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JENEBERANG CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EFFECT

CONTROL AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

Parno1, Agung Suseno1, M. K. Nizam Lembah1 & Subandi2 1Indonesia Hydraulics Engineer Association

2Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization

ABSTRACT

At the present, the Jeneberang catchment area is dominated by dry-land farming which

covers an area of 47.52%, forest areas is 13.3%., critical lands to 219.74 km. This condition

causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili Bili Dam. Flooding in

agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of river channels to accommodate

river water discharge. Frequent flooding occurs in some rivers between 2005 to 2009 as 14

flood events with inundation areas about 8,000 hectares, inundation levels about 100 to 400

cm and inundation duration about 3 hours to 2 days. The floods also inundated plantation

areas, fisheries and infrastructures such as roads, bridges and canals, and also caused

some causality. The increase in erosion and sedimentation has led to siltation and

decreased water Bili Bili storage capacity. The erosion and sedimentation that occurred were

extra ordinary due to the collapse of Mount Bawakaraengs Caldera on March 26, 2004. A

disaster phenomenon damage several residential areas, fields, estates, and 1,500 hectares

of agricultural lands and infrastructures including school buildings in the downstream area,

32 persons died due to being buried by the slide and about 6,333 people were evacuated to

save site. Therefore, 62 million m sediment in reservoir will certainly lead to tremendous

losses and multiplier effects that could even reach the dams lower area must be solved with

the Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable Bili Bili dam development in

considered with land use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion,

public participation, land and water conservation under global climate change. This

catchment area management must be implemented to anticipate the next disaster in related

with landslide, raw water crisis, flooding for environmental protection, irrigation and clear

water development. Systematically, Jeneberang catchment area management for

sustainable dam development consist of land use planning, sediment control, assessment of

catchment erosion, public participation, land and water conservation. Systematically,

Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable dam development consist of land

use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion, public participation, land

and water conservation including greenhouse gas effect control.

Keywords: Jeneberang catchment area management, Irrigation development, Global

climate change, Greenhouse gas effect control

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CONTENTS

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Catchment Area Management for Sustainable Bili Bili Multipurpose Dam Development

2.1 Land Use Planning

2.2 Sediment Control Management

2.3 Assessment of Catchment Erosion

2.4 Public Participation

2.5 Land and Water Resources Conservation

3. Conclusion and Recommendation

4. References

5. Figures

1. INTRODUCTION

Geologically, the Jeneberang river basin is composed of (a) Camba Formation (CF) in

Miocene, (b) Baturape-Cindako Volcanic in Pliocene, (c) Lompobatang volcanic rocks in

Pleistocene and Quaternary overburden from lower stratigraphy. The CF is composed of

volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. The former is composed of volcanic breccias, lava,

conglomerate, tuff and the latter is composed of marine sedimentary rocks, taffacious

sandstone, clay stone, partly including volcanic rocks, and the CF is intruded by many basalt

dykes. The CF is widely distributed in the west side of the study area and fresh rock is hard.

Baturape-Cindako Volcanic is an extrusive rock from old volcanoes which were active in

Pliocene is mainly composed of basaltic volcanic rocks and basalt distribute in north east

side and south west side. Lompobatang volcanic rocks is an extrusive rock from new

volcanoes which were active in Pleistocene is composed of volcanic rocks, eruptive center

rocks, pyroclastic rocks, parasitic eruptive products are distributed in overall area of Mt.

Bawakaraeng caldera. Lava part is hard but pyroclastic rock is rather weak in concreteness.

Conservation development and forestation in upstream is very useful for Jeneberang

catchment area which located in Gowa regency for a conservation area and a water

catchment area. Most of the agricultural lands in the area have been converted into

horticultural lands have negative impacts on environmental carrying capacity which leads to

increased areas of critical lands, surface erosion and increased runoff. In Jeneberang

Watershed, there are critical lands extending to 219.74 km, spread over the areas of

Gowata regency and Makassar city.

