexible AAW system. This system must be capable of operating independently or as an integral part of the overall amphibious task force or joint task force AAW system. An effective AAW system integrates all available AAW assets and requires that the tasks of surveillance, control, and weapons employment be performed.

1. Surveillance. This is concerned with detecting, locating, and

identifying hostile targets on the ground and in the air and transmitting this information to a control agency.

2. Control. This is the function of directing and coordinating the

employment of weapons systems involved in destroying the enemy air capability. The AAW system should also provide the means to maintain positive control over friendly air support operations to prevent mutual interference in the accomplishment of missions.

3. Weapons Employment. This involves the effective utilization of assets

to destroy or reduce the enemy's capability for an air attack.

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4. Over the years, equipment and procedures have evolved to ensure that the required degree of air superiority can be attained. The Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS) is capable of integrating all AAW assets into an effective air defense system. It permits centralized coordination and supervision of air operations at the highest level, but also has the flexibility to permit decentralized control by subordinate agencies so that immediate threats can be engaged.

III. Summary

AAW is everyone's job, if we are to achieve the required degree of air superiority. In combat, one of the major factors affecting our success is the enemy threat. Our ability to cope with this ever-changing threat can only be improved through training. If our AAW doctrine is to be sound, we must spend more time planning and integrating our tactics.

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CHAPTER TWO – POST TEST

ANTI-AIR WARFARE (AAW)

1. Define Anti-air Warfare. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the two types of anti-air warfare? _________________________ and _________________________ 3. Passive air defense constitutes all measures other than active air

defense, which include what. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What are the three specific tasks that define AAW? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the primary purpose of AAW? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What are the three principles of AAW? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER THREE

ASSAULT SUPPORT Lesson Purpose: To acquaint the reader with the function of assault support, and examine the missions, tasks and considerations for employment of each assault support asset. Reference(s): (a) MCWP 3-2, Aviation Operations (b) MCWP 3-24, Assault Support (c) MCWP 3-23, Offensive Air Support (d) Joint Publication 3-09.3, Joint Close Air Support (e) MCWP 3-11.4, Helicopterborne Operations (f) NAVMC DIR 3500.14 Aviation Training and Readiness Program Manual I. Introduction

A. Assault support provides the MAGTF commander the ability to concentrate his strength against selected enemy weaknesses using speed and surprise. It provides operational and tactical mobility as well as logistics support to the MAGTF. The MAGTF commander bases his decision about the extent and use of assault support on the following METT-T considerations:

- MAGTF's mission and concept of operations. - The enemy's capability to interrupt movement of assault support assets. - The effect of terrain and weather on assault support missions. - Aircraft availability and lift capability. - Time available for planning, rehearsal and briefing.

The MAGTF commander uses assault support to focus combat power at the

decisive place and time to achieve local combat superiority. Using assault support, the commander can rapidly concentrate forces or redeploy those forces as necessary. It allows him to apply and sustain combat power and strike the enemy where he is unprepared. This function comprises those actions required for the airlift of personnel, supplies and equipment into or within the battle area by helicopters, tiltrotors, or fixed-wing aircraft. These are the general categories of assault support:

1. Combat assault support

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2. Air Delivery

3. Aerial Refueling

4. Air Evacuation

5. Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP)

6. Air Logistical Support

B. Assault support operations may be tactical, logistical or administrative in nature. As with any operation conducted by the MAGTF, assault support requires detailed, coordinated and concurrent planning at all echelons to increase operational efficiency and the chances for success.

II. Body

A. Helicopter and Tiltrotor Missions and Tasks. Marine helicopters, tiltrotors,

provide air mobility of personnel, supplies and equipment, combat utility support, close air support and other air support for the landing force during ship to shore movement and within the objective area during subsequent operations ashore. Tactical missions generally consist of helicopterborne assaults to seize critical terrain, isolate enemy formations, attack an enemy's flank/rear, conduct raids, or to conduct patrols. Administrative and logistical missions include supply or resupply of troops, movement of equipment, messenger and liaison service, and casualty and prisoner of war evacuation. We will now look at the specific missions of the different helicopter squadrons.

1. Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron (HMM: 12 CH-46E). The HMM

squadron, operating medium lift helicopters, is organized to conduct operations as an entire squadron. This is the mainstay of the Marine Corps' trooplift capability. The MV-22 will be the replacement for the CH-46E and the squadrons will be known as VMM (12 MV-22s).

a. Mission. The mission of the HMM is to support the MAGTF Commander

by providing assault support transport of combat troops, supplies and equipment, day or night under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint or combined operations.

b. Tasks

(1) Conduct shipboard deck helicopter landing qualifications.

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(2) Conduct sea and air deployment operations. - Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advanced

bases, expeditionary airfields, Forward Operating Bases (FOBs), and naval shipping

(3) Conduct air assault operations and air assault.

- Provide assault support transport of combat troops - Provide support for casualty evacuation operations - Maintain self-defense capability from ground-to-air and air-to-air

threats (4) Conduct amphibious assault and raid operations.

- Conduct assault support for maritime special operations (5) Distribute supplies and provide transport service.

- Conduct aerial re-supply - Provide support for mobile Forward Arming and Refueling Points

(6) Conduct Joint Personnel Recovery.

- Conduct Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP) operations

- Augment local Search and Rescue (SAR) assets (7) Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation.

- Provide support for evacuation operations

2. Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron (HMH: 16 CH-53E or 8 CH-53D). The HMH squadron, operating heavy lift helicopters, is organized to conduct operations as either an entire squadron or in detachments operating under the control of another command element.

a. Mission. The mission of the HMH is to support the MAGTF Commander

by providing assault support transport of heavy equipment, combat troops, and supplies, day or night under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint or combined operations. This is the only heavy lift asset for the Marine Corps.

b. Tasks

(1) Conduct shipboard deck helicopter landing qualifications. (2) Conduct sea and air deployment operations.

- Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advance dbases, expeditionary airfields, FOBs, and naval shipping

- Maintain the capability to conduct extended range operations employing aerial refueling

(3) Conduct air assault operations and air assault.

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- Provide assault support transport of heavy equipment, supplies, and combat troops using internal and /or external means

- Provide support for casualty evacuation operations - Maintain self-defense capability from ground-to-air and air-to-air

threats

(4) Conduct amphibious assault and raid operations. - Conduct assault support for maritime special operations

(5) Distribute supplies and provide transport service.

- Conduct aerial resupply - Provide support for mobile Forward Arming and Refueling Points

(6) Conduct Joint logistics over-the-shore operations. (7) Conduct Joint Personnel Recovery.

- Conduct Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP) operations

- Augment local Search and Rescue (SAR) assets (8) Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation.

- Provide support for evacuation operations

3. Marine Light/Attack Helicopter Squadron (HMLA: 18 AH-1W/9 UH-1N). The HMLA squadron, operating both utility and attack helicopters, is organized to conduct operations as either an entire squadron or in detachments operating under the control of another command element.

a. Mission. The mission of the HMLA is to support the MAGTF Commander

by providing offensive air support, utility support, armed escort and airborne supporting arms coordination, day or night under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint or combined operations. Support is provided in relation to specific aircraft tasks.

b. Tasks

(1) Specific Utility Helicopter Tasks.

(a) Conduct shipboard deck helicopter landing qualifications. (b) Conduct sea and air deployment operations.

- Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advanced bases, expeditionary airfields, FOBs, and naval shipping.

(c) Conduct air assault Operations and air assault.

- Provide assault support transport of combat troops - Provide support for casualty evacuation operations - Provide armed escort for assault helicopters

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(d) Conduct amphibious assault and raid operations.

- Conduct assault support for maritime special operations - Provide armed escort for airborne and surface forces

(e) Conduct Fire Support.

- Provide fire support for forward and rear area forces against point and area targets

(f) Conduct Close Air Support. (g) Conduct Interdiction Operations.

- Conduct armed reconnaissance (h) Conduct Air-to-Air Operations.

- Maintain self-defense capability from air-to-air threats (i) Coordinate Battlespace Maneuver and integration with fire support

assets. - Conduct combined arms coordination and control operations - Provide airborne command, control and coordination for assault

support operations - Conduct multi-sensor imagery, visual reconnaissance, and

provide battle damage assessment (BDA) (j) Conduct Joint Personnel Recovery

- Conduct tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (TRAP) operations

- Augment local search and rescue (SAR) assets

(k) Conduct Rear Area Security - Provide fire support and security for rear area forces

(l) Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation

- Provide fire support and escort for evacuation operations - Provide support for evacuation operations

(2) Specific Attack Helicopter Tasks

(a) Conduct shipboard deck helicopter landing qualifications. (b) Conduct sea and air deployment operations.

- Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advanced bases, expeditionary airfields, FOBs, and naval shipping.

(c) Conduct air assault operations and air assault.

- Provide armed escort for assault helicopters and tiltrotor aircraft

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(d) Conduct amphibious assault and raid operations. - Provide armed escort for airborne and surface forces

(e) Conduct Fire Support.

- Engage and destroy point armored targets - Provide fire support for forward and rear area forces against

point and area targets (f) Conduct Close Air Support.

- Conduct escort of friendly ground forces - Conduct Assault Support Escort

(g) Conduct Interdiction Operations.

- Conduct armed reconnaissance

(h) Conduct Joint Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (i) Conduct Air-to-Air Operations.

- Conduct offensive anti-air warfare and defensive air operations - Maintain self-defense capability from air-to-air threats

(j) Coordinate Battlespace Maneuver and integrate with Firepower.

- Conduct combined arms coordination and control operations - Conduct multi-sensor imagery, visual reconnaissance, and

provide battle damage assessment (BDA) (k) Conduct Joint Personnel Recovery

- Conduct tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (TRAP) operations

(l) Conduct Rear Area Security

- Provide fire support and security for rear area forces against point and anti-armor forces

(m) Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation

- Provide fire support and escort for evacuation operations

B. Fixed Wing Missions and Tasks. Fixed wing operations contribute to the support of the MAGTF in a manner similar to helicopters. Fixed wing aircraft are employed to deliver troops, equipment and supplies to areas beyond the range and lift capacity of the helicopter. They also provide medical evacuation, airborne command and control, illumination and in-flight refueling.

Marine Aerial Refueler/Transport Squadron (VMGR: 12 KC-130). The Marine

Aerial Refueler/Transport Squadron (VMGR) provides aerial refueling and assault support to the MAGTF. The squadron also provides rapid ground refueling to MAGTF air and ground assets. VMGR squadrons are designed by

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T/O to be deployed in 2 six aircraft detachments or as an entire squadron in support of the MAGTF.

1. Mission. The mission of the VMGR is to provide aerial refueling service in

support of Fleet Marine Force air operations and provide assault air transport for personnel, equipment and supplies.

2. Tasks

a. Provide tactical and long range aerial refueling. b. Provide rapid ground refueling service to aircraft and vehicles.

c. Provide assault air transport for air landed troops, supplies and

equipment.

d. Provide air delivered troops, supplies and equipment.

e. Provide airborne platform for the airborne DASC command post.

f. Within the capability of the aircraft, operate under daylight, all weather conditions, with or without airborne, surface or ground controllers.

C. Tiltrotor Missions and Tasks. Tiltrotor operations contribute to the support of the MAGTF in a manner similar to helicopters. Tiltrotor aircraft will be employed to deliver troops, equipment and supplies to areas beyond the range and lift capacity of the helicopter. While tiltrotor aircraft are not yet fully operational, they will eventually replace the CH-46 as the medium lift capability for the Marine Corps.

Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron (VMM: 12 MV-22). The VMM squadron, operating medium lift tiltrotor aircraft, will be organized to conduct operations as an entire squadron.

1. Mission. The mission of the VMM is to support the MAGTF Commander

by providing assault support transport of combat troops, supplies and equipment, day or night under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint or combined operations.

2. Tasks

(a) Conduct Tactical Airlift

- Conduct long-range combat assault support transport in support of ship-to-objective maneuver and subsequent operations ashore

(b) Conduct shipboard deck landing qualifications.

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(c) Conduct sea and air deployment operations. - Maintain the capability to self deploy and conduct extended

range operations employing aerial refueling - Maintain the capability to deploy and operate from advanced

bases, expeditionary airfields, Forward Operating Bases (FOBs), and naval shipping

(d) Conduct air assault operations and air assault.

- Provide assault support transport of combat troops - Provide support for casualty evacuation operations - Maintain self-defense capability from ground-to-air and air-to-air

threats (e) Conduct amphibious assault and raid operations.

- Conduct assault support for maritime special operations

(f) Distribute supplies and provide transport service - Conduct aerial resupply - Provide support for mobile Forward Arming and Refueling Points

(g) Conduct Joint Personnel Recovery.

- Conduct Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP) operations

- Augment local Search and Rescue (SAR) assets (h) Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation.

- Provide support for evacuation operations

D. Mission Categories. Assault support missions are divided into two categories:

preplanned and immediate. Both types of missions are executed in response to specific requests by elements of the MAGTF. These requests are usually transmitted on the Tactical Air Request/Helicopter Request net to the DASC, using the Assault Support Request (ASR) or Joint Tactical Airlift Request (JTAR) format.

1. Preplanned Missions. Preplanned missions provide, by far, the most

economical and efficient use of assets. In order to effectively employ assault support assets, the MAGTF commander must establish priorities and study the needs of the MAGTF. Preplanned missions are requested far enough in advance to allow coordination between the requester, the supporting unit, and fire support/air command and control agencies. Preplanned requests are within the ATO production cycle.

a. Scheduled Missions. These types of missions are requested in advance

and permit detailed mission planning and close coordination with the appropriate MAGTF elements. Scheduled missions execute at a specific

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L-Hour or Time on Target (TOT). This type of mission allows pre-mission planning to be conducted well prior to takeoff.

b. On Call Missions. These types of missions apply to helicopters as well.

The critical elements in this category are location and time. Assets must be positioned close enough to provide a timely response. For on-call missions, only the time for execution must be relayed. Keeping helicopters and tiltrotors airborne, awaiting activation, is not an efficient means of reducing response time. However, staging assets (strip alert) at forward operating bases (FOB) or forward arming and refueling points (FARP) will meet this requirement. Good intelligence and proper planning should identify periods of vulnerability and "strip alert" assets can cover these time periods.

2. Immediate Missions. Immediate missions are those outside the ATO cycle,

which arise suddenly and cannot be planned in great detail or in advance. They are launched in support of any requesting unit within the MAGTF. In order to efficiently support the immediate needs of MAGTF units, the commander will generally allocate some of his assets to provide an immediate response through the Direct Air Support Center/ Helicopter Direction Center (DASC/HDC). The DASC/HDC may divert airborne assets from missions of lower priority or launch them from a FOB or FARP in response to an immediate request. Normally, very little detailed planning can be accomplished in advance of these missions. Therefore, the request must include the same detailed information provided in a preplanned request.

E. Asset Allocation. Allocation of assault support assets will be determined by a

number of factors. They normally include aircraft availability; lift requirements, aircraft capabilities, threat analysis, escort and fire support requirements, time, space and logistical requirements, and unit proficiency level. When determining asset allocation, the following should also be considered:

1. Ground Considerations. Responsibilities for the GCE receiving assault

support are:

a. To maintain tactical integrity of units, insofar as loading space allows, for commitment in the objective area.

b. To properly prepare and identify equipment to be air transported. c. To determine which equipment is to be assigned to rear and follow-up

echelons. d. To coordinate for and prepare appropriate air movement plans and forms

(HEALT/HWSAT) according to the capabilities of the aircraft involved. e. To establish the priority of loads and movement considering available

aircraft and the intended tactical employment once landed.

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f. To ensure the accomplishment of the specialized training required for

embarkation, aircraft ditching, in-flight safety, and unloading.

2. Air Considerations. Responsibilities for the ACE are:

a. To provide troop units with aircraft availability (HAT) and capacities according to type.

b. To coordinate the assignment of aircraft serials and schedules (HEALT)

for takeoffs and landings in accordance with identified troop unit mobility. c. To provide adequate ground handling for securing equipment in the

marshalling area. d. To provide for in-flight safety and other advisory services where aircraft

are concerned.

F. Employment Considerations

1. Direct Support vs. General Support. Assault support assets are usually employed in general support of the MAGTF. However, consideration can be given to direct support of MAGTF elements for a particular phase of an operation or a specified period of time. There will be a trade-off to this type of support. A major planning factor will be logistical support for the aviation assets. Generally speaking, direct support will involve frequent movement and operation from austere sites. Logistical support will be a constraining factor. However, in certain scenarios, direct support may be the most responsive means of providing aviation support to elements of the MAGTF.

