joao pimenta, pgtmm , october 13, 2016 abb power grids
TRANSCRIPT
© ABBSlide 1October 25, 2016
Joao Pimenta, PGTMM , October 13th, 2016
ABB Power GridsCapacitors and Filters
© ABBSlide 2October 25, 2016
Capacitors in ABBHistory
Pictures from old catalogues
§ 1932, started ASEA/ABB to deliver capacitors
§ This design remained the same until the beginning ofthe 60’s. During the 60’s and 70’s the designaccelerated due to the early ASEA projects for HVDCand FACTS projects.
§ 2000, ABB started to manufactory capacitors at Xi´anfacility, with focus at local HVDC and FACTS projects.
§ 2001, ABB introduced a revolutionary Dry type ofcapacitors for DC applications
More than 80 years of experience in the field of capacitors
© ABBSlide 3October 25, 2016
Advantage of a good Power Factor
• Current drawn from the network reduced
• Transformers and distribution cables unloaded ( í I)
• Reduced Joule losses ( RI²)
• Cables
• Transformers
• Protect devices
• Voltage drop reduced
• Cables
• Transformers
• Increased power available at transformer terminals
• No penalty from electricity supplier
© ABBSlide 4October 25, 2016
Advantage of a good Power FactorTransformers and distribution cables lightened (íI)
0.70.95
27%
§ Current drawn from the networkreduced
§ Reduction in factor of:
In (%)
§ Cos j 1 = 1 In = 100%
(required useful current)
§ Cos j íÕ In í
§ For the same kW, In is reduced by 27%when PF rises from 0.7 to 0.95
100*)2cos1cos1(
jj
-
© ABBSlide 5October 25, 2016
Advantage of a good Power FactorReduced Joule Losses (RI²)
46
cos j final values
cos j initial values
% reduction in losses
§ Reduction factor of RI² watt (%):
RI² watt (%) =
§ For the same load, the losses arereduced by 46% when PF rises from 0.7to 0.95
100*)2cos1cos(1 2
jj
-
© ABBSlide 6October 25, 2016
Locating Capacitors on System
TransmissionSC
SVC
Distribution
SCSVC
IndustryLoad SVC CHARM
QBANK
© ABBSlide 7October 25, 2016
Locating Capacitors on System
Capacitor location1 2&3 4
Technical approach BestFlexibility Least Less BestSavings Least Less Max
Cost per kvar Least Lower Highest
1. on the plant feeder (HV)
2. on the main LV bus
3. on the auxiliary/remote bus
4. at the individual load point
M M M
1 2
3 4
© ABBSlide 8October 25, 2016
Power Capacitor UnitDefinition of capacitor unit
§Capacitor bank §Capacitor unit §Capacitor element
© ABBSlide 9October 25, 2016
Power Capacitor UnitOptimized capacitor design
Consideration of safety plenty level§ Film layer (3-layers is normal)
§ Strong puncture- against ability
§ Foil auto-folding of electrode§ Regular edge stress;
§ Excellent partial discharge ability
§a = folded radius
§D
§ Film
§Foil §Foil bulge edge§Folded
§a
§D =thickness of film
© ABBSlide 10October 25, 2016
Power Capacitor UnitCapacitor Unit Construction
§Bushing
§Element
§Discharge Resistor
§Internal fuse
§earth insulation
§Nameplate
§Connection terminal
© ABBSlide 11October 25, 2016
Power Capacitor UnitTechnology of Fuse
Internally Fused Externally Fused ABB Design Conventional Design
Fuseless§Fuse §Discharge
§ Resistor
© ABBSlide 12October 25, 2016
Power Capacitor UnitElement failure
A puncture...
...creates a perfectweld (short-circuit)
© ABBSlide 13October 25, 2016
ABB’s unique featuresExpertise in all type of fusing technologies
© ABBSlide 14October 25, 2016
Application for Open Rack SolutionVoltage Level
• MV or HV Banks
• Limitation of units:• Voltage: controls the n° of
capacitors in series of the bank;
• Case Insulation: define max.capacitor in series at the samerack;
• System Voltage level:• Minimum air clearances
(Space Required)
• N° of Capacitors in Series
• Capacitor Bank’s height
© ABBSlide 15October 25, 2016
Application for Open Rack SolutionRated Power
• Limitation of units:• Rated Power: Controls the n° of
capacitors in parallel of the bank
• Rated Power:• N° of Capacitors in Parallel
• Capacitor Bank’s width andlength (space required)
• Possibility of multi-step solution,for automatic PF compensation.