Forest areas now extend to 8,259 hectares (13.3%), it is far below the normal limit of 47% as

mandated by the Law 41/1999 on the forestry. At present, the Jeneberang watershed is

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dominated by dry-land farming which covers an area of 29,334 hectares (47.52%). The area

of underbrush is larger than forest area about 12,530 hectares (20.3%). This condition

causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili-bili Dam. Flooding in

agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of river channels to accommodate

river water discharge. Frequent flooding occurs in such rivers as Maros, Sinjai, Bialo, Pappa,

Allo, Tamanroya, Calendu, Pampang and Tallo. Flood events data recorded between 2005

to 2009 showed 14 flood events with various inundation areas, inundation levels and

inundation durations, as follows: (1) Inundation areas: 50 to 8,000 hectares; (2) Inundation

levels: 100 to 400 cm; (3) Inundation duration for 3 hours to 2 days. The records also

showed that flooding also occurred in such watersheds area as Mangottong, Kalamisu,

Tangka, Bikeru, Balantieng, Teko, Kelara, Tarowang, Pokobulo, Tonra and Bontomanai. The

floods also inundated plantation areas, fisheries, and such infrastructures as roads, bridges

and canals, and also caused some casualties. The increase of erosion and sedimentation

has led to siltation and decreased water storage capacity, especially in such Watershed as

Maros, Pappa and Tamanroya.

In the Jeneberang watershed, the erosion and sedimentation occurred were extraordinary

due to the collapse of Bawakaraengs caldera. Due to the collapse, about 300 million m of

materials slid into the Jeneberang Watershed. A 2008 survey that 145 million m are in an

unstable condition will be collapsed, for example: In north caldera is about 12,906,500 m, In

east caldera is about 111,073,000 m an in south caldera is about 21,088,500 m with total

about 145,068,000 m. This phenomenon has caused last disasters in residential areas,

fields, estates, and 1,500 hectares of agricultural lands and infrastructures including school

buildings in the downstream area, 32 persons died due to being buried by the slide and

6,333 people were evacuated to safe site. Based on survey that sedimentation in Bili-bili

Reservoir is about 22,934 million m in which 14,558 m of the total amount occurred on

March 26, 2004 after the Bawakaraeng collapse. Meanwhile, the sediment storage (dead-

storage) volume of the Reservoir is only 29 million m. More than 62 million m of the

sediments entered into the reservoir until 2008. Therefore, it will certainly lead to tremendous

losses and multiplier effects that could even reach the dams lower area if no quick and

appropriate measure is taken to overcome the problem.

2. CATCHMENT AREA MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE BILI BILI MULTIPURPOSE

DAM DEVELOPMENT Systematically, Jeneberang catchment area management for sustainable dam development

consist of land use planning, sediment control, assessment of catchment erosion, public

participation, land and water conservation as described briefly:

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2.1 Land Use Planning

One of the most apparent constraints on rice production is the land ownership per farming

household; the farmer cannot fully dependent upon the farming income for supporting their

life with their families. The farmers are forced to earn additional income in the urban areas.

This inhibits special problem on the continuity of their agricultural lands being left

occasionally and hence unable to maintain consistent care of their plants. In addition, it is

apparent that the size of land holding is increasingly decreasing due to the impact of land

fragmentation, and the continuing land conversion to non agricultural utilization as well as

transfer of land ownerships. Based on survey, land use planning of Jeneberang river basin in

upper of Bili-Bili Dam consists of forest area (45.40%), grassland (27.30%), paddy field

(13.00%), mix estate crop (7.30%), dry crop field (4.90%), reservoir area (1.50%) and urban

area (0.60%), Land slope of Jeneberang river basin in upper of Bili-Bili Dam are 0-8%

(22.49 km2 = 3.65%), 15-25% (154.48 km2 = 25.08%), 25-40% (340.05 km2 = 55.22%), 40-

60% (54.09 km2=8.78%), 60-80% (25.61 km2 = 4.16%), 80-100% (4 km2 = 0.65%), >100%

(1.72km2 = 0.28%) and reservoir Bili-Bili (water surface) = 13.40 km2= 21.8%. Related with

the land use data mentioned aboved, land use planning can be used to irrigation

development.