2. General Helicopter/Tiltrotor Characteristics. The ground commander does

not normally have a detailed knowledge of helicopter/tiltrotor characteristics. Aviation personnel, on the staff, offer a source of specific information, which might become necessary. In any event, the ground commander should possess a general awareness of fundamental characteristics and the effect of the environment on helicopter operations (Fig 3-1).

a. Capabilities. Helicopter and tiltrotor aircraft generally possess the

following capabilities:

(1) Vertical ascent/descent into and out of clear but unprepared landing areas for loading and unloading.

(2) Load or discharge troops and cargo while hovering. (3) Achieve a degree of cover and concealment by use of terrain features,

vegetation and altitude.

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(4) Provide significant speed, mobility, and flexibility of movement in the battle area.

(5) The ability to bypass obstacles insurmountable to ground vehicles. (6) Operate from all types of aircraft carriers as well as platforms upon or

alongside amphibious ships. (7) Operate under conditions of low ceilings and reduced visibility or

during periods when surf conditions prohibit waterborne movement by small craft.

(8) Transport supplies rapidly to ground units. (9) Load troops and cargo from ships underway.

(10) Transport personnel and cargo to areas inaccessible by other means.

b. Limitations. The following limitations apply to helicopters:

(1) Greater logistic support required in terms of fuel, maintenance, and support personnel than with other means of support.

(2) Noise or rotor wash may compromise position or create difficulty in

communications and vision. (3) Operations are somewhat degraded during icing conditions, heavy

wind, and periods of low lunar illumination (MV-22 will have deicing capability at a later date)

(4) Lift capabilities are directly affected by altitude, humidity, and

temperature. (5) Internal loads require careful calculation for safe weight and balance. (6) Helicopters and tiltrotors are vulnerable to antiaircraft fire, surface-to-

air missiles, and supporting arms and small arms fire of both enemy and friendly forces. Coordination with friendly supporting arms is of paramount importance.

(7) Large-scale operations require good visibility, illumination and

adequate landing areas.

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Type Aircraft UH-1N CH-46E CH-53D CH-53E MV-22 KC-130

Mission Cmd & Ctrl Terminal Ctrl

Troop Lift Equip/Cargo Lift

Equip/Cargo Lift

Troop Lift Equip/Cargo Lift

Normal Crew (Tactical)

4 4 4 4 4 4-6

Troop Capacity 6 20/9(4) 37 37 24 64(6)

Maximum Troop Seating Capacity

13 25 (No XM-

218s)

55(2) 55(2) 24 92

Litter Capacity 6 15 24 24 12 60 Combat Radius (nm)

85 150 250 250 500 >1000

Endurance (hrs) (3)

(Combat Load)

1+30 2+30 (12

Marines)

3+45(1) 4+00(1) 3+15 >8+00

Payload (lbs) (4)

2,000 2,100 8,000 20,000 10,000 42,000

Weapons 2.75 rockets GAU-16 (.50 cal) GAU-17 (7.62mm) M-240 (7.62mm)

XM-218 (.50cal) M-240 (7.62mm)

XM-218 (.50cal) GAU-21 (.50 cal)

XM-218 (.50cal) GAU-21 (.50 cal)

M240 (7.62mm) Tail gun

N/A

Notes:

1) Standard 53D/53E configuration includes two 650 gal aux fuel tip tanks. 2) Centerline seats installed. 3) Aircraft endurance calculated with normal troop capacity. 4) Payload for a/c with max fuel, optimum atmospheric conditions. 5) Max external lift capacity for a 50nm combat radius; 53D: 11000 lbs, 53E 32,000

lbs. 6) Combat loaded troops.

3. General Fixed Wing Characteristics. As with helicopters, the ground

commander may not have a detailed knowledge of fixed wing characteristics. Generally, the limited number of Marine transport aircraft available will restrict operations to those conducted in conjunction with amphibious assaults, support of operations ashore or contingency plans established by appropriate commanders.

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KC-130 Capabilities and Limitations

a. The KC-130 can provide rapid ground refueling (RGR) for helicopters,

fixed wing, and ground vehicles at FARPs. A KC-130 can fly 200nm, land on a 4000' dirt or highway strip and give away 45,000 lbs of fuel. The amount of fuel and rate at which it is transferred is dependent on the model aircraft and its configuration.

b. The DASC(A) is an airborne extension of the MACCS, in particular the

ground DASC. It can serve to extend UHF/VHF communications coverage of the C-3 system, provide a limited echelon capability to the DASC and/or conduct DASC functions in a designated sector. The DASC(A) utilizes the UYQ-3A van (currently not compatible with the KC-130J) .

c. The KC-130 can work out of unimproved short fields, day or night, utilizing

self contained systems or the PPN-19 radar beacon for terminal guidance. The PPN-19 also provides terminal guidance for night or bad weather cargo and para-ops.

d. In a permissive threat environment, the KC-130 can be used to deliver

LUU-2 and LUU-19 flares for battlefield illumination.

e. The KC-130 will require responsive standoff or dedicated fighter escort in the tanker role if threat dictates.

f. The KC-130 can provide up to 58,000 lbs fuel (giveaway) during aerial

refueling operations. (Model and configuration dependent) III. Summary

We have presented the assets, which perform the assault support function of Marine Aviation. In closing, George C. Marshall said, "When the smoke cleared away, it was the man with the rifle who settled the final issue of the field." Marine Corps assault support is the means to get that rifleman to the fight!

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CHAPTER THREE – POST TEST

ASSAULT SUPPORT

1. What six USMC aircraft are included in assault support? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Assault support missions can be categorized as? _________________________ or_________________________ 3. MAGTF units can request assault support by submitting what type of request form? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What agency typically can divert airborne assets from missions of lower priority or launch them from a FOB or FARP in response to an immediate request? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. List three of the seven assault support missions. ___________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER FOUR

CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT AND MISSILES Lesson Purpose: To introduce the reader to the Marine Air Command and Control System. Reference(s): (a) Joint Pub 3-02, Doctrine for Amphibious Operations (b) Joint Pub 3-52, Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in the combat zone (c) MCWP 3-2, Marine Aviation (d) MCWP 3-23.1, Close Air Support (e) MCWP 3-22, Antiair Warfare (f) MCWP 3-25.1, Employment of the Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion (g) MCWP 3-25, Control of Aircraft and Missiles (h) MCWP 3-16, Fire Support Coordination I. Introduction

A. Control of aircraft and missiles encompasses the coordinated employment of facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel in order to enable the ACE commander to plan, direct, and control the efforts of the ACE to support the MAGTF.

B. The agencies of the MACCS are essential to the conduct of the control of aircraft

and missiles. Additionally, although the TACP and other airborne controllers are not part of the administrative chain of the Marine Air Control Group, they are considered to be integral elements of the MACCS.

II. Body

A. Fundamentals of Control of Aircraft and Missiles

1. Integrating Function

a. The Aviation Combat Element (ACE) Commander’s ability to command and control is facilitated through the Marine Air Command and Control

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System (MACCS). The MACCS provides the ACE Commander with the means to move and process information to effect the decision and execution cycle. The principle objectives of the MACCS are to:

(1) Enhance unity of effort. (2) Integrate the elements of the command and control system. (3) Disseminate common situational awareness.

b. The MACCS fulfills these primary objectives through execution of the control of aircraft and missiles function of Marine aviation. The control of aircraft and missiles function integrates and focuses the other five functions of Marine aviation into a coordinated effort.

2. Command and Control Philosophy

a. MAGTF aviation operates under the principle philosophy of centralized

command and decentralized control. This tenet is based on the two fundamental requirements of the ACE Commander. First, the ACE commander needs to plan, direct, and coordinate all aspects of aviation employment for the MAGTF, that is, perform centralized command. The ACE Commander also must optimize the flexibility, versatility, and responsiveness of aviation by allowing control of his assets to be conducted by agencies both responsive to himself and in touch with the dynamic changes in the battlespace. This is decentralized control. (1) The tasks the ACE Commander must accomplish to perform centralized

command include: (a) Planning aviation operations. (b) Planning battlespace use. (c) Planning and coordinating the availability of aircraft, crews, ordnance,

fuel, and facilities. (d) Coordinating the employment of MAGTF aviation with joint and

multinational aviation resources. (e) Tasking MAGTF aviation. (f) Directing and coordinating the employment of MAGTF aviation.

(2) The tasks the ACE Commander expects the MACCS to perform through decentralized control include:

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(a) Executing aviation operations.

