JAMM 445JAMM 445

History of Mass MediaHistory of Mass Media

Week 14: Media Coverage of Week 14: Media Coverage of WarWar

Monday, April 18Monday, April 18

Schedule updateSchedule update Extra-credit opportunityExtra-credit opportunity Murrow vs. McCarthy Murrow vs. McCarthy

(conclusion)(conclusion) Media coverage of war, part 1Media coverage of war, part 1

Oral-history interviewsOral-history interviews

Today: Outlines due for Today: Outlines due for completed interviewscompleted interviews– Late contacts may submit outlines Late contacts may submit outlines

Weds.Weds. Wednesday: Outlines returned Wednesday: Outlines returned

with commentswith comments Monday, April 25: Papers due Monday, April 25: Papers due

(2-3 pages, double-spaced)(2-3 pages, double-spaced)

Extra-credit Extra-credit opportunityopportunity The Once and Future The Once and Future

Space ProgramSpace Program Michael GriffinMichael Griffin

– Former administrator, Former administrator, NASANASA

TODAY, 4 p.m.TODAY, 4 p.m.– Admin. AuditoriumAdmin. Auditorium

Reaction paperReaction paper– 1 page, single-spaced1 page, single-spaced– Due: Monday, April 25Due: Monday, April 25

Max. 2 E/C papers for 2Max. 2 E/C papers for 2ndnd half half

Murrow vs. McCarthyMurrow vs. McCarthy ““To say that the Murrow To say that the Murrow

broadcast of March 9, broadcast of March 9, 1954, was the decisive 1954, was the decisive blow against McCarthy’s blow against McCarthy’s power is as inaccurate power is as inaccurate as it is to say that as it is to say that Joseph R. McCarthy … Joseph R. McCarthy … single-handedly gave single-handedly gave birth to McCarthyism.”birth to McCarthyism.”– Fred Friendly, CBS Fred Friendly, CBS

producerproducer

Media coverage of warMedia coverage of war

Today: U.S. Civil War (ch. 7 Today: U.S. Civil War (ch. 7 VoicesVoices)) Wednesday: World Wars I-II (chs. Wednesday: World Wars I-II (chs.

11 & 14, 11 & 14, VoicesVoices)) Friday: Vietnam & Walter CronkiteFriday: Vietnam & Walter Cronkite Next week: Persian Gulf War, Iraq, Next week: Persian Gulf War, Iraq,

AfghanistanAfghanistan

Quote of the DayQuote of the Day

““The first casualty, when war The first casualty, when war comes, is truth.”comes, is truth.”

--Sen. Hiram Johnson, 1917--Sen. Hiram Johnson, 1917

Media Coverage of Media Coverage of WarWar The First Casualty: The First Casualty:

The War The War Correspondent as Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Hero and Myth-Maker from the Maker from the Crimea to IraqCrimea to Iraq

Phillip Knightley Phillip Knightley (London (London Sunday TimesSunday Times))

War Reporting, pre-War Reporting, pre-18501850 Reprints from foreign Reprints from foreign

newspapersnewspapers Dispatches from junior officersDispatches from junior officers

– Newspapers paid for lettersNewspapers paid for letters

Pronouncements from Pronouncements from generals, admirals far from war generals, admirals far from war scenescene

Crimean War, 1854Crimean War, 1854 Crimean peninsula (Black Sea)Crimean peninsula (Black Sea) Britain vs. RussiaBritain vs. Russia Charge of the Light Brigade Charge of the Light Brigade (Tennyson)(Tennyson)

William Howard William Howard RussellRussell 1854: 1854: TimesTimes of London of London

sent him Crimea sent him Crimea Accurate, detailed Accurate, detailed

reports angered reports angered British generalsBritish generals

William Howard William Howard RussellRussell ““Wounded men and Wounded men and

dismounted troopers dismounted troopers flying towards us told the flying towards us told the sad tale... at 35 minutes sad tale... at 35 minutes past 11, not a single past 11, not a single British soldier, except the British soldier, except the dead and the dying, was dead and the dying, was left in front of the left in front of the Muscovite guns.”Muscovite guns.”

----The TimesThe Times, Nov. 14, 1854, Nov. 14, 1854

U.S. Civil WarU.S. Civil War

““It was during the Civil War that New York It was during the Civil War that New York newspapers gained their first [realization] newspapers gained their first [realization] of two fundamental principles... first, the of two fundamental principles... first, the surpassing value of individual enterprise surpassing value of individual enterprise in getting early and exclusive news, and in getting early and exclusive news, and second, the possibility of building large second, the possibility of building large circulations by striving to meet a popular circulations by striving to meet a popular demand for prompt and adequate demand for prompt and adequate reports....”reports....”

