john appl 4g

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APPLICATION PAPER

ON

4G-[FOURTH GENERATION]

JOHN THOMASMIB [ROLL NO:15]

School of Management StudiesCUSAT Kochi-22

E-mail:[email protected]


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Introduction

4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation , is a termused to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4Gsystem will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data andstreamed multimedia can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and athigher data rates than previous generations.

As the second generation was a total replacement of the first generation networks andhandsets; and the third generation was a total replacement of second generationnetworks and handsets; so too the fourth generation cannot be an incrementalevolution of current 3G technologies, but rather the total replacement of the current3G networks and handsets. The international telecommunications regulatory andstandardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks

roughly in the 2012-2015 time scale. At that point it is predicted that even withcurrent evolutions of third generation 3G networks, these will tend to be congested.

There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives thatare projected for 4G. These objectives include: that 4G will be a fully IP-basedintegrated system. 4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/sspeeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium qualityand high security. [1]

Many companies have taken self-serving definitions and distortions about 4G tosuggest they have 4G already in existence today, such as several early trials andlaunches of WiMAX, which is part of the formal ITU standard for 3G. Other

companies have made prototype systems calling those 4G. While it is possible thatsome currently demonstrated technologies may become part of 4G, until the 4Gstandard or standards have been defined, it is impossible for any company currently to

provide with any certainty wireless solutions that could be called 4G cellular networksthat would conform to the eventual international standards for 4G. These confusingstatements around "existing" 4G have served to confuse investors and analysts aboutthe wireless industry.

History

2G, or Second Generation2G first appeared around the end of the 1980s, the 2G system digitized the voicesignal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality andmuch more capacity (i.e. more people could use there phones at the same time), all ata lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network foruse by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM).

3G, or Third Generation3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax

and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G is to provide theseservices any time, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-4Groadmap-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-4Groadmap-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU


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between standards. ITUs IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and hasopened new doors to enabling innovative services and application forinstance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as wellas a whole lot more. In 2001, Japan saw the first 3G network launched.

3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement,i.e. in a vehicle. 384 Kbps locally, and up to 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e.in a building.

4G, or Forth GenerationFor 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6 kbit/sec, This is approximately 6times slower than an ISDN (Integrated services digital network). Rates did increase bya factor of 3 with newer handsets to 28.8kbps. This is rarely the speed though, as incrowded areas, when the network is busy, rates do drop dramatically.

Third generation mobile, data rates are 384 kbps (download) maximum, typicallyaround 200kbps, and 64kbps upload. These are comparable to home broadbandconnections.

Fourth generation mobile communications will have higher data transmission ratesthan 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 100 megabits persecond on the move and 1000gigbits per second stationary, this is a phenomenalamount of bandwidth, only comparable to the bandwidth workstations get connecteddirectly to a LAN.

The fourth generation of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile phone

networks, in to end to end IP based networks, couple this with the arrival of IPv6,every device in the world will have a unique IP address, which will allow full IP

based communications from a mobile device, right to the core of the internet, andback out again. If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonise global roaming,super high speed connectivity, and transparent end user performance on every mobilecommunications device in the world.

4G is set to deliver 100mbps to a roaming mobile device globally, and up to 1gbps toa stationary device. With this in mind, it allows for video conferencing, streaming

picture perfect video and much more.

It wont be just the phone networks that need to evolve, the increased traffic load onthe internet as a whole (imagine having 1 billion 100mb nodes attached to a networkover night) will need to expand, with faster backbones and oceanic links requiringmajor upgrade.

4G wont happen over night, it is estimated that it will be implemented by 2010, and ifdone correctly, should take off rather quickly.


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What is 4G?

4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talkingto. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by

academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which ishaving trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance andthroughput. In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or adiscussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless networkthat will interface with wireline backbone network seamlessly. 4G is also representsthe hope and ideas of a group of researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm, Nokia,Ericsson, Sun, HP, NTT DoCoMo and other infrastructure vendors who must respondto the needs of MMS, multimedia and video applications if 3G never materializes inits full glory.

Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?

3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high- performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wirelessteleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity byan order of magnitude.