(b) Providing air and missile defense to friendly units within the operating

area. (c) Managing and controlling the air portion of the MAGTF’s battlespace. (d) Coordinating with joint, multinational, and host nation air control

agencies. (e) Executing the MAGTF’s air tasking order (ATO). (f) Providing timely and accurate information to the ACE Commander for

tactical decisions, and to aviation assets to optimize mission success.

b. Employment of Marine aviation has evolved to the point where the ACE is considered a combat arm that supports the entire MAGTF and not just a supporting entity to the Ground Combat Element (GCE). The ACE can be tasked to support the GCE or the Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) and in these cases is a supporting element. Conversely, the MAGTF Commander may designate the ACE as the supported element. When designated the main effort, subordinate elements of the ACE become the MAGTF Commander’s bid to achieve success through the application of force at the proper time and place.

3. Methods of Aviation Control (See Figure 1)

a. Air Direction. Air direction is the authority to regulate the employment of air

resources, including both aircraft and surface-to-air weapons, to maintain a balance between their availability and the priorities assigned for their use. The purpose of air direction is to achieve a balance between the MAGTF’s finite aviation resources and the accomplishment of the ACE mission. Air direction includes:

(1) Developing air tasking orders. (2) Fulfilling the requirements of air tasking orders (e.g., tasking aircraft to

perform specific missions). (3) Changing or altering prescheduled missions. (4) Processing air support requests. (5) Collecting information concerning mission status. (6) Moving ground-based air defense assets to new firing positions.

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(7) Adjusting aircraft and surface-to-air weapon unit mission assignments

within previously set parameters due to changes in the air or ground situation.

b. Air Control. Air control is the authority to direct the physical maneuver of aircraft

in flight or to direct an aircraft or surface-to-air weapon unit to engage a specific target. Air control includes airspace management and airspace control.

(1) Airspace Management. Airspace management is the coordination, integration

and regulation of the use of airspace of defined dimensions. Airspace management is used to optimize the use of available airspace to allow maximum freedom, consistent with the degree of operational risk acceptable to the commander. The MACCS provides the ACE Commander with the ability to conduct airspace management.

(2) Airspace Control. Airspace control is the authority to direct the maneuver of

aircraft so that the best use is made of assigned airspace. Airspace control provides for the coordination, integration, and regulation of the use of a defined airspace. It also provides for the identification of all airspace users. The authority to exercise airspace control is inherent to the commander whose unit is responsible for particular blocks of airspace, types of missions, or types of aircraft. Airspace control does not include measures to approve, disapprove, deny, or delay air operations. MACCS agencies accomplish airspace control through the use of positive control, procedural control, or a combination of the two.

(a) Positive Control. Positive control is a method of airspace control that

relies on positive identification, tracking, and direction of aircraft within an airspace, conducted by electronic means by an agency having the authority and responsibility therein. The characteristics of positive control include the required use of radars, other sensors, identification friend or foe (IFF), digital data links for a shared air picture, and reliable and continuous communications with all aviation assets. Examples of positive control include ground control intercept (GCI) control, ground control approach (GCA) control, and radar flight following with traffic direction.

(b) One means of positive control that does not depend on electronic

capabilities such as radars or IFF, but does require reliable and continuous communications is terminal control. Visual tracking and identification of targets, landing zones, or expeditionary airfields often replaces the requirements for electronic tracking. Terminal control applies to those agencies that control the delivery of ordnance, cargo, or personnel by aircraft to a specific geographical location or air target. Because of its nature, terminal control is always positive control. Examples of terminal control agencies include forward air controllers,

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Marine air traffic control mobile teams (MMT), and helicopter support teams.

(c) Procedural Control. Procedural control is a method of airspace control

that relies on a combination of previously agreed upon and promulgated orders and procedures. The characteristics of procedural control include comprehensive air defense identification procedures and rules of engagement; aircraft identification maneuvers; fire support coordination measures; transit routes; and coordinating altitudes. Procedural control does not require the electronic or visual capabilities stipulated with positive control, including reliable and continuous communications with all aviation assets. Procedural control does require that all aviation assets understand, and adhere to, established and promulgated procedures. Examples of air control measures include air defense engagement zones, minimum risk routes, coordinating altitudes, and all air control techniques that do not require radars, IFF, or communications to be executed.

(d) Combination of Control Methods. In the absence of unlimited assets and

a perfect capability to see and communicate with all aviation assets in the airspace, the optimal method of controlling aircraft and missiles is by using a combination of positive and procedural methods. The appropriate mix of positive and procedural methods depends on the underlying concepts on which the aviation force is based, how the aviation force envisions the battle unfolding, and the capabilities possessed to control the aviation force. Combining the Marine Corps warfighting philosophy of maneuver warfare with the limited means of the MAGTF for positive control yields a specific combination of methods—positive control by exception. When using control by exception, control agencies provide positive control to aviation assets not as a normal process, but in exceptional cases where the positive control agency’s information is better, or more current, than that possessed by the aviation asset.

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FIGURE 1

B. Introduction and Phase-In of the MACCS Elements. Having commenced the amphibious landing, a description of the phase-in of the MACCS elements and the interrelationship, which will exist between the Navy agencies afloat, and our MACCS agencies arriving ashore is in order. Also, a brief description of those agencies in terms of capabilities, functions and equipment will be addressed. We will begin with the Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) elements coming ashore.

1. LAAD sections may initially come ashore with the Ground Combat Element

(GCE), in direct support, providing coverage of the maneuver forces. Notionally, a LAAD battery consisting of two platoons would be assigned to a MEB - six sections of five teams each - with the firing potential for 120 Stinger missiles (load out for each team is normally 4 missiles) plus reserves. LAAD sections supporting the assault may collocate and coordinate their activities with the FAC to deconflict supporting friendly OAS aircraft from potential threat aircraft. These sections will be controlled by their platoon commanders as directed by the Battery Commander. The LAAD commander or his

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representative would provide hostile early warning alerts from the Tactical Air Control Center (TACC) afloat. As the MAGTF foothold is expanded, Stinger sections would also operate in general support of the MAGTF, providing area coverage for vital areas such as airfields, port facilities or beach support areas important to the amphibious operation.

a. The mission of LAAD is to provide close-in, low altitude surface to air

weapons fires in defense of forward combat areas, maneuver forces, vital assets, and/or units engaged in special or independent operations.

Stinger specifications

(1) Wt - 34.51lb (2 Length - 60" (3) Guidance - IR/UV Homing (4) Max Alt - 10,000' (5) Min Alt < 500' (6) Max Speed - MACH 2+

b. LAAD is an integral part of the integrated air defense system, covering areas that other elements of the air defense system are unable to defend.

2. The next agency ashore would most likely be the Senior Fire Support

Coordination Center (FSCC). Although the FSCC is not part of the MACCS, its inclusion in this discussion is significant because of the relationship with the Direct Air Support Center (DASC). The DASC should land in serial with the Senior FSCC.

a. There are FSCCs at every level of battalion-size and larger forces to

provide coordination of supporting arms, ground artillery, surface fire support and air assets.

b. The battalion FSCC coming ashore with the initial assault wave would

immediately assume a limited degree of authority to coordinate supporting arms against targets of opportunity. Until the senior level FSCC is phased ashore in subsequent assault waves and control and coordination of supporting arms is passed ashore, the Supporting Arms Coordination Center (SACC), will exercise overall control and coordination of supporting arms assets. To aid in air support coordination, the DASC will come ashore and locate with the senior FSCC.

3. The DASC is the principle air control agency responsible for the conduct of

tactical air and assault support operations directly supporting the ground forces. The DASC answers directly to the Tactical Air Control Center (TACC afloat) when control is afloat or the Tactical Air Command Center (USMC TACC ashore) when control is ashore.

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a. Involved with all six functions of Marine aviation with regard to their

interface with the GCE, the DASC is closely associated with assault support and offensive air support operations.

b. The DASC does not have a radar and must rely on procedural control

measures, (previously agreed upon and promulgated control points, altitudes, airspeeds, and other control measures) as well as positive single channel communication with aircraft in order to control aircraft from one location to another in support of the ground forces.

c. Based on the level of air activity as well as the size of the GCE, the DASC

will task organize, and may employ a MRQ-12v1 communications suite, MRC-148s and MRC-145s, and the Airborne DASC (DASC[A]) or some combination of the above.

d. The DASC - FSCC interface is crucial to the integration of air support with

other supporting arms. The DASC may not receive copies of the pre-planned JTARs/ASRs since it is not involved in formulating the Air Tasking Order (ATO). The DASC is responsible, however, for executing the ATO by adjusting pre-planned schedules or diverting airborne assets at the request of the GCE. Further, the DASC is the agency responsible to locate and assign assets for immediate air support requests. Launch and divert authority for offensive air support and assault support aircraft may be delegated to the DASC by the Senior Watch Officer (SWO) within the TACC to expedite the fulfillment of air support requests.

