jilid fyp 2 adila najwa
TRANSCRIPT
THE DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF BUTTERFLY IN
SANTUBONG NATIONAL PARK, SARAWAK
Adila Najwa binti Lokman Hakim
(35301)
Bachelor of Science with Honours
(Animal Resource Science and Management)
2015
ii
The Diversity and Species Composition of Butterfly in Santubong National Park,
Sarawak
Adila Najwa binti Lokman Hakim
(35301)
This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science with Honours
(Animal Resource Science and Management)
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2015
iii
Declarations
No portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an
application for another degree qualification of this or any other university or institution of
higher learning.
________________________
Adila Najwa binti Lokman Hakim
Animal Resource Science and Management Programme
Department of Zoology
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
iv
The project entitled “The Diversity and Species Composition of Butterfly in Santubong
National Park, Sarawak” was prepared by Adila Najwa binti Lokman Hakim and submitted
to the Faculty of Resource Science and Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Zoology.
Received for examination by:
_______________________________
(Mr. Muhamad Ikhwan bin Idris)
Date:
_______________________________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gladly, I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to my supervisor, Mr.
Muhamad Ikhwan bin Idris for his comment, advice, patience, and encouragement during
the sampling period and throughout this final year project. I am grateful for his guidance
and support to make this project. I also would like to give many thanks to Miss Ratnawati
binti Hazali and Prof. Dr. Fatimah binti Abang for their comments and immense
knowledge for this project.
Special thanks to Sarawak Forest Department for granting the permission to
conduct research at Santubong National Park, Sarawak for research permit number No:
NCCD.907.4.4 (JLD.11)-11. We also express our gratitude to Mr. Khalid and Mr Awang
for their experience and knowledge of Santubong National Park. Deepest thank are also
forwarded to Mr. Huzal Irwan bin Husin and Mr. Mohamad Jalani bin Mortada the staffs
of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for their dedications and support throughout this project
whom without their supports and faiths, this project would not be accomplished. Their
helps are truly meaningful and without them, our research will not go as planned.
I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Isma Syafiqah binti Ismail, Nor
Hazwani binti Ahmad Ruzman, Muhammad Hakimi bin Rosli, Syahidatul Nadiah binti
Sabarman, and Nur Afifah binti Abdul Rahim for their support and help in this project as
well while sharing their knowledge and information.
Finally, I want to extend sincere thanks to my parents for their support, advice, and
motivation that contribute towards the completion of this project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title and Front Cover ……………………………………………………..
i
Declaration …………………………………………………………………
iii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………
v
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………….
vi
List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………...
viii
List of Appendices …………………………………………………………
ix
List of Tables ………………………………………………………………
x
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………...
xi
Abstract …………………………………………………………………….
1
1.0 Introduction & Objective ……………………………………………..
2
2.0 Literature Review …………………………………………………......
2.1 Butterfly Characteristic …………………………………………
2.2 Butterfly of the World and Borneo ……………………………..
2.3 Butterfly Families ……………………………………………....
2.4 Ecological of Tropical Butterfly ………………………………..
2.5 Aerial Net and Baited Trap ……………………………………..
2.6 Santubong National Park ……………………………………….
4
4
6
7
8
9
11
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3.0 Material & Methods ………………………………………………......
3.1 Study area ……………………………………………………….
3.2 Methodology ……………………………………………………
3.2.1 Aerial Net ……………………………………………..
3.2.2 Baited Trap ……………………………………………
3.2.3 Killing process ………………………………………..
3.2.4 Pinning Process ……………………………………….
3.2.5 Spreading Process …………………………………….
3.2.6 Identification Process …………………………………
3.2.7 Labelling Process ……………………………………..
3.2.8 Statistical Analysis ……………………………………
12
12
13
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
16
Result ……………………………………………………………………….
17
Discussion …………………………………………………………………..
29
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………....
33
References ………………………………………………………………….
34
Appendices ………………………………………………………………....
37
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACE = Abundance-based Coverage Estimation
EstimateS = EstS Version 9.1.0
ASL = Above Sea Level
No. = Number
m = Meter
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 The list of species caught by using aerial net and baited
trap.
37
Appendix 2
The total number of species and individual.
40
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 The total number of species and individual collected
from Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
18
Table 2 The list of categorized butterfly species according to the
number of individuals collected in Santubong National
Park, Sarawak.
26
Table 3 The diversity indices for Santubong National Park,
Sarawak.
28
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Map of Mount Santubong, Sarawak, Malaysia Borneo.
12
Figure 2
The number of species representing the five families of
butterfly caught at Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
18
Figure 3
The percentage of five families of butterflies at
Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
19
Figure 4
The cumulative graph of butterflies through 12-days
with respect to families.
20
Figure 5
The species cumulative graph of butterflies collected at
Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
21
Figure 6
The relative abundance of species and individual caught
at Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
22
Figure 7
Distribution of species based on family and sampling
method used at study site.
23
Figure 8
The species accumulative curve through 12-days with
respect to ACE, Chao 1, and Jack 1.
24
Figure 9 The graph of rank abundance against species. 25
1
THE DIVERSITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF BUTTERFLY IN
SANTUBONG NATIONAL PARK, SARAWAK
ADILA NAJWA BINTI LOKMAN HAKIM
Animal Resource Science and Management Programme
Department of Zoology
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The study was focused on the diversity and species composition of butterfly at Santubong National Park,
Sarawak. This research was carried out from 17th
January 2015 until 25th
January 2015 and 27th
February
2015 until 1st March 2015. During the 12 days of sampling, a total 78 individuals were captured comprising
of 36 species from five families; Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae and Hesperiidae, were
recorded and identified. The highest relative abundance is from family Nymphalidae (63.89%) followed by
the family of Papilionidae (11.11%), Pieridae (11.11%), Hesperiidae (8.33%), and Lycaenidae (5.56%).
Aerial net and baited trap were used to sample the butterflies which were captured and recorded. The most
dominant species is Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana (11 individuals), followed by Ypthima pandocus
sertorius (nine individuals). The diversity index for the distribution of the butterflies was 3.21.