2.2. Sediment Control Management

A sediment control management has been prepared for anticipating next landslide of

bawakaraeng caldera; consist of 3 sediment control management, in the upstream (U/S), in

the middle stream (M/S) and in the down stream (D/S). For example: (1) Sediment control

management in the U/S of Jeneberang catchment area has a very steep slope. At the time

of rain to be torrential flow and materials glide a high speed, therefore the damage ability is

very high. A series of seven sabo dams (SD) or Sediment Control Dam (SCD) were built to

slow down of the sediment flow. The existence of SD will cause a deposition of material on

the upper reaches of the construction, and this will lead to a gentle slope of the flow, reduced

flow speed, and also reduced damage ability. These deposits will also stabilize the cliffs of

the Jeneberang river channel. The SD were designed to directly control materials amounting

to 1.3 million m and indirectly control an amount of 28.2 million m. Overall, they can control

materials amounting to 29.5 million m. The constructions of these SD were started by the

construction of SD 7-1 in 2005 and the last one constructed was the SD 7-7 in 2011. In

addition, about 50,000 trees have also been planted as a conservation development on the

area of 45 hectares as a rehabilitation of damaged lands. Sediment controlled volume by

Sabo facilities about 1,3 million m3, Sediment volume controlled indirectly by Sabo operation

at riverbed about 28,2 million m3. (2) Sediment control management in the M/S of

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Jeneberang catchment area is a relatively steep, and therefore the flow speed and the

damaging ability are still quite high. In this part, 8 consolidation dams (CD or KD) have been

built to control vertical and horizontal material (debris) flows in order to prevent damages and

flow deviation. The consolidation dams were designed to control 1.56 million m materials

and indirectly control an amount of 48.43 million m. Overall, they can control 49.99 million

m materials. The constructions of the consolidation dams were started in 2007. In addition,

5 units of clean water treatment facilities, 2 crossing roads (KD-1 and KD-2) and 2

suspension bridges (in CD-2 and CD-3), were also built for the local community. (3)

Sediment control management in the D/S that the slope is relatively not too steep. The flow

from the U/S which slope is steeper, will suddenly lose its speed when it enters the D/S part

and it then will release the sediments that it carries, which then causes a deposition. This

deposition can spread in many directions if it is not controlled. The area of this deposition is

known as an alluvial fan so in 1997 to 2001 by the Government constructed 5 sand pockets

(SP). After the landslide, these sand pockets were damaged and the material deposition

exceeded the sand pockets carrying capacities. Therefore, it must be rehabilitated the

structures and enlarged their capacities. Mining facilities for sand and other materials were

also built to release the materials out of the sand pockets which can then be utilized as

construction materials. These five sand pockets have an overall carrying capacity of

1,081,000 m. The sediment flow control infrastructures are also equipped with an early

warning system as well as a flood and landslide monitoring station in Lengkese Village. In

Gowa Regency, clean water infrastructures have been built for the people of Tamalate

Village, Parangloe Sub-regency.

2.3. Assessment of Catchment Erosion

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model is used to estimate average soil loss

generated from splash, sheet, and rill erosion in agricultural plots at the Jeneberang

catchment area. The USLE has recently been extended for predicting soil loss and plan

control practices in agricultural catchment by the effective integration of Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) based on procedures to estimate the factor values in a grid cell

basis. This study was performed to predict the soil erosion risk by the USLE/GIS

methodology for planning conservation measures in the site. Rainfall erosion (R),

topographic factor (LS) and land cover management factor (C) values for the model were

calculated from rainfall data, topographic and land use maps. Soil was analyzed for the soil

erosion factor (K). Soil samples were selected from the eleven soil series in Jeneberang

catchment area. A total of 55 samples were collected from the eleven soil series. Physical

properties such as particle size distribution, texture, hydraulic conductivity and organic