4. An Early Warning/Control (EW/C) capability can be provided by a TPS-63

radar and a single AN/TYQ-23 Tactical Air Operations Module (TAOM). An EW/C augments the naval force's radar surveillance picture over land and provide cueing to USMC Ground Based Air Defense (GBAD). An EW/C is usually the first element of the TAOC to come ashore.

a. The mission of the EW/C is primarily surveillance, detection and

identification of air targets. The EW/C can be task organized to control the interception of hostile air targets, provide navigational assistance to friendly aircraft or provide cueing to LAAD. The overriding consideration is that the EW/C does not have the assets to perform all the tasks of a full TAOC.

b. Due to limited assets, AAW control will never be phased ashore to the

EW/C except in specified sectors for short periods. All reporting responsibilities will be to the Air Warfare commander (AWC) aboard ship.

5. The ATC detachment is the primary terminal air control agency within the

MACCS. The role of the ATC detachment is to provide continuous, all-

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weather radar/non-radar approach, departure, enroute, and tower Air Traffic Control services within assigned controlled airspace to friendly aircraft. The Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW) accomplishes this by supporting the MAGTF with up to three ATC detachments at three main air bases and up to nine Marine ATC Mobile Teams (MMT) at air facilities/air sites. The ATC detachment will be integrated into the air defense system as appropriate.

a. Each ATC detachment is capable of providing all-weather Air Traffic

Control services. Typically, control of MAGTF aviation assets within assigned airspace is coordinated between the ATC detachment and the TAOC under the cognizance of the TACC. Each ATC detachment can provide three MMTs.

b. An MMT will be tasked organized for the mission; however, the standard is

the MMT being composed of four Marine air traffic controllers and two technicians. MMT's can provide continuous non-radar air traffic control services for up to 72 hours without re-supply. During amphibious operations, MMT's may be established ashore initially and eventually be built up into full ATC detachments. The equipment an MMT may use at an air facility/air site is scenario dependent and may include the Remote Landing Site Tower (RLST) system, and the Distance and Measuring Equipment (DAME).

The TRN-41 DAME is a manportable Tactical Aid to Navigation (TACAN). which provides azimuth and distance information out to a 40 nautical mile radius.

c. The ATC detachment's equipment for a FOB main air base includes the Marine Air Traffic Control and Landing System (MATCALS), NAVAIDs, control tower, and support equipment.

(1) Marine Air Traffic Control and Landing System (MATCALS). The ATC

detachment at a main air base, with MATCALS, provides continuous radar approach, departure, and enroute air traffic control services within its assigned airspace. Consisting of three subsystems, MATCALS enables ATC to collect, evaluate and display data, make control decisions, and disseminate information. The three subsystems of MATCALS are:

(a) Air Traffic Control Subsystem (ATCS) is a two-dimensional (60

nautical mile) surveillance radar. The ATCS is identification, friend or foe (IFF) capable. Radar and IFF information are processed and forwarded to other agencies via Link 11b and voice.

(b) The All-Weather Landing Subsystem (ALS), operating in a linear mode, is a 10 nautical mile, phased array, precision approach radar

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which provides Automatic Carrier Landing System (ACLS) Mode I, Mode II, and Mode III approach services for FOB all-weather landings. ACLS data exchange with appropriately configured aircraft is accomplished via TADIL-C. The ALS enables Marine Aviation to recover to the Air Base in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (weather less than 3 miles visibility and a 1000ft ceiling).

(c) Control and Communication Subsystem (CCS). The CCS functions as a collection point for radar data produced by the ATCS and the ALS. The CCS, having a single or dual shelter capability, provides operator Processor Display Set (PDS) consoles, each with its own communications capability. The PDS consoles serve as operational workstations for the crewmembers. In addition to the intercom and switchboard circuits, the CCS provides access to high frequency (HF), ultrahigh frequency (UHF) AM, and very high frequency (VHF) AM/FM circuits.

(2) NAVAIDS. The ATC detachment at a main air base will also possess a dual-channel TACAN with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) NAVAID. This TACAN with DME provides standard high altitude navigational/position information out to 200 nautical miles.

(3) Control Tower. The control tower contains the radios and equipment

necessary to provide control of friendly aircraft and ground personnel in and around a main air base.

6. As the force beachhead is expanded and additional units of the MACCS are

phased ashore, the EW/C will be built-up to a full TAOC in order to provide surveillance, weapons control, and traffic management of the ACE's aviation assets.

a. The TAOC is characterized by surveillance radars, the TPS-59 and TPS-

63. It also has operations modules containing the scopes, communications and tactical data links necessary to provide surveillance, weapons control, and airspace/traffic management of its assigned sector.

b. With the TAOC established ashore, the commander of the landing force

(CLF) may declare that he is prepared to assume AAW responsibilities in a designated sector.

7. The next element ashore, the MAGTF TACC is designated a Tactical Air

Direction Center (TADC) until the MAGTF commander assumes control of the tactical air operations in the Amphibious Objective Area. The TADC is a function which is established for a given period of time and for a specified purpose; usually that of coordinating air operations in a given area of responsibility (Landward sector of AOA). While this TADC is being built, the

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Navy still retains overall control of our aviation assets through the TACC afloat.

8. Once all control functions have been passed ashore to the MACCS, the

command of the MACCS will also shift ashore. At that point, the TADC becomes a Tactical Air Command Center (Marine TACC).

9. The role of the TACC is to function as the senior Marine air command and

control agency and to serve as the operational command post of the ACE commander or his designated representative.

10. The Navy TACC then reverts to a subordinate TADC status and proceeds

with their tasking. All of this movement ashore has taken some time. Typically, establishing a complete MACCS as described may take from 18 - 21 days. This could increase if severe opposition to the amphibious landing is encountered.

11. Marine Wing Communications Squadron (MWCS). The MWCS is the primary

communication organization within the Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), and is a subordinate squadron within the Marine Air Control Group (MACG).

a. MWCS 28/38 consists of a Headquarters and two MWCS Detachments.

MWCS-18/48 consists of a Headquarters element and one MWCS Detachment. Each detachment is made up of a Detachment Headquarters and five operational platoons.

b. Mission. Provide expeditionary communications for the Aviation Combat

Element (ace) of a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), including the phased deployment of task-organized elements thereof.

c. Tasks

(1) Provide for the effective command of subordinate detachments.

(2) Assist in the systems planning and engineering of ACE communications; and install, operate, and maintain expeditionary communications for command and control of the MEF ACE.

(3) Provide Operational Systems Control centers, as required, to coordinate communication functions internally and externally to the ACE.

(4) Provide calibration and repair facility for all ground common test measurement diagnostic equipment (TMDE) in the Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW).

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(5) Provide maintenance support for ground common communications equipment in the MAW.

(6) Provide the digital backbone communications support for the ACE Command Element (CE), forward operating bases, and Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS) agencies for up to two airfields per detachment.

(7) Provide Tactical, Automated Switching, and telephone services for the ACE CE, and Tactical Air Command Center (TACC).

(8) Provide electronic message distribution for the ACE CE, primary MACCS agencies, and tenant units.

(9) Provide external, single-channel radio and radio retransmission communications support for ACE operations, as required.

(10) Provide deployed wide area network, and deployed local area network server support for the ACE CE, and primary MACCS agencies.

(11) Provide the Support Cryptographic Site (SCS), for all ground common and MACCS assigned communication security equipment within the ACE.

(12) Plan and coordinate individual and unit training, as required to qualify subordinate detachments for tactical deployment and combat operations.

III. Summary A. The MAGTF is task organized with the MACCS agencies necessary to perform

the six functions of Marine aviation. The MACCS is organized, trained and equipped to support amphibious operations and subsequent operations ashore –generating combat power for the MAGTF.

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CHAPTER FOUR – POST TEST

CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT AND MISSILES

1. What are the principle objectives of the MACCS? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The control of aircraft and missiles function _______________ and focuses the

other five functions of USMC aviation. 3. USMC aviation operates under what principle philosophy? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the definition of Air Direction? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the definition of Air Control? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. MACCS agencies accomplish airspace control via what. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER FIVE

ELECTRONIC WARFARE

Lesson Purpose: To expose the reader to electronic warfare as a function of Marine Aviation. References (a) JP 3-51 Electronic Warfare (b) MCWP 3-40.5, Electronic Warfare I. Introduction

"He who controls the Electro-Magnetic Spectrum, controls the outcome of any conflict..."