Keywords: diversity, composition, butterfly, Santubong National Park, diversity index.
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini memberi tumpuan kepada kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan spesies rama-rama di Santubong
National Park, Sarawak. Kajian ini telah dijalankan dari 17 Januari 2015 sehingga 25 Januari 2015 dan 27
Februari 2015 hingga 1 Mac 2015. Dalam tempoh 12 hari dari tarikh persampelan, sebanyak 78 individu
telah ditangkap yang terdiri daripada 36 spesies daripada lima keluarga; Papilionidae, Nymphalidae,
Lycaenidae, Pieridae dan Hesperiidae, telah direkodkan dan dikenal pasti. Kelimpahan relatif tertinggi
adalah daripada keluarga Nymphalidae (63,89%) diikuti oleh keluarga Papilionidae (11.11%), Pieridae
(11.11%), Hesperiidae (8.33%), dan Lycaenidae (5.56%). Aerial net dan perangkap berumpan digunakan
untuk sampel rama-rama yang telah ditangkap dan direkodkan. Spesies yang telah dikumpulkan dengan
menggunakan kedua-dua aerial net dan kaedah perangkap diumpan. Spesies yang paling dominant adalah
Amathuxida amythaon ottomana (11 individu), diikuti oleh Ypthima pandocus sertorius (sembilan individu).
Indeks kepelbagaian untuk pengagihan rama-rama adalah 3.21.
Kata kunci: kepelbagaian, komposisi, rama-rama, Taman Negara Santubong, indeks kepelbagaian.
2
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Insects are one of the diverse groups of animals in the world from sea level to mountains.
They are commonly distributed in warmer regions and one of the main centres of insect
abundance is South-east Asia. Approximately, there are 75 percent of animal species are
insects and about 200 million of insects living on Earth. For now, 29 orders of insects were
recorded (Hill & Abang, 2005). One of the insect groups is Lepidoptera which is also one
of the largest groups of insect after Coleoptera (Kumari & Pathania, 2009). Lepidoptera
consist of moths, butterflies, and skippers. Rhopalocera is the suborder under Lepidoptera
and the common name of Rhopalocera is butterfly.
Rhopalocera has two superfamilies which are Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. The
two superfamilies are from a vast and diverse group of insect. Family Papilionidae,
Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae are from Papilionoidea whereas Family
Hesperiidae is from Hesperoidea. Almost 1000 species of butterflies were discovered from
Malaysian Borneo and about 1,031 species with 21 endemics butterflies recorded in
Peninsular Malaysia (Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992). According to Abang (2006), the
butterflies are common occupy in warmer countries.
Specifically, butterfly can be found anywhere except for cold and extreme places.
For some people, butterflies are categorized as interesting insect because of their attractive
colours and graceful way of flying. They are used as symbols for environmentally friendly
by advertiser and illustrators (Pullin, 1995). For that reason alone, ecologist used
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butterflies as model organism to represent the essence of nature and beauty. Butterfly is
also categorizes as an important pollinator for flowers because they are nectar-feeding
insect (Abang, 2006). According to Earlham College (n.d.), butterfly is also a food
indicator by other species, for example, bat, birds, and other predators. Therefore, butterfly
is important for the study of habitat loss, fragmentation and climate change. The study is
conducted in Santubong National Park because the distribution of rich variety of forest
which may consist of many recorded and unrecorded species of butterfly. Therefore, the
study may give a clue to the species resides in the area and add to the number recorded
species in Borneo, Malaysia.
Objectives
The objective of this research is to study the diversity and species composition of butterfly
at Santubong National Park, Sarawak and to collect the species of butterfly to be recorded,
simultaneously to discover the common species, endemic species and new species in the
study area.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Butterfly Characteristic
Butterfly or the scientific name, Rhopalocera is the suborder from the order Lepidoptera.
Lepidoptera name is taken from the Greek words called scaly-wing (Benton & Bernhard,
2006). Butterfly has very high diversity from larger animal and is known worldwide.
Butterfly also has a distinctive characteristic and physically attractive from their multiple
colors of wings. Especially the male of the same species that is more attractive than their
female.
Butterfly and moth are commonly mix up due to their almost alike morphological
characteristic. Both of their wings are covered with colors that are produced by tiny scales
like a dust and tiny hair on some part of their body. However, their difference is butterfly
have bright color of wings and a club (a swelling) at the end of their antennae whereas
moth mostly have dull color of wings and their antennae are variously shaped often simple
and thread-like or feathery (Benton & Bernhard, 2006).
Unlike moth, butterfly are diurnal also known as day flying insect and is a sunshine
lover (Abang, 2006) but remain static at night (Miller et al., 2007). When butterfly relax,
their wings is close upright above their body, giving the bottom side of wings visibly
expose and different from moth with their forewings reveal at upper surface position (Eliot,
1992). A less obvious characteristic is that moths have tiny „hooks‟ linking forewings and
hindwings on which butterflies lack (Benton and Bernhard, 2006).
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The fascinating aspect about butterfly is their life history on which the butterflies
go through a complete metamorphosis with four developmental stages. The stages include
egg, caterpillar or larva, chrysalis or pupa and adult. The eggs are tiny and shape of the egg
varies according to species. The color and pattern also is different in each species. After
the egg hatches, the larvae, tiny caterpillar will often eat the eggshell first before
consuming the leaf or host plant.
According to Abang (2006), butterfly lay eggs on a specific host plant to that is also
known as larval food plant. When the egg hatched, the newly larva is completely different
from the adult form on which the physical is tubular and the head is distinct from the body.
The head have mouthparts that adapt in chewing plant material, small antennae and simple
eyes. The rest of the body mostly soft and pliable, composed of thirteen (13) segments; six
true legs on the first three segments, „pro-legs‟ further back and lastly at the rear end is a
pair of claspers (Benton and Bernhard, 2006).