There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam andinteroperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability

3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks thatutilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide areanetwork design.

We need wider bandwidth Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation

schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure We need all digital packet network that utilizes IP in its fullest form with

converged voice and data capability.

Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G

3G (including 2.5G,

sub3G) 4G

MajorRequirementDrivingArchitecture

Predominantly voicedriven - data was alwaysadd on

Converged data and voice overIP

NetworkArchitecture

Wide area cell-basedHybrid - Integration ofWireless LAN (WiFi,Bluetooth) and wide area

Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps20 to 100 Mbps in mobilemode

Frequency Band Dependent on countryor continent (1800-2400

Higher frequency bands (2-8GHz)


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MHz)

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)

Switching DesignBasis

Circuit and PacketAll digital with packetizedvoice

AccessTechnologies

W-CDMA, 1xRTT,Edge

OFDM and MC-CDMA (MultiCarrier CDMA)

Forward ErrorCorrection

Convolutional rate 1/2,1/3

Concatenated coding scheme

ComponentDesign

Optimized antennadesign, multi-bandadapters

Smarter Antennas, softwaremultiband and wideband radios

IPA number of air link

protocols, including IP5.0

All IP (IP6.0)

4G TechnologySome possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA,TDD UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS and proprietary networks fromArrayComm Inc., Navini Networks, Flarion Technologies, and 4G efforts in India,China and Japan.

The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing), which is the key enabler of 4G technology. Other technological aspectsof 4G are adaptive processing and smart antennas, both of which will be used in 3G

networks and enhance rates when used in with OFDM.

Currently 3G networks still send there data digitally over a single channel, OFDM isdesigned to send data over hundreds of parallel streams, thus increasing the amount ofinformation that can be sent at a time over traditional CDMA networks.

The 4G data rates will vary depending on the number of channels that are available,and can be used. The channels that can be used will be cleaner thanks to technologieslike adaptive processing, which detects interference on a channel and improvesreception by actively switching channels to avoid interference.

4G networks will also use smart antenna technology, which is used to aim the radiosignal in the direction of the receiver in the terminal from the base station. Whenteamed up with adaptive techniques, multiple antennas can cancel out moreinterference while enhancing the signal.


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The 4G plans are still years away, but transitioning from 3G to 4G should be seamlessfor customers because 4G will have evolved from 3G. Users won't even have to getnew phones. Digital applications are getting more common lately and are creating anincreasing demand for broadband communication systems. The technical

requirements for related products are very high but solutions must be cheap toimplement since we are essentially talking about consumer products. For Satellite and


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for Cable; such cost-efficient solutions are already about for the terrestrial link (i.e.original TV broadcasting) the requirements are so high that the 'standard' solutions areno longer an option. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is atechnology that allows transmitting very high data rates over channels at a comparablelow complexity. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is the choice of the

transmission method for the European digital radio (DAB) and Digital TV (DVB-T)standard. Owing to its great benefits OFDM is being considered for future broadbandapplication such as wireless ATM as well.

What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?

A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions,spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development,signal processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have totake place before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences -good or bad, technological or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in thiseffort. We are bringing to the attention of professionals in telecommunicationsindustry following issues and problems that must be analyzed and resolved:

Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives - The businessvisionaries should do some economic modeling before they start 4G hype onthe same lines as 3G hype. They should understand that 4G data applicationslike streaming video must compete with very low cost wireline applications.The users would pay only a delta premium (not a multiple) for most wirelessapplications.

More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World -

Spectrum regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers byindicating which frequency band might be used for 4G. FCC in USA mustcooperate more actively with International bodies like ITU and perhapsmodify its hands-off policy in guiding the industry. When public interest,national security interest and economic interest (inter-industry a la TV versusTelecommunications) are at stake, leadership must come from regulators. Atappropriate time, industry builds its own self-regulation mechanisms.

More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in solvingfundamental problems in radio communications (especially multiband andwideband radios, intelligent antennas and signal processing.

Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques,

switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G. A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business

development and technology executives should not bias their business modelsby using voice channels as economic determinant for data applications. Voicehas a built-in demand limit - data applications do not.

