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ISBN 0-660-18606-3 DSS Catalogue Number CC273-2/01-4E
CCOHS 2001
This publication is a joint productionof the Canadian Centre forOccupational Health and Safety andHuman Resources DevelopmentCanada, Labour Program
Job Safety Analysis Made Simple
In every Canadian jurisdiction, health andsafety legislation holds employers account-able for ensuring the health and safety oftheir employees. Employers are responsiblefor assessing the health and safety risk(chance that somebody will be harmed) of ajob. Based on this assessment, employersmust implement safety measures to eliminateor mitigate any risks to their employees. Jobsafety analysis (JSA) is a proactive approachto ensuring health and safety in the workplace.The JSA process provides a way of identify-ing job-related hazards and determiningpreventive measures. This involves carefullyanalysing each task of a job, identifyingpotential health and safety hazards at eachstep, and determining practical ways ofpreventing or mitigating such hazards.These preventive measures can then beintegrated into an employer’s work practicesand procedures for the job.
This publication outlines the basic conceptof JSA and provides a step-by-step proce-dure for performing a JSA according to twosimple techniques: change analysis and theenergy barrier approach (see the flow charton the next page). Examples of job safetyanalysis for some common jobs are present-ed. These examples are intended to illustratethe application of JSA and do not necessarilyinclude a comprehensive list of all potentialhazards and related preventive measures. Inaddition, compliance with applicable occu-pational health and safety regulations mustbe considered as a part of the overall JSA.
DefinitionsIn this publication, hazard and risk aredefined as follows:
Hazard means anything that can cause harm.Examples of hazards include toxic chemicals,moving machinery parts, high-voltageelectricity, working on heights, temperatureextremes, slippery work-surfaces.
Risk means the chance that someone will beharmed by the hazard.
I
Summary
II
Job Safety Analysis Flow-Chart
The following flow-chart illustrates steps involved in Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. What is a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. How to perform a Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Step 1: What important factors should be considered in selecting a job for JSA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Step 2: How are the basic tasks of a job established? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Step 3: How are the potential hazards identified? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Step 4: How are preventive measures determined? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Step 5: How should I communicate the JSA information to everyone else? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. How and when to use Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Follow-up and Review of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6. Examples of Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1. Transportation of dangerous goods (TDG). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. Climbing trucks to inspect levels of substance in snow and rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. Handling of heavy objects in ports and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4. Machine maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5. Working at heights on communication towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6. Improvisation of tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix A: Sample form for Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix B: Step-by-step Instructions for Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . . 35
Appendix C: Practical Tips for Performing Job Safety Analysis (JSA) . . . . . . . . and its Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III
Table of contents
BackgroundEmployers are responsible for ensuring thehealth and safety of their employees. Thisincludes informing employees of workplacehazards, providing the equipment necessaryto safeguard health and safety, and establish-ing proper health and safety procedures andpractices. Therefore, employers have anobligation to assess health and safety risksand to develop safety procedures that willeliminate or mitigate these risks before anemployee is required to carry out work.
This publication outlines job safety analysis(JSA) as a method of identifying potentialhazards and developing safe work practicesto prevent injuries, illnesses, propertydamage and other losses.
ScopeThis publication introduces the concept ofjob safety analysis and outlines two practicalmethods of identifying potential hazards andapplicable preventive measures. It stimulatesthe thinking process and empowers the readerto perform job safety analysis. Examples ofanalysis are included to illustrate the process.The presentation level is narrative and doesnot require solving mathematical formulas.The level of presentation is suited for personswho are familiar with the workplace but arenot necessarily health and safety experts.
Target AudienceThis publication is intended for workers,managers and supervisors, members ofhealth and safety committees, and healthand safety representatives. Health and safetyprofessionals will find this publication apractical tool for workplace training sessionson health and safety programs and policies.
1
Introduction
Job safety analysis (JSA) is the systematicexamination of a job intended to identifypotential hazards, assess the degree of risk, andevaluate practical measures to control the risk.
It must be kept in mind that JSA is not aworkplace inspection or an audit procedure.Workplace inspection is a systematicexamination of workplace conditions andpractices to determine their conformity withcompany procedures and compliance withprescribed health and safety regulations. Anaudit process is a systematic examination ofthe safety management system to determineif work activities and related results complywith planned prevention policies and estab-lished programs. As well, an audit evaluateswhether the program is effective in achievingthe goals and objectives set out in the policy.
A JSA should be proactive, although it maybe used in response to a rising rate ofinjuries and illnesses. Hazards should berecognized and preventive measures imple-mented at the planning and organizingstages of the work. It should be emphasizedthat the focus of JSA is to examine the joband not the person who is doing the job.
Job safety analysis is an important elementof a risk management system. It involvesanalysing each basic task of a job to identifypotential hazards and to determine the safestway of doing the job. This procedure issometimes referred to as job hazard analysis.
Experienced workers and supervisors mayperform a JSA by analysing jobs throughdiscussion and observation. This approachhas two distinct advantages. Firstly, it involvesmore people which allows for a wider base ofexperience. Secondly, the participation ofmany stakeholders promotes faster accep-tance of the resulting work procedure.
Health and safety committee members andrepresentatives play an important role in theJSA and have a legal obligation to participatein the JSA process. They also provide practicalwork experience related to the risk evalua-tion and the feasibility of appropriatecontrols. Health and safety specialists mayparticipate in the JSA to eliminate any over-sight in accounting for potential hazards andrelated preventive measures.
Some individuals prefer to expand theanalysis into all aspects of the job, not justsafety. This approach is known as total jobanalysis or task analysis. The total job analy-sis is based on the concept that safety is anintegral part of every task performance andnot a separate entity. In this document, onlyhealth and safety aspects will be considered;however, it is recognized that this materialcould be used to conduct a total job analysis.
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1. What is a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?
A job safety analysis involves five steps:1. Selecting the job to be analysed.
2. Breaking the job down into a sequenceof tasks.
3. Identifying potential hazards.
4. Determining preventive measures tocontrol these hazards.
5. Communicating the information to others.
STEP 1:
What important factors shouldbe considered in selecting a jobfor JSA?
Ideally, a JSA should be performed for alljobs. However, there are practical constraintson time and resources. Another considerationis that each JSA may require revision whenchanges occur in equipment, raw materials,processes, or the environment. For thesereasons, it is usually necessary to set priori-ties. Factors to be considered in assigningpriorities include:
❚ Accident, injury and illness statistics:jobs where accidents occur frequentlyor where they result in disablinginjuries or illnesses.
❚ Absenteeism: jobs where employees takefrequent sick leaves or other leaves ofabsence.
❚ Signs and symptoms of harmful expo-sures: the nature of the job poses a dan-ger of harmful exposure.
❚ Potential for severe injuries or illnesses:the consequences of an accident,hazardous condition, or exposure to a harmful substance are potentiallysevere.
❚ Modified jobs: new hazards may be associated with changes in job procedures/processes.
❚ Infrequently performed jobs: employeesmay be at greater risk when undertakingnon-routine jobs.
❚ Jobs with frequent work interruptionsdue to technical difficulties.
❚ Jobs with excessive waste generationand production losses.
❚ Jobs where employees are required towork alone in isolated workplaces.
❚ Jobs with the potential for violence inworkplace.
STEP 2:
How are basic tasks of a jobestablished?
A task is a segment of an overall job.Completion of each operational task inproper sequence leads to the completion ofthe job. It is important to keep the tasks intheir correct sequence. Any task which isplaced out of sequence may cause potentialhazards to be missed or introduce hazardswhich would not otherwise exist.
When conducting a JSA each task is record-ed in its proper sequence. Notes should bemade of what is to be done rather than howit is done. Each item is started with anaction verb.
