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Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

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Page 1: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Three Faiths Summer School 2006

Ammerdown Centre  

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths 

Muslim Perspectives

Page 2: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Faith

Page 3: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

InterfaithFaith

Page 4: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Conflict

FaithInterfaith

Page 5: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Iliya madinat bayt al-makdis „Aelia, the City of the Temple“Al-Bayt al Mukaddas „the Holy House“Al Bayt al Maqdis „the House of the Sanctuary“Al-Quds „the Holy One“

Jerusalem – The Holy House

Prophet Muhammad praying in front of the Kaaba in Mecca

Page 6: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

„... take then the place wheronAbraham once stood as yourplace of prayer ...“(Qur‘an 2:125)

Changing the qibla

Page 7: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

„Limitless in His glory is He who transported His servant by night from the Inviolable House of Worship(al-masjid al-haram )to the Remote House of Worship(al-masjid al-aqsa) ...“(Qur‘an 17:1)

The journey to the farthest mosque

Page 8: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

- Isra „Night Journey“ and Miraj „Ascension“ of the Prophet Muhammad

- Prophets like David, Salomon, Zacharias and John

- Mary and Jesus

- the Day of Resurrection

Jerusalem as a holy place for Muslims

Page 9: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Qubbat al-Sakhra - The Dome of the Rock

Completed 72 AH / 691 CEon the ancient Temple platform

60 years after Jerusalem was taken by the Muslims.

Page 10: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

The Dome of the Rock – it's mission?

Commemoration of Muhammad‘s ascension?Diverting pilgrims from Mecca to Jerusalem?Demonstration of Islam's superiority?Trying to win converts?Muslim equivalent to the Holy Sepulchre?

Caliph Abd al-Malik

Page 11: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

The Dome of the Rock – it's inscriptions

There is no God but God alone, without partner.Muhammad is God's messenger.The Messiah Jesus, son of Mary, is only a messengerBlessings on Muhammad and Jesus.

"Say: He is God, One, "Say: He is God, One, God the Everlasting, God the Everlasting, who has not begotten who has not begotten and has not been begotten.and has not been begotten.He is without equal."He is without equal."

Page 12: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Haram Al-Sharif "the Noble Sanctuary"

Qubbat al-Sakhra and Al-Aqsa Mosque

Page 13: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Hebron – city of Abraham, Khalil al-Rahman, "the friend of the merciful (God)

Page 14: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

"... ours is the creed of Abraham"

"And they say, 'Be Jews' – or, 'Christians' – and you shall be on the right path.' Say: 'Nay but ours is the creed of Abraham, who turned away from all that is false, and was not of those who ascribe divinity to aught beside God. "

(Qur'an 2:135)

Maqam Ibrahim, "Place of Abraham"

in front of the Kaaba in Mecca

Page 15: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

"... we make no distinction between any of them"

Tree of Prophets

"Say: We believe in God, and in that which has been bestowed from on high upon us, and that which has been bestowed upon Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and their descendants, and that which has been vouchsafed to Moses and Jesus, and that which has been vouchsafed to all the other prophets by their Sustainer: we make no distinction between any of them. And it is unto Him that we surrender ourselves."

(Qur'an 2:135)

Page 16: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Ahl al-Kitab "The People of the Book"

"Unto every one of you have We appointed a law and way of life. And if God had so willed, He could surely have made you all one single community:

but [He willed it otherwise] in order to test you by means of what He has vouchsafed unto you. Vie, then, with one another in doing good works! Unto God you all must return; and then He will make you truly understand all that on which you were wont to differ."

(Qur'an 5:48)

Page 17: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Fighting for Muslim superiority

"Fight against those who - despite having been vouchsafed revelation - do not believe either in God or the Last Day, and do not consider forbidden that which God and His Apostle have forbidden, and do not follow the religion of truth till they pay the exemption tax with a willing hand, after having been humbled [in war]."

(Qur'an 9:29)

Arab Cavallry

Page 18: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Muslims and Jews

Sephardi Synagogue in Jerusalem 1836

Close contacts since the times of early Islam

Severe confrontations during the stay of the Prophet in Medina

Religious and cultural autonomy was respected

"Convivenza" in Andalusia and Ottoman times

Anti-semitism imported from the west

Israeli-Arab conflict tends to be presented as a Jewish-Muslim conflict

Page 19: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Jesus Christ – Isa "al-Masih„

“The Christ Jesus, son of Mary, was but God's Apostle - [the fulfilment of] His promise which He had conveyed unto Mary - and a soul created by Him.

Believe, then, in God and His apostles, and do not say, ‘[God is] a trinity’".