-S.G. Gorshkov Admiral, FSU Navy

A. Marine Corps warfighting philosophy is focused on shattering the enemy's cohesion through a series of rapid, violent and unexpected actions which create a turbulent and deteriorating situation for the enemy. Electronic Warfare (EW) integrated into the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) scheme of maneuver, is a means to shatter the enemy's cohesion. EW can deny, degrade, disrupt, or destroy enemy command and control (C2).

EW is tailorable. The unseen supporting fires of EW can be employed with the destructive maneuver element of an attack, as a screen, as deception, and for intelligence gathering. The subdivisions of electronic warfare—Electronic Warfare Support (ES), Electronic Attack (EA), and Electronic Protection (EP)—can be integrated together or applied independently. EW can be used from the tactical to the strategic level of warfare. EW is also a component of a larger operational Information Warfare (IW) plan. The MAGTF's EW efforts are closely linked with the objectives of the supported Joint Task Force (JTF) in a single battle concept.

B. EW is a versatile tool through which the MAGTF commander can support higher

and adjacent units. Most importantly the MAGTF's EW assets support the MAGTF commander's objectives and intent. The EW units organic to the Marine Corps are Radio Battalions and Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadrons (VMAQs); however, any MAGTF unit can apply EW weapons and tactics. EW includes tactics from radio net surveillance and self-defense jamming to GPS jamming and battlespace surveillance to EW as a force protection measure.

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This lesson focuses on EW as a function of Marine Aviation; therefore, it focuses on the EA-6B Prowler and the VMAQs. EW as a Marine Aviation function, however, does not normally stand-alone. It is integrated into the MAGTF scheme of maneuver and the MAGTF IW plan. In turn, these MAGTF warfighting efforts are closely linked to JTF and coalition objectives.

II. Body

A. EA-6B Support to the MAGTF. As Combatant Commanders (COCOMs) respond to crises around the world, the MAGTF stands out as the force of choice. Support to the MAGTF from the EA-6B in every type of operation, from peace-keeping and peace enforcement to full-scale conflicts, enhances the ability of the MAGTF commander to seize and maintain the initiative and control the tempo. As the complexity of warfighting increases, efficient information flow and decision-making must keep pace with the chaotic battlespace. The capabilities of the EA-6B arm the MAGTF commander with multi-dimensional means to protect his own decision cycle while manipulating the enemy’s perception of the battlespace and forcing the threat into a reactive response. The EA-6B is a necessary component of the swift, flexible MAGTF.

Whether operating independently as a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), as a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU SOC), or in support of joint or coalition forces, the MAGTF will heavily rely on command-and-control and speed. With today's complex C2 systems, usually mixed systems including military and commercial-off-the-shelf systems employed in non-doctrinal schemes, the MAGTF requires a dedicated EW capability to control the electromagnetic spectrum and to integrate into the IW objective of attaining informational superiority.

A. Integration and Flexibility. EA-6B support provided by the VMAQs can be

immediately integrated into MAGTF operations as any other form of airborne fire support. EA-6B crews share a common doctrinal background with the rest of the MAGTF making their integration seamless. WTIs among the EA-6B crews provide organic expertise on deliberate and rapid planning and the integration of all Marine aviation capabilities.

B. EW Across the Spectrum. The EA-6B brings much more than just radar jamming

to the MAGTF. With bulk chaff pods, communications jamming and surveillance equipment, electronic intelligence collection capabilities, High Speed Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARM), and a mission-tailored load of radar jamming pods, the EA-6B packages EW capabilities to support all levels of MAGTF operations. EW is a real-time capable, highly flexible, tailorable, non-lethal means of monitoring, manipulating, suppressing, and defeating threats across the Electro-Magnetic (EM) spectrum. EW can be applied to all areas a MAGTF expects to encounter across the spectrum of conflict. The EA-6B is the only fast, flexible

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response for airborne EW tasking directly subordinate to the MAGTF commander.

C. Unseen Supporting Fires for the MAGTF

1. EW and the GCE. The Air Combat Element (ACE) can be both a maneuver

element and a supporting effort for the Ground Combat Element (GCE). The ACE accomplishes this through six functions: control of aircraft and missiles, anti-air warfare, assault support, aerial reconnaissance, offensive air support and EW. Of these six functions, EW is often the least visible to the MAGTF and thus, the least understood.

2. EA-6B EW Capabilities. The Prowler is equipped with a radar jamming

system, a communications jammer, and electronic signal receivers. Its configuration may include a combination of jamming pods, chaff pods, and HARM. The EA-6B operates primarily from main air bases and aircraft carriers. The Prowler can also use air facilities, including expeditionary airfields.

Missions assigned to the EA-6B range from supporting interdiction strikes to collecting intelligence to supporting Close Air Support (CAS) for the GCE. EW’s role in attaining MAGTF objectives involves assisting other ACE assets and supporting the GCE directly. Through its tactical flexibility, the Prowler offers several essential contributions to GCE.

3. Reactive SEAD (RSEAD). RSEAD addresses the re-establishment of air

superiority after the enemy introduces prohibitive interference with a surface-to-air threat. Enemy air defenses have evolved into significant threats. Specifically, mobile Surface-to-Air-Missiles (SAMs) provide the enemy with a means to interfere with CAS thus denying air superiority to friendly forces. Since CAS requires air superiority—the absence of prohibitive interference—RSEAD is used to re-establish the conditions necessary for CAS.

The EA-6B is an essential tool for establishing air superiority through offensive anti-air warfare (OAAW) and the suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD). Operations Desert Storm and Allied Force were classic examples of gaining air superiority through OAAW and SEAD. Even in today's age of littoral warfare and military operations other than war, we will still likely face air defenses as complex as those of Iraq and Serbia. The proliferation of weapons from many different countries has allowed threat forces to posses several highly lethal and mobile SAMs.

Mobile SAMs, which are difficult to locate and target, can unexpectedly interfere with CAS. With their mobility and lethality, these weapons can severely degrade the effectiveness of CAS and even bring it to a halt.

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Through RSEAD, the EA-6B helps the ACE provide uninterrupted CAS in the face of prohibitive interference.

EA-6B crews coordinate RSEAD missions with the forward air controller (FAC). Jamming and HARM from the Prowler suppress radar-guided weapons interfering with CAS. Because the Prowler generally remains behind the forward line of own troops (FLOT), Marines on the ground employing CAS will probably not even know that EA-6Bs are in support. The important result is that the EA-6B contributes to effective and continuous CAS by denying enemy interference.

4. Counter-Battery Radar Jamming. The EA-6B can also provide valuable

support to the GCE's artillery and mortar units by neutralizing deadly counter-battery fire. Many potential threats employ counter-battery radars to locate and target opposing indirect firing units. These forces may also use complex fire control systems to enhance counter-battery targeting. The EA-6B, in its anti-counter-battery role, can degrade such systems to deny or degrade the targeting of friendly indirect fire units.

After coordinating with the fire support coordination center (FSCC), via the DASC, the EA-6B can localize and target enemy counter-battery radars for jamming. Due to the nature of the Prowler's jamming footprint, it is possible to target enemy counter-battery radars without interfering with friendly counter-battery radars. In the end, the EA-6B's degradation of enemy counter-battery targeting allows for effective employment of MAGTF indirect fires.

5. Threat Warning. Threat warning is an integral part of the Prowler's mission.

The EA-6B crew can assist GCE and ACE commanders with their decision-making by reporting combat information in a timely manner.

The electronic emissions of an enemy air or surface unit often reveal that unit's intentions. The EA-6B can detect, localize, and identify these emissions. The EA-6B crew passes this information through the MACCS for immediate dissemination to GCE and ACE commanders

8. Bulk Chaff. During assault support missions such as combat assault

transport, aerial delivery and air evacuation, the EA-6B may be used to prevent the detection and targeting of helicopters and KC-130s. By laying a bulk chaff corridor that interferes with threat radars and their associated weapons, the EA-6B is able to shield assault support aircraft from enemy detection and targeting. In this role, the Prowler contributes to successful execution of important assault support missions for the GCE.

E. EW Application. Table 1 summarizes the general applications of EW as a

function of Marine Aviation.