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2. How to perform a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Appendix A illustrates a format that can beused as a worksheet for JSA.
Dividing a job into tasks requires a thor-ough knowledge of the job. If the tasks aremade too general, specific operations andrelated hazards may be missed. On the otherhand, too many tasks may make the JSAimpractical. A rule of thumb is that mostjobs can be described in less than ten tasks.If more operational steps are required, it isadvisable to break the job into two seg-ments, each with a separate JSA. As anexample, Table 1 presents the tasks involvedin changing a flat tire.
This part of the analysis is usually prepared bywatching the employee do the job. Theemployee being observed should be experi-enced and capable of performing all parts ofthe job. The observation team may includethe immediate supervisor, a health and safetyprofessional, and a member of the health andsafety committee or the health and safety rep-resentative. Key points are less likely to bemissed in this way.
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JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
JOB: changing tire on a vehicle
Analysed by: John Supervisor and Tom Worker Date: 29 May 2001
Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1 June 2001
Approved by: Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date: 5 June 2001
Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures
1. Park vehicle. 2. Get spare tire and tool kit. 3. Pry off hub cap. 4. Loosen lug bolts (nuts). 5. And so on ……..
Table 1. An example of JSA applied to changing a flat tire.
Helpful Tips for Performing a JSAEXPLAIN the purpose of the JSA to ensurefull co-operation and participation of theemployee.
ASSURE the employee that the purpose ofthe JSA is to make the job safer by identify-ing hazards and making changes to eliminateor reduce accidents, injuries, and illnesses.
CLARIFY that the JSA is neither a time andmotion study in disguise nor an attempt touncover individual unsafe acts.
ENSURE the employee understands thatthe JSA is an evaluation of the job, not theindividual.
RESPECT the employee’s experience anduse it as an important input in makingimprovements.
OBSERVE jobs during normal workinghours and situations. For example, if a job isroutinely carried out at night, perform JSAat night. Similarly, only regular tools andequipment should be used. The onlydifference from normal operations shouldbe the fact that the job performance isbeing observed.
DISCUSS with the employee:
❚ tasks of the regular process;
❚ any incidents;
❚ communication problems;
❚ difficulties in performing the tasks;
❚ training provided in the use ofequipment and safety procedures; and
❚ need for improvements.
DISCUSS the breakdown of tasks with allthe participants (including the employee).
ENSURE that all basic tasks have been notedand are in the correct order.
STEP 3:
How are potential hazards identified?
Two commonly used techniques for identify-ing potential hazards are: A) Kepner andTregoe method based on change analysis;B) Gibson and Haddon approach based onunwanted energy flow and energy barrier.
A) Change analysis (Kepner and Tregoe)
Change analysis helps establish the signifi-cance of changes in causing accidents andlosses. As well, it helps determine counter-changes to prevent these accidents and loss-es. Change is needed for improvement, butthe change may have unwanted side effects.Changes can be planned or unplanned.Sometimes, preventive changes can causeproblems if not introduced properly.
In planned changes potential problems canbe identified and controlled. Change analysisoffers a powerful safety analysis methodolo-gy for the unplanned and anticipatedchanges in the operation of equipment,material, or process. Any unplanned changesmay result in accidents and losses unlesspreventive measures (counter-changes) areimplemented.
First introduced by C.H. Kepner and B.B.Tregoe in 1965, as a managerial tool to solveproduction problems, change analysis tech-nique was eventually adapted to occupation-al health and safety issues. In the 1970s, the"What if " procedure was developed to iden-tify possible accident event sequences. Oncethese sequences are established it is easier topinpoint the hazards, consequences, andpotential methods for risk reduction.
The "What If " analysis involves conductinga thorough and systematic examination ofeach task by asking questions that beginwith "What if…?" The formulation of theexact questions is left up to those conductingthe examination.
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Helpful Tips for Change AnalysisFor a specific task, identify the task orprocess parameters to be investigated forchanges (normally one parameter).
Apply the guide words to this parameter inorder to qualify or quantify the changes.
Identify and assess the consequences of thechanges in terms of risk.
Task parameters are easy to find. Look at thetask and find parameters to be controlled inorder for the task to be performed normally.
Such parameters can be:
❚ a sensory signal: e.g., colour, the shapeof object, the emitted sound, an odour,the light level, the position of handle,the height of a pedal.
❚ a process specification: e.g., pressure,temperature, concentration, flow rate.
❚ a dynamic component: e.g., motion,sequence, pace, speed change, friction.
❚ a force or mass: e.g., electrical power,chemical energy, torque, impulse,impact.
❚ a geometric value and time: e.g.,location, dimensions, rate.
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Guide Word Meaning Examples: What if…
No or not - Negation of the operation The operation is stopped and nothing else is produced More - Quantitative increase - Temperature is higher than normal - Sooner (time) - Exposure time is greater than regular - Higher (height, T, P) - Temperature and/or pressure is increased
Less - Quantitative decrease - Quantity produced is less than usual - Later (time) - Shutdown time is greater than normal - Lower (height, T, P) - Temperature and/or pressure is decreased
As well as - Qualitative increase - An unwanted product is produced at the - Somewhere else same time as the wanted product - At the same time as (contamination) - A product is transferred from one tank to another with environmental release - A product is boiling during transfer with splashes
Part of - Qualitative decrease - A product is not added during production - Lack of - An operation is unachieved or interrupted
Reverse - Logical opposite of the - Tank is being emptied instead of operation being filled Other than - Complete substitution of - A product is heated instead of being one operation by another evacuated
Table 2. Guide words for "What if" questions.
❚ a piece of equipment: e.g., protectivedevices, position of a part, part inmotion.
❚ an environmental or externalcondition: e.g., weather, snow, rain,nuisances from neighbourhood.
❚ Or others.
When the parameter has been identified,apply the "What if " questions to it by usingthe guide words described in Table 2. Allquestions have the following format:
What if the (parameter) is not, more, less,as well as, part of, reverse, other than the one described in the task?
As an example, change analysis can beapplied to the "changing a flat tire" scenario.The first task "park vehicle" insists on the"location" of the vehicle as a specific para-meter. Normally, the vehicle must be parkedoff the road on a stable ground beforeremoving any wheel. Table 3 presentsexamples of applying "What if " questionsto this situation.
If the job is well defined, the employee’sworkstation is geographically limited, or hisactivities are repetitive in nature, the energybarrier approach is an alternative.
B)Unwanted energy flow and energy barrier approach(Gibson and Haddon)
The energy-barrier approach was developedby J.J. Gibson in 1961 and structured by W.C. Haddon in 1966. This approach ofaccident prevention is very popular becauseit is simple to apply and easy to under-stand.
We all use energy to perform work. Power isthe rate of energy use. In classic industrialprocesses, high power sources produce largeamounts of energy in a short time and arekey to high production rates. Controlledenergy is essential to accomplish work.Uncontrolled energy flow has the potentialto cause accident, injury, equipment dam-age, or property losses.
For example, controlled flow of electricalenergy will run motors, power lighting and
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Guide Word Example of "What if" Question
No or not What can happen if employee lost the control of his/her vehicle and cannot park?
More What can happen if the vehicle is parked on the road (on a bridge, obstruction by snowdrift)?
Less What can happen if employee cannot stop the vehicle rapidly?
As well as What can happen if employee cannot find a location in the dark?
Part of What can happen if the vehicle is on a soft shoulder?
Reverse Not applicable.
Other than What can happen if towing is mandatory on a road?
