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IV.Neuroscience The relationship between brain and behavior. Slide 2 A. Earliest work... n Brain/body and behavior connection. Hippocrates: brain injury and behavior Phrenology (Franz Gall 1800s) n What does your skull say about you? Slide 3 B. The bodys basic communication network. n The nervous system: n 1. Communication system. n Encounter a bear in the woods..... n Coordinates the body and environment. Electrochemical n receives messages n organizes messages n sends out messages Slide 4 B. The bodys basic communication network. n 2. Two components: a. Central Nervous System (CNS) n Brain and spinal cord. Slide 5 Slide 6 B. The bodys basic communication network 2. Two components: b. Peripheral Nervous System. n Connects CNS with rest of body. n Controls skeletal movement and internal organs. Slide 7 Slide 8 C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural Communication n THE NEURON A neuron is a single nerve cell A nerve is a bundle of neurons Nerve cell - most basic component. Information carrier and integrator. Talks to other cells, muscles, etc. Talks to other cells, muscles, etc. n 1. 3 different kinds of neurons: Sensory: receiving Interneuron: organizing Motor:sending Slide 9 2. Structure of a Neuron Slide 10 C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural Communication n 2. Structure of neuron: Dendrites receive signals. n Carry info to cell body. Cell body synthesizes these signals. Signal travels down axon. n Away from cell body. Helped along by myelin sheath. n Made up of glial cells. Slide 11 C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural Communication n 3. How neurons communicate. n a. Chemistry-to-electricity process. Within neuron part: Neuron at rest electrically charged. n Resting potential. n Ions exist outside/inside of cell membrane. n More negative ions inside of membrane. Gets stimulated (by light, heat, pressure, chemicals from other neurons). Slide 12 C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural Communication n 3. How neurons communicate (with neuron). n a. Chemistry-to-electricity process. Positive ions move into cell if strong enough causes depolarization n FIRES! But strong enough means must reach: Threshold Fires signal/electric impulse down axon n called Action potential. n All-or-none process Slide 13 Slide 14 C. Basic Building Blocks of Neural Communication n 3. How neurons communicate. n b. Importance of neurotransmitters. Between neuron communication. n Synapse: Junction between axon tip of sending neuron and dendrites of receiving neuron. Synaptic Gap - tiny gap between neurons. n Action potential fires, travels down axon releases n Neurotransmitters - chemical messengers cross the synaptic gap, binds to sites on receiving neuron. Slide 15 Slide 16 3. How neurons communicate n a. Importance of Neurotransmitters. Found in different places, do different jobs. - Acetylcholine (learning, memory, muscle contraction,) - Endorphins (mood/pain) - Dopamine (smooth movement) - - Norepinephrine (alertness, arousal) - Serotonin (mood, hunger, sleep) Slide 17 3. How neurons communicate n c. Neurotransmitters and drugs. n n Agonist: EXCITES. Drug/toxin mimics the effects of neurotransmitter, or heightens activity of neurotransmitters. n n Antagonists: INHIBITS Drug/toxin that inhibits release or blocks absorption of neurotransmitters. n n Examples: Slide 18 n Influence of drugs on neurotransmitters: n Example: Cocaine n Importance of REUPTAKE. Agonists heighten neurotransmitter activity by blocking reuptake of the chemical. n high Then, body stops producing own neurotransmitters acts like antagonist. n crash/withdrawal. Slide 19 COCAINE Slide 20 PROZAC Slide 21 D. Brain n 2. Structure n a. Lower Level Brainstem: oldest, innermost region n controls arousal. Thalamus: switchboard Cerebellum: little brain n coordinates movement and balance Slide 22 Slide 23 2a. Lower level brain structure Limbic system: n amygdala - aggression, fear n hypothalamus - hunger, thirst, sexual behavior. reward center n hippocampus - memory. Slide 24 Slide 25 2. Structure of brain: a. Lower Level Slide 26 2. Structure of Brain: b. Cerebral Cortex n 1. Bark of the brain Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 2. Structure of Brain: b. Cerebral Cortex n 2. Function of 4 Lobes: Frontal: Motor Cortex Specific areas stimulate movement. Parietal: Sensory Cortex Receives information from skin and body parts (touch/movement). Slide 30 2. Structure of Brain: b. Cerebral Cortex n 2. Functions of 4 Lobes, contd. Occipital: processes visual information, sends it elsewhere to be decoded. Temporal: processes sound. Sensory and motor cortex, and visual and auditory areas take up 1/4 of brain. Slide 31 2. Structure of Brain: b. Cerebral Cortex n Association Areas: Other 3/4 of cerebral cortex. Integrates, interprets, acts on information. (i.e. important to communication). Areas and their associated behaviors have been identified based on what happens when those areas are damaged. Slide 32 B. Association Areas Frontal Lobe: - cannot plan or judge. - alters personality - Phinneas Gage - speech production- Brocas Area Temporal Lobe: - cant recognize faces. - speech understanding - Wernickes Area Slide 33 Slide 34 Slide 35 C. Two Hemispheres of Brain n Brains sides (left and right) serve different purposes. n n Stroke? n n Damage to left side - reading, writing, speaking, understanding. - considered major, verbal hemisphere n n Damage to right side - not as dramatic Slide 36 C. Two Hemispheres of Brain n Important - how sides communicate with each other. Corpus Callosum: bundle of neural fibers connecting both sides, carries messages between them. If severed, demonstrates how both sides work together. Corpus callosum Slide 37 Slide 38 c. Two Hemispheres of Brain n Talents of each hemisphere. Right: perceptual picture recognition picture recognition emotion, expression, creativity emotion, expression, creativity Left: speaking, calculating numbers word recognition word recognition analytical, logical analytical, logical Slide 39 Conclusions n There is no psychology without biology. n From the neuron to the brain: How information/stimuli are taken in, integrated, and responses (behavior) are generated based on the bodys communication system nervous system. Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42