iwm case studies and the use of lca in countries with developing economies
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IWM case studies and the use of LCA in countries with developing economies. Dr. Forbes McDougall. Sustainability is :. SUSTAINABILITY. Environmentally effective. Economically affordable. Socially acceptable. a balance between the needs of the Environment, the Economy and Society. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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IWM case studies and the use ofLCA in countries with developing economies
Dr. Forbes McDougall
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Sustainability is :
Environmentallyeffective
Economicallyaffordable
Sociallyacceptable
SUSTAINABILITY
a balance between the needs of the Environment, the Economy and Society
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• Environmentally effective Environmentally effective
• Economically affordable Economically affordable • Socially acceptable Socially acceptable
Sustainable Waste Management needs to be :
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• Accepting the concept of an integrated approach to solid waste management
• Using a Life Cycle Assessment tool (computer model) to optimise the integrated waste management system
Sustainable solid waste management systems can be engineered by:
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• IWM takes an overall approach and manages waste in an environmentally effective and economically affordable way.
• IWM involves the use of a range of different treatment options at a local level.
• IWM considers the entire solid waste stream.
The concept of Integrated Waste Management
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Integrated Waste Management includes:
MATERIALSMATERIALS RECYCLINGRECYCLING
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALTREATMENTTREATMENT
THERMAL THERMAL TREATMENTTREATMENT LANDFILLLANDFILL
COLLECTIONCOLLECTION&&
SORTINGSORTING
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WASTEPublic health issues
WASTEMANAGEMENT
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
Optimisation of waste management practices
COLLECTION&
SORTING
MATERIALS
RECYCLING
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
THERMAL
TREATMENT LANDFILL
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Optimisation of resource use
MANAGEMENT
RESOURCES
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENTCOLLECTION
&SORTING
MATERIALS
RECYCLING
THERMAL
TREATMENTLANDFILL
Optimise waste management Larger than waste management
Waste Management evolution
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Study: Towards the Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Waste
• Study carried out in 1998
• The aim was to characterize 'leading edge' waste management systems in Europe
• To identify factors that influenced system development
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Study overview
• 11 Systems - not statistically representative
Brescia, ItalyHampshire, UKMalmö, SwedenPamplona, SpainPrato, ItalyVienna, Austria
Helsinki, FinlandCopenhagen, DenmarkSaarbrücken, GermanyLahn-Dill-Kreis, GermanyZürich, Switzerland
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Quantitative data comparison
Differences in scale Differences in definitions of Municipal Solid Waste
Differences in infrastructure
Different methods of paying for MSW management
Differences in accounting methodology and financing
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System drivers identified by waste managers
Good system managementVision StabilityCritical mass (scale)Availability of fundingLegislation (+ve or -ve)Control of all solid wastePublic opinion / Communication
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IWM Conclusions• Program variations are extensive• “Drivers for development” were identified • An integrated approach to waste management is
being adopted at a local level, due to: 1) economic benefits
2) social pressure3) environmental benefits
• Waste hierarchy only useful as a list of options• There is a clear evolution from waste management
to resources management
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• Overall environmental burdens • (Overall economic cost) • The tool of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) makes
this possible
How can we plan IWM systems that are environmentally and economically sustainable?
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OUTPUTSOUTPUTS AirAir EmissionsEmissions
Water Water EmissionsEmissions
Residual Residual LandfillLandfill Material Material
INPUTSINPUTSWasteWaste
EnergyEnergy
Other Other MaterialsMaterials
MoneyMoney
Integrated waste management: a Life Cycle Assessment
COLLECTIONCOLLECTION&&
SORTINGSORTING
SecondarySecondary MaterialsMaterials
CompostCompost UsefulUsefulEnergyEnergy
MATERIALSMATERIALS
RECYCLINGRECYCLING
BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT
THERMAL THERMAL
TREATMENTTREATMENT LANDFILLLANDFILL
PRODUCTSPRODUCTS
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• Net energy consumption• Air emissions• Water emissions• Landfill volume (residual)• Recovered materials• Compost
Life Cycle models: Results
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LCA for IWM in Countries with developing economies
• Venezuela – Caracas and Puerto Ordaz• Brazil – Porto Alegre• Mexico – Cuernavaca and Valle de Bravo• South Africa• Saudi Arabia - Jeddah• India • China• Korea
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Venezuela, Caracas 1998
• A comparative LCA, that investigated the burdens associated with recycling different materials within the establishment of a new materials recycling program.
• Cardinale, P. (1998). Analisis de ciclo de vida: Una herramienta de gerenci ambiental. Debates IESA. PP.34-38. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administración. Venezuela.
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Venezuela, Puerto Ordaz 2001
• Project to evaluate the environmental burden of the existing waste management system and to investigate the environmental burdens of a number of possible developments of this system.
• Propuesta para el Manejo Integrado de los residuos solidos en una localidad Venezolana – aplicando la tecnica de inventario de ciclo de vida. pp107. ISBN: 980-07-7811-X.
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Mexico
• Mexico adopted a new law in 2003 that promotes an integrated approach to waste management supported by LCA to ensure a data based decision making process.
• Last year a LCA study in Cuernavaca, Morelos was completed. Unfortunately the Mayor of the city was not re-elected and therefore the conclusions of the study are yet to be applied.
• Currently a study is underway in Valle de Bravo, México State, population 40,000. A waste characterisation has been completed and the LCA modelling will be completed by the end of 2004. The Mayor of this city has just begun his 3 year term so application of the results is likely.
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Saudi Arabia - Jeddah
• A PhD student is investigating the environmental burdens of the current waste management system in Jeddah.
• The aim of the project is to develop a number of alternative integrated systems in consultation with local Government
• The evolution of the waste management system in Jeddah will be guided by the results of this LCA.
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IWM and LCA Conclusions• As waste management systems evolve, the IWM concept and LCA tools can help us move towards affordable environmental sustainability.• Using LCA is better than other arbitrary approaches.• Waste characterisation and understanding of total waste arisings are needed, to make better decisions for every waste management system.• A variety of waste management systems are required to meet local needs especially in countries with developing economies.
• Limited waste management budgets make the use of LCA tools even more important to ensure that
money is not wasted on systems that deliver sub-optimal environmental results.