Table 3. Applying "What if" questions for changing a flat tire.
heating systems, and energize many otherdesirable operations. Uncontrolled electricalflow can cause electrocution or electricshocks to people, destroy machines, andpollute our environment. If a person comesin contact with a live electrical wire, theelectrical current will flow through his bodycausing electrocution, or in a less severecase, electric shock. In the same way, amoving belt drive possesses kinetic(motion) energy. If the belt breaks whilemoving, it can hit a person and causephysical injury, or damage a piece ofequipment and cause physical loss.
In the energy-barrier approach, hazard isdefined as uncontrolled energy flow and thepossible contact between the energy and aperson or equipment, resulting in:
❚ injury to persons;
❚ damage to equipment and property;
❚ reduction in the ability of persons toperform work; and
❚ harm to the environment.
The procedure of the energy barriertechnique is to look at each task and:
❚ identify the energy sources producing arisk (Table 4);
❚ describe the way the energy can comein contact with employee(s) (i.e., theenergy flow) (Table 5);
❚ find adequate barriers to eliminate orreduce the chances of this contact (i.e., controlling the energy flow).
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9
Type of energy Examples of contact
Gravitational Falls from same level, falls from different level, falling objects.
Kinetic Human energy: repetitive motion, overexertion, awkward posture. Machine energy: struck by moving object, projectiles, airborne particulate, motor vehicle, caught between, caught in, cut by.
Thermal Burns (hot and cold), hypothermia, heat stress, solar heat.
Biological Contact with infections resulting in diseases (of the lungs, blood, skin, etc.). Contact with pathogens.
Chemical Corrosion: degradation of materials. Reactions: exothermic, endothermic, explosive, toxic, corrosive. Fumes; gases, dusts.
Hydraulic Asphyxiation (drowning), motive force (resulting in crushing, caught between, etc.).
Electrical Electric shock, electrical burns, electrocution.
Radiation Ionizing radiation exposure from: radioactive material, cosmic rays, natural radioactive materials in the earth, x-ray machines. Electromagnetic radiation exposure from: microwaves ovens, radio and TV antennas. Ultraviolet radiation from: the sun, UV lamps. Infrared radiation from: the sun, heat sources. Electromagnetic field from: electrical power lines, power transformers, electrical equipment.
Animal Attacks, bites, stings.
Stored potential energy Motive force from: coil springs, flexed objects. Pressure: steam, compressed gases.
Noise Machine noise, human noise, environmental noise (wind, animals, etc.).
Multiple kinds of energy The interaction of two or more kinds of energy frequently causes accidents. This complexity can be best described or classified by the sequential listing of energies: for example, electrical shock resulting in fall from heights, bee sting resulting in motor vehicle accident.
Table 4. Types of energy.
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Types of contact Examples of contact with uncontrolled energy
Contact between objects Struck against object.and equipment Struck by object. Caught in or compressed by equipment or objects. Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials. Rubbed or abraded by friction or pressure. Rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vibration.
Falls Fall to lower level. Jump to lower level. Fall on same level.
Bodily reaction and exertion Bodily reaction. Overexertion. Repetitive motion. Sustained viewing. Static posture without the application of force to an object. Static posture with the application of force to an object. Bodily conditions.
Exposure to caustic, noxious, Exposure to noise. or allergenic substances Exposure to radiation. Exposure to traumatic or stressful event. Oxygen deficiency. Exposure to harmful substances or environments. Contact with electric current. Contact with temperature extremes. Exposure to air pressure changes.
Transportation accidents Highway accident. Non-highway accident (except rail, air, water). Pedestrian, non-passenger struck by vehicle, mobile equipment. Railway accident. Water vehicle accident. Aircraft accident. Transportation accident.
Fires and explosions Fire: unintended or uncontrolled. Explosion.
Assaults and violent acts Assaults and violent acts by person(s). Self-inflicted injury. Assaults by animals.
Source: CSA Standard Z795-96, Coding of Work Injury or Disease Information
Table 5. Examples of contact with uncontrolled energy sources.
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For each task, the observers use Table 4 todetermine all the possible types of energypresent in the process, and Table 5 as achecklist to cover all the possible ways inwhich a person may come in contact withthese energies. For example, for the task"park vehicle", the energy types and corre-sponding ways of contact are:
Kinetic energy:
a) from the employee’s vehicle: struck against objects in the environment (tree, snowdrift), caught in motor vehicle.
b) from passing traffic: struck by the oncoming vehicle, caught between oncoming vehicle and employee’s car.
Gravitational energy:
a) from the employee’s vehicle: sliding ofthe car into ditch, fall of the vehicle caused by soft shoulder, rolling down a hill.
Potential hazards identified using the energy-barrier approach are listed in the middlecolumn of the worksheet (Table 6), num-bered to match the corresponding job task.
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
JOB: changing tire on a vehicle
Analysed by: John Supervisor and Tom Worker Date: 29 May 2001
Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1 June 2001
Approved by: Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date: 5 June 2001
Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures (Energy type & contacts) (Barriers)
1. Park vehicle. a) Can be hit by passing traffic. b) Can be hit by vehicle on uneven, soft ground. c) Vehicle may roll on the driver. 2. Get spare tire and tool kit. a) Lifting spare may cause strain.
3. Pry off hub cap. a) Hub cap may pop off and hit the driver.
4. Loosen lug bolts (nuts). a) Lug wrench may slip and hurt the driver.
5. And so on …….. a) .........
Table 6. Identifying potential hazards for changing a flat tire
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STEP 4:
How are preventive measuresdetermined?
The fourth step in a JSA is determiningways to eliminate or mitigate the hazardsidentified. There are two approaches fordoing this:
A)Hazard control strategies.
B) Energy-barrier approach involving controls:
❚ at the source;
❚ along the path; and
❚ at the person.
The objective of both approaches is thesame: the prevention of injuries, illnesses,and other losses. Preventive measuresdepend on the findings of the JSA and notthe method to perform it (i.e., the changeanalysis technique or the energy barrierapproach).
A) Hazard control strategiesThe following are common hazard controlstrategies, in order of preference:
1. Eliminate the hazard.
2.Substitute the hazard with less hazardous or non-hazardous options.
3.Minimize the risk due to the hazard:
- Reduces the exposition.
- Isolate the hazard.
- Provide personnel protective equipment and clothing.
- Implement administrative controls.
4. Have an emergency plan in place.
5. Adopt measures to reduce damage following an accident or emergency.
1. Eliminate the hazard
This is the most effective measure becausethe risk is eliminated. Examples of optionsin this category are:
❚ choose a different process;
❚ modify an existing process by changing the energy type;
❚ modify or change equipment or tools;
❚ lock out energy sources.
2. Substitute the hazard with less or non-hazardous options
This measure is very effective, especially forhazardous substances, but its application insafety field is practicable. Here are someexamples:
❚ replace solvents by water solutions;
❚ substitute vapour heating by electricdevices;
❚ use electronic controls instead ofpneumatic ones;
❚ crush explosive dusts in inert gasatmosphere instead of air;
❚ use a non-sparking copper hammer in aflammable atmosphere in lieu of steelhammer.
3. Minimize the risk due to the hazard
If the hazard cannot be eliminated or substi-tuted, efforts should be made to minimizethe risk to the employee due to the injuriouscontact with the hazard. This is achieved byusing one or a combination of the followingmethods of control:
Reduce the exposure
❚ Change the design of the workstation.
❚ Improve environment (e.g. ventilation).
❚ Implement emission controls.
❚ Add safety and alert devices.
❚ Develop safety procedures.
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❚ Train the workers to perform the task safely.
❚ Provide health and safety education.
Isolate the hazard
❚ Build enclosures to contain the hazard.
❚ Group noisy machinery in a room.
❚ Isolate the worker operations in a control room.
❚ Put a cabin on a lift truck.