After larvae, the next stage is pupa or chrysalis which the caterpillar inside has no
means of movement, only stir if being disturbed, and also a sign to show the butterfly is
alive inside. At the end process of pupa, the adult butterfly will emerge from the coating
chrysalis. However, the wings are crumpled flaps which later „pumped up‟ by blood,
flowed through the veins until the wings achieve their characteristic shape (Benton and
Bernhard, 2006). The adult then flits off to search for their mate to reproduce and to bring
the continuation of their species (Abang, 2006).
Butterfly consists of three body parts which are head, thorax and abdomen like all
insect. For the head part, they have mouthparts, a pair of antennae, and two compounds of
eyes. The mouthpart of the butterfly has a specialized sucking-tube or tongue (proboscis)
that cannot chew or masticate solid food (Miller et al., 2007) and they feed through the
6
proboscis. The proboscis recoiled when it is not used and modified to different feeding
habits in Lepidoptera groups. Butterfly main organ of smell is situated on their antennae.
Butterfly thorax is locomotive tagma and lies behind the head which contain organs
for locomotion (legs and wings) and nerve centres. The wings transmit variety of message
based on their pattern and color. For example, the wings pattern and color are used for
hiding (camouflage), attract possible mates and warns the enemies or predators. The wings
are also important for species identification. Lastly, the most posterior part of the body is
the abdomen that situated the respiratory, circulatory, excretory, reproductive, and
digestive systems (Abang, 2006).
2.2 Butterfly of the World and in Borneo
According to Shields (1989), there are 17,280 species of world butterflies representing
described taxa that have not been synonymized. The number is currently grouped into 1855
genera, 35 subfamilies, and seven families. Butterfly compromise nine to 12% only from
all lepidopteran species. The world species richness of butterfly, 17,280, when divided by
128,811,340 km², the total land area of the earth excluding Antartica and inland waters,
yields an average density of 0.000134 species per km² (Shields, 1989). Two-thirds of the
species is roughly found in the tropics. The tropics give many discoveries of new species
of butterflies and the butterflies may still being described each year. Based on Stork et al.
(2003), among all the invertebrates, butterfly is the best known taxa with around 20,000
species worldwide. They are also prominently known in biodiversity and conservation
assessments.
The number of butterflies in Borneo is almost reach to 1000 species with 98 are
endemic and surrounding satellite islands (Otsuka, 1988). According to Abang (2006),
butterfly fauna of Borneo is very similar to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java. Borneo
7
has strong zoo geographical links with rainforest areas in mainland Asia. Borneo
butterflies are almost found in all habitat type ranging from lowland mixed dipterocarp
forest to montane forests. Based on the previous study made by Orr and Hauser (1996), the
study was conducted at Batu Apoi forest reserve, Brunei. Butterflies were sampled
extensively over two year period in an area, approximately 1 km² in extend, of lowland
mixed dipterocarp forest in Brunei, Northwest Borneo.
A total of 324 species were recorded, and from the species accumulation curve the
total number of species present in the area was estimated to be 464, or nearly half the total
Bornean fauna. Present evidence suggests that the broad variation in available habitat types
contributes relatively little to butterfly species diversity, most of which is concentrated in
lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, and to a lesser extent, in hill dipterocarp forest up to
1500 m (Orr & Hauser, 1996).
2.3 Butterfly Families
According to the Butterfly of Borneo by Abang (2006), butterflies are classified to five
families which are Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae.
In family Nymphalidae, most of the species that belong to this family are larger or
medium in size and also have bright in color. They are sunshine lovers and most of them
fly with the typical nymphalid flight or few quick wing beats and then a glide. In both
sexes, the front pair of legs is reduced in size and normally tufts hair-like scales is covering
it. Generally, the species that belong to this family are attracted toward fallen fruit,
decaying plant and animal dead body because they suck the fluid that comes from those
dead materials (Abang, 2006).
As for family Papilionidae, species in this family are mostly tropical, largest and
most beautiful insects and commonly known as swallowtails or birdwings. Usually this
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family possesses some basic body color such as black with marking red, white, yellow,
blue, green, and sometime quite iridescent. Most of them are like to drink nectar from the
flowers such as Lantana blossom (Abang, 2006). Family Pieridae has two unique colors,
white and yellow which possessed by the species of this family. Their sizes are mostly
medium and usually have black marking, and developed legs (Abang, 2006).
Family Lycaenidae, the species of this family are generally rather small and jewel-
like, with metallic scales. Many species are common and love sunshine (Abang, 2006). In
family Hesperiidae, the butterflies in this family are often referred as skipper because of
their rapid darting flight and when at rest, many fold their wins over their back in the same
ways as moths. Besides that, the wings are short in proportion to the stout body, and the
butterflies are robust in shape. The butterflies are mostly dull in color and they fly
extremely fast (Abang, 2006).
2.4 Ecological of Tropical Butterfly
According to Orang Utan Republik Foundation (2014), tropical rainforests are the most
biologically diverse ecosystems on earth, and despite covering just a small portion of the
world‟s service, are home to around 80% of its biodiversity. Tropical rainforests are
defined by the amount of sunlight, intense competition to break through the dense forest
canopy means tropical rainforests are usually characterized by tall, straight, branchless
tress, which spread in to a large crown towards the top. Dipterocarpaceae family, trees
known for their incredible size and durability, and are the most luxuriant and diverse of all
plant communities found on the islands.
Based on the studied by Hill et al. (2001), the study was conducted at Danum
Valley Field Centre, Sabah (Malaysian Borneo; 5˚ N, 117˚ 50' E) for three study periods; 5
September to 2 October 1998, 6 March to 19 April 1999, and 25 March to 19 April 2000.
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The study was done with closed-canopy forest. The sampling was done by using fruit-
baited trap and rotten banana as bait. A total of 951 individuals from 54 species were
caught during the study. The largest numbers of species were caught in the ground-level
traps (shade, gap and low; n=34 to 36 species), compared with the medium (n=19) or high
(n=10) traps. The result shows gaps supported a higher diversity of butterflies in terms of
species evenness but closed-canopy sites contained species with more restricted
geographical distributions. Dispersal rates (as measured by recapture rates) were higher in
gaps and there was evidence that butterflies in gaps had relatively larger and broader
thoraxes, indicating flight morphology adapted for faster flight. These result support the
notion of a distinctive gap fauna comprising more widespread, mobile species.
