Joints & Movements

Dr Rishi PokhrelMaj

Assistant ProfessorNAIHS

Joint

• Link between 2 or more bones or cartilages• Supported and made stable by ligaments • Movement along joint is produced by muscles

Classification of joints

• Non-movable joints - Synarthroses• Slightly movable joints - Amphiarthroses• Freely movable joints – (synovial joints)

Diarthroses

Classification of joints

Non-movable joints• No movement is allowed between bones• Designed to allow growth of body e.g. sutures

allow growth of brain• Types are– Sutures– Gomphosis– Syndesmosis

• Sutures: present between skull bones e.g. sagittal suture b/w 2 parietal bones, coronal sutures b/w frontal & parietal bones etc.

• Gomphosis: joints b/w jaw bones (Mandible & maxilla) and teeth. Periodontal ligaments hold these joints together.

• Syndesmosis: joints formed by fibrous band that hold 2 or more bones together. Interosseous membrane between radius and ulna or between tibia and fibula are syndesmosis.

Slightly movable joints• Some degree of movements between bones. • Example: – Primary cartilaginous jt– secondary cartilaginous joints

• symphysis pubis between 2 pubis bones, • intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae• manubriosternal joints.

Freely movable joints / Synovial joints

• Allow large range of movements

• Articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage.

• Presence of joint cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane and joint capsule are features of these joints.

Classification of synovial jointsBall & socket joints• most mobile among all joints• Sphere in one bone fits into cavity of another

bone. • E.g. hip joint, shoulder joint• Movements

• Hinge joint: movement across these joints is in one axis, like hinge movement of door or window. E. g. elbow joint, knee joint etc.

Condylar joint• oval shaped condyle fits into socket of

another bone allowing movement in 1 axis with some rotational movement in another axis.

• E.g. temporomandibular

• Plane joints: articular surfaces are flat and only minimal gliding movement is possible. E.g. inter-carpel and inter-tarsal joints.

• Pivot joints: one bone is fixed and the other rotates around the fixed bone e.g. proximal & distal radioulnar joints.

Ellipsoid joints• oval convex male surface fits into reciprocal

concave female surface of adjoining bone• Allows movements in 2 axes e.g. flexion-

extension & adduction-abduction. • E.g. wrist joint, metacarpo-phalangeal joints,

atlanto-occipital joint etc.

Saddle joints• Both articular surfaces are reciprocally

concavo-convex • e.g. 1st metacarpo-phalangeal joint, sterno-

clavicular joint etc.

MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• Three basic types of movement– Gliding – One bone across the surface of another– Angular movement – Movements change the angle

between bones– Rotation – Movement around a bone's long axis

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GLIDING

• Flat surfaces of two bones glide across each other

• Gliding occurs between – Carpals– Articular processes of vertebrae– Tarsals

SK DEPT OF ANATOMY AFMC 18

ANGULAR MOVEMENT

• Flexion• Extension• Dorsiflexion & Plantar-flexion• Abduction• Adduction• Circumduction

SK DEPT OF ANATOMY AFMC 19

ANGULAR MOVEMENTS

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ROTATION

• Turning of a bone around its own long axis

• Examples:– Between C-1 & C-2 vertebrae– Hip & shoulder joints

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