Provide personnel protective equipment and clothing
❚ Use respirators in dangerous atmosphere.
❚ Select appropriate gloves correspondingto the type of solvent.
❚ Protect fingers with wire mesh to prevent cuts by knife.
❚ Wear a wide brim cap to prevent exposure to sunlight.
❚ Use fall protection when working atheight.
Implement administrative controls to reduce exposure to the hazard
❚ Implement job rotation schedule.
❚ Reduce time or frequency of exposureto a hazardous substance.
❚ Evaluate employee's physical, mental and emotional capacity before a jobplacement.
❚ Ensure that the employees can performwork without endangering their ownhealth and safety or that of others.
❚ Institute medical controls and examinations.
4. Have an emergency plan in place
Fires and emergencies may and do happen.Workplaces must have an emergency plan inplace to protect people, property, and busi-ness in case of such emergencies.
5. Adopt measures to reduce damage following an accident or emergency
Workplaces must have plans in place to dealwith the after effects of accidents andemergencies. These include plans for:
❚ rescue of the victims;
❚ emergency medical assistance for theinjured;
❚ repair and restoration of the damage;and
❚ compensation and insurance.
B) Energy-barrier approachThe basic concept in this approach is thataccidents occur because of the lack of barriersto control unwanted energy flow. Whetheror not a form of energy produces an injuryor loss in a given situation depends on the:
❚ magnitude of energy and rate of release;
❚ duration and frequency of contact; and
❚ concentration of forces: force per unitarea
The harmful effects of uncontrolled energytransfer can be prevented or reduced by asuccession of countermeasures or energybarriers (see Table 7 and Figures 1 and 2).
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Unacceptablenoise level
Noise levelunacceptable
Noise controlat the Source
Sound barrierenclosures
Ear protection
Harmful noisereaches ear
Energy Barrier and Unwanted Energy Flow
Figure 1. Barriers for unwanted energy flow from an energy source to a person.(Adopted from the CSA Z796-98 Standard)
Figure 2. Illustration of energy-barrier approach to describe control measures.(Adopted from the CSA Z796-98 Standard)
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1. Limit energy Lower speed, lower voltage, limit quantity
2. Substitute safer energy form Safer chemicals
3. Prevent build-up Fuses, floor loading
4. Prevent the release Containment, insulation
5. Provide slow release Safety valves, seatbelts
6. Channel the release Electrical grounding, lockouts, interlocks(separate in time and space)
7. Apply energy barrier on the source Acoustic enclosures, sprinklers
8. Apply energy barrier between Fire doors, welding curtainssource and target
9. Apply energy barrier on person Personal protective equipment, machine guards or object
10. Raise the injury or damage threshold Selection, acclimatization
11. Limit injury or damage from Emergency medical aid, emergency showers worsening
12. Rehabilitate Persons regain health, equipment repaired, special insurance, victim compensation
Barrier Type Examples
Table 7. Examples of energy barriers (in order of efficiency).
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Table 8. Suggested preventative measures for changing a flat tireusing the energy barrier approach.
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
JOB: changing tire on a vehicle
Analysed by: John Supervisor and Tom Worker Date: 29 May 2001
Reviewed by: Joe Expert Date: 1 June 2001
Approved by: Co-Chairs Health and Safety Committee Date: 5 June 2001
Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures (Energy type & contacts) (Barriers)
1. Park vehicle. a) Can be hit by passing traffic. a) Drive to area well clear of traffic. Turn on emergency flashers. b) Can be hit by vehicle on uneven, b) Choose a firm, level area. soft ground. c) Vehicle may roll on driver. c) Apply the parking brake, leave transmission in gear or in PARK, place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite to the flat.
2. Get spare tire a) Lifting spare may cause strain. a) Turn spare into upright position and tool kit. in the wheel well. Using your legs and standing as close as possible, lift spare out of truck and roll to flat tire.
3. Pry off hub cap. a) Hub cap may pop off and a) Pry off hub cap using hit the driver. steady pressure.
4. Loosen lug a) Lug wrench may slip and hurt a) Use proper lug wrench; apply bolts (nuts). the driver. steady pressure slowly.
5. And so on …….. a) …….. a) ……..
17
Step 5:
How should I communicate theJSA information to everyone else?
Once the preventive measures are selected,the results must be communicated to allemployees who are, or will be, performingthat job. The side-by-side format used inJSA worksheets is not an ideal one forinstructional purposes. Better results can beachieved by using the results of JSA to devel-op work procedure in a narrative-style for-mat. For example, the work procedure forchanging a flat tire might start out like this:
1. Park vehicle
a) Drive vehicle off the road to an area clear of traffic, even if it requires rolling on a flat tire. Turn on the emergency flashers to alert passing drivers so that they will not hit you.
b) Park on a firm, level area so that the vehicle does not roll when you jack it up.
c) Apply the parking brake, leave the transmission in gear or PARK, and turn off the engine.
d) Place blocks in front and back of the wheel diagonally opposite the flat tire to prevent the vehicle from rolling.
2. Get a spare tire and tool kit
Turn the spare tire up into an upright posi-tion in its well. Stand as close to the trunk aspossible and slide the spare close to yourbody. Lift out and roll to flat tire.
3. Pry off hub-cap
Pry off hub-cap slowly with steady pres-sure to prevent it from popping off andstriking you.
4. Loosen lug bolts (nuts)
Using the proper lug wrench, apply steadypressure slowly to loosen the lug bolts(nuts), so that the wrench will not slip andhurt your knuckles.
5. And so on…..
If a written job procedure already exists, itshould be revised to include health andsafety items identified by the job safetyanalysis process.
18
A completed JSA serves as a tool to ensureworkplace health and safety. Particularly, JSAserves as an excellent tool for:
Compliance with health and safety legislation.
Employee training.
Workplace inspection.
Safety observation.
Investigation.
Table 9 summarizes the usefulness of JSA inensuring workplace health and safety.
Health and safety How does JSA help activity
Compliance with health Employers are required to inform employees about the potential and safety legislation hazards in the workplace and safe work practices to prevent these hazards. JSA serves as an excellent source of such information.
Employee training Supervisors can use JSAs to provide job specific training. This will ensure that employees learn the safe way of performing each task and the potential dangers of not following the correct procedure.
Employee may post a copy of a JSA near his or her workstation for quick reference.
For non-routine jobs, JSAs should be viewed as a quick reminder of the potential hazards, safe work practices, and personal protection required.
Workplace inspection JSAs can be used together with an inspection checklist to ensure that recommended safe work practices are being followed.
Safety observation Employees can use JSAs as a tool for observing each other’s work practices and providing positive feedback to promote safe work practices, and ultimately, develop a safety culture.
Incident investigation JSA helps in incident investigation in three ways: 1. Provides insight into how accident might have occurred. 2. Identifies new hazards, which were overlooked in the previous JSA. 3. Updates JSA and improves safe work practices.
Table 9. Examples of uses of JSA.
3. How and when to use Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
19
It is essential to establish a follow-up andreview process for monitoring the effective-ness of the preventive measures implementedfollowing JSA. This is done to:
❚ ensure new hazards have not beencreated;
❚ seek feedback from employeesperforming the job;
❚ ensure employees are following theprocedures and practices requiredby the JSA;
❚ assess need for a repeat JSA; and
❚ implement continuous improvement.
Periodic review (e.g., annually), is useful toensure components of the JSA remain cur-rent and functional and that employees arefollowing the procedures and practices asrecommended by the JSA.
A need for a repeat JSA may arise when:
❚ a new job is created;
❚ an existing job is changed; or,
❚ equipment or process is changed.
The economic benefits of JSA include:
❚ reduced direct/indirect costs ofaccidents;
❚ improved quality and productivity;and,
❚ betterment of employee morale andpride.