Integration Across Different Network Topologies: Network architects mustbase their architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates wirelesswide area networks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth with fiber-based Internet

backbone. Broadband wireless networks must be a part of this integratednetwork architecture.

Non-disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.


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Industry Initiatives

WWRF (Wireless World Research Forum)- consisting of Alcatel, Ericsson,Nokia and Siemens have started a research forum for 4G

NTT DoCoMo has started conceptual (we mean paper) design of a 4G

network.

How OFDM worksFirst of all the FDM part - Frequency division multiplexing is a technology thattransmits several signals at the same time over a single transmission path, in amedium such as a cable or wireless system. Each signal is transmitted inside its ownunique frequency range (the carrier frequency), which is then modulated by the datathat is needing to be transmitted.

Orthogonal FDM's spread spectrum technique spreads the data over a lot of carriers

that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. This spacing provides the "orthogonality"in this method which prevents the receivers/demodulators from seeing frequenciesother than their own specific one. The main benefit of OFDM is high spectralefficiency, but with OFDM you also get; high resiliency to RF interference, and themulti-path distortion is lower. This is handy because in a standard terrestrial

broadcasting situation there are high amounts of multipath-channels (e.g. the signalthat was sent arrives at the receiving end using multiple paths of different lengths).Since the various versions of the signal interfere with each other, known as intersymbol interference (ISI) it becomes incredibly hard to extract the originalinformation.When OFDM was first implemented, it was by using banks of sinusoidal generators,

e.g. just placing up a whole lot of single carriers in parallel. The use of the discreteFourier transform (DFT) was originally proposed in 1971 by Weinstein and Ebert,which greatly reduces the implementation complexity of OFDM systems. This wasfurther reduced by the development of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Shortly afteran equalisation algorithm was implemented in order to help suppress both ISI andintersubcarrier interference, which is caused by the channel impulse response andtiming and frequency errors.

In OFDM the subcarrier pulse which is used for transmission is rectangular. This iswhy the capability of pulse forming and modulation can be performed by an IDFT,which can be generated very efficiently as an IFFT. Because of this, the receiver only

needs a FFT to reverse this process. Taking into account the theories of the FourierTransform the rectangular pulse shape will end up as a sin(x)/x style of spectrum ofthe subcarriers. In traditional FDM the sub-channels arent orthogonal therefore needto be separated by guard bands which obviously wastes much needed spectrum.Because an IIFT is used for modulation in OFDM, this spacing of the subcarriers isdone in such a way the frequency where we evaluate the received signal all othersignals are zero thus allowing the subchannels to overlap. But because of this, for anOFDM system to work using this method, the receiver and the transmitter must be in

perfect synch, and there cant be any multipath fading, which is unusual since findinga fix to this is one of the main goals of OFDM.

Luckily there is an easy way to solve this problem. If a guard interval is used, which islarger than the expected delay spread, which is done by artificially extending the
http://www.ist-wsi.org/http://www.ist-wsi.org/


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symbol time and then removing this extension at the receiver, the problem is solvedbut with only a minimal loss in bandwidth.

Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection ofwireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards.This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to thearea of the radio convergence.

Developments

The Japanese companyNTT DoCoMo has been testing a 4G communication systemprototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo recently reached 5 Gbit/s with 12x12 MIMO

while moving at 10 km/h,

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and is planning on releasing the first commercial networkin 2010.

Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, has announced that theyhave received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator,ComReg. This service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be usedfor the provision of 4G Mobile communications. [12][13]. Digiweb launched a mobile

broadband network using FLASH-OFDM technology at 872 MHz.

Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical conceptwhere the user can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access

technologies and can seamlessly move between them (See handover, IEEE 802.21).These access technologies can be Wi-Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future accesstechnology. Included in this concept is also smart-radio (also known as cognitiveradio technology) to efficiently manage spectrum use and transmission power as wellas the use ofmesh routingprotocols to create a pervasive network.

Sprint plans to launch 4G services in trial markets by the end of 2007 with plans todeploy a network that reaches as many as 100 million people in 2008 and has alsoannounced WiMax service called Xohm. Tested in Chicago, this speed was clocked at100 Mbit/s.

Verizon Wireless announced on September 20, 2007 that it plans a joint effort withthe Vodafone Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. The time ofthis transition has yet to be announced.