(Quran 4:171)

Page 20: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Christian apologetics

St John of Damascus( 676 – 749 )

Islam not as a religion of it's own but a Jewish or Christian heresy

Muslims as "the Children of Ishmael"

Muslims as forerunners of apocalyptic events

Muhammad as a false Prophet

Critic of Muhammad's and Muslims moral compared with Christian chasity

Page 21: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Muslims and Christians

High esteem: Christian spiritual and ascetic practises

Acceptance: birth of Jesus, his mission, certain teachings and miracles

Refutation: trinitarian doctrines and death on the cross

Irritation: refusing to accept Islam a continuation of former revelations

Christian delegation in Medina at the times of the prophet

Page 22: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Muslim apologetics

Accusations against Jews and Christians:

Altering the divine relevation

Accusations against Christians:

Propagation of errant doctrines

Grievous mistakes in religious practice

Opening the frontiers to polytheism and pagan practises

                                            

     

Page 23: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

The Covenant of Umar

Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem

"This is a letter to the servant of God Umar, Commander of the Faithful, from the Christians of such-and-such a city. When you came against us, we asked you for safe-conduct for ourselves, our descendants, our property, and the people of our community, and we untertook the following obligations toward you: ..."

"We shall not build ... new churches."

"We shall not manifest our religion publicly."

"We shall not seek to resemble the Muslims."

Page 24: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Living side by side – everyday life

Jerusalem 1883

Page 25: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Festivities and rituals of faith communities

Greek Orthodox Easter procession

Greek Orthodox wedding in Christian Quarter

Page 26: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Saint George

St George Khidr – "the Green One"

Qubbat al-Khidr on the Haram

16. century

Page 27: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Festival of "Nabi Musa"

Procession of "Nabi Musa" in front of Al-Aqsa around 1920

Page 28: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Charity

Ottoman imaret (soup kithcen)

"The Turkish … are just enough not to deprive poor Christians who come there, and these later receive the same amount as the Muslims, but as they go there only rarely the director of the place is not bothered by them."

(French traveller 1705)

Page 29: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Praying side by side

Tomb of Mary in Kidron Valley

"Do not come to the Church of Mary … nor go into the two pillars into the church of the Mount of Olives, for they are both idols and whoever enters there in a spirit of devotion, his act shall be annulled."

(Muslim tradition)

Page 30: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Pilgrims

"No day passed without foreigners" (Al Muqaddasi – 10. century)

Medieval Pilgrims entering "Outremer"

Russian Pilgrims entering Jerusalem 1905

Page 31: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

The shade of the Crusades

Richard Lion Heart (London)

Salah al-Din(Damascus)

George W. Bush (Washington) - as seen by Al-Jazeera

Page 32: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Crusades

"In the long sequence of interaction and fusion between Orient and Occident out of which our civilization has grown, the Crusades were a tragic and destructive episode"

(Stepen Runciman: The Crusades. 1951)

Page 33: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

19. Century – conquest, colonialism and civilization

Napoleon in Egypt 1798

French iIllustration 1837

Page 34: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Ottoman dilemma

Ottoman coat of Arms

Page 35: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Ottoman dilemma

Ottomans recruiting soldiers in Jaffa - 1888

Page 36: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Christians under Ottoman rule

Representatives of Christian denominations in Palestine

Kawass of Anglican bishop

Page 37: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Tanzimat-i Hayriye – Salutary Reforms

Greek Newspaper illustration – Athens 1858

Hatt-i Humayun 1856 All Ottoman

citizens equal under law

Page 38: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Jewish immigration in Jerusalem

Jewish quarters in Jerusalem 1920

Page 39: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Jewish dilemma: integration or separation

Shomerim (guards) of a Zionist settlement 1920Jewish soldiers in Ottoman army 1910

Page 40: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

British rule

British troops in Jaffa Road, Jerusalem, 1929

Page 41: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in 20. century

Dome of the Rock and Western Wall 1937

Dome of the Rock and Western Wall today

Page 42: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Israeli-Arab confrontation in Jerusalem

Page 43: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem – her future – two Muslim perspectives

"Ultimately if the entire world truly strives for peace in the city of al-Quds, Muslims must retake the upper hand and regain its rule, as they alone would provide continuously the guarantee of freedom of worship and safety for the citizens of the City and they will re-implement Umar's Covenant for a third time. Only then will al-Quds be, as it is meant to be, a City of Peace."

(Mohammed Abdul Hameed Al-Khateeb. Al-Quds. 1998) 

Page 44: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem – her future – two Muslim perspectives

"The shared heritage and belief in one God summons all believers to be peace-makers. We should affirm the holiness of the Jerusalem for all three faiths and recognize the rights of all to worship in their own way. We should affirm that claims made in the name of tradition cannot exclude or nullify the claims of others."  (Muhammad Hourani: A Muslim Approach to Dialogue in Jerusalem in the New Millennium. 2000)

Page 45: Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives Three Faiths Summer School 2006 Ammerdown Centre Jerusalem in the Three Faiths Muslim Perspectives

Jerusalem in the Three Faiths - Muslim Perspectives

... and in the end ...

wa Allah a'alam 

and God knows best 

 

Wilhelm Sabri Hoffmann

German Muslim League Bonn