The time and effort involved in JSA is aninvestment to control injury, property damage, and loss of production.
4. Follow-up and Review of a Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
20
CSA Z795-96 Standard, Coding of WorkInjury or Disease Information. Rexdale,Ontario: CSA International, 1996.
CSA Z796-98 Standard, AccidentInformation. Rexdale, Ontario: CSAInternational, 1998.
Haddon Jr., W. "Energy Damage and the TenCounter-Measure Strategies" Human FactorsJournal. Vol. 15, no. 4 (1973), pp. 355-366.
Johnson, W.G. "Change is the Mother ofTrouble" in MORT Safety Assurance System.New York: Dekker, 1980, Chapter 5.
Johnson, W.G. "Energy: For Work or Harm"in MORT Safety Assurance System. New York:Dekker, 1980, Chapter 3.
Kepner, C.H., and Tregoe, B.B. The RationalManager. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
Wuorinen, V. Job Hazard Analysis (CCOHSPublication 87-1E). Hamilton, Ontario:Canadian Centre for Occupational Healthand Safety, 1987.
5. References
21
1.Transportation of dangerous goods(TDG).
2.Climbing trucks to inspect level of substance in snow and rain.
3.Handling of heavy objects in ports and storage.
4.Machine maintenance.
5.Working at heights on communicationtowers.
6.Improvisation of tasks.
6. Examples of Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
22
JOB
SAFE
TY A
NA
LYSI
S W
ORK
SHEE
TJO
B: T
rans
port
atio
n of
Dan
gero
us G
oods
(TDG
)
Ana
lyse
d by
: Joh
n Su
perv
isor
and
Mar
y W
orke
r
Dat
e: 5
May
200
1
Revi
ewed
by:
Joe
Expe
rt
Dat
e: 1
June
200
1
App
rove
d by
: Co-
Chai
rs H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Com
mitt
ee
Dat
e: 5
June
200
1
Seq
uenc
e of
Tas
ks
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(P
ossi
ble
chan
ges)
(C
ontr
ols)
1. In
spec
t pac
kage
a)
Im
prop
er p
acka
ging
.
a) E
nsur
e th
at th
e U
N re
com
men
datio
ns o
n pa
ckag
ing
have
bee
n
im
plem
ente
d as
des
crib
ed in
Nat
iona
l Sta
ndar
d of
Can
ada
CA
N/C
GSB
-43.
150-
97.
b) T
oxic
che
mic
als.
b)
Ens
ure
that
pac
kage
s ha
ve d
iam
ond
shap
ed s
afet
y m
arks
to
in
dica
te ty
pe o
f dan
gero
us g
oods
.
En
sure
that
pac
kage
s co
mpl
y w
ith T
DG re
gula
tions
.
Ensu
re th
at th
e co
mpa
ny h
as a
WHM
IS c
ompl
iant
MSD
S.
c) L
eaki
ng p
acka
ges,
c) I
nfor
m p
erso
n re
spon
sibl
e fo
r pac
kagi
ng.
da
nger
ous
spill
s.
Do
not
cle
an-u
p un
less
you
are
trai
ned
to d
o so
.
Do
not
acc
ept l
eaki
ng p
acka
ges
for t
rans
port
.
2. L
oad
pack
ages
a)
Pac
kage
s to
o he
avy.
a)
Fol
low
pro
per l
iftin
g te
chni
ques
, e.g
., se
ek a
ssist
ance
, use
lifti
ng d
evic
es.
b)
Tox
ic s
pills
.
b) E
nsur
e sp
ill is
cle
aned
up
by a
qua
lifie
d pe
rson
.
c) S
lippe
ry o
r clu
tter
ed s
urfa
ce.
c)
Ens
ure
that
the
wal
king
and
wor
king
surfa
ce is
not
slip
pery
or c
lutte
red.
d)
Pre
senc
e of
sou
rce
of fl
ame
d) F
ollo
w s
afet
y ru
les
for f
lam
mab
le a
nd c
ombu
stib
le m
ater
ials.
or
hea
t.
(Usi
ng th
e ch
ange
ana
lysi
s te
chni
que)
Exam
ple
1 Tr
ansp
orta
tion
ofd
ange
rous
goo
ds (
TD
G)
23
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(P
ossi
ble
chan
ges)
(C
ontr
ols)
3. Tr
ansp
ort p
acka
ges
a)
Traf
fic a
ccid
ents
.
a)
Info
rm y
our c
ompa
ny im
med
iate
ly.
Ensu
re th
at th
e sh
ippi
ng d
ocum
ent s
how
s:
- qua
ntity
and
type
of d
ange
rous
goo
ds;
- p
rimar
y an
d su
bsid
iary
pro
duct
cla
ssifi
catio
n;
- pac
kagi
ng g
roup
; and
- s
hipp
ers
24-h
our e
mer
genc
y te
leph
one
num
ber.
En
sure
that
ther
e ar
e fo
ur id
entic
al p
laca
rds
(if re
quire
d)
visi
ble
from
any
dire
ctio
n.
b) S
pills
of t
oxic
mat
eria
ls.
b)
Ens
ure
that
spi
ll is
cle
aned
up
by a
qua
lifie
d pe
rson
.
c) E
xtre
me
wea
ther
con
ditio
ns.
c)
Wea
r ade
quat
e cl
othi
ng to
pro
tect
from
col
d an
d ra
in.
Ca
rry
plen
ty o
f drin
king
wat
er in
sum
mer
mon
ths.
C
arry
em
erge
ncy
win
ter k
it (c
loth
ing,
bla
nket
etc
).
d) V
ehic
le b
reak
dow
n.
d)
Call
911
for a
ssis
tanc
e.
Fol
low
you
r com
pany
’s em
erge
ncy
proc
edur
es.
4. D
eliv
er p
acka
ges
a)
Pac
kage
s to
o he
avy.
a)
Fol
low
pro
per l
iftin
g te
chni
ques
: e.g
., se
ek a
ssis
tanc
e, u
se
lift
ing
devi
ces.
b) D
amag
ed p
acka
ging
.
b)
If
pack
age
show
s si
gns
of le
akag
e do
not
unl
oad.
Cal
l
e
mer
genc
y nu
mbe
r for
ass
ista
nce
and
furt
her i
nstr
uctio
ns.
c) S
igns
of s
pill.
c)
In
form
per
son
resp
onsi
ble
for p
acka
ging
.
Do
not c
lean
up
unle
ss y
ou a
re tr
aine
d to
do
so.
5. A
nd s
o on
……
..
a) …
…..
a) …
…..
24
JOB
SAFE
TY A
NA
LYSI
S W
ORK
SHEE
T
JOB:
Clim
bing
truc
ks to
insp
ect l
evel
of s
ubst
ance
s in
sno
w a
nd ra
in
Ana
lyse
d by
: Jan
e Su
perv
isor
and
Tom
Wor
ker
Dat
e: 5
May
200
1
Revi
ewed
by:
Joe
Expe
rt
Dat
e: 1
0 M
ay 2
001
App
rove
d by
: Jan
e Su
perv
isor
and
HS
repr
esen
tativ
e
D
ate:
5 J
une
2001
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (B
arri
ers)
1. P
ark
the
truc
k a)
Bei
ng h
it by
pas
sing
traf
fic.
a) P
ark
in a
rea
clea
r of t
raffi
c.
Turn
on
emer
genc
y fla
sher
s.
b)
Bei
ng h
it by
mov
ing
or ti
lting
Wea
r hig
h vi
sibi
lity
vest
at n
ight
.
of v
ehic
le p
arke
d on
une
ven
and
soft
grou
nd.
b) P
ark
on a
firm
and
leve
l are
a.
c) B
eing
or c
omin
g un
der i
f tru
ck
c)
Appl
y pa
rkin
g br
akes
.
rolls
ove
r.