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matter content (OM) were analyzed in order to support the erosion rate analysis. Results

shows that five soil series have low rates of soil loss. Soil sampling has been carried out

from selected sites. The rainfall data is obtained from Climatology Station. Physical condition

such as slope angle, plant cover and conservation practices were considered under

selection for sampling station in the field. The study catchment area was digitized using Ilwis

3.3 and ArcView GIS 3.3 software for soil series map, topographical map, and land use map

and drainage pattern characteristics. Particle size distribution was determined by pipette

method together with dry sieving (Abdulla, 1966). Textures of soils were obtained by plotting

the percentage ratio of sand, silt and clay using the triangle of texture. Organic matter

content was determined by loss on ignition technique. Soil erosion and sediment yields were

estimated for the year 2006 using the Universial Soil Loss Equation (Wischmeier and Smith,

1978). The formula for USLE estimation is as follows:

A = R*K*LS*C*P (1)

Where A is the computed soil loss, R is the rainfall erosion index, K is the soil erosion index,

L is the slope length factor, S is the slope steepness factor, C is the vegetation cover factor

and P is the soil conservation practices factor. The rainfall (R) factor represents the erosion

potential of rainstorms to be expected in a given locality. It is related with the kinetic energy

and intensity of the rain and occasionally used synonymously as erosion (E). The product

EI30 reflects the potential ability of rain to cause erosion, where E = total kinetic energy of

rain and I30 = peak 30 minutes intensity. In this study, rainfall erosion index was calculated

based on Morgan and Roose calculation (Morgan, 2005) that has two R values can be

presence in the study area. Therefore, the best estimate of erosion index for the study area

is the average from two calculations. Wischmeier and Smith recommended a maximum

intensity (I30) value of 75 mm/hr for tropical regions because research has indicated that

erosive raindrop size decrease when intensity exceeds this threshold value. P is the annual

rainfall mean equivalent of the study area. The best estimation of the R factor value

calculated for the study area was 1654.55 MJ mm ha-1 yr-1. Soil erosion factor (K) is the

ability of the soil to be eroded by moving water. It depends on the soil structure, organic

matter percentage, size composition of the soil particles and soil permeability measured as

hydraulic conductivity. The K value can be obtained using a monograph (Morgan, 1980;

Wischmeier et al., 1971). In this exercise, the K value of the soil in the study area was

calculated using the formula as follows:

K= [[2.1x10-4(12-OM%)(N1xN2)1.14+3.25(S-2)+(P-3)]]/100 (2)

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Where OM is percentage organic matter; N1 is percentage silt + very fine sand; N2 is

percentage silt +very fine sand + sand (0.125 2 mm); S is soil structure code and P is soil

permeability class (hydraulic conductivity). The slope factor (LS) is combined with the slope

gradient and the length of the eroding surface into a single factor. In the Revised Universal

Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) the LS refers to the actual length of the overland flow path. It is

the distance from the source of the overland flow to a point where it enters a major flow

concentration. This definition is particularly relevant for forested or vegetated catchments

areas where the overland flow seldom exists on hill slopes (Bonnel and Gilmour, 1978;

Bruijnzeel, 1990). In forested catchment areas the subsurface storm flow is more dominant

than the overland flow and the latter only exists at limited areas near the channel margins or

on shallow soil as the return flow or saturated overland flow (Bruijnzeel, 1990).

Consequently, the overland flow path in forested catchment is expected to be shorter than

the slope length identified from the map. The slope length and gradient were calculated from

topographical map of the study area. Upon obtaining the L and S value, the topographical

factor (LS) value was calculated for each soil series using the formula as provided by

Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as follows:

LS = (0.065 + 0.045 S +0.0065 S2) x (L/22.13)0.5 (3)

Where L is slope length in m and S is slope gradient in percent. The variation in value was

caused by variation in gradient and length of slope. The vegetation covers factor (C)

represents the ratio of soil loss under a given vegetation cover as opposed to that bare soil.

