journal of telecommunication, switching systems and networks vol 3 issue 3

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems & Networks(JoTSSN)

September–December 2016

ISSN 2454-6372 (Online)

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Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

ISSN: 2454-6372 (online)

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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of

Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks (JoTSSN), 2016. The intension of JoTSSN

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STM JOURNALS

1. Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and Possibilities MohamadShafiulAlam, Md. MirazurRahman, A.S.M Shamsul Arefin 1

2. Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless Heterogeneous Environment Manish Sachdeva, Kiran Ahuja 7

3. 2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna Rajesh Tiwari, Archana Lala, Vinod Kumar Singh, Anurag Saxena, Nikhil Kumar Singh 16

4. Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels Shally Gujral, Monika Tuteja, Kamajiit Bhatia, Harjitpal Singh 21

5. Articulation Point Technique in MANET Neetendra Singh Dhakad, Anjana Goen 25

ContentsJournal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

JoTSSN (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks ISSN: 2454-6372(online)

Volume 3, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and

Possibilities

Mohamad Shafiul Alam1,*, Md. Mirazur Rahman

2, A.S.M Shamsul Arefin

3

1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Northern University Bangladesh,

Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract Research directions indicate a behemoth shift will be required from the existing framework to

activate 5G in full swing. Current researches are intensively working in this field, however, it

will take significant time to reach the ultimate goal. Emphasis has been given on the factors

and challenges of 5G, solutions have been proposed accordingly, and some ideas about the

architecture have been achieved so far. The work shown in this study is not necessarily a

radical one, rather demonstrated the challenges, their possible solutions, and more

importantly the proposed solutions are precisely discussed in the context of the architecture. It

has been assumed that the whole architecture is closely adjacent to the existing 4G

architecture, except that all those elements in the same architecture will be far more capable

to enable 5G. Addressing the requirements in a very precise approach, addressing the

solutions, and finally locating exactly where they would be applied within the architecture is

the main objective.

Keywords: 5G, LTE, adaptation, macrocell, MIMO

INTRODUCTION With the advancement of technologies in

cellular network, the fifth generation (5G) is

not just going to be a gradual evolution from

4G and previous ones, rather a massive shift

from the existing system. The eventual goal of

5G is to connect multiple devices under a

unified umbrella for any kind of beneficial

application. The application can be used to

design smart home, safe traffic supervision,

automated industry process as well as to

transfer bulk media files and to make video

calls.

5G networks will not be based on a single

specific network topology rather it will be the

adaptation of all earlier generations’ mobile

system with enhanced technologies like WiFi,

Internet of Things (IoT) and D2D

communications [1]. The specification of 5G

will include the development of flexible air

interface, high traffic capacity also in terms of

latency and reliability. Also development of

Narrow-Band IoTis required enabling huge

connectivity between devices. As the

technology is evolving the use of higher

spectrum for subscriber access is required but

side by side lower spectrum should exist

because the migration of user cannot be done

overnight.

The write up is a cumulative narration of the

requirements of 5G network. The business

modification and optimization works could be

done further to implement in real time. The

total system consists of multiple protocol

layers and merger of different transmission

and communication systems. Higher end smart

devices and higher bandwidth availability are

the key factors to support complex user

applications for voice and data communication

provided by the single service provider.

5G is not actually a new idea but the mixer of

all user imaginations and capacity in a single

frame. The freedom of user is unlimited. The

communication between devices should be

through different transmission media/

interfaces.




Volume 3, Issue 3

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Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless

Heterogeneous Environment

Manish Sachdeva*, Kiran Ahuja

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV Institute of Engineering and

Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Abstract Coexistence of various wireless radio access networks (RAN) and ability of mobile terminals

to switch between them efficiently makes an optimal selection of serving mobile networks for

groups of mobile-clients a major challenge with efficient load balancing. To overcome this

problem, more flexible heterogeneous wireless networks (HWN) are required with the

advantage of mobility, consistency, ubiquitous provision and improved spectral efficiency. In

this paper, network selection with load balancing criteria is proposed in HWN. In

heterogeneous environment, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) are considered. Network selection based on load

balancing is considered by quality of service (QoS) factors such as RSS (Received Signal

Strength), bandwidth, BER (Bit Error Rate), throughput and network load. Graphical results

show the efficient network selection with load balancing while prevailing required QoS for

100 users.

Keywords: Load balancing, quality of service (QoS), WiMAX, WLAN, HWN

INTRODUCTION In new generation wireless networks

(NGWN), it is a challenging job to integrate

multiple wireless access technologies to

provide mobility and smooth accessibility to

mobile users with high-speed wireless

connectivity. This will be possible with the

implementation of heterogeneous wireless

access environment where different and

disparate radio access technologies (RATs) are

grouped together to provide best connectivity

for the user. HWN is essentially made up of

existing disparate radio access network (RAN)

technologies (e.g. WiMAX, Wi-Fi, WCDMA,

GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE, etc.). They usually

consist of multiple different architectures,

transmission solutions, and base stations of

varying power capacity. The constituent

networks are used for the purposes of

improving user experience, reducing

bottlenecks in RAN and core network (CN).