Le
ave
tran
smis
sion
in g
ear o
r par
k.
Plac
e bl
ocks
in fr
ont a
nd b
ack
of th
e w
heel
s.
2. C
limb
up th
e tr
uck
a)
Fal
l fro
m s
lippe
ry s
urfa
ce
a) U
se fa
ll ar
rest
/ fa
ll pr
otec
tion.
ca
used
by
snow
or r
ain.
Use
pro
per l
adde
r.
b) E
xpos
ure
to c
old/
rain
. b)
Wea
r ade
quat
e cl
othi
ng to
pro
tect
from
col
d an
d ra
in.
(Usi
ng th
e en
ergy
-bar
rier a
ppro
ach)
Exam
ple
2 C
limbi
ng
truc
ks to
insp
ect l
evel
ofs
ubst
ance
in
sn
ow a
nd
rain
25
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (B
arri
ers)
3. In
spec
t the
con
tent
s
a) C
onte
nts
may
be
unde
r pre
ssur
e
a-c)
Rea
d TD
G d
ocum
enta
tion
and
MSD
S of
the
cont
ents
.
and
may
exp
lode
.
Use
pro
per p
erso
nal p
rote
ctiv
e eq
uipm
ent s
uch
as g
love
s,
foo
twea
r, re
spira
tory
pro
tect
ion.
b) C
onte
nts
may
reac
t with
wat
er
an
d pr
oduc
e he
at, t
oxic
vap
ours
.
c)
Exp
osur
e to
toxi
c du
sts,
gase
s,
vapo
urs.
d) S
kin
cont
act w
ith to
xic
or
d) W
ear p
rote
ctiv
e cl
othi
ng a
nd g
love
s.
irrita
nt m
ater
ials.
4. C
limb
dow
n th
e tr
uck
a)
Fal
l fro
m s
lippe
ry la
dder
. a)
Fol
low
ladd
er s
afet
y pr
oced
ures
.
b) C
onta
min
ated
clo
thin
g an
d
b) K
eep
cont
amin
ated
glo
ves,
apro
ns, e
tc.,
sepa
rate
from
you
r
pers
onal
pro
tect
ive
equi
pmen
t.
norm
al c
loth
ing.
Fo
llow
reco
mm
ende
d cl
eani
ng a
nd m
aint
enan
ce p
roce
dure
s.
26
JOB
SAFE
TY A
NA
LYSI
S W
ORK
SHEE
T
JOB:
Han
dlin
g of
hea
vy o
bjec
ts in
por
ts a
nd s
tora
ge
Ana
lyse
d by
: Jan
e Ex
pert
and
Kat
ie E
mpl
oyee
D
ate:
5 M
ay 2
001
Revi
ewed
by:
Joe
Expe
rt
Dat
e: 1
June
200
1
App
rove
d by
: Co-
Chai
rs H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Com
mitt
ee
D
ate:
5 J
une
2001
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (C
ontr
ols
& B
arri
ers)
1. In
spec
t bef
ore
a)
Haz
ardo
us w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
. a)
Insp
ect a
nd b
e fa
mili
ar w
ith th
e lo
ad w
eigh
t, si
ze a
nd s
hape
cap
acity
u
nloa
ding
of th
e ho
istin
g eq
uipm
ent.
Se
lect
pro
per e
quip
men
t for
the
job.
In
stal
l gua
rds
to p
reve
nt a
cces
s to
are
as w
ith m
ovin
g ov
erhe
ad o
bjec
ts.
b)
Exp
osur
e to
haz
ardo
us su
bsta
nces
. b)
Che
ck th
e TD
G s
ymbo
ls o
n pa
ckag
es a
nd fo
llow
saf
e w
ork
proc
edur
es
as s
et o
ut in
the
MSD
S of
the
prod
uct.
Id
entif
y, is
olat
e an
d re
mov
e ha
zard
ous
pack
ages
.
c) E
xpos
ure
to d
ange
rous
c)
Mak
e su
re th
ere
is n
o da
nger
of h
azar
dous
exp
osur
e.
envi
ronm
ent.
U
se a
dequ
ate
pers
onal
pro
tect
ive
equi
pmen
t
2. U
nloa
d
a) B
eing
hit
by h
oist
ed lo
ad.
a) F
ollo
w a
udio
and
vis
ual s
igna
ls.
b) B
eing
hit
by o
r com
ing
unde
r b)
Use
gua
rds,
war
ning
sig
ns, t
o m
ark
area
s un
der l
oad.
sh
iftin
g lo
ad.
(Usi
ng th
e en
ergy
-bar
rier a
ppro
ach)
Exam
ple
3H
andl
ing
ofhe
avy
obje
cts
in p
orts
an
d st
orag
e
27
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (C
ontr
ols
& B
arri
ers)
3. T
rans
port
obj
ects
a)
Bei
ng h
it by
rollo
ver o
r tip
ove
r a)
Goo
d ho
usek
eepi
ng.
by
lift
truc
k
of e
quip
men
t or v
ehic
le.
Fo
llow
saf
e op
erat
ing
proc
edur
es.
b) E
xpos
ure
to h
azar
dous
b)
Che
ck th
e TD
G s
ymbo
ls o
n pa
ckag
es a
nd fo
llow
saf
e w
ork
su
bsta
nces
.
proc
edur
es a
s se
t out
in th
e M
SDS
of th
e pr
oduc
t.
Iden
tify,
isol
ate
and
rem
ove
haza
rdou
s pa
ckag
es.
c) E
xpos
ure
to d
ange
rous
c)
Use
ade
quat
e pe
rson
al p
rote
ctio
n.
envi
ronm
ent.
d) H
it pe
rson
s pa
ssin
g by
clo
se to
d)
Ens
ure
good
vis
ibili
ty.
th
e lif
t tru
ck.
U
se w
arni
ng s
ound
s, lig
hts
and
sign
s.
4. S
tore
the
obje
cts
a) C
omin
g in
con
tact
with
mov
ing
a) P
rope
r clo
thin
g an
d eq
uipm
ent.
pa
rts
such
as
conv
eyor
s.
b)
Ove
rexe
rtio
n.
b) E
stab
lish
acce
ptab
le li
mits
for m
anua
l mat
eria
ls h
andl
ing.
U
se m
echa
nica
l lift
ing
aids
.
28
JOB
SAFE
TY A
NA
LYSI
S W
ORK
SHEE
TJO
B: M
achi
ne M
aint
enan
ce
Ana
lyse
d by
: Exp
ert C
ompa
ny L
td
D
ate:
5 M
ay 2
001
Revi
ewed
by:
Co-
Chai
rs H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Com
mitt
ee
Dat
e: 1
0 M
ay 2
001
App
rove
d by
: Co-
Chai
rs H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Com
mitt
ee
D
ate:
5 J
une
2001
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (B
arri
ers)
1. K
now
pro
per
a) A
ccid
ents
, inj
urie
s, lo
sses
due
–
Follo
w p
roce
dure
s re
com
men
ded
by th
e m
anuf
actu
rer/y
our e
mpl
oyer
.
mai
nten
ance
to c
onta
ct w
ith h
igh
ener
gy
pr
oced
ures
mov
ing
part
s or
sto
red
ener
gy.
– U
se o
nly
reco
mm
ende
d to
ols
and
repl
acem
ent p
arts
.
2. T
urn
off p
ower
to
a) O
bjec
ts fl
ying
off
the
slow
ing
a)
Loc
ate
and
turn
off
pow
er fr
om a
saf
e lo
catio
n.
stop
the
mac
hine
mac
hine
.