The effectiveness of a plant cover for reducing erosion depends on the height and continuity

of the tree canopy as well as the density of the ground cover and the root growth. The

vegetation cover intercepts raindrops and dissipates its kinetic energy before it reaches the

ground surface. In the current study, the C values were extracted from the Morgan (2005)

estimates and assigned to the corresponding land cover based in the 2002 land use map of

the Malaysian Department of Agriculture (2006). The P factor depends on the conservation

measure applied to the study area. In Malaysia the most common conservation practice is

contour terracing in rubber and oil palm plantations. In this study, it was assumed that

contour terracing practice on slopes was carried out for both rubber and oil palm plantation.

In the current study, the value of P was assigned by overlaying the slope map and land use

map. The rubber and oil palm plantation on slopes were assigned a P value according to the

slope steepness while other agricultural activities were given a value of 1, assuming no

conservation practices were adopted. The calculation of the soil erosion based on the USLE

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model showed that are series had low rates of soil loss, ranging from 0.26 to 1.43

ton/ha/year or an average of 0.65 ton/ha/year, 0.06 to 0.17 ton/ha/year, with an average of

0.10 ton/ha/year, 0.66 to 2.65 ton/ha/year, with an average of 1.61 ton/ha/year, 1.27 to 9.57

ton/ha/year, with an average of 4.23 ton/ha/year and 0.17 to 0.90 ton/ha/year, with an

average of 0.53 ton/ha/year respectively. Forested areas were mostly in the western and

northern parts of the Jeneberang catchment area and human activities were localized in the

eastern and southern regions. The steepest slopes were in the western and northern parts of

the catchment area. Relatively, low steep areas were located in the eastern and southern

parts of the study area. Soil series were located in the forested area with low C values

(0.001) and low erosion yields. Similar results were also reported by Shallow (1956) for

areas under natural forests. Soil Loss Tolerance Rates (Ministry of Environment, 2003) were

prepared for standard evaluation of soil loss in the study area. The Series had a moderate

rate of soil loss, ranging from 0.56 to 144.90 ton/ha/year averaging 47.41 ton/ha/year and

1.11 to 102.05 ton/ha/year, averaging 42.62 ton/ha/year. These soil series were located in

the oil palm, rubber and forested areas; hence the value of erosion yield was moderate. The

soil series had a moderately high rate of soil loss, ranging from 1.25 to 97.86 ton/ha/year,

averaging 57.16 ton/ha/year and 3.35 to 100.46 ton/ha/year, averaging 57.93 ton/ha/year.

The LS factor values and the K values for the soil series were found to be higher than those

of the others. The soil series had a high rate of soil loss, ranging from 21.44 to 348.75

ton/ha/year or an average of 130.26 ton/ha/year. On the basis of the land use map, the soil

series was covered with the oil forest vegetation. Most of the soil series were covered with

the plantations and had high erosion soil series which had very high erosion yield, ranging

from 79.99 to 319.75 ton/ha/year, or an average of 180.49 ton/ha/year. The C value for the

Kedah soil series was considered very high (0.20) because it was located under rubber, oil

palm and shifting cultivation areas. (Tania Del Mar Lopez et al., 1998) mentioned that soil

erosion varied with the land use pattern and the highest values are in areas of bare soil and

lowest in forest areas.

2.4. Public Participation

Achieved remarkable progresses in water resources development untill 2025 through

government led development projects. However, the institutional development to sustain this

progress got insufficient attention. From the lessons learned before the multidimensional

crisis, it has been recognized that the severe crisis had been due to the chronic neglect of

the farmers roles in almost the entire process of development, rehabilitation, and routine

operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructures. In an attempt to resolve the

dilemmatic situation to maintain sustainable rice production on the one hand, while keeping

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pace the productivity level with the increasing population growth on the other, an emphasis

has been given to irrigation development and management based on participatory approach.