HWN also introduces intelligent IP traffic

routing and manages efficient load balancing

and resource allocation. In this HWN, more

than one user terminal will seamlessly and

dynamically roam between the different RATs

(Radio Access Technologies), so as to

maintain the most optimal network

connectivity for services. It is the key issue in

resource management for heterogeneous

wireless network to decide when a device

should perform a vertical handover and the

handover execution procedure [1]. With

multiple available wireless networks, modern

mobile devices like cell phones, PDA’s,

tablets, PCs, scan these different networks and

the user manually selects which network he or

she wants to use, this leads to unbalancing in

traffic load if all the users select the network

having higher strength and ignore other

available networks. Wireless traffic load can

be balanced to avoid congestion and

performance degradation in any of the

networks [2]. In past recent years mobile data

traffic has grown exponentially due to increase

in electronic gadgets like PCs, smart-phones,

tablets, laptops, smart watches, music players,

etc., and a single wireless network is no longer

capable to serve such a huge user equipment

efficiently. So, more than one wireless

network is required for the sufficient spectrum

efficiency, coverage and service for the users

which leads to increase in demand of HWN

(Figure 1).




Volume 3, Issue 3

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2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna

Rajesh Tiwari1, Archana Lala

1, Vinod Kumar Singh

2,*, Anurag Saxena

2,

Nikhil Kumar Singh2

1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi,

Uttar Pradesh, India 2Department of Electrical Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper contains microstrip patch antenna designed by way of coaxial feed technique. The

antenna is mainly intended to be used for WiMAX middle band (3.25–3.85 GHz) wireless

applications. The result shows that wide bandwidth of 68.46% is obtained covering the

frequency range from 2.32 to 4.73 GHz. The characteristics of the designed structure are

investigated by using MoM based on electromagnetic solver, IE3d. In the end, an extensive

analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna has been

studied.

Keywords: Microstrip antenna, broadband, efficiency, bandwidth

INTRODUCTION In numerous homes and offices, the cordless

phones free us from the short leash of handset

cords. Cell phones give us even more

independence such that we can communicate

with each other at any instance and in any

place. Wireless technology provides us access

to the internet without suffering from running

yards of unsightly and expensive cable. The

trend of these applications and technology has

radically decreased the weight and size.

Therefore, there is requirement for antennas of

small sized light-weighted, low profile with

good directivity and radiation pattern in the

horizontal plane [1–5]. Conventional

microstrip antennas generally have a

conducting patch printed on a grounded

microwave substrate having great components

like low profile, light weight, smooth

fabrication and conformability to mounting

hosts.

A mechanically thicker and strong substrate

will boost the power radiation, diminish

conductor loss and enhance impedance

bandwidth. However, it will also boost the

weight, dielectric loss, surface wave loss and

extraneous radiation from the probe feed. The

substrate dielectric constant acts a role similar

to that of substrate thickness. A low dielectric

constant for the substrate will increase the

fringing field at the patch periphery. This is

resulted that the radiated power of the antenna

will be also increased. Thus, a dielectric

constant of less than 2.55 is chosen unless a

smaller patch size is needed. An increase in

the substrate thickness has effects on the

antenna characteristics as decreasing the value

of the dielectric constant.

A high substrate loss tangent increases the

dielectric loss of the antenna, which results to

reduce the antenna efficiency. Patch width has

a minimum effect on the resonant frequency

and radiation pattern of the antenna. However,

it affects the input resistance and bandwidth to

a larger extent. A bigger patch width increases

the power radiated and therefore provides a

decreased resonant resistance, increased

bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency.

A constraint against a larger patch width is the

creation of grating lobes in antenna arrays

[6–10].

It has been suggested that the length to width

ratio of the path has to be in the range of one

and two (1<L/W<2) to achieve a good

radiation efficiency. The resonant frequency

depends on patch length, and plays a crucial

role in the design parameters, because of the

inherent narrow bandwidth of the patch.



Volume 3, Issue 3

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Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM

Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels

Shally Gujral1, Monika Tuteja

1,*, Kamajiit Bhatia2, Harjitpal Singh

3

1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anand College of Engineering and

Management, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CT Institute of Engineering,

Management & Technology, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 3Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus,

Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India

Abstract Lightening using light emitting diodes is very energy efficient method for illumination. This

type of communication is known as visible light communication. Further, with the use of

OFDM technique, multiuser communication is also possible in VLC. But the problem with

OFDM is that it has both positive and negative amplitude, due to which it is not preferable for

direct detection channels. For making it worthy for VLC in all manners, various techniques

have been suggested like Dc-biased OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM, pulse

amplitude modulated discrete multi-tone OFDM.