Use
app
ropr
iate
per
sona
l pro
tect
ive
equi
pmen
t.
b)
Ele
ctric
al s
park
. b)
Use
app
ropr
iate
eye
pro
tect
ion.
Gro
und
met
al h
ousi
ng o
f the
sw
itch.
c) M
alfu
nctio
n of
oth
er e
quip
men
t c)
Ens
ure
that
aux
iliar
y eq
uipm
ent d
riven
by
the
mac
hine
are
isol
ated
atta
ched
to th
e m
achi
ne.
or
set
in a
saf
e po
sitio
n.
3. D
e-en
ergi
ze th
e pa
rts
a)
Con
tact
with
par
ts s
et in
a)
Sec
ure
all a
ttac
hmen
ts a
nd p
arts
aga
inst
inad
vert
ent m
otio
n.
by re
leas
ing
stor
ed
m
otio
n in
adve
rten
tly.
en
ergy
suc
h as
pres
sure
s, te
nsio
ns,
b) B
eing
cru
shed
und
er e
quip
men
t b)
Low
er ra
ised
par
ts to
zer
o en
ergy
pos
ition
(flo
or) t
o pr
even
t fal
ling
ra
ised
par
ts
pa
rts
rais
ed u
nder
hyd
raul
ic.
un
der g
ravi
ty.
Re
leas
e th
e hy
drau
lic p
ress
ure
used
to ra
ise
the
part
abo
ve g
roun
d.
c)
Ele
ctric
sho
ck fr
om
c) D
isch
arge
ele
ctric
ally
cha
rged
com
pone
nts
usin
g a
grou
nded
met
al ro
d.
ch
arge
d co
nden
sers
.
(Usi
ng th
e en
ergy
-bar
rier a
ppro
ach)
Exam
ple
4 M
achi
ne
mai
nte
nan
ce
29
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (B
arri
ers)
4. Is
olat
e en
ergy
sou
rce
a)
Mac
hine
is s
et in
mot
ion
a-b)
Loc
k ou
t ene
rgy
sour
ces
such
as
elec
tric
sw
itch,
hyd
raul
ic p
ress
ure,
to
pre
vent
acc
iden
tal
un
inte
ntio
nally
.
stea
m v
alve
s, fo
llow
ing
your
com
pany
’s lo
ckou
t pro
cedu
res.
m
otio
n
Com
bina
tion
lock
s ar
e no
t rec
omm
ende
d fo
r loc
kout
.
b)
Mac
hine
is s
et in
mot
ion
by
In
terlo
cks
are
not a
sub
stitu
te fo
r loc
kout
.
a
co-w
orke
r.
5.
Cle
an u
p de
bris,
a)
Trip
s an
d fa
lls o
n sl
ippe
ry a
nd
a)
Clea
n up
deb
ris a
nd s
pills
.
was
tes,
and
toxi
c
cl
utte
red
floor
s.
mat
eria
ls a
nd p
urge
any
toxi
c ga
ses,
fum
es
b) C
onta
ct w
ith c
onta
min
ated
b-
c) U
se g
love
s, ap
rons
and
oth
er p
erso
nal p
rote
ctiv
e eq
uipm
ent.
or
vap
ours
equi
pmen
t.
Follo
w re
com
men
ded
clea
ning
and
mai
nten
ance
pro
cedu
res.
c) C
uts
from
sha
rp e
dges
.
d) E
xpos
ure
to to
xic
subs
tanc
es.
d)
Mon
itor w
ork
envi
ronm
ent t
o en
sure
that
it is
saf
e to
go
ahea
d
with
the
wor
k.
6. P
erfo
rm th
e
a) C
uts,
brui
ses,
stra
ins,
spra
ins.
a)
Follo
w p
roce
dure
s re
com
men
ded
by m
anuf
actu
rer.
m
aint
enan
ce w
ork
and
reas
sem
ble
the
mac
hine
b)
Har
mfu
l exp
osur
es to
che
mic
als,
b)
U
se o
nly
qual
ified
per
sons
to d
o th
e w
ork.
an
d eq
uipm
ent
no
ise,
etc
.
7.
Tur
n on
the
pow
er
a) M
isha
ps d
ue to
: a)
Fo
llow
test
ing
proc
edur
es re
com
men
ded
by th
e m
anuf
actu
rer.
so
urce
and
per
form
- inc
ompl
ete
mai
nten
ance
wor
k;
St
ay in
a s
afe
loca
tion.
a
tria
l run
- fau
lts d
evel
oped
dur
ing
Ke
ep th
e ar
ea c
lear
of o
ccup
ants
.
mai
nten
ance
wor
k.
8. D
ocum
ent t
he
a) M
aint
enan
ce o
vers
ight
. a)
N
ote
the
date
, the
type
of m
aint
enan
ce w
ork
done
, and
the
nam
e of
m
aint
enan
ce w
ork
the
empl
oyee
in c
harg
e of
the
wor
k.
Not
e: M
aint
enan
ce t
asks
cou
ld b
e fa
irly
com
plex
and
req
uire
exp
ertis
e, k
now
ledg
e an
d sk
ills
to p
erfo
rm t
he jo
b. E
ach
mai
nten
ance
job
will
th
eref
ore
requ
ire a
det
aile
d JS
A. T
he a
bove
exa
mpl
e pr
ovid
es a
gui
delin
e to
hig
hlig
ht s
afet
y is
sues
in m
achi
ne m
aint
enan
ce.
30
JOB
SAFE
TY A
NA
LYSI
S W
ORK
SHEE
T
JOB:
Wor
king
at h
eigh
ts o
n co
mm
unic
atio
n to
wer
s
Ana
lyse
d by
: Joh
n Su
perv
isor
and
Mar
ie W
orke
r
D
ate:
5 M
ay 2
001
Revi
ewed
by:
Kat
e Ex
pert
D
ate:
1 Ju
ne 2
001
App
rove
d by
: Co-
Chai
rs H
ealth
and
Saf
ety
Com
mitt
ee
Dat
e: 5
June
200
1
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(E
nerg
y ty
pe &
con
tact
) (B
arri
ers)
1. A
sses
s an
d pr
epar
e
a) B
urns
and
ele
ctric
sho
cks
from
a)
De-
ener
gize
the
tow
er u
nles
s te
sts
have
bee
n m
ade
whi
ch s
how
that
wor
k si
te
in
duce
d el
ectr
ical
cha
rge
in
no
sig
nific
ant e
lect
ric c
harg
e is
indu
ced
in th
e eq
uipm
ent a
nd m
ater
ials.
eq
uipm
ent a
nd m
ater
ials
by
U
se g
roun
ded
equi
pmen
t mat
eria
ls w
hile
wor
king
nea
r ene
rgiz
ed to
wer
s.
elec
trom
agne
tic fi
eld
(EM
F) fr
om
th
e an
tenn
a.
b)
Fire
haz
ard
from
spa
rks
caus
ed
b) D
o no
t brin
g fla
mm
able
and
com
bust
ible
mat
eria
ls n
ear t
ower
s.
by
EM
F.
c) F
allin
g ob
ject
s fro
m a
dam
aged
c)
Lo
cate
peo
ple
and
mat
eria
ls a
way
from
are
as o
f fal
ling
obje
cts.
to
wer
.
d)
Ext
rem
e w
eath
er a
nd w
ind
d)
Sno
w, s
tron
g w
inds
, and
rain
add
add
ition
al h
azar
ds.
co
nditi
ons.
Po
stpo
ne n
on-e
mer
genc
y w
ork
durin
g su
ch w
eath
er.