The program had been set up to reduce central government's burden on Operation and

Maintenance (O&M) costs aiming for sustainable irrigation O&M by virtue of Participatory

Irrigation Management (PIM) approach. Under the said program, a number of policy

adjustments on water resources had been enacted. Further to this, PIM attempts have also

been carried out including: turning over to the Water User Association (WUA) of small

irrigation schemes; encouragement of Irrigation Service Fee (ISF). Irrigation Management

Transfer (IMT); Participatory design and construction program; field laboratories for visual

process of learning by doing, and other such government initiatives. However, it turned up

that the attempts has been going very slowly and yet, still tended to be least sustainable.

This has been partially suspected by the fact that the economy of the farmers and farming

conditions under the fragmented land ownership, which in fact, are already small, has been

marginalizing.

To facilitate resolving the problems, the newly enacted Water Law No. 7/2004, together with

the Government Regulation No. 20/2006 about Irrigation, prescribe that the O&M

responsibility for primary and secondary canals belongs to the Central Government,

Provincial as well as Local Autonomous Government with certain role sharing criteria settled

down by the Government Regulation on Irrigation Management. For reducing the burden of

the farmers, they assigned responsibility to operate and maintain the tertiary canals through

their water users associations (WUA). This paper intends to discuss a series of practices,

problems, and perspectives on participatory irrigation management under the small land

holding condition, the implication of the new policies on technical and traditional irrigation

schemes, institutional and legal aspects of O&M, as well as the role of WUAs. These

include technical, institutional, and financial, as well as regulatory instruments, and other

such measures toward sustainable PIM implementation. Community empowerment,

monitoring and involvement in water resources management are generally carried out

through the forum of Jeneberang river basin water resources management coordination.

Other activities that involve the community are land reforestation and rehabilitation carried

out through the forum of the National Movement for Water Safeguard Partnership. These

activities are carried out in watersheds with critical lands, such as in Jeneberang watershed,

Tamangroya Sub-watershed in Gowa regency. These activities are carried out on a regular

basis and are coordinated by the work groups established in many places. The activities

carried out in the preparation of water resources information system for example (a)

Coordinating with the PJLRBO, water resources management service of South Sulawesi,

and other relevant offices that are required to follow the norms, standards, guidelines and

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manuals of information system management. (b) Updating data and information periodically

as part of the effort to maintain the accuracy of water resources data and information. (c)

Accessing specific water resources information. (d) Coordinating with legal entities,

organizations, institutions, and individuals that carry out water resources information

management activities.

2.5. Land and Water Resources Conservation

Land and the water resources conservation aspect of the water resources management in

Jeneberang river basin is broken down into the following (1) Sub-aspects: water resources

protection and conservation, water preservation, water quality and water pollution control. (2)

Efforts of conservation are carried out through several activities as follows: Maintaining the

continuity of water infiltration and water catchment area functions, controlling the utilization

of water sources, Recharging water in water sources, Managing sanitation infrastructures

and facilities, Protecting water resources in relation to development activities and land

utilization in areas around water sources, controlling land cultivation in the upstream area,

Managing the riparian area of water sources, rehabilitating forests and lands, and Preserving

protected forests, nature reserves and conservation areas. (3) The water resources

utilization aspect of the water resources management in Jeneberang River Basin is broken

down into the following sub-aspects of water resources for administration, provision, water

use, development and exploitation. (4) Control of water destructive power aspect of the

water resources management in Jeneberang River Basin is broken down into the following

sub-aspects is sub-aspect of waters damaging ability prevention, Sub-aspect of waters

damaging ability management, Sub-aspect of waters damaging ability recovery.

In related with flood management and the results of the analysis on flood discharge with 5-

year recurrence interval, the watersheds that need to be prioritized in terms of flood control

are those watersheds with flood discharge greater than 100 m/sec. Flood control consists of

both direct and indirect efforts. Direct control is carried out by utilizing irrigation

infrastructures, such as embankment construction, river normalization and multipurpose dam

construction. Indirect control is more emphasized on risk management, in addition to critical

land rehabilitation in upstream area by means of planting trees. In related with erosion and

sedimentation management is prioritized on controlling the landslide materials of

Bawakaraeng and preventing sedimentation in downstream area, especially the reservoir.