Keywords: Visible light communication (VLC), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM), intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), asymmetrically clipped optical

OFDM (ACO-OFDM)

INTRODUCTION In visible light communication, the two most

important electronic components are light

emitting diodes (LEDs) and photo diodes

(PDs). At the transmitter end, LED emits

incoherent light which is detected by

photodiodes at receiver end. But with these

two electronic components, the actual phase

and amplitude of light signal can’t be

modulated or detected. With IM/DD technique

used in visible light communication system,

the information is encoded into number of

photons at the transmitter and sent to receiver

at the same time. Various modulation schemes

like ON-OFF keying (OOK), pulse code

modulation (PCM), and sub carrier binary

phase shift keying (SC-BPSK) are available

which can be used for modulation of

information signal [1].

The use of orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing in VLC makes it perfect

communication system due to the strong

obstruction of OFDM to multipath

interference. But there is a major drawback of

OFDM based system that it is having a crest in

time domain which results in reduced power

efficiency in radio frequency based systems.

This disadvantage is turned to be an advantage

in optical LED system. This crest in time

domain is used to modulate the IM/DD signal.

It is chosen such that the LED operates in the

linear region of the current versus intensity

curve. Most of the research in the area of

visible light communication using OFDM has

been theoretical. The goal of the project is to

implement an experimental system. In this

experimental system, it is basically exploited

that how the high crest factor of OFDM can be

used for intensity modulation in optical LED

system.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RF AND

VLC As now a day, there is very much use of LED

light bulbs everywhere, so, visible light

communication is at the top in the current

optical wireless communication scenario. Also

with OFDM, the problem of capacity shortage

in wireless data communication is resolved

[8]. As discussed earlier that amplitude shift

keying, pulse width and position modulation



Volume 3, Issue 3

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Articulation Point Technique in MANET

Neetendra Singh Dhakad*, Anjana Goen Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rustamji Institute of Technology,

Border Security Force Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract The mobile ad hoc network, which is a wireless network of special type and has a collection of

wireless hosts with wireless network interfaces, encompasses a temporary network, without

any established infrastructure or centralized administration. All wireless nodes will start

broadcasting again all the received broadcast messages. It is a common problem called as

blind broadcast. Every node may receive the same copy of the messages from all the

neighboring nodes. It is termed as unnecessary overhead. This broadcast overhead is reduced

by the connected dominating set approach. So, a virtual backbone which reduces the

communication overhead, increases the bandwidth efficiency, reduces channel bandwidth

consumption, decreases the energy consumption, increases network operation life, and

provides better resource management. Present work is to implement articulation-points

concept into MCDS problem and find out MCDS problem using articulation points. Now we

implement new algorithm that utilizes the articulation points, has been proposed and

evaluated. Here, selection of the maximum degree node is the right choice to start. Proposed

algorithm starts with computation of articulation points in a connected graph. This algorithm

assumes the existence of articulation points. The assumption is largely valid in view of the

dynamic topology of wireless ad hoc network. This is analyzed with simulation on NS-2

simulator.

Keywords: Ad-hoc network, connected dominating set, MCDS, minimum connected

dominating node, on-demand distance vector

INTRODUCTION A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of

independent mobile nodes that can

communicate to each other via radio waves.

The mobile nodes that are in radio range of

each other can directly communicate, whereas

others need the aid of intermediate nodes to

route their packets. Each of the nodes has a

wireless interface to communicate with each

other. These networks are fully distributed, and

can work at any place without the help of any

fixed infrastructure as access points or base

stations. Figure 1 shows a simple ad-hoc

network with three nodes. Node 1 and node 3

are not within range of each other; however the

node 2 can be used to forward packets between

node 1 and nodes 2. The node 2 will act as a

router and these three nodes together form an

ad-hoc network. A CDS of a graph G=(V,E) is

defined as a subset V‘⊆V such that each node in

V\V‘ is adjacent to at least one node in V’ and

the graph induced by V’, i.e. G(V’) is a

connected sub graph of G. The nodes in the

CDS are called as dominators and the rest of the

nodes of the network are called as dominatees.

With the help of CDS, routing can be easier.

During routing, broadcasting responsibilities lie

only on the CDS nodes. So, only the CDS

nodes maintain the routing information. To save

the storage space and reduce the traffic during

communication, it is desirable to construct a

CDS with minimum cardinality. The problem

of finding the CDS with minimum cardinality is

called minimum connected dominating set

(MCDS) problem, which is NP-complete [1].

Therefore, researchers are only interested for

polynomial time distributed algorithms for

finding out MCDS in WSN. The quality of the

CDS is evaluated by its approximation factor,

which is the ratio of its size of the constructed

CDS to the size of the MCDS. Also, in the

energy constrained wireless networks, to extend

the battery life and optimize power

consumption, speedy switches between disjoint

CDSs are carried out [2]. For these types of

networks, we should construct the CDSs with

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems & Networks(JoTSSN)

September–December 2016

ISSN 2454-6372 (Online)

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

journal of telecommunication, switching systems and networks vol 3 issue 3

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