jhalendra rijal, adriana medina university of california ...calasa.ucdavis.edu/files/301087.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Jhalendra Rijal, Adriana Medina
University of California Coop. Ext. & Statewide IPM
Program
Joanna Fisher, Frank Zalom
UC Davis, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology
www.pestworld.org
~5/8 inch long, marble brown
Photo: Doug Pfeiffer, Virginia Tech
In 2010, $ 37 million loss reported by Apple Industry in Mid-Atlantic States
Established in 15 Counties
Modesto
First detection
July 2015
Severe
nuisance
problem
since
Fall 2013
Infestation in
crops
Consperse Stink Bug Euschistus conpersus
Brown marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys
Rough Stink Bug, Brochymena quadripustulata
http://www.stopbmsb.org/stink-bug-basics/look-alike-insects/
BMSB
BMSB
Rough Stink Bug BMSB
Eggs/1st instar nymphs
White bands on
legs and antennae
http://www.stopbmsb.org/stopBMSB/assets/File/BMSB-in-Vegetables-English.pdf
Bergh et al. 2016
During the winter
Overwinter near farmland in homes, office buildings, warehouses
T. Leskey
http://www.stopbmsb.org
BMSB Feeding Damage to Grapes
Stopbmsb.org
Sour rot
All Deciduous
Tree Fruit & Nut
Crop Distribution
in California
1.3 million
acres
365,000
acres
18,000
acres
30,000
acres
Statistical information: NASS 2015
301,000
acres Lab study
880,000
acres
Urban and Agriculture Interface in San Joaquin Valley
Increased BMSB Activity in the Area
Cherry
Walnut
Almond
Walnut
Walnut
Almond
Peach
Peach
N
2016-BMSB in CA Crops (First Report)
Peach
0
5
10
15
20
25
Trece Alpha Scents
Seasonal total BMSB
adults/4 traps
Rijal and Duncan, 2017
BMSB Injury to Peach-Stanislaus
County (Early, Mid- to Late Season)
In this site,
• All BMSB life stages
found
• Excessive gumming
• Shriveled nuts still
on the tree
• Injury to the different
stages of the fruit
development
2017-BMSB infestation in almonds
(First Report)
2017-BMSB infestation in almonds
(First Report) 2017-BMSB infestation in almonds
(First Report)
Rijal and Gyawaly 2018, Insects, 9(4):126
2018-BMSB Infestation in Commercial Orchards
Substantial Nut Drop by BMSB Feeding in
Commercial Orchards (late April)
4 ft
tall
Pyramid Trap Sticky Panel Trap (6x12 inch)
4 ft
tall
• 3 orchards in 2017
(4 pyramid and 4
sticky panel traps)
• 7 orchards in 2018
(3 pyramid and 3
sticky panel traps)
2018-BMSB Infestation in Almonds
(Light Infestation)
0
3
6
9
12
15
Shoemake HWY 132 Vernalis Crows Landing Bent
Seasonal total BMSB capture in almond sites (N = 5) with low BMSB population
Adult-Sticky Adult-Pyramid Nymphs (Sticky + Pyramid)
2018-BMSB Infestation in Almonds
0
20
40
60
80
100
Male Female nymphs
Total seasonal BMSB capture-Tegner site
0
100
200
300
400
500
Male Female nymphs
Total seasonal BMSB capture-Letteau site
(Heavy Infestation)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40W
ells
ford
Griffith
Blo
ss
San
ta F
e 1
San
ta F
e 2
Cro
ws
Landin
g
Turlock
Wells
ford
Em
pire
Cro
ws
Landin
g
2018 2017
Tota
l seasonal H
. haly
s c
aptu
red
Sticky Pyramid
Trécé dual lure (murgantiol & MDT)
4 ft tall
Sticky Panel Trap • Put couple of traps
(minimum 3 traps
with BMSB lure) in
border rows
beginning March
• Change lure in every
12 wks,
• Check and change
the sticky panel as
needed
2018-Temporal Feeding Study in Almonds
2 varieties: Nonpareil and
Monterey
Cages (20x30cm) placed at early
fruit set covering 7-15 nuts/cage
9 cages/variety infested with 3
BMSB adults/cage weekly
Last wk. of March (Wk. 1) to
harvest (July-Aug, Wk. 18-22)
Nut size, nut development stage,
drop nuts, injury category, shell
(endocarp) hardness
Percent nut drop after 21 days of
BMSB infestation (var. Nonpareil)
27 March 9 May
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7
Infested Control
Percent nut drop after 21 days of
BMSB infestation (var. Monterey)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7
Infested
Control
27 March 9 May
External gumming Shriveled and dried
Brownish speckles
Yellow nuts
Types of Injury Observed in Almonds
Pinhole Water-soaked spots
Brown endosperm
Internal gumming
Necrotic spots
Types of Injury Observed in Almonds
Control Infested
Injury to developing nuts after 21 days
of BMSB infestation (Wk 3, April 11)
Infested Control
Injury to developing nuts after 21 days
of BMSB infestation (Wk 5, April 25)
Infested Control
Injury to developing nuts after 21 days
of BMSB infestation (Wk 14, June 26)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% in
jury
Hull with nectrotic feeding spot (internal)
Shell with nectotic feeding spot (external)
Feeding injury to hull (exocarp) and shell (endocarp):
% damaged hull and shell by weekly BMSB
infestation (var. Nonpareil)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Pro
port
ion o
f dam
ag
ed k
ern
el
Time after fruit set (weeks)
Injury to kernel at harvest
Gumming
Dark spot(s)
Damage to kernels (at harvest) by weekly BMSB infestation
during the almond development period (var. Nonpareil)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Pro
port
ion o
f dam
ag
ed k
ern
el
Time after fruit set (weeks)
Injury to kernel at harvest Gumming
Dark spot(s)
Damage to kernels (at harvest) by weekly BMSB infestation
during the almond development period (var. Monterey)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Pro
port
ion o
f dam
aged k
ern
el
Time after fruit set (weeks)
Monterey Nonpareil
Damage to kernels (at harvest) by weekly BMSB
infestation-
Severe shriveling and presence of dimples/depression
BMSB
damage at
harvest
(Monterey)
Kernel damage by BMSB (var. Monterey)
April
May
1st-2nd wk June
3rd -4th wk June
Control
August
Kernel damage by BMSB (var. Nonpareil)
April- May
June
1st wk July
2nd wk July
Control
TA.XT Plus texture analyzer
y = 0.0032x - 21.662 R² = 0.3728 P = 0.012
0
20
40
60
80
100
10000 15000 20000 25000
% h
ealthy k
ern
el
Penetration force (g/sec)
Shell hardness vs. healthy kernel
(at harvest) relationship
Conclusion
• BMSB is moving into CA crop growing areas, slowly,
but steadily……
• Reproducing population of BMSB was first found in
peaches (2016) and almonds (2017) in the northern
San Joaquin Valley
• Almonds (along with peach) seems to be one of the
preferred hosts, based on the feeding observations in
past 2 years
• BMSB can cause injury to the developing nuts from
early stage to until the harvest
• Use of sticky trap and visual sampling recommended
USDA-NIFA SCRI
2016-51181-25409
Thanks to:
Cooperator Growers,
Pest Control Advisors,
Dr. Pickett lab-CDFA
Help from: Daniel Green, Tania Herrera
Raquel Gomez, Emily Buerer