----New York TimesNew York Times, 1901, 1901

Civil War: Underlying Civil War: Underlying CausesCauses

Different regional economiesDifferent regional economies Different cultures: North vs. Different cultures: North vs.

SouthSouth Breakdown of 2-party system Expansion of slavery into WestExpansion of slavery into West

– Dilemma: Balance in Congress Dilemma: Balance in Congress between pro-, anti-slavery factionsbetween pro-, anti-slavery factions

Build-up to Civil WarBuild-up to Civil War

1850: Fugitive Slave Law 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act 1857: Dred Scott Decision

Build-up to Civil WarBuild-up to Civil War

1860 presidential election 1860 presidential election Electoral votes:Electoral votes:

– Lincoln (R) Lincoln (R) 180180– Douglas (Northern D)Douglas (Northern D) 1212– Breckenridge (Southern D)Breckenridge (Southern D) 7272– Bell (Const. Union)Bell (Const. Union) 3939

6 Southern states secede to form 6 Southern states secede to form ConfederacyConfederacy

Civil War: 1Civil War: 1stst battle battle

April 12, 1861: Confederates April 12, 1861: Confederates fire upon Ft. Sumter, fire upon Ft. Sumter, Charleston, S.C.Charleston, S.C.

Civil War: DocumentaryCivil War: Documentary

1990: Ken Burns, ‘The Civil War’1990: Ken Burns, ‘The Civil War’ http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/film/video.h

tml

Civil War: CoverageCivil War: Coverage

North: 500 reporters North: 500 reporters – ““saturation coverage”saturation coverage”– Bohemian Brigade (pack journalism)Bohemian Brigade (pack journalism)

South: 50-100 reportersSouth: 50-100 reporters England: 5-10 reporters, England: 5-10 reporters,

including W.H. Russellincluding W.H. Russell– England’s neutrality proves England’s neutrality proves

critical to North’s victorycritical to North’s victory

Civil War: TelegraphCivil War: Telegraph

““For the first time in For the first time in American history, it American history, it was possible for the was possible for the public to read what public to read what happened yesterday, happened yesterday, rather than rather than someone’s opinion someone’s opinion on what happened on what happened last week.”last week.”

Changed definition of Changed definition of ‘news’‘news’

Civil War: CensorshipCivil War: Censorship

Battle of Bull Battle of Bull Run (Union Run (Union defeat)defeat)

Reporter got Reporter got story to D.C.story to D.C.

Gen. Winfield Gen. Winfield Scott blocked AP Scott blocked AP report to New report to New YorkYork

Civil War: PropagandaCivil War: Propaganda

Edwin Stanton, Secretary of Edwin Stanton, Secretary of warwar

Altered casualtiesAltered casualties Delayed release of newsDelayed release of news Banned correspondents from frontBanned correspondents from front Arrested editors, threatened Arrested editors, threatened

ownersowners 1864: issued own ‘dispatches’ 1864: issued own ‘dispatches’

(press releases)(press releases)

Civil War: PhotographyCivil War: Photography

Matthew Brady, associatesMatthew Brady, associates Newspapers lacked Newspapers lacked

technology to publish technology to publish photos until 1890sphotos until 1890s

Artists documented battles Artists documented battles for illustrated weeklies for illustrated weeklies (Harper’s, Leslie’s)(Harper’s, Leslie’s)

Americans first saw Americans first saw Brady’s photos in galleriesBrady’s photos in galleries

Civil War: PhotographyCivil War: Photography

The Dead of Antietam, 1862, NYCThe Dead of Antietam, 1862, NYC ““Mr. Brady has done something to bring Mr. Brady has done something to bring

to us the terrible reality and to us the terrible reality and earnestness of the War. If he has not earnestness of the War. If he has not brought bodies and laid them in our brought bodies and laid them in our door-yards and along [our] streets, he door-yards and along [our] streets, he has done something very like it.”has done something very like it.”

--New York Times--New York Times

Civil War: PhotographyCivil War: Photography

Archival photos found new Archival photos found new audience in TV documentariesaudience in TV documentaries

http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/cwimages/battlefields/index.html

Reading for Reading for WednesdayWednesday

Voices of a NationVoices of a Nation

Chapter 11: World War IChapter 11: World War I

Chapter 14: World War IIChapter 14: World War II