james-mora hinkley presentation short version

8/10/2019 James-Mora Hinkley Presentation Short Version

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Feasibility Study of Reusing Glass

AggregateFrom Crushed Cathode-Ray Tubes

In Concrete Structures

Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-20091

College of Engineering

Department of Civil, Architectural, and Env. Engineering

Jacqueline P. James, Ph.D., P.E.

Rodrigo Mora, Ph.D., P. Eng.


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Background

Proposal: To study the feasibility to reuse CRTs as fine

aggregates &/or cement replacements in concrete.

Premisse: concrete encapsulates CRT metals &

reduces leachability to below regulatory limits @ POC Benefits to the construction industry, to waste

disposers &, most importantly, the environment:

Less hazardous wastes

going to landfills

Reduced use of raw materials

for construction



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Metals in CRTs

Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-2009 3


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Research Hypothesis

CRT-Concrete, monolithic & crushed,can immobilize CRT contaminants toreduce their short & long termconcentration at POC to acceptablelevels.

Under worst-case conditions,technically & economically viablemeasures can be adopted to mitigatethe impact of contaminants at POC.



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Previous Work: Concrete Metal Encapsulation

Cover two opposite scenarios:

TCLP & similar methods conclude:

Concrete alone cannot encapsulate CRT metals

Biopolymers improve bonding & reduce leaching to below

regulatory limits

Tank methods conclude:

Monolithic concrete encapsulates CRT metals

But we dont want to transfer the problem to future generations

Critical issues: Represent realistic concrete life-cycleutilization scenarios

Dual relationship: CRT-leaching & concrete durability



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Life-Cycle Exposure/Utilization Scenarios

Production &

ManufacturingService life Disposal

Water

Cement / CRT powder

Additives

Raw aggregates

CRT fine aggregatesRecycled

CRT-concrete aggregates

Mix/ Cast in Place/ Prefab.

Seawall

Pipe / container

Foundation

Pavement: previous/impervious

Faade

Building structure

Loads/ cracking/ erosion/ abrasion/ corrosion

High

LowStockpiling, handling,

cylinder testing, curing,

concrete waste

Crush

Crush / reuse (

10% concrete aggregate)

C&D landfill

Exposure


Structure demolition(46%)

Road work

(32%)

Road base / sub-base: 70%

compactedFill: 10%

backfill, enbankment fill,

drainage, flowable fill, etc.

Crush / reuse

( 80%)

EoL


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The Most Likely Scenario

By weight, concrete makes the largest portion ofthe solid waste stream. However, the single most

recycled material in the world is asphalt

The physical properties of coarse aggregatesmade from crushed demolition concrete make it

the preferred material for applications such as

road base and sub-base. This is because recycled

aggregates often have better compactionproperties and require less cement for sub-base

uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to

obtain than virgin material.



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Research Methodology

Determination of required

properties of concrete

Determination of

materials management& utilization scenarios

Selection of leaching

tests

Determination of relevant

variables to test

Analysis, feasible?

Within regulatory limitsConcrete structural

testing, adequate?

Viable mitigation

measures?No

Phase II

Yes Yes

Need further testing? Yes

CRT metals availability

testing (reference 1)Concrete mix design Sampling

pH

Percolation

Diffussion

CRT-concrete metals

availability testing

(reference 2)

Testing

Benchmark Tests (SPLP)

Testing stage I

Testing stage II


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Environment

Material

LoadsProperties

Deterioration

Solid WasteCrushed material

C&D waste

Waste properties

Soilgroundwatersurface waterdrinking water

Contaminant:

concentration

AttenuationDilution

Materials Management & Utilization

Release

Performance-based Approach

Contaminant:

Maximum Potential

release?

Concentration-based

Approach


Release flux &

Long-term

cumulative release?

Performance-based

Approach

Extrapolate


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Sampling & Testing

Supplementary Tests

Benchmark leaching compliance

CRT-glass composition / leaching

Concrete structural properties

ASR


Leaching Characterization

Tests

pH dependence

Percolation tests

Diffusion short tests

Diffusion long tests

Sampling Measure intrinsic leaching parameters for the material.

From previous work, select the most likely material parameters that

affect leaching within the specified structural limits.

Select extrinsic parameters for release that simluate environmental

conditions found in the field (e.g. landfill).

Determine a representative number of samples for analysis.


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Short-term Research ObjectivesPhase I

1. Characterize the dominant leachingmechanisms of contaminants from CRT-

concrete under critical life-cycle utilization

scenarios. To determine:

a) Release amountsb) How contaminants reach a certain POC

c) Peak concentrations at POC

2. Verify if the concentrations at POC are withinregulatory limits.

3. Verify that CRT aggregates are not detrimental

to the performance of concrete



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Long-Term Research ObjectivesPhase II

4. Develop & Validate a model of the leachingbehavior: release & transport of contaminantsto the POC

5. Establish a relationship between thelaboratory testing results & the actual release& concentration of the contaminant in theenvironment.

6. Develop a correlation betweencharacterization leaching results &

compliance & field verification test results.7. Establish risk-management protocols with

material/waste management scenarios, &impact mitigation measures for CRT-concrete.



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Analysis

Lead leaching characterization analyses compared to the un-immobilized Pb leaching from CRT glass, as a function of: Time (time-dependent): initial wash-off, short term, and long-term

leaching.

The intrinsic properties of the CRT-concrete mix.