The German WiMAX operator Deutsche Breitband Dienste (DBD) has launchedWiMAX services (DSLonair) in Magdeburg and Dessau. The subscribers are offereda tariff plan costing 9.95 euros per month offering 2 Mbit/s download / 300 kbit/supload connection speeds and 1.5 GB monthly traffic. The subscribers are alsocharged a 16.99 euro one-time fee and 69.90 euro for the equipment and installation.[14] DBD received additional national licenses for WiMAX in December 2006 andhave already launched the services in Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSF-OFCDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiwebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComReghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSF-OFCDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiwebhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComReghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Mobile_Telecommunications_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-13


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American WiMAX services providerClearwire made its debut onNasdaq in NewYork on March 8, 2007. The IPO was underwritten by Merrill Lynch,Morgan Stanleyand JP Morgan. Clearwire sold 24 million shares at a price of $25 per share. This adds$600 million in cash to Clearwire, and gives the company a market valuation of justover $3.9 billion.[15]

Canadian Wireless Provider TELUS announced that they will be cooperating withBELL CANADA to the next step in its evolution towards building a fourth generation(4G) wireless broadband network, the most advanced mobile broadband network inCanada. This new wireless network, based on the latest generation of High SpeedPacket Access (HSPA) technology, will enable TELUS to easily transition to longterm evolution (LTE) technology, the emerging worldwide LTE technology standard.The new network will 'futureproof' our technology and position TELUS for an easytransition to LTE/4G technology.

Building will begin immediately and is expected to be complete by early 2010. When

up and running, it will be one of the leading networks in the world.

Applications

The killer application of 4G is not clear, though the improved bandwidths and datathroughput offered by 4G networks should provide opportunities for previouslyimpossible products and services to be released. Perhaps the "killer application" issimply to have mobile always on Internet, no walled garden and reasonable flat rate

per month charge. Existing 2.5G/3G/3.5G phone operator based services are oftenexpensive, and limited in application.

Already at rates of 15-30 Mbit/s, 4G should be able to provide users with streaminghigh-definition television. At rates of 100 Mbit/s, the content of a DVD-5, forexample a movie, can be downloaded within about 5 minutes for offline access.

Pre-4G wireless standards

See also section 3G evolution/pre-4G of the 3G article.

According to a Visant Strategies study there will be multiple competitors in thisspace:[17]

WiMAX - 7.5 million units by 2010 (May include fixed and mobile) Flash-OFDM - 13 million subscribers in 2010 (only Mobile) 3GPP Long Term Evolution of UMTS in 3GPP - valued at US$2 billion in

2010 (~30% of the world population) UMB in 3GPP2 IEEE 802.20

Fixed WiMax and Mobile WiMax are different systems, as of July 2007, all the

deployed WiMax is "Fixed Wireless" and is thus not yet 4G (IMT-advanced) althoughit can be seen as one of the 4G standards being considered.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Morganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-WiMaxDay.net-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_garden_(media)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G#3G_evolution.2Fpre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JP_Morganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-WiMaxDay.net-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walled_garden_(media)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G#3G_evolution.2Fpre-4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.20


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Conclusion

In this modern era where everything goes on mobile,2G,3G and 4G are the fewgreatest innovations that enhaced the data transfer between electronic devices.Compared to other format of data transfer 4G has an added advantage of being

portable high compression rate.The currently used 3G formats are good at highcompression multimedia options such as sound,graphics,visual etc. When comes to4G these facilities will be further more improved so as to store huge data in a littlevirtual space.


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References

1. http://4gmobile.com/

2. http://www.4g.co.uk/3. http://www.4gser.com/4gtechnologies/4. http://www.four-g.net/tech.html5. http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4GVision&Technologies.htm
http://4gmobile.com/http://www.4g.co.uk/http://www.4gser.com/4gtechnologies/http://www.four-g.net/tech.htmlhttp://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4GVision&Technologies.htmhttp://4gmobile.com/http://www.4g.co.uk/http://www.4gser.com/4gtechnologies/http://www.four-g.net/tech.htmlhttp://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4GVision&Technologies.htm

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