(Usi
ng th
e en
ergy
-bar
rier a
ppro
ach)
Exam
ple
5 W
orki
ng
at h
eigh
ts o
n c
omm
unic
atio
n to
wer
s
31
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(Ene
rgy
type
& c
onta
ct)
2. C
limb
up th
e to
wer
a)
Pot
entia
lly fa
tal f
alls
from
a)
Use
ade
quat
e fa
ll pr
otec
tion
and
body
pos
ition
ing
gr
eat h
eigh
ts.
(b
elt a
nd s
afet
y st
raps
) sys
tem
.
b)
Exp
osur
e to
col
d/ra
in.
b) W
ear a
dequ
ate
clot
hing
to p
rote
ct fr
om c
old
and
rain
.
c)
Bei
ng h
it by
the
repa
ir eq
uipm
ent
c) S
tay
away
from
mat
eria
ls b
eing
hoi
sted
.
and
mat
eria
l hoi
sted
by
the
cran
e.
Pa
y sp
ecia
l att
entio
n w
hen
it is
win
dy.
3. C
limb
dow
n th
e to
wer
a)
Bei
ng h
it by
falli
ng o
bjec
ts le
ft
a) E
nsur
e th
at a
ll to
ols,
equi
pmen
t and
mat
eria
ls a
re s
ecur
ed b
efor
e
on th
e to
wer
by
mis
take
.
com
ing
dow
n th
e to
wer
.
32
JOB
SAFE
TY A
NA
LYSI
S W
ORK
SHEE
T
JOB:
Impr
ovis
atio
n of
task
s
Ana
lyse
d by
: Bill
For
eman
and
Tom
Wor
ker
D
ate:
5 M
ay 2
001
Revi
ewed
by:
Joe
Exp
ert
D
ate:
1 Ju
ne 2
001
App
rove
d by
: Joh
n Su
perv
isor
and
HS
repr
esen
tativ
e
Dat
e: 5
June
200
1
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(P
ossi
ble
chan
ges)
(C
ontr
ols)
1. M
ake
an a
sses
smen
t
a) G
ettin
g in
the
way
of:
a) F
ind
a sa
fe lo
catio
n.
of th
e jo
b, a
ctiv
ities
- veh
icle
s;
St
ay w
ithin
saf
ety
zone
s.
arou
nd th
e w
ork
area
,
- mat
eria
l flo
w;
W
ear h
igh
visi
bilit
y ve
st.
an
d th
e w
ork
- ene
rgy
flow
;
envi
ronm
ent
- m
ovin
g eq
uipm
ent.
b)
Pre
senc
e of
har
mfu
l sub
stan
ces.
b) A
sses
s th
e le
vel o
f pot
entia
lly h
azar
dous
exp
osur
es.
c) I
nade
quat
e cl
othi
ng a
nd
c) U
se a
dequ
ate
clot
hing
and
per
sona
l pro
tect
ive
equi
pmen
t.
pers
onal
pro
tect
ive
equi
pmen
t.
d) N
ot q
ualif
ied
or a
utho
rized
to
d) S
eek
info
rmat
ion
abou
t req
uire
d qu
alifi
catio
ns, p
erm
its, c
ertif
icat
ion,
do th
e jo
b.
or
lice
nsin
g re
quire
men
ts.
e) P
oten
tially
haz
ardo
us to
e)
Sec
ure
the
area
usi
ng b
arric
ades
, war
ning
sig
ns, e
tc.
co
-wor
kers
and
vis
itors
nea
rby.
(Usi
ng th
e ch
ange
ana
lysi
s te
chni
que)
Exam
ple
6 Im
prov
isat
ion
oft
asks
33
Sequ
ence
of
Task
s
Pote
ntia
l Haz
ards
Pr
even
tive
Mea
sure
s
(Ene
rgy
type
& c
onta
ct)
2. P
erfo
rm jo
b sa
fety
a)
Saf
ety
conc
erns
for s
imila
r job
s. a)
Dev
elop
saf
e w
ork
prac
tice.
an
alys
is
U
se a
dequ
ate
prot
ectio
n e.
g., f
all p
rote
ctio
n, s
afet
y gl
asse
s.
b)
Pot
entia
l har
mfu
l exp
osur
es to
b)
Im
plem
ent e
ngin
eerin
g co
ntro
ls.
chem
ical
s, no
ise,
radi
atio
n et
c.
W
ear p
erso
nal p
rote
ctio
n.
c) L
ack
of tr
aini
ng, e
duca
tion,
c)
Kno
w p
oten
tial h
azar
ds a
nd s
afe
wor
k pr
oced
ures
.
licen
sing
.
Do n
ot p
erfo
rm ta
sks
for w
hich
you
are
not
qua
lifie
d.
d) W
hat t
o do
in c
ase
of
d) H
ave
a pl
an to
dea
l with
em
erge
ncie
s.
emer
genc
y.
34
Appendix A Sample form for Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
JOB:
Analysed by: Date:
Reviewed by: Date:
Approved by: Date:
Sequence of Tasks Potential Hazards Preventive Measures
35
Step 1
Select a job for JSA.
Step 2
Break the job into ten basic tasksor less.
Step 3
Analyse each task by one of thefollowing methods.
Method 1A)Find the most important job parameter
for each task.
B) Find potential hazards by asking questions that begin by "What if ".
Method 2A)Determine the type of energy involved
in each task.
B) Determine the potential risk of contact between energy and employee.
Guide words Parameters
No or not Colour, shape, height
More Sound, odour, light, pressure
Less Motion, sequence, pace
As well as Power, energy, temperature
Part of Protective devices
Reverse Substance, component, ensemble
Other than Location, environment, etc.
Type of energy Type of contact
Gravitational Contact with objects or Kinetic equipment
Thermal Falls Biological Bodily reaction and exertionChemical Exposure to substancesHydraulic Transportation accidentsElectrical Fires and explosionsRadiation Assaults and violent actsAnimalStored potential
energyNoise
Step 4
Determine preventive measure(s)using hazard control strategies orthe energy-barrier approach.
Control strategy Energy barrier
Eliminate the hazard Limit energy
Substitute the hazard Substitute safer energy form
Mitigate the risk: Prevent build-up
- adopt safe work practices; Prevent the release of energy
- comply with acts and Provide slow release of energyregulations;
- develop organizational Channel the release of energyrules;
- reduce exposure source. Apply energy barrier on the source
Have an emergency plan Barrier between source and target
Repair damages Barrier on person or object
Raise damage threshold
Limit damage evolution
Rehabilitate
Step 5
Communicate the information toevery person concerned in anarrative-style format.
Appendix B Step-by-step Instructions for JobSafety Analysis (JSA)
36
REVIEW JSA when equipment or process changes or new information becomes available regarding potential hazards associated with the job.
INCLUDE implementation of JSA as a measure of the job performance ofemployees at all levels.
ENCOURAGE the use of JSA in work place inspection and accident/incident investigation.
INVOLVE employees in the development,implementation and review of JSA.
KEEP written JSA short and simple,preferably one page long.
ILLUSTRATE safe practices and the use of personal protective equipment with the help of pictures and drawings.
ASSIGN responsibility of JSA and its implementation to supervisors.
TRAIN all employees and supervisors on the benefits of implementing recom-mendations of JSA.
INCLUDE relevant JSA in the new and transferred employee orientation kit.
EXPLAIN the use of JSA to employees beforethey start their new or modified job.
IMPLEMENT safe work practices recommended in the JSA as a part ofthe overall health and safety program.
POST relevant JSA close to the workstationto provide easy access to workers.
MAINTAIN a binder of all JSAs and make it accessible to all employees at all times.
Appendix C Practical Tips for Performing Job Safety analysis (JSA) and its Implementation