According to DeVries et al. (1997), light is important in determining the vertical
stratification of butterflies within tropical forests from ground to canopy levels; different
light levels above and below the canopy maintain highly distinctive canopy and understory
assemblages.
2.5 Aerial Net and Baited Trap
According to the study made by DeVries et al. (1997), the study was conducted at
Eucuadorian rainforest. It is situated at Jatun Sacha Biological Station and Reserve, Napo
Province, eastern Ecuador (01' 4' S; 77' 36' W). The study was conducted to test the
hypotheses that fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies are randomly distributed in space and
time. Sampling method used was baited trap. Five replicate sampling sites were established
in each of the four habitat types. Each sampling site was fitted with one understory trap,
and one canopy trap providing a total of ten traps in each habitat-five canopy and five
understorey.
10
Based on the DeVries et al. (1997), the height of canopy traps varied between 16 m
and 27 m above the ground, but in all cases traps were positioned to sample from within
the canopy. Canopy trap were suspended from thin ropes run over branches of an emergent
tree, such that the traps could be raised and lowered from the ground. Understory traps
were suspended from low branches such that the bases hung between 1 m and 1.5 m above
the ground and could be serviced directly. Traps were baited with locally-obtained bananas
which were mashed, mixed well, and fermented for 48 hours in one large container prior to
use. Result shows, a community of fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies was sampled at
monthly intervals for one year by trapping 6690 individuals of 130 species in the canopy
and understory of four forest habitats: primary, higraded, secondary, and edge. Individual
abundance and observed species richness was lower in the canopy than in the understory.
Certain subfamilies of the Nymphalidae whose adults gain virtually all of their
nutritional requirements by feeding on the juices of rotting fruits or plant sap (DeVries et
al., 1997). The fruit feeding nymphalids can be attracted to rotting fruit and conveniently
trap. According to study did by Sing and Sayok (2013), the study was conducted for two
four days surveys at altitude 347 m ASL on Mount Serumbu, Bau, Sarawak, during
September 2012 and January 2013. Two aerial nets (active method) and 12 baited traps
(passive method) were used during the sampling. A total of 231 butterflies from 80 species
were caught. Being the biggest family in Borneo, Nymphalidae were caught most with 179
individuals from 50 species. The large number caught from this family could also be
affected by baited trap as they are fruit-feeders, whereby 85 individuals from 20 species
under subfamilies Morphinae and Satyrinae species were captured by this method.
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2.6 Santubong National Park
According to Santubong Peninsula Expedition (2013), Mount Santubong was an important
trading post of Borneo since the 14th
century and 1410 hectares forest was declared as
national park in February 2007 because the mountain was rich in biodiversity. Mount
Santubong also has various accommodations for tourists, travelers and researchers such as
Permai Rainforest Resort, Damai Beach Resort, Damai Puri Resort and One Hotel.
Located within the mountain, there was a jungle treks and interconnecting trails that can be
accessed to climb up the mountain and to reach the summit would takes about three to five
hours, depending on one‟s fitness. The expedition was coordinated by Sarawak Forestry
Corporation together with Sarawak Forest Department, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and
Sarawak Museum Department (Santubong Peninsula Expedition, 2013).
12
CHAPTER III
MATERIAL & METHODS
3.0 MATERIAL & METHODS
3.1 Study area
The study was carried out from 17th
January 2015 until 25th
January 2015 and 27th
February 2015 until 1st March 2015 at Santubong National Park, Sarawak (1°45ʹ 3ʺ N,
110° 34ʹ 29ʺ E). According to Santubong Peninsula Expedition (2013), Mount Santubong
was covered with mixed dipterocarp rainforest; mangrove forest, lowland rainforest, and
mossy forests at elevation above 2000 feet or 810 m at its highest from the sea level.
During the field work, the aerial net and baited trap was used to obtain and collect the
butterflies.
Figure 1: Map of Santubong National Park, Sarawak (Source: Google maps).
13
3.1 Methodology
3.2.1 Aerial Net
Aerial net is an active method to catch flying insects like butterflies during the days. It is
called an active method because it involves a lot of body movements such as chasing after
the butterflies or waiting for the butterflies in a standby mode to fly toward the collector
and quickly catch it with the aerial net. The net is constructed with soft and light weight
mesh so that it can easily be swing and to minimize the damage to the butterfly wings. The
aerial net was used at the start of fieldwork from 9 am until 5 pm. The effort for this
method was 96 manpowers (1 person x 8 hours x 12 days).
3.2.2 Baited Trap
Baited trap is a passive method and is made from mosquito netting, while the bottom is left
open as an entry for the butterflies. The trap was set up vertically and the traps position
was at the ground and canopy level between one to two meters and 10m to 20 m above the
ground. The traps were installed by using single rope technique which is nylon rope to tie
the traps. During the setup, the ropes was fired up to the branches by using sling shots and
then adjusted to the proper lengths. One suitable branch was selected from one individual
tree. Two baited traps were set up simultaneously in different elevation. The set up were
distributed at 60 ASL to 130 ASL near the source of water and area with most sunlight
penetration.
14
The distance between each individual tree was approximately 10 m apart to make
the odor of the rotten pineapples accumulate at one place to attract the butterflies
surrounding the area. Two traps for each one individual tress were installed, and these
bring up to four traps in total. Rotting pineapples was used as a bait to attract butterflies
because of the strong odor of the rotten pineapples can lure the butterflies into the traps.
The bait trapping was done for 12 days (11 nights), from 17th
January 2015 until 25th
January 2015 and 27th
February 2015 until 1st March 2015. The traps was set up in the
evening and checked in the morning. The effort of this method was 576 trap-days (4 units
x 12 hours x 12 days).
3.2.3 Killing Process
All the specimen of butterflies were kill with two methods, firstly by pinching thorax and
secondly using the killing jar, filled with ethyl acetate. It is the most effective ways and
fast to kill any insect so that they may be properly fixed and studied. Jar was used to keep
the fume out from the inside and was prepared by placing a cotton wad or other absorbent
material in the bottom of the jar, moistened with ethyl acetate to saturate the absorbent
material, and then a piece of cardboard was pressed to fit the inside of the jar. The
cardboard acts as a barrier between the insect and the killing agent, keeping the latter from
evaporating too rapidly and also preventing the specimen from becoming entangled in
loose fibres.
15
3.2.4 Pinning Process
In pinning process, the specimens were pinned on their thorax by using insect pin. The
specimens were pinned as soon as possible to avoid the specimens become dry and
damaged. There are several sizes of insect pin. The size of the pin used depends on the size
of specimens. The specimens were euthanized inside the killing jar before pinning it to
avoid the specimens from revived. The process was done with gently care.
3.2.5 Spreading Process
Before the specimen become dry, the wings of specimens were spread properly for the
identification purposes. Spreading board, forceps, and pin was used in this process. The
specimens was pinned and spread on the spreading board. Polystyrene was used as
spreading board. Forceps was used to spread open the wings of butterflies without touching
it. For the pin, it was used to pull butterflies wings to make sure the wing‟s angle same
with their body which is 90°. Wax paper strip and pin was used to hold the wings on the
spreading board. The specimens were spread with the rear margin of the front wings
straight across, at right angles to the body, and the hindwing far forward.
3.2.6 Identification Process
The butterflies were identified based on their patter and colour of wings, and their size
after spreading. The specimen were identified to species level by direct referring to
identifying books such as Otsuka (1988), Seki et al. (1991), Otsuka (2001), and Abang
(2006). The number of individuals for each species family was recorded.
16
3.2.7 Labeling Process
The butterflies were labeled to keep all the information such as collection date, place,
collector, family, and species.
3.2.8 Statistical Analysis
Microsoft Excel 2010 and EstimateS (Ests Version 9.1.0) was used in the study. The rank
abundance data was constructed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 whereas EstimateS was
used to calculate Shannon index, ACE, Jack 1 and Chao1. ACE, Jack 1 and Chao 1 was
richness estimator and used to estimate the maximum number of expected species that can
be collected.
17
CHAPTER IV
RESULT
4.0 RESULT
A total of 78 individuals of butterflies representing a total of 36 species during the 12-days
sampling were collected from Santubong National Park, Sarawak. Table 1 shows the
records of five families which are Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae and
Hesperiidae collected from the study area whereas Figure 2 shows the number of
individual represented each family. The most abundant family is from family Nymphalidae
with 55 individuals representing 23 species from six subfamilies which are Satyrinae (six
species, 15 individuals), Morphinae (three species, 14 individuals), Heliconiinae (three
species, ten individuals), Limenitidinae (five species, eight individuals), Danainae (four
species, six individuals), and Nymphalinae (two species, two individuals). As for other
family like Papilionidae was recorded with four species and six individuals from subfamily
Papilioninae, Lycaenidae with two species and four individuals from subfamily Theclinae,
and Pieridae with four species and ten individuals from subfamily Coliadinae. Family
Hesperiidae has three species and three individuals from subfamily Hesperiinae.
18
Table 1: The total number of species and individual collected from Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
Family Subfamily No. of Species No. of Individuals
Papilionidae Papilioninae 4 6
Nymphalidea Satyrinae 6 15
Morphinae 3 14
Heliconiinae 3 10
Limenitidinae 5 8
Danainae 4 6
Nymphalinae 2 2
Lycaenidae Theclinae 2 4
Pieridae Coliadinae 4 10
Hesperiidae Hesperiinae 3 3
Total 36 78
Figure 2: The number of species representing the five families of butterfly caught at Santubong National
Park, Sarawak.
Notes: The specific detail of the list of species caught by using aerial net and baited trap is tabulated in
Appendix 1 and the total number of species and individuals is tabulated in Appendix 2.
6
55
4
10
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nu
mb
er o
f In
div
idu
als
Family
Number of Individuals Against Family
Number of
Individuals
19
Figure 3 shows the percentage of five families of butterflies at Santubong National
Park. Among the five families, the highest percentage belongs to family Nymphalidae with
70.51% because of the presents of six subfamilies which are Satyrinae, Morphinae,
Heliconiinae, Limenitidinae, Danainae, and Nymphalinae. The lowest percentage belongs
to family Hesperiidae with 3.85% during the field work at study area. As for other family,
the percentage represented for family Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Lycaenidae are 12.82%,
7.69%, and 5.13% respectively.
Figure 3: The percentage of five families of butterflies at Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
7.69%
5.13%
3.85%
12.82%
70.51%
Papilionidae
Lycaenidae
Hesperiidae
Pieridae
Nymphalidae
20
Figure 4 shows the cumulative graph through 12-days field work with respect to
families. On the first day of sampling, only one species from family Nymphalidae was
obtained and throughout the sampling day the number of species and individual increases
from one individual to 55 individual and one species to 23 species. However, the species
continuing increase until the sixth day and same species were obtained between sixth to
tenth sampling day before increasing further on 11th
and 12th
day. For family Pieridae, four
species and ten individuals was collected throughout the 12 days sampling. While family
Papilionidae had one species on the sixth day sampling before increasing slightly on the
11th
and 12th
day sampling with four species and six individuals. As for family
Hesperiidae, one species was obtained on the fourth day sampling and slowly increase to
three species by the end of the 12th
sampling day with 3 individuals. Lastly, family
Lycaenidae had only two species and four individuals which were collected on the sixth
sampling day until 12th
sampling day.
Figure 4: The cumulative graph of butterflies through 12-days with respect to families.
Papilionidae, 4
Nymphalidae, 23
Lycaenidae, 2
Pieridae, 4
Hesperiidae, 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nu
mb
er o
f S
pec
ies
Sampling Day
21
The species cumulative graph of butterflies in Figure 5 increased gradually
throughout the 12-days sampling in Santubong National Park, Sarawak with one species
obtained on the first day until 36 species at the end day of sampling at the study area.
Similarly, the number of species is increase and followed by the increasing of new
recorded species on the following day.
Figure 5: The species cumulative graph of butterflies collected at Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
1 2
3
13 14
23 24 24 24 24
32
36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nu
mb
er o
f S
pec
ies
Sampling Day
22
Figure 6 shows the relative abundance of species and individuals caught during the
sampling day in Santubong National Park, Sarawak. Family Nymphalidae shown in the
figure has the highest abundance of species and individual among the five families with
63.89% and 70.51% respectively. This family can be considered as the most abundance
family in Santubong National Park, Sarawak. The least abundance of species belongs to
family Lycaenidae with 5.56% and the least abundance of individual belongs to family
Hesperiidae with 3.85%.
Figure 6: The relative abundance of species and individual caught at Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
11.11
63.89
5.56 11.11
8.33 7.69
70.51
5.13
12.82
3.85
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Per
cen
tage
of
Ab
un
dan
ce (
%)
Family
Species
Individu
al
23
From the Figure 7, the family Nymphalidae shows the highest capture of species
using both aerial net and baited trap with 21 species and four species. Family Papilionidae
(four species), Lycaenidae (two species), Pieridae (four species), and Hesperiidae (three
species) were caught by using aerial net only. The four species caught by baited trap were
Bassarona dunya monara, Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana, Zeuxidia doubledayi
horsfieldii, and Faunis stomphax stomphax.
Figure 7: Distribution of species based on family and sampling method used at study site.
4
21
2
4 3
0
4
0 0 0 0
5
10
15
20
25
Nu
mb
er o
f S
pec
ies
Family
Aerial Net
Baited Trap
24
The species estimator curve in Figure 8 shows the species, ACE (Abundance-base
Coverage Estimator), Chao 1 and Jack 1. The entire richness estimator shows the
maximum number of species at the end of the sampling period. However, from the figure,
ACE expected number of species is 83 species and 47 more species can be collected if
more than 12-days of sampling period. Chao 1 expects 63 species to be collected and 27
more unseen species can be caught while Jack 1 estimates 22 more unseen species can be
collected since Jack 1 estimates to have 58 species to be collected.
Figure 8: The species estimator curve through 12-days with respect to ACE, Chao 1, and Jack 1.
36
83
63 58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s
Sampling Day
Species
ACE Mean
Chao 1 Mean
Jack 1 Mean
25
From Figure 9, the graph shows the rank abundance against the species with the
most abundance is Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana with rank 36 (log abundance =
1.556302501) from family Nymphalidae. The lowest rank abundance is rank 11 (log
abundance = 1.041392685) with 21 species. The rank increases from Notocrypta
curvifascia curvifascia to Bassarona dunya monara before increase moderately until
reaching Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana.
Figure 9: The graph of rank abundance against species
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Men
ela
ides
mem
no
n m
emno
n
Pa
pil
io i
swa
ra a
rasp
es
Ari
sbe
sarp
edo
n s
arp
edo
n
Do
phla
eve
lin
a m
ag
am
a
Ter
inos
terp
an
der
ter
pa
nder
Ath
yma
lary
mn
a e
lisa
Hyp
oli
mn
as
bo
lin
a p
hil
ipp
ensi
s
Cup
ha e
rym
an
this
ery
ma
nth
is
Juno
nia
hed
on
ia
Myc
ale
sis
ana
pit
a f
uce
nti
a
Myc
ale
sis
hors
fiel
di
Her
ma
na
Fa
un
is s
tom
ph
ax
sto
mp
ha
x
Dis
cop
hora
nec
ho c
heo
ps
Idea
hyp
erm
nes
tra h
yper
mn
estr
a
Idea
leu
con
oe
nig
rian
a
Ely
mn
ias
pen
an
ga
ko
ng
a
Arh
opa
la m
ajo
r
Eu
rem
a s
ari
sod
ali
s
Po
tan
thu
s O
ma
ha m
aes
ina
Ta
ract
roce
ra a
rdo
nia
su
ma
tren
sis
Noto
cryp
ta c
urv
ifa
scia
cu
rvif
asc
ia
Ba
ssa
ron
a d
unya
mo
na
ra
Lex
ias
pa
rda
lis
dir
tean
a
Xa
nth
ota
enia
busi
ris
bu
rra
Zeu
xid
ia d
ou
ble
da
yi h
ors
fiel
dii
Pa
ranti
ca a
gle
oid
es b
orn
een
sis
Ideo
psi
s vu
lga
ris
inte
rposi
ta
Eu
tha
lia
god
art
i va
cill
ari
a
Ga
nda
ca h
ari
na
eli
s
Pa
pil
io d
emo
lio
n d
emo
lio
n
Arh
opa
la d
emocr
itu
s o
lin
da
Eu
rem
a h
eca
be
hec
ab
e
Eu
rem
a a
nd
erso
nii
born
een
sis
Cir
roch
roa
em
ale
a e
ma
lea
Yp
thim
a p
an
do
cus
sert
ori
us
Am
ath
uxi
dia
am
ytha
on o
tto
ma
na
26
From Table 2, the most common found in Santubong National Park was
Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana with the highest capture of 11 individuals from 78
individuals. Ypthima pandocus sertorius and Cirrochroa emalea emalea were the common
species found with nine and eight individuals respectively. Among the 36 species, 12
species represents the less common from the range two to seven individuals. While for rare
and singleton, this category considered the rare species because of the species encounter
was in small population at Santubong National Park. Overall, out of 36 species, 21 species
represents this category.
Table 2: The categorized list of butterfly species based on the number of individuals collected at Santubong
National Park, Sarawak.
Category Species No. of Individuals
More common, 10-15
individuals Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana 11
Common, 8-10
individuals
Ypthima pandocus sertorius 9
Cirrochroa emalea emalea 8
Less common, 2-7
individuals
Eurema andersonii borneensis 4
Papilio demolion demolion 3
Arhopala democritus olinda 3
Eurema hecabe hecabe 3
Bassarona dunya monara 2
Lexias pardalis dirteana 2
Xanthotaenia busiris burra 2
Zeuxidia doubledayi horsfieldii 2
Parantica agleoides borneensis 2
27
Ideopsis vulgaris interposita 2
Euthalia godarti vacillaria 2
Gandaca harina elis 2
Rare and Singleton, 1
individual
Menelaides memnon memnon 1
Papilio iswara araspes 1
Arisbe sarpedon sarpedon 1
Dophla evelina magama 1
Terinos terpander terpander 1
Athyma larymna elisa 1
Hypolimnas bolina philippensis 1
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis 1
Junonia hedonia 1
Mycalesis anapita fucentia 1
Mycalesis horsfieldi Hermana 1
Faunis stomphax stomphax 1
Discophora necho cheops 1
Idea hypermnestra hypermnestra 1
Idea leuconoe nigriana 1
Elymnias penanga konga 1
Arhopala major 1
Eurema sari sodalis 1
Potanthus Omaha maesina 1
Taractrocera ardonia sumatrensis 1
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia 1
28
Table 3 shows diversity indices for Shannon‟s (H´) which is 3.21.
Table 3: The diversity indices for Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
Diversity Index Santubong National Park, Sarawak
Shannon‟s (H´) 3.21
29
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
5.0 DISCUSSION
During the 12-days sampling period, 36 species of Rhopalocera have been collected at
Santubong National Park and identified according to family; Papilionidae (four species),
Nymphalidae (23 species), Lycaenidae (two species), Pieridae (four species), and
Hesperiidae (three species). The large number of species among the families comes from
family Nymphalidae with 23 species. Nymphalidae is classified under superfamily
Papilionoidea, together with Papilionidae, Lycaenidae, and Pieridae whereas Hesperiidae is
under superfamily Hesperioidea (Abang, 2006).
There are some factors that have been affected the collection of butterfly during the
fieldwork. Climate seasonality, role of resources, and habitat and landscape are the factors
that affected the influence to capture the butterflies (Zaki et al., 2012). During the
fieldwork sampling, butterfly was collected along the man-made trails and the starting
point was from the Sarawak Forestry Cooperation headquarters at 60 ASL to a small
waterfall and stream at 130 ASL. The fieldwork started from 9 am until 5 pm. Some
sampling day however was interfered with heavy rain and drizzle which sometime
momentary or prolonged. Weather is the important factor for butterfly because they have
high affinity towards the sunlight. Therefore, weather affected the number of butterflies
captured.
The most diverse family in Santubong National Park comes from family
Nymphalidae. Out of 78 individuals collected, family Nymphalidae has 55 individual
(70.51%) represent its family with 23 species (63.89%). From the individual collection of
species, the subfamily represents the family Nymphalidae are Satyrinae (six species, 15
30
individuals), Morphinae (three species, 14 individuals), Heliconiinae (three species, ten
individuals), Limenitidinae (five species, eight individuals), Danainae (four species, six
individuals), and Nymphalinae (two species, two individuals). The number of individual of
Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana was found more than other species during the fieldwork.
Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana is from subfamily Morphinae that represent 11
individuals of its species. They are captured by using baited trap with rotten pineapple as
bait. The number of capture was affected because of the rain which prevented the butterfly
from flying.
Subfamily from family Nymphalidae; Satyrinae, Morphinae, Nymphalinae and
Charaxinae feed on rotting fruits (Corbet & Pendlebury, 1992). Butterflies have a
predominantly food-feeding characteristic. This characteristic allowed the butterflies to be
caught during the sampling fieldwork. Since baited trap are used with rotten pineapple, it
attract the species from these subfamilies. However, only Satyrinae, Morphinae, and
Nymphalinae species were caught. These types of butterflies are cosmopolitan and they
occupy most of the habitat. Thus, this family is widespread around the warming country.
Next is the statistical analysis of the 12-day sampling period on baited trap. The
result shows that only four species were caught with this method and all of them were from
family Nymphalidae. The four species caught were Bassarona dunya monara (subfamily
Limenitidinae), Amathuxidia amythaon ottomana (subfamily Morphinae), Zeuxidia
doubledayi horsfieldii (subfamily Morphinae), and Faunis stomphax stomphax (subfamily
Morphinae). According to Glassberg (1993), butterfly has chemoreceptor which is a cell
that responds to smell. The chemoreceptor causes the butterfly‟s sense of taste to be 200
times stronger than human. The chemoreceptor is located on both their receptors (taste and
smell) and at the bottom of their legs. During the sampling days, four baited trap was used.
31
The baited traps were set up near the stream of river. Each baited trap was set up at least
ten to 20 m apart and one metre from the forest floor.
As for family Papilionidae, four species was encountered during the sampling day.
Since most of them like to drink nectar from the flowers, these species was caught nearby a
blossom flower and in flight near the stream by using aerial net. The most abundant from
his family is Papilio demolion demolion (three individuals) from the genus Papilio. While
others were Menelaides memnon memnon (one individual), P. iswara araspes (one
individual), and Arisbe sarpedon sarpedon (one individual).
Eurema andersonii borneensis is the most abundant in family Pieridae caught in
Santubong National Park, Sarawak with four individuals. Other species; E. hecabe hecabe
(three individuals), E. sari sodalist (one individual), and Gandaca harina elis (two species)
along with E. andersonii borneensis are common species in Borneo. White, sulphur and
yellow butterflies are the common name given to the family as they possess beautiful
white, or yellow, or orange in color (Yong, 1993). According to Corbet & Pendlebury
(1992), male Pieridae often found congregated in large numbers at roadside puddles in
bright shine and female Pieridae prefer not to leave the forest shade.
Two species from family Lycaenidae were caught during the fieldwork which was
Arhopala epimuta epiala (three individuals) and A. major (one individual). These two
species are from subfamily Theclinae. The common name for Lycaenidae species are blue,
hairstreak, copper and metal marks. Lycaenidae are characterized as indicator because of
the environment quality due to their high sensitivity toward slight perturbation in the
habitat (Zaki et al., 2012). The disturbed forest gives more opening for light and space for
this species. Lycaenidae also has a great likeness for the sun and they have a unique
characteristic of flying fast and tendency to fly close to the ground. They also commonly
feed on the nectar of a flower.