The lifecycle exposure scenarios that simulate diffusion, percolation,

and environment pH variabilty. Regulatory analysis

The analysis should determine the maximum CRT proportion in a mixto comply with the maximum allowable release rates, and themaximum allowable concentrations at specified points of compliance.

Characteristic CRT-concrete properties Evaluate the properties of CRT-concrete in terms of structuralperformance (strength, strain), workabilty, and durability (i.e.expansion and cracking due to ARS), and compare these to theconcrete mix designs.

Environmental life-cycle cost analysis



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Deliverables

A feasibility study will be produced addressingthe objectives and scope of the proposal under

the conditions described in the methodology.

Mitigation measures will need to be proposed to

minimize risks

The study will also include guidelines for

further testing & research.



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Further Work

If the outcome is positive, as expected from the previous

work:

Mathematical modeling of the leaching behavior will be proposed

to relate lab. tests data to actual field conditions & better predict

the leaching process to POC.

Further testing to validate the leaching models will be conducted.

If the outcome is not positive for some exposure scenarios:

Further modeling & testing will be required with mitigation

strategies.

CRT-product identification & other materials management

strategies will be studied along with maintenance & monitoring

plans.

Correlations with compliance & on-site verification methods willneed to be developed.Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-2009


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Acknowledgement

TECHNICAL AWARENESS GROUP

Name:James D. Englehardt, Ph.D., P.E. , University of Miami

Research/Specialty:Water Quality Engineering Laboratory, Investigation of options forleachate and wastewater management

Name:David S. Kosson, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University

Research/Specialty:Contaminant Behavior in Soils, Sediments, Wastes and AquaticSystems, Applications for Contaminated Site Restoration, Beneficial use of by-productMaterials, and Environmental Policy.

Name:Fabian Montenegro, Department of Transportation

Research/Specialty:Roadway Construction

Name:Helena Solo-Gabriele, Ph.D., P.E., University of Miami

Research/Specialty:Environmental measurements: 1) microbes in water, 2) water flowswithin the Everglades watershed, and 3) metals in pressure treated wood.

Name:Ronald Zollo, Ph.D., P.E., University of Miami /Engineering Analytics

Research/Specialty:Construction, Construction Materials Development, MaterialsTesting, Structural Design and Analysis, Building Code and Standards Development.



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Bibliography

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[2] Dillon, Patricia S. (1998). Potential Markets for CRTs and Plastics from Electronics Demanufacturing: An Initial Scoping Report, Chelsea

Center for Recycling and Economic Development Technical Research Program.

[3] Caudill, R. J., Thomas M.V., Kirchoff, B, Kliokis, J., Johnathon, L. (2005). Lifecycle Analysis of CRTs,http://www.njit.edu/old/merc/research/reports/lca_CRT.html. Accessed: January 31, 2005.

[4] Kim, D., Quinlan, M., Yen, T.F. (2008). Encapsulation of Lead from Harzardous CRT Glass using Biopolymer Crossed-Linked Concrete

Systems, Waste Manage. 29, 321-328.

[5] E-Waste Tsunami in News Briefs (2004). Environmental Science and Techn., 38 (7), 125A

[6] EPA report (2006). http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htm. Accessed: April 2009.

[7] Morrison C. (2004). Reuse of CRT Glass as Aggregate in Concrete, Glass Waste, ed. Mukesh C. Limbachiya, Jhon J. Roberts. ThomasTelford Publishing, Kingston. pp. 91-98.

[8] Chen C.H., Huang R., Wu J.K., Yang C.C. (2006). Waste E-glass particles used in cementitious mixtures, Cement and Concrete

Research J., 36, 449-456.

[9] Kosson D.S., van der Sloot H.A., Sanchez F., and Garrabrants A.C. (2002).An Integrated Framework for Evaluating Leaching in Waste

Management and Utilization of Secondary Materials, Environmental Engineering Science, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 159-204.

[10] van der Sloot H.A. and Dijkstra J.J. (2004). Development of Horizontally Standardized Leaching Tests for Construction Materials: A

Meterial Based or Release Based Approach? Identical leaching mechanisms for different leaching materials, ENC-C-04-060, report,

June 2004.

[11] Leist M., Casey R.J., and Caridi D. (2003). Evaluation of Leaching Tests for Cement Based Immobilization of Hazardous Compounds ,

ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 129, No 7, pp. 637-641.

[12] Kosson D.S. (2009). Personal communication, April 14, 2009.

[13] Marion A., De Laneve M., De Grauw A. (2004). Study of the Leaching Behavior of Paving Concretes: Quantification of Heavy Metal

Content in Leachates Issued from Tank Test using Demineralized Water, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 35, pp. 951-957.

[14] Olmo I., Chacn E., Irabien A. (2003). Leaching Behavior of Lead, Chromium (III), and Zinc in Cement/Metal Oxides Systems, ASCE

Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 129, No 6, pp. 532-538.

[15] Ismail Z, Al-Hashmi E. (2009). Recycling of Waste Glass as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in Concrete, Waste Management,

Vol. 29, pp. 655-659.

[16] Inyang H. (2003). Framework for Recycling of wastes in Construction, ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 129, No 10.

[17] van Zomeren A. (2009). Personal communication, April 13, 2009.Hinkley Center Presentation 5-15-2009
http://www.njit.edu/old/merc/research/reports/lca_CRT.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/recycling/electron/crt-fs06.htmhttp://www.njit.edu/old/merc/research/reports/lca_CRT.html

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