© ABBSlide 16October 25, 2016
Application for Open Rack SolutionLocal of Installation
• Indoor or Outdoor;
• Conventional Solution;
• Arrangement optimized foreach installation:
• Cable entry;
• Available Space;
• Air clearances and MagneticClearances;
• Components inside the bank;
© ABBSlide 17October 25, 2016
Application for Open Rack SolutionSafety
• Fence or Elevation Structuresrequired
• Restrict access to the area;
• Earth and Disconnector Switch(safety maintenance)
© ABBSlide 18October 25, 2016
Application for Open Rack SolutionCost
• Most cost effective solution forMV and HV capacitor banks;
• Components costs:• Structure vs Panels
• Air core vs Iron core reactors
• Conventional equipment
© ABBSlide 19October 25, 2016
Open Rack LayoutsMV Capacitor Banks
§Standard features
§Galvanised rack
§Frame capacity: 3, 6 or 9 units
§125kV BIL insulation
§Four welded lifting lugs
§Provision for key components
§Optional features
§Aluminium structural grade
© ABBSlide 20October 25, 2016
Open Rack LayoutsMV Capacitor Banks
© ABBSlide 21October 25, 2016
Open Rack LayoutsHV Capacitor Banks – Grounded Y/Y-Y
• High Voltage (≥69kV)
• Elevation Structure (If required)
• 1-ph Stacked Racks (↑ n° SG)
• Fence required (If no elevationstructure)
• CT Unbalance sensing device (ratedvoltage: 0.2 x Un)
• Progressive Insulation (racks withdefined potential)
• Bottom Insulators: ↓ BIL
• Costs: ↓
© ABBSlide 22October 25, 2016
Open Rack LayoutsHV Capacitor Banks – Ungrounded Y-Y
• High Voltage (≥69kV)
• 1-ph Stacked Racks (↑ n° SG)
• Fence required
• 1 x CT Unbalance sensing device(System Full BIL)
• Bottom Insulators: System Full BIL
• Costs: ↑↑
• Attention Point: Seismic Requirements
© ABBSlide 23October 25, 2016
Open Rack LayoutsHV Capacitor Banks – Grounded H-Bridge
• High Voltage (≥69kV)
• 1-ph Stacked Racks (↑ n° SG)
• Fence required (If no elevationstructure)
• 3 x CT Unbalance sensing device(rated voltage must coordinate withbridge midpoint voltage level)
• Progressive Insulation (racks withdefined potential)
• Bottom Insulators: ↓ BIL
• Costs: ↑↑
© ABBSlide 24October 25, 2016
Methods of Capacitor ControlFixed vs. Switched Capacitors
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 24
Hour
MVA
R
Generally, it is more economical tocorrect to near-unity power factor:
• At minimum load through theapplication of fixed capacitors
• At higher loads through theapplication of switched capacitors
• Ideal solution…fixed capacitorscompensate the fixed portion ofload, while switched capacitorscompensate peaks and troughs
© ABBSlide 25October 25, 2016
MECB 36 SD 10 (with internal detuned reactors)Indoor/Outdoor, IP54, Switched, One Stage
© ABBSlide 26October 25, 2016
33kV ABBACUS MECB
© ABBSlide 27October 25, 2016
PQC-STATCONShunt compensation
PQC-STATCON offers:
§ Enhancement of the grid – shunttechnology makes the grid act in amore robust, flexible and predictableway
§ Control of reactive power injection orabsorption
§ Unbalance compensation
§ Dynamic voltage control
§ Low noise levels
§ Optimized losses
§ Solution to MV/HV through Step uptransformers
§ Flicker mitigation (Case to case basis,pls consult factory)
© ABBSlide 28October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 28
Field report: Welding Loads - AutomotiveFIAT Automobiles, India
Customer requirement• Fast response reactive power compensation for weld
shop
• To maintain power factor close to unity
• Reliable reactive power system with power saving modeduring lean hours / shift
ABB SolutionØ Installation of 0/600 kvar & 0/1200 kvar Instantaneous
stepless compensation consisting of 50% PQCT-STATCONand 50% filter bank.
