Brain-Behavior RelationshipsBrain-Behavior Relationships

Gross Structures of the BrainGross Structures of the Brain

HINDBRAIN Medulla Reticular Formation Pons and Cerebellum

– MIDBRAIN– FOREBRAIN

Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus) Cerebrum (Basal Ganglia, Limbic System,

Cerebral Cortex)

Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres

Basal Ganglia– 3 main functions– In current usage, the

phrase 'basal ganglia' means: the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.

Limbic System– 4 structures

Cerebral Cortex

Cortical ConnectionsCortical Connections

1. Between hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum)

2. Within a hemisphere, between one lobe and another (association tracks; e.g., arcuate fasciculus)

3. Cortex-Subcortical (e.g., internal capsule)

Review of Neuroanatomy Review of Neuroanatomy (cont.)(cont.)

Skull and Meninges Vascular System Ventricular System

and CSF

Principles of Cortical Principles of Cortical OrganizationOrganization

1. Cortical Zones

2. Cortical LobesOccipital, Frontal, Parietal,

Temporal

3. Functional Systems

4. Lateralization of Function

Cortical LobesCortical Lobes

Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital

Sensory/ Motor

Voluntary Motor; Speech

Auditory, Olfactory

Visual

Somato-sensory

Vision

Cortical LobesCortical Lobes

Occipital: Mediate sight; visual perception; visual knowledge

Parietal: tactile sensations; position sense; spatial relations– Left: sequential. Logical spatial– Right: holistic spatial information

Cortical Lobes (cont.)Cortical Lobes (cont.)

Temporal: auditory and olfactory abilities; integrating visual perceptions with other sensory info; new learning; emotion; motivation

Frontal: motor functions, including speech; executive functions; integration of emotional and motivational states

Lateralization of FunctionLateralization of Function

Left HemisphereSpeech and LanguageLinear Processing Well-routinized codesDetailsContralateral attentionPositive Emotions

Right Hemisphere

Prosody, Humor, Non-literal

Configural Processing (faces)

More adept at novel

Global Percepts

Global attention

Negative Emotions

FunctionsFunctions

Attention and arousal (see text) Memory (know 4 different regions involved

1. Hippocampus + surrounding areas

2. Basal forebrain (cells that produce Acetylcholine)

3. Frontal Cortex

4. Basal Ganglia (procedural memory)

Language

MemoryMemory Amnesia

– Immediate vs. Long-term– Remote memory vs. Antereograde memory– Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

Frontal Lobes: role in retrieval and organization– The frontal lobes are the most advanced part of your

brain. The frontal lobes are that part of your brain responsible for creativity, logic, intuition, new problem solving, synthesis of ideas, imagination, concepts of time, and planning.

Memory RehabilitationMemory Rehabilitation

Storage

Encoding

Attention

Retrieval

LanguageLanguage

Aphasia– Expressive Aphasia– Receptive Aphasia

DistinguishPsychological Issues

5 Frontal-Subcortical Circuits5 Frontal-Subcortical Circuits

MotorOcculomotorDorsolateralOrbitofrontal-Ventral PFCAnterior Cingulate

PREFRONTAL CORTEX SYSTEMThe most evolved brain system

Functions atention span perseverance

planning judgmen

impulse control organization

self-monitoring and supervision problem solving critical thinking forward thinking

learning from experience and mistakes ability to feel and express emotions

influences the limbic system empathy

internal supervision

Major Functional Divisions of Major Functional Divisions of Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe

Dorsolateral SyndromeDorsolateral Syndrome

“Executive function” deficitsPoor organizational strategiesPoor memory strategiesWorking MemoryImpaired set-shiftingAttentional control (distractible)

Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC SyndromeSyndrome

Phineas GageStimulus-Reward AssociationsDecision-MakingAppropriