jianfa shen department of geography and resource management the chinese university of hong kong a...

Jianfa SHEN

Department of Geography and Resource Management

The Chinese University of Hong Kong

A Study on the Migration of Agricultural Population in China

Prof. SHEN Jianfa, CUHK Geography 2

ContentsContents Previous studies Conceptual framework of hukou system

and migration Research methodology The impact of hukou category on migrati

on Explaining the impact of hukou category

on migration Conclusion


Previous studiesPrevious studies

In capitalist societies, segmented labour markets rely heavily on stereotyping related to age, gender, ethnic ori

gin, marital status, formal qualification (Gordon 1995)

Marginalized population groups such as migrants, women and ethnic minorities are often subject to above institutional constr

aints (Wright and Ellis 2000; Gordon 1995)


Previous studiesPrevious studies

Studies on migration in China have examined

The role of hukou system in migration process

Comparing urban natives, permanent migrants and temporary migrants Temporary migrants are at the bottom o

f the hierarchy Permanent migrants are the most comp

etitive and privileged groups


Conceptual framework of hukou system aConceptual framework of hukou system and migration: four types of migrantsnd migration: four types of migrants

PN

PA

TA TN

Temporary migrants (T)

Non-agricultural population (N) Agricultural population (A)

Permanent migrants (P)


Conceptual framework of Conceptual framework of hukou system and migrationhukou system and migration

Previous studies focus on migration of temporary population

The migration of agricultural population is largely ignored

Research questions What is the effect of hukou category on migr

ation? Is there any difference in the migration of ag

ricultural and non-agricultural populations? What cause hukou effects on migration?


Research methodologyResearch methodology

A large micro data set from 2000 census. sampling ratio of 0.095%.

Consists of 123,267 migrants 32,625 were inter-provincial migrants 36,706 were intra-provincial

inter-county/district migrants 53,936 were intra county/district migrants

This paper focuses on inter-provincial migrants


Table 2 Basic data on inter-provincial Table 2 Basic data on inter-provincial migrants migrants

in China 1995-2000in China 1995-2000

Hukou catgory/status Total Male Female Male

(%) Female (%)

Agricultural population 25587 13235 12352 52 48 Permanent migration 1848 711 1137 38 62 Temporary migration 23739 12524 11215 53 47 Non-agricultural population 7038 3988 3050 57 43 Permanent migration 2916 1793 1123 61 39 Temporary migration 4122 2195 1927 53 47 Total population 32625 17223 15402 53 47 Permanent migration 4764 2504 2260 53 47 Temporary migration 27861 14719 13142 53 47



Index of dissimilarity Sij in education level

Mik is % of migrants with k level of education in migrant group i

Mjk is % of migrants with k level of education in migrant group j

0-25 no dissimilarity 25-50 slight dissimilarity 50-75 serious dissimilarity 75-100 very serious dissimilarity

Sij=|Mik-Mjk|/2


Research methodologyResearch methodology Migration attributes considered Gender

Male and female Age

20 five-year age groups, 0-4 years …. 95+ Education level

illiterate/semi illiterate, primary school, lower secondary school, higher secondary/technical school, university+

Occupation Managers and administrators Professionals Clerks Sales and services workers Peasants Plant and machine operators Others



Economic sector agriculture mining manufacturing utilities (including Power, gas and water supply; Geological

surveying and water management) building industry general services (including Transport, communication and

storage; Wholesale, retail and food services; Social and personal services)

finance and real estate (including Finance and insurance; Real estate)

professional services (including Health, sports and welfare; Education, arts and media; Research and technical services)

public services (including Government and social organization)

others


The impact of hukou categThe impact of hukou category on migrationory on migration

Table 3 Index of dissimilarity in migration attributes between various pairs of populations Population A Population B Age Male by age Female by age Gender Agricultural population

Non-agricultural population 12.81 17.94 10.10 4.94

Permanent migration Agricultural population

Non-agricultural population *29.03 *38.48 *25.28 23.01

Temporary migration Agricultural population

Non-agricultural population 12.14 11.67 12.97 0.49

Permanent migration

Temporary migration 13.45 23.48 8.77 0.04

Agricultural population Permanent migration

Temporary migration 15.69 11.22 18.83 14.28

Non-agricultural population Permanent migration

Temporary migration *28.19 *36.05 19.25 8.24



Table 3 Index of dissimilarity in migration attributes between various pairs of populations Population A Population B Education

level Occupation Economic

sector Migration reason

Agricultural population

Non-agricultural population **60.56 *41.68 *31.79 *47.60


Non-agricultural population ***78.46 **72.56 **71.58 **70.01


Non-agricultural population *49.56 *37.36 *27.09 *32.23

Permanent migration

Temporary migration *38.08 **59.23 **55.21 **65.67


Temporary migration 11.65 **69.93 **70.60 **62.07


Temporary migration *38.24 *32.01 *29.26 **52.58



Difference in education level of migrants Serious dissimilarity between agricultural and

non-agricultural populations over 54% of agricultural population only have lowe

r secondary education over 60% of non-agricultural population have high

er secondary/technical school education+ Similar gap among temporary migrants The gap is the largest among permanent migrants

• As permanent migrants have lower educational level than temporary migrants among agricultural population

• Permanent migrants have higher educational level than temporary migrants among non-agricultural population












Permanent migration








The impact on occupation slight dissimilarity between migrants of

agricultural and non-agricultural populations agricultural population

• 66.19% are plant and machine operators• 18.96% are sales and services workers

non-agricultural population • 32.49% are plant and machine operators• 20.44% are professionals• 4.91% are managers and administrators



The impact on occupation slight dissimilarity between temporary

migrants of agricultural and non-agricultural populations Agricultural population has a high

proportion of • plant and machine operators

Non-agricultural population has a high proportion of • professionals• managers and administrators



The impact on occupation serious dissimilarity between

permanent migrants of agricultural and non-agricultural populations 76.20% of agricultural population

are peasants 37.73% of non-agricultural

population are professionals



Table 7 Occupation of inter-provincial migrants by hukou category/status 1995-2000 (aged 15-64)

Share by occupation (%) Number Hukou category/status Managers and admini-strators

Profe-ssionals

Clerks Sales and services workers

Peasants Plant and machine operators

Other

Agricultural population 0.69 1.08 2.13 18.96 10.92 66.19 0.05 21432 Permanent migration 0.35 0.49 0.85 5.30 76.20 16.74 0.07 1416 Temporary migration 0.71 1.12 2.22 19.92 6.30 69.68 0.04 20016 Non-agricultural population 4.91 20.44 12.10 27.08 2.96 32.49 0.03 3586 Permanent migration 4.03 37.73 17.88 14.18 3.71 22.46 0.00 917 Temporary migration 5.21 14.50 10.12 31.51 2.70 35.93 0.04 2669 Total population 1.29 3.85 3.56 20.12 9.78 61.36 0.04 25018 Permanent migration 1.80 15.13 7.54 8.79 47.71 18.99 0.04 2333 Temporary migration 1.24 2.69 3.15 21.29 5.88 65.71 0.04 22685












Permanent migration








The impact on economic sectors slight dissimilarity between migrants of

agricultural and non-agricultural populations 56.54% of agricultural population engage

in manufacturing sector Only 34.16% of non-agricultural population

engage in manufacturing sector• but 35.03% engage in general services • 9.34% in professional services• 3.96% in public services



The impact on economic sectors slight dissimilarity between temporary

migrants of agricultural and non-agricultural populations Both of them mainly engage in

manufacturing and general services• agricultural population has a higher

proportion in manufacturing (59.78%) • non-agricultural population has a

higher proportion in general services (37.92%)



The impact on economic sectors severe dissimilarity between permanent

migrants of agricultural and non-agricultural populations agricultural population mainly engage in

agriculture (76.27%) non-agricultural population has higher

proportions in professional services (20.39%) and public services (10.47%) than any other migrant groups


Explaining the impact of hukou cateExplaining the impact of hukou category on migrationgory on migration

The difference in migration lies in different migration context stipulated by hukou category and hukou status

Permanent migration is possible for migrants moving between rural areas (involving hukou category of

agricultural population) between urban areas (involving hukou category of non-

agricultural population) But permanent migration is still restricted

from rural to urban areas from small cities to some large cities

Temporary migration is possible












Permanent migration







Explaining the impact of hukou cExplaining the impact of hukou category on migrationategory on migration

Four different migration flows temporary migrants mainly move to serve as m

anual labour or do business permanent migrants

agricultural population mainly moves for marriage

non-agricultural population mainly moves for education or training

non-agricultural population also moves for job transfer


Explaining the impact of hukou cExplaining the impact of hukou category on migrationategory on migration

The different migration outcome of agricultural and non-agricultural populations is partly caused by the difference in their education l

evel There is serious dissimilarity in education level betwee

n agricultural and non-agricultural populations Such gap exists among temporary migrants The gap is the largest among permanent migrants



Implicit impact of hukou category on migrants’ occupation if the education level is controlled

At education level below university No dissimilarity between agricultural and non-agricultural p

opulations This is true for temporary migrants But severe dissimilarity between permanent migrants of agr

icultural and non-agricultural populations• main occupation of agricultural population is peasants

(71.25%) • main occupations of non-agricultural population are pla

nt and machine operators (42.68%), and sales and services workers (26.75%)



Table 9 Index of dissimilarity in occupation between various pairs of populations by level of education Migration Type Migration Type Illiterate/

semi illiterate

Primary Lower Secondary

Higher Secondary/ Technical

University and above

Agricultural population Non-agricultural population 18.38 22.11 24.73 24.52 *37.68

Permanent migration Agricultural population Non-agricultural

population **57.74 **60.00 **61.74 **60.63 *44.17 Temporary migration Agricultural population Non-agricultural

population 17.43 22.82 23.93 23.23 *32.54 Permanent migration Temporary

migration **59.35 **66.88 **59.87 *34.86 22.07 Agricultural population Permanent migration Temporary

migration **62.00 **69.50 **69.30 **60.27 10.79 Non-agricultural population Permanent migration Temporary

migration 20.83 14.04 17.46 23.04 21.19



For migrants with university education and above There is slight dissimilarity in occupation between

agricultural and non-agricultural populations True for both permanent and temporary migrants

main occupations for agricultural population are plant and machine operators (39.81%) professionals (22.22%)

a much higher proportion of non-agricultural population work as professionals (48.17%) clerks (18.11%) managers and administrators (9.37%)



Table 10b Occupation of inter-provincial migrants with university and above by hukou category/status and education level 1995-2000 (aged 15-64)

Occupation share (%) Number Hukou category/Hukou type Managers and admini-strators

Profe-ssionals

Clerks Sales and services workers

Peasants Plant and machine operators

Other

Agricultural population 3.70 22.22 12.04 16.67 5.56 39.81 0.00 108 Permanent migration 0.00 21.74 17.39 13.04 8.70 39.13 0.00 23 Temporary migration 4.71 22.35 10.59 17.65 4.71 40.00 0.00 85 Non-agricultural population 9.37 48.17 18.11 13.38 0.80 10.17 0.00 1121 Permanent migration 4.93 58.67 19.70 7.49 1.07 8.14 0.00 467 Temporary migration 12.54 40.67 16.97 17.58 0.61 11.62 0.00 654 Total population 8.87 45.89 17.58 13.67 1.22 12.77 0.00 1229 Permanent migration 4.69 56.94 19.59 7.76 1.43 9.59 0.00 490 Temporary migration 11.64 38.57 16.24 17.59 1.08 14.88 0.00 739


ConclusionsConclusions

Migrants of agricultural and non-agricultural populations are similar in age and gender

There is difference in age among permanent migrants There is difference in education, occupation and economic sector

between agricultural and non-agricultural populations Agricultural population has low education level

Mainly engage in manufacturing as plant and machine operators (temporary) and in agriculture as peasants (permanent)

Non-agricultural population More engage in general services, professional services and

public services As professionals, managers and administrators


ConclusionsConclusions

The difference between the migration of agricultural and non-agricultural populations is caused by Difference in education level Migration context (different migration reaso

ns) Implicit hukou effect especially those with u

niversity education and above

The 4th International Conference on PopulatioThe 4th International Conference on Population Geographies n Geographies

10-13 July 200710-13 July 2007 The Chinese University of Hong KongThe Chinese University of Hong Kong

Conference website

http://www.grm.cuhk.edu.hk/en/4ipgc.htm


Thank You!Thank You!

jianfa shen department of geography and resource management the chinese university of hong kong a...

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