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EW MISSION APPLICATION

ES (RSEAD) Threat Warning And Intelligence Collection Through Timely, Precise Detection And Localization Of Threats That May Present Prohibitive Interference To Close Air Support Or Armed Reconnaissance

EA (RSEAD)

Suppression Of Prohibitive And Non-Prohibitive Surface To Air Threats, During CAS Or Armed Reconnaissance, With RSEAD Strike Coordination, With Radar Jamming And With Anti-Radiation Missile Attacks On Threat Acquisition And Targeting Systems

ES (Air Interdiction/OAAW)

Timely And Precise Collection And Localization Of Radar, Communications, And Data-Link Signals In Support Of Air Operations And Intelligence Collection In Deep Battle

EA (Air Interdiction/OAAW)

Radar Jamming, Bulk Chaff And Anti-Radiation Missiles Against Threat, Detection, Acquisition, And Targeting Systems; Deception With Jamming And Bulk Chaff; And Communications/Data-Link Jamming In Deep Battle

Other ES

Electronic Battle Damage Assessment By Monitoring Signals From Targets; Timely And Precise Threat Warning; Localization Of Threat Fire Support Radars, Communications, And Command And Control Nodes To Support GCE, Assault Support, TACAIR, And Intelligence

Other EA

Degrading Threat Fire Support Radars And Communications With Jamming And Bulk Chaff; Degrading Threat Command And Control Nodes With Communications Jamming, Data-Link Jamming, Radar Jamming, Bulk Chaff, And Anti-Radiation Missiles To Support GCE, Assault Support, And TACAIR

Table 1 Marine Aviation EW Capabilities

III. Summary

EA-6B's Availability to the MAGTF. Though the EA-6B is a low-density, high demand asset in support of joint and coalition task forces, it is also a MAGTF asset. From Operation Desert Storm to Operation Iraqi Freedom and to today, Prowlers support MAGTF missions in addition to joint and coalition tasking. Fifty- percent of EA-6B sorties in Desert Storm supported I MEF objectives directly. Approximately 40-45% of EA-6B missions from 2004-2006 in OIF II were in direct support of the MNF-W commander – I MEF or II MEF with other attached forces.

Commanders at all levels throughout the MAGTF must be familiar with the support available from the EA-6B to accomplish MAGTF objectives. Like other

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forms of airborne fire support such as CAS and DAS, pre-planned EW support may be requested by ground forces using the Joint Tactical Airstrike Request form DD-1972. Immediate support may be requested through the DASC.

IV. Definitions

IO (Information Operations) — Actions taken to affect adversary information and information systems while defending one’s own information and information systems. IW (Information Warfare) — Information operations conducted during time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives over a specific adversary or adversaries EW (Electronic Warfare) — Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, reduce, exploit or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action which retains friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ES (Electronic Warfare Support) — That division of EW involving actions taken under direct control of an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition. EA (Electronic Attack) — That division of EW involving the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability. EP (Electronic Protection) — That division of EW involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.

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CHAPTER FIVE – POST TEST

ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW)

1. What are the main subsets of Electronic Warfare?

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. The _______________ is the only fast, flexible response for airborne EW

tasking directly subordinate to the MAGTF Commander. 3. Preplanned EW support may be requested using what form? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Immediate EW support may be requested by contacting the _______________? 5. What is the definition of Electronic Warfare? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER SIX

OFFENSIVE AIR SUPPORT

LESSON PURPOSE: To review the tasks, functions, and assets associated with USMC offensive air support (OAS) operations. Reference(s): (a) MCDP-1, Warfighting (b)MCWP 3-23, Offensive Air Support (c) MCWP 3-23.1, Close Air Support (d) Joint Pub 3-09.3, JCAS (e) MCWP 3-23.2, Deep Air Support I. Introduction

A. Offensive Air Support is defined as, "those air operations conducted against enemy installations, facilities, and personnel to directly assist the attainment of MAGTF objectives by the destruction of enemy resources or the isolation of his military force." This presentation will serve to familiarize you with OAS and the MAGTF's potential application of its capabilities.

B. History. Command of the battlefield has been a goal that commanders

throughout history have strived to attain and maintain. With the introduction of "flying machines", this battlefield now included the airspace over it. Balloons were first used extensively in combat for observation and artillery direction during the Civil War. From that time on, commanders have used aircraft to influence the battlefield and achieve their objectives. Attack aviation was initiated in earnest during the First World War, where sustained efforts in armed reconnaissance and strategic bombing were made by the major participants. From this initial application to the present, offensive air support has increased in importance, and in some examples, constituted the deciding factor between victor and vanquished.

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II. Body

A. OAS Functions

1. Combined Arms. The MAGTF's combat power is enhanced by the concept of combined arms. Combined arms is the full integration of arms in such a way, that in order to counteract one, the enemy must make himself more vulnerable to another. To accomplish this, a task organized MAGTF will integrate its aviation assets with its organic fire support assets, to effectively support the MAGTF scheme of maneuver.

2. OAS operations apply firepower against our opponents' war making and

sustaining capabilities. This firepower may be applied for one of two functions: the neutralization or destruction of the assigned target.

a. Destruction. Destruction missions destroy enemy forces, equipment,

supplies, and installations. Destruction of the target may be difficult to achieve contingent upon the threat, target composition, MAGTF aviation assets and available weapons.

b. Neutralization. Neutralization missions render areas, weapons, or enemy

forces ineffective for a specified time. Neutralization may be applied when we cannot afford to dedicate the assets to destroy our opponent, or when we decide that the most efficient application of force would be to "shut him down" for a set period of time, rendering the requirement for destruction unnecessary.

3. The MAGTF commander utilizes OAS throughout the operational spectrum to

assist in attaining MAGTF objectives. "The MAGTF commander shapes the battlefield by focusing combined arms against critical enemy vulnerabilities. The destruction or neutralization of these targets creates the conditions for decisive action. The firepower, mobility, and flexibility provided by OAS are critical in establishing favorable conditions for deep, close, and rear operations."

B. OAS categories. USMC OAS operations are divided into two major categories:

CAS (Close Air Support) and DAS (Deep Air Support).

1. Deep Air Support. Deep air support can be conducted in the form of either armed reconnaissance or air interdiction. The MAGTF commander utilizes DAS to shape the battlefield. DAS is defined as "air action against enemy targets at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each mission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not required." DAS can be conducted on both sides of the FSCL. When DAS is required short of the FSCL, coordination with the friendly forces is required.

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a. Air Interdiction. Air interdiction is defined as, "air operations conducted to

destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy's military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required."

b. Armed Reconnaissance. Armed reconnaissance is defined as "locating and attacking targets of opportunity, i.e., enemy material, personnel, and facilities, in assigned general areas or along assigned ground communication routes, and not for the purpose of attacking specific/located briefed targets." Armed reconnaissance offers the MAGTF commander a capability to address mobile enemy force structure targets enroute to the battlefield.

c. Strike Coordination and Reconnaissance. SCAR is defined as “a mission flown for the purpose of acquiring and reporting deep air support targets and coordinating armed reconnaissance or air interdiction missions upon those targets.” The breadth of the SCAR mission may range from passing a target location up to providing a mark for the attacking aircraft. The SCAR mission should not be confused with FAC(A) mission. The SCAR mission, as with other DAS missions, does not require the detailed integration with surface forces for the delivery of munitions. Because of this, there is no special qualification required for an aircraft to be tasked with the mission.

2. Close Air Support. Close air support is defined as, "air action against hostile

targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces." CAS allows the MAGTF Commander to concentrate firepower at the decisive place and time to achieve local combat superiority. It can be employed in both offensive and defensive operations.

C. OAS Capabilities and Limitations. OAS represents a large percentage of the

MAGTF's combat power. The MAGTF commander relies upon OAS to attack targets that other supporting arms cannot, due to capability or availability. The MAGTF should integrate the fires of all its assets to achieve a combined arms effect. Historically, the fires provided by attack aviation assets have provided capabilities against targets that the GCE weapons could not address.

1. OAS Capabilities

a. Variety of attack b. Observation c. Responsiveness d. Flexibility

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e. Radius of action f. Firepower and mobility g. Accuracy h. Availability i. Morale factor

2. OAS Limitations

a. Limited visibility b. Weather c. Target identification d. Time on station e. Radius of action f. Communications g. Enemy defenses

D. Support Requirements. Mission planners must identify all threats to OAS aircraft,

analyze each threat, and identify the support requirements and tactics necessary to counter the threat. Support requirements can consist of:

1. Fighter escort 2. Electronic Warfare (EW) 3. Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) 4. Tankers 5. Reconnaissance 6. Deception 7. Confusion 8. Operations security

E. OAS Assets

1. C3 System. The MACCS described in Chapter Four is essential to the

successful conduct of USMC OAS operations. It is this system that ensures that the required attack aviation assets get to the appropriate customer, in the shortest possible time. Of the MACCS agencies, the DASC is the most involved in the execution of OAS.