32
Last but not least, family Hesperiidae with three species (8.33%); Potanthus omaha
maesina (one individual), Taractocera ardonia sumatrensis (one individual), and
Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (one individual). According to Jalil et al. (1999),
Hesperiidae butterflies have hairy body, large head and stout, small pointed wings and two
pairs of well-developed legs. They fly for a short distance and are fast fliers but not
maintain for a long time thus making it hard to be captured. Moreover, due to their small
body size and behaviors, Hesperiidae are seldom captured and collected. Hesperiidae is a
sun-loving butterfly and active only in the morning and at dusk (Yong, 1993). At
Santubong National Park, Sarawak, they are often seen darting around the base of a tree
and flowering plant.
A quantitative measure that shows how many species is there and its distribution at
study area is called diversity index (Zaki et al., 2012). Species richness and species
evenness are the main factor that we need to take in account when we want to measure
diversity of species. The values of diversity index will increases when species richness and
species evenness increases. From Table 3, the diversity indices used is Shannon‟s (H´)
with value of H´ is 3.21 which are out of range. The same observation from the study by
Zaki et al. (2012) with high value of H´ which the value is 5.572. Their value of H´ is also
out of range. According to Zaki et al. (2012), Shannon diversity index lies within 1.5 to 3.5
which indicates the real value of communities. Therefore, the value affected the number of
species. This is because the high number of species will cause the value of H´ increases.
High value of H´ represents the species as the diverse group of communities and the evenly
distributed of species would make the value of H´ to be high.
33
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
6.0 CONCLUSION
A total of 36 species with 78 individuals was collected during the sampling period at
Santubong National Park, Sarawak. All the species belongs to five families; Papilionidae,
Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, and Hesperiidae. Thus, the composition of butterfly
species only shows 3.83% from the total of 939 known species in Borneo. From the field
work, the composition also shows that family Nymphalidae has the most individuals
captured with the total number of 23 species and 55 individuals followed by Papilionidae
(four species, six individuals), Pieridae (four species, ten individuals), Hesperiidae (three
species, three individuals), and Lycaenidae (two species, four individuals). All of the
species above is a common species that can be found either in Southeast Asia and Borneo.
There are no endemic species or new species found in Santubong National Park, Sarawak.
However, the current information shall be added to the distribution of species of
Rhoploceran in Sarawak. In addition, the collection of butterfly in Santubong National
Park is quite satisfying but preferably to have more time to collect the specimen from the
field work.
34
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37
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: The list of species caught by using aerial net and baited trap
Family Species
17-Jan 18-Jan 19-Jan 20-Jan 21-Jan 22-Jan 23-Jan 24-Jan 25-Jan 27-Feb 28-Feb 1-Mar
AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT AN BT
Papilionidae
Papilio demolion
demolion √ −
√ −
Menelaides
memnon memnon √ −
Papilio iswara
araspes √ −
Arisbe sarpedon
sarpedon √ −
Nymphalidae
Dophla evelina
magama √ −
Bassarona dunya
monara − √
√ −
Cirrochroa
emalea emalea √ −
√ −
√ −
Lexias pardalis
dirteana √ −
√ −
Terinos terpander
terpander √ −
Athyma larymna
elisa √ −
Hypolimnas
bolina
philippensis
√ −
Cupha erymanthis
erymanthis √ −
Junonia hedonia
√ −
38
Nymphalidae
Mycalesis anapita
fucentia √ −
Xanthotaenia
busiris burra √ −
√ −
Mycalesis
horsfieldi
hermana
√ −
Amathuxidia
amythaon
ottomana
√ −
− √
− √
− √ − √
Zeuxidia
doubledayi
horsfieldii
− √
− √
Ypthima pandocus
sertorius √ −
√ −
√ −
Faunis stomphax
stomphax − √
Discophora necho
cheops √ −
Parantica
agleoides
borneensis
√ −
Ideopsis vulgaris
interposita √ −
Idea hypermnestra
hypermnestra √ −
Idea leuconoe
nigriana √ −
Elymnias penanga
konga √ −
Euthalia godarti
vacillaria √ −
Lycaenidae
Arhopala
democritus olinda √ −
√ −
Arhopala major
√ −
39
Pieridae
Eurema hecabe
hecabe √ −
√ −
Eurema sari
sordalis √ −
Eurema
andersonii
borneensis
√ −
√ −
Gandaca harina
elis √ −
√ −
Hesperiidae
Potanthus omaha
maesina √ −
Taractrocera
ardonia
sumatrensis
√ −
Notocrypta
curvifascia
curvifascia
√ −
40
Appendix 2: The total number of species and individual
Family Species Individual
Papilionidae Papilio demolion demolion 3
Menelaides memnon memnon 1
Papilio iswara araspes 1
Arisbe sarpedon sarpedon 1
Nymphalidae Dophla evelina magama 1
Bassarona dunya monara 2
Cirrochroa emalea emalea 8
Lexias pardalis dirteana 2
Terinos terpander terpander 1
Athyma larymna elisa 1
Hypolimnas bolina
philippensis 1
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis 1
Junonia hedonia 1
Mycalesis anapita fucentia 1
Xanthotaenia busiris burra 2
Mycalesis horsfieldi hermana 1
Amathuxidia amythaon
ottomana 11
Zeuxidia doubledayi horsfieldii 2
Ypthima pandocus sertorius 9
Faunis stomphax stomphax 1
Discophora necho cheops 1
Parantica agleoides
borneensis 2
Ideopsis vulgaris interposita 2
Idea hypermnestra
hypermnestra 1
Idea leuconoe nigriana 1
Elymnias penanga konga 1
Euthalia godarti vacillaria 2
Lycaenidae Arhopala democritus olinda 3
Arhopala major 1
Pieridae Eurema hecabe hecabe 3
Eurema sari sordalis 1
Eurema andersonii borneensis 4
41
Gandaca harina elis 2
Hesperiidae Potanthus omaha maesina 1
Taractrocera ardonia
sumatrensis 1
Notocrypta curvifascia
curvifascia 1
Total 36 species 78