Materials from the landslide are estimated to amount to 250-300 million m. It is estimated

that until 2008, as much as 140 million m have flown and settled along the Jeneberang river

and the surrounding area, and as much as 90 million m are still deposited in the upstream

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area near the caldera. There are still materials in a volume of 145 million m that are in an

unstable condition and have the potential to cause a collapse.

3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

At the present, the Jeneberang catchment area is dominated by dry-land farming which

covers an area of 47.52%, forest areas is 13.3%., critical lands to 219.74 km. This condition

causes an increase on the rate of erosion that leads to the Bili-bili Dam. Flooding in

agricultural and residential areas is caused by the inability of river channels to accommodate

river water discharge. It is recommended that the Jeneberang catchment area must be

improved by conservation development, public participation is very usefull for develop the

forestation to anticipate land slide, erosion and to manage the jeneberang catchment area

for greenhouse gas effect control and irrigation development.

4. REFERENCES

A. Hafied A. Gany, (2007). Problems and Perspectives of Participatory Irrigation

Management under the Small Land-Holding Condition with a Special Reference to

Indonesian Practice. Tehran, Iran: ICID Publisher.

Anonym, (2012). Nos. 7 of 2004 Indonesia Law on Water Resources. Jakarta, Indonesia:

DGWR Publisher.

K. Holmes, J. Simons, B. Marillier, N. Callow, and P. Galloway, (2010). Water Erosion

Hazard Assessment of the Lort and Young Rivers Catchment. Canbera, Australia:

Departement of Agriculture and Food Publisher.

CTIE Co., Ltd, (2006) Report on Urgent Survey for Bawakaraeng Urgent Sediment

Control Project the Most Urgent Components. Makassar, Indonesia: CTIE Publisher.

Dewi Kirono et. Al, (2012) Climate Adaptation through Sustainable Urban Development -

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G.R. Hancock, (2009) A catchment scale assessment of increased rainfall and storm

intensity on erosion and sediment transport for Northern Australia. New York, USA:

Elsevier Publisher.

Yachiyo Engineering Consultant, Co. Ltd, (2010) Water Resources Management in

Jeneberang River Basin. Makassar, Indonesia: Yachyo Publisher.

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K. Meusburger, D. Bnninger and C. Alewell, (2010) Estimating Vegetation Parameter for

Soil Erosion Assessment in an Alpine Catchment by means of Quick Bird Imagery.

New York, USA: Elsevier Publisher.

Pandu S. W. Ageng, (2005): Jeneberang River Basin Management Capacity Establishing

of A Public Corporate in South Sulawesi Province In Indonesia: Assessment and

Stakeholders Participation, Royal Institute of Technology Publisher, Stockholm,

Sweden, ISSN 1402-7615.

Sadikin. N, M.I. Tanjung & D. Indrawan, (2014). The Development Of Revised Seismic Hazard Maps for Dam Design in Indonesia, ICOLD 2014 Bali, Indonesia

Sarwono Sukardi, Bambang Warsito, Hananto Kisworo & Sukiyoto, (2013): River Management in Indonesia, DGWR, Yayasan Air Adi Eka and JICA Publisher, Jakarta, Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-25-64-62-4.

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6. FIGURES:

Ref.: Pompengan Jeneberang Large River Basin Organization

Fig. 1 : Geology of Bawakaraeng including the Jeneberang River Basin

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Fig. 2 : The Risk of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed (1)

Fig. 3 : The Risk of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed (2)

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Fig. 4 : Sediment Volume of Bawakaraeng Caldera Collapsed

Fig. 5 : Sediment Control Dam Series and Conservation Development for Save Bili Bili

Dam and Irrigation Development (1)

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Fig. 6 : Sediment Control Dam Series and Conservation Development for Save Bili Bili

Dam and Irrigation Development (2)