2. OAS Attack Aviation Assets. There are 4 different platforms that the ACE may

utilize to provide OAS for the MAGTF. These platforms are the AH-1W "Cobra", UH-1N "Huey", AV-8B "Harrier", and FA-18 "Hornet". The AH-1W, UH-1N, and FA-18D aircrew are also trained as FAC(A)s, enabling these platforms to be used as airborne terminal controllers if required. The general capabilities of each of these platforms are listed below.

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a. AH-1W Capabilities

(1) Targeting systems/sensors: Night Targeting System (FLIR / Laser designator / rangefinder) IR marker (IZLID 1000)

(2) Weapons:

Missiles: BGM-71 TOW AGM-114 Hellfire Rockets: 5" ZUNI 2.75" Guns: 20 mm Gun

* Typical OAS configuration = (3) Hellfire N/M/K, (2) TOW, (7) 2.75" rockets, and (300) rounds 20 mm.

(3) Communication equipment

VHF / UHF / FM / HAVEQUICK / SINCGARS

b. UH-1N Capabilities

(1) Targeting Systems/Sensors: Star SAFIRE (FLIR / Laser Rangefinder) BRITE Star (FLIR / CCD TV / Laser designator / Laser Rangefinder) NVGs IR marker (IZLID 200/IZLID 1000)

(2) Weapons: Rockets: 2.75" Guns: 7.62mm GAU-17 .50cal GAU-16 7.62 mm M-240

(3) Communication equipment:

UHF / VHF / FM / HF / HAVEQUICK / SINCGARS / Non-DAMA

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SatCom * Typical OAS configuration = (7) 2.75" rockets, (400) rounds .50 cal APEI, and (1500) rounds GAU-17.

c. AV-8B Capabilities

(1) Targeting Systems / Sensors:

ARBS Optical and/or Laser spot tracker (not in AV-8B II Plus) Navigation FLIR (AV8B Night attack / AV8B II Plus only) Targeting FLIR / Laser designator / IR marker (Litening II configured

A/C) APG-65 Radar (AV8B II Plus only) NVGs

(2) Weapons

Bombs: MK-82/83

GBU-12/16 Laser Guided Bomb MK-20 Rockeye CBU-78 Gator MK-77 Napalm GBU-32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) Missiles: AGM-65E Laser maverick Guns: GAU-12 25MM Gatling gun Rockets: 5" ZUNI 2.75" Illum: LUU-2B/B Parachute Flares LUU-19 IR Parachute Flares

(3) Communication equipment

VHF / UHF / FM / HAVEQUICK / SINCGARS

d. FA-18 A/C/D Capabilities

(1) Targeting Systems/Sensors: APG-65 / 73 Radar Link 16 / MIDS Nitehawk Targeting FLIR / laser designator

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Litening AT Targeting Pod (A+/D) AT FLIR (A+/C) Laser Designator Tracker (LDT) NVGs

(2) Weapons: Bombs: MK-82/83/84 MK-20 Rockeye CBU-78 Gator/ MK-77 Napalm GBU-12/16/10 GBU-24 Hard Target Penetrator MK-82/83/84 Destructors MK-52/55/56 Bottom Moored Mines MK-62/63/64/65 Quick strike Mines GBU-31/32/38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) AGM-154 Joint Stand-Off Weapon (JSOW) Missiles: AGM-65E Laser Maverick AGM-88 HARM AGM-84 SLAM-ER Guns: M61A1 20MM Cannon Rockets: 5" ZUNI 2.75" Misc: LUU-2B/B Parachute Flares LUU-19 IR Parafrare Tactical Air Launched Decoy (TALD)

(3) Communication equipment: VHF / UHF / FM / HAVEQUICK / SINCGARS III. Summary

The MAGTF commander utilizes OAS as an integral part of his combined arms team. OAS constitutes a large percentage of the MAGTF's combat power making up for a structural deficiency in artillery assets. Historically, the US Marines have been on the cutting edge of attack aviation innovation. A sound understanding of the tasks, functions, and requirements associated with OAS ensure that we will continue the tradition.

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CHAPTER SIX – POST TEST

OFFENSIVE AIR SUPPORT (OAS)

1. What are the two functions of the firepower applied by OAS? _________________________ or _________________________ 2. What is the definition of Deep Air Support? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the definition of Air Interdiction? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the definition of Close Air Support? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER ONE – POST TEST ANSWERS

AIR RECONNAISSANCE

1. What are the two types of air reconnaissance? Strategic Recon and Tactical Recon 2. What is the only MAGTF asset that performs air reconnaissance as its primary mission? The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) 3. Which USMC aircraft are assigned the mission of visual reconnaissance?

All USMC aircraft are assigned a secondary mission of visual reconnaissance

4. What are some advantages/capabilities of the UAS? Real time Information Small signatureNo risk to Aircrew Combination video/flir camera 5. What are some disadvantages/limitations of the ATARS? Reliability of SAR Must set Radar/EO record status pre mission Poor datalink reliability May require dedicated air asset vice embedded 6. How are air reconnaissance missions received? Via JTAR/SR (Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance Request)

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CHAPTER TWO – POST TEST ANSWERS

ANTI-AIR WARFARE (AAW)

1. What is the definition of Anti-Air Warfare (AAW)? The action that is required to distroy or reduce to an acceptable level the enemy air and missile threat 2. What are the two types of anti-air warfare? Offensive Anti-Air Warfare (OAAW) and Air Defense 3. Passive air defense constitutes all measures other than active air defense, which include what. Cover, Concealment, Camouflage, Deception, Dispersion, and Protective Construction 4. What are the three specific tasks that define AAW? Preemptive Measures, Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD), and Local Air Superiority Measures 5. What is the primary purpose of AAW? To gain and maintain Air Superiority 6. What are the three principles of AAW? Destruction-in-depth, Mutual Support, and Centralized Command & Decentralized Control

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CHAPTER THREE – POST TEST ANSWERS

ASSAULT SUPPORT

1. What six USMC aircraft are included in assault support? MV-22, CH-46, CH-53, AH-1, UH-1, & KC-130 2. Assault support missions can be categorized as? Preplanned and Immediate 3. MAGTF units can request assault support by submitting what type of request form? Assault Support Request (ASR) or Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR) 4. What agency typically can divert airborne assets from missions of lower priority or launch them from a FOB or FARP in response to an immediate request? Direct Air Support Center (DASC) or Helicopter Direction Center (HDC) 5. List three of the seven assault support missions.

Combat Assault Support Air Delivery Aerial Refueling Air Evacuation Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP) Air Logistics Support Battlefield Illumination

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CHAPTER FOUR – POST TEST ANSWERS

CONTROL OF AIRCRAFT AND MISSILES

1. What are the principle objectives of the MACCS? Enhance unity of effort, Integrate the elements of the command and control systems, and Disseminate common situational awareness. 2. The control of aircraft and missiles function integrates and focuses the other five functions of USMC aviation. 3. USMC aviation operates under what principle philosophy? Centralized Command and Decentralized Control 4. What is the definition of Air Direction? The authority to regulate the employment of air resources, including both aircraft and surface-to-air weapons, to maintain a balance between their availability and the priorities assigned for their use. 5. What is the definition of Air Direction? The authority to direct the physical maneuver of aircraft in flight or to direct an aircraft or surface-to-air weapon unit to engage a specific target. 6. MACCS agencies accomplish airspace control via what. Positive Control, Procedural Control, or a Combination of Positive and Procedural Control.

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CHAPTER FIVE – POST TEST ANSWERS

ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW)

1. What are the main subsets of Electronic Warfare? Electronic Warfare Support (ES), Electronic Attack (EA), and Electronic Protection (EP) 2. The EA-6B is the only fast, flexible response for airborne EW tasking directly subordinate to the MAGTF Commander. 3. Preplanned EW support may be requested via what. The Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR) DD Form 1972 4. Immediate EW support may be requested by contacting the DASC 5. What is the definition of Electronic Warfare? Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, reduce, exploit or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action which retains friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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CHAPTER SIX – POST TEST ANSWERS

OFFENSIVE AIR SUPPORT (OAS)

1. What are the two functions of the firepower applied by OAS? Neutralization or Destruction 2. What is the definition of Deep Air Support? Air action against enemy targets at such a distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each mission with fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. 3. What is the definition of Air Interdiction? Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy’s military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such distance from friendly that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. 4. What is the definition of Close Air Support? Air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of those forces.

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