• Pf is maintained to unity.
• STATCON in energy saving mode goes in sleep modeduring no load condition
• Voltage stabilization of bus.
© ABBSlide 29October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 29
Power factor graph with & without PQC-STATCON
§Source PF of 2.5 MVA transformer (PQC Off)
§Source PF of 2.5 MVA transformer (PQC STATCON on)
§Customer benefits
§ Power saving, less wastage of weldingelectrodes
§ Up to 20% of saving in electricityconsumption from grid
§ Reduction in electricity bill due topower factor improvement
§India
§Pune
© ABBSlide 30October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 30
§We are happy to inform youthat with ABB makeSTATCON, we are able tomaintain an averagemonthly power factor above0.995 lag to unity(1.0). Thishas indubitably improvedperformance of our plantloads by improving the totalpower quality.
Performance Letter from FIAT Automobile
© ABBSlide 31October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 31
PQF active filters
§ Filters up to 50th order of harmonics
§ Selective harmonic filtering
§ Closed loop operation
§ Provides dynamic reactive power and power factorcorrection
§ Load balancing feature
§ Graphical display of all power parameters of loads and filter
§ Keeps running at maximum load if load requirement is toohigh
§ Easy commissioning
Key features
© ABBSlide 32October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 32
PQF for floatation plant drivesGold Mining in Greece
§ Operation and exploitation of mines§ High power motors to crush the minerals§ Significant level of harmonic currents§ Bad voltage waveform
© ABBSlide 33October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 33
Customer benefits
Electrical values without filter
§VR-Y §IR
Unit L1-L2 L2-L3 L3-L1
Voltage Vrms 402 401 396
THD(U) % 5.3 5.4 6.0
L1 L2 L3Current Arms 948 1001 959
THD(I) % 34.1 31.6 34.0
GlobalActive power kW 617
Reactive power kvar 179
Apparent power kVA 657
PF - 0.94
Cos (φ) (or DPF) - 0.96 (Inductive load)
© ABBSlide 34October 25, 2016
§© ABB Group§October 25, 2016 | Slide 34
Customer benefitsElectrical values with filter
§VR-Y
§IR
Unit L1-L2 L2-L3 L3-L1Voltage Vrms 397 396 392THD(U) % 1.5 1.5 1.9
L1 L2 L3Current Arms 809 850 817THD(I) % 7.1 7.1 7.3
GlobalActive power kW 524Reactive power kvar 154Apparent power kVA 564PF - 0.96Cos (φ) (or DPF) - 0.96 (Inductive load)
Efficient filtering of harmonics
§ Reduced electrical pollution
Improved performance of electrical loads
§ Downtime reduction
© ABBSlide 35October 25, 2016
Capacitors and FiltersWorld of ABB
© ABBSlide 36October 25, 2016
Capacitors in ABBManufacturing, Local assembly units,Power quality centers and Technical lead centers
§No. of MV & HV Cap. Factories : 3
§No. of LV Cap. Factories : 2
§Local assembly units (LAU) : 7
§Power quality center (PQC) : 8
§Technical lead center (TLC) : 3
Quebec, CanadaPQC / LAU
Youngwood, PALAU
Galindo, SpainPQC / LAU
Jumet, BelgiumTLC LV / PQCLV Cap. factory Ludvika, Sweden
TLC MV & HV / PQCMV & HV Cap. factory
BulgariaLAU
San Luis Potosi,Mexico, PQC / LAU
Xian, ChinaMV & HV Cap. factory
Bangkok, ThailandLV Cap. factory
Bangalore, IndiaMV & HV Cap. factory
Lilydale, AustraliaPQC / LAUTLC MECB
Guarulhos, BrazilPQC / LAU
Dubai, UAEPQC
© ABBSlide 37October 25, 2016
420 kV Substation, Norway
Increased network reliabilitydue to robust design.
ABB’s unique featuresPerformance in extreme ambient conditions
Successful installations in variousextreme ambient conditions like
§ Extreme temperatures..
§ High seismic activity..
§ High altitudes..
§ High pollution and corrosion levels..
§ 100% humidity..
....no problem!