smart grids and the change of the electric system...

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© 2010

Smart Grids and the Change of the Electric System Paradigm

João A. Peças Lopes

Director INESC Porto

2010 February 9

Lisbon

© 2010 2

Introduction

•

Europe has agreed to a legally binding objective: meet 20% of

European energy needs with renewable energies to put the EU

on track to a low-carbon economy by 2020.

–

This means intensive use of resources like: biomass, hydro, wind, solar.

–

This means intensive use of distributed generation.

–

This means a more rational and efficient use of energy.

© 2010 3

Introduction –

The new targets on RES

•

European member states with a significant share of electricity requirements being met by renewable power sources (DG resources)

50% - 55% target on electrictygeneration from renewablepower sources defined for Portugal [REN]

© 2009

New

chalanges

for the

electric

power

industry: The

SmartGrid

4

From G. Strbac

© 2010

SmartGrids: exploiting DER (DG+loads) value

5

© 2010 6

Smart

Players

and

SmartGrids

Smart

Generation

Smart

Storage

Smart

Consumption

Smart

Grid

Distribution system operators need to manageFlexibility from consumers, DG and network(including new ancillary services)

© 2010

What is expectable from a SmartGrid?

•

Definition:

A SmartGrid

is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it -

generators, consumers

and those that do both -

in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

•

Main characteristics of a SmartGrid

–

Two way communication everywhere

–

Extensive use of sensors

–

Control over power flows

–

Adaptive protections, semi automated restoration, self healing,

–

System capacity extension to the limits (dynamic monitoring)

–

Large penetration of DG and intermittent power sources (millions

of μgenerators)

–

Full price information, dynamic tariffs, active demand response

–

Integrated demand side automation.

Increased

efficiency

of

operation

7

© 2009 8Portugál

–

Magyar

Kereskedelmi

Kamara

Conference

-

Mór

2008 8

PV

Wind Gen

MicroGeneration

(and Microgrids): Enabling SmartGrids

Microturbine

Fuel Cell

Storage DeviceMGCC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

LC

LC

LC

LC

LC

© 2009

•

New concept Multi-Microgrids

•

Requires a higher level structure, at the MV level, consisting of LV Microgrids

and DG units connected on several adjacent MV feeders

•

Microgrids, DG units and MV loads under DSM control can be considered as active cells, for the purpose of control and management

•

An effective management of such a system requires the development of a hierarchical control architecture, where intermediate control will be exercised by a Central Autonomous Management Controller (CAMC) to be installed at a HV/MV substation

250

kVA

400

kVA

400

kVA

250

kVA

160

kVA

160 kVA

250 kVA

160 kVA

160 kVA

G

Evolution of the MicroGrid

Concept

9

© 2009

Increase

in

Distributed

Storage

•

Large

scale

distribute

storage

will

turn

into

a reality

in

the

years

to come:

–

PHEV / EV

–

Stationary

storage

•

Storage

will

be

used

to help

manage

the

distribution

grid

in

steady

state

and

emergency

operation

(islanding, restoration)

10

10

To be managed bythe Energy Box;Additional business opportunities.

© 2009

New

Control

Architectures

(Distribution

Grid)

DMS – Distribution Management SystemCAMC – Central Autonomous Management ControllerMGCC – MicroGrid Central ControllerRTU – Remote Terminal Unit

MV

Micro-Turbine

LV

MGCC

MC

LC

Fuel CellMC

MC

CHP

PV FlywheelMC

MC

LC LC

LC

MC

ACDC

ACDC

ACDC

ACDC

DCAC

DMS

11

© 2010 12

New

Solutions: new

management

tools

•

Example: Wind

Power

Forecasting

Tools

© 2009 13

Flow Control and Peak Shaving –

Optimization at the MV Level

iLcPiLncP

iLPiGcP

iGncPiGP

+=

+=

iLcPiLncP

iLPiGcP

iGncPiGP

+=

+=

Optimization problem within the MMG:

Controlled from the CAMC

© 2010 14

Coordinated Frequency Support

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9048.5

49

49.5

50

50.5

Time (s)

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

With Hierarchical ControlWithout Hierarchical Control

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Time (s)

Outp

ut P

ower

(pu)

MGCC 3HydroCHP

Frequency Deviation following Islanding of the Multi-MicroGrid

SystemActive Power Set-Points sent by the CAMC

to the DG Units and MicroGrids

Local secondary frequency control should be designed such that load shedding is also managed

© 2009

New

DMS Operation

Functionalities

Ancillary service Markets Trainning Simulators

15

Load Forecast Voltage VAR Control Fault Detection

Load Aggregation State Estimation System Restoration

Generation Forecast Frequency Control Managing Network Congestion

© 2009

Smart

Grids: Technology

model

16

© 2009

Using the Standards: The IEC 61968-1 Interface Reference Model (IRM) is asset based and provides a thread that ties the ecosystems together in a robust network of model content towards the Smart Grid

IEC 61968 Compliant Middleware Services

(NE)Network

ExtensionPlanning

(CS)CustomerSupport

(MR)Meter

Reading &Control

(AM)Records &

AssetManagement

(MC)Maintenance

&Construction

InterfaceStandard: Part 4





(ACT)CustomerAccount

Management

(FIN)Financial

(PRM)Premises

(HR)Human

Resources

(EMS)Energy

Management &Energy Trading

(RET)Retail


(SC)Supply

Chain andLogistics

(NO)Network

Operation


(OP)OperationalPlanning &

Optimization








Electric Distribution NetworkPlanning, Constructing,

Maintaining, and Operating

Generation and Transmission Management,Enterprise Resource Planning, Supply Chain, and

General Corporate Services

Business FunctionsExternal To Distribution

Management

Distribution ManagementBusiness Functions

17

© 2009

••

SmartMetering

infrastructure

helps

to technically

manage

dist. resources

ICTs

18

© 2009

The

need

to make

a mobility

shift

towards

electric

mobility

From IEA

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that emissions must be reduced by 50% to 85% by 2050 if global warming is to be confined to between 2°C and 2.4°C

ElectricMobility

19

© 2010

Additional

chalanges

for the

electric

power

industry

•

A new revolution is on the way –

PHEV and the V2G concept:

–

These electric vehicles will require the use of electric batteries with capacity to store energy, PHEV will either be:

•

Controllable charges that absorb energy and

•

Storage devices that may provide electricity to grid.

20

© 2010

Integration

of

PHEV in

the

electric

power

system

•

Problems

–

Peak

load

will

increase

requiring

more conventional

power

plants

–

Network

congestion

problems

and

large

voltage

drops

(also

unbalacing

in

LV grids) for dumb

charging

approaches

–

Smart

charging

is

required

using

dynamic

tariff

schemes

and

additional

control

procedures

where

the

electronic

interface will

respond

to voltage

and

frequency

changes

at

the

battery

grid

connection

point.

0,01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,0

1 5 9 13 17 21

MW

Hour

High Penetration

Medium Penetration

Low Penetration

21

© 2009 23

Conceptual framework

for EV integration

•

The aggregator concept:

Dis

trib

utio

n Sy

stem

Ele

ctric

ity M

arke

t O

pera

tors

Market Operation

Electric Energy

Peak Power

Electric Energy

Reserves

Peak Power

Load Shifting

Load Shifting

Electric Energy

Reserves

Reserves

© 2010 25

Smart

Players

Smart

Regulation

Smart

Generation

Smart

Grid

Smart

Consumption

Smart

Storage

The success of theshift requires:

© 2010

Smart

Regulation

•

New challenges for the Regulator:

–

Define rules for flexibility

–

These rules should ensure the supply of sufficient flexibility resources:

•

Bilateral contracts / Markets

•

Voluntary or mandatory

–

Calculate the value of flexibility

–

Quantify the needs for flexibility

A new regulatory framework

26

© 2010 27

Conclusions

• We are on the verge of a fundamental shift in the Energy Industry. A Smart Grid will be the fundamental service platform for future years.

• This service platform will provide and act as a catalyst for current green technologies (e.g., energy efficiency, demand response) and emerging green technologies (e.g., photovoltaic, energy storage, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles).

• The integration, in an efficient way, of large shares of renewable energy sources requires a set of new technical solutions and operational rules.

• Significant Technology risk exists that can be mitigated by a managed development process and pilot deployments.

• The future integration of PEV will bring new challenges and opportunities to the electric power system industry

smart grids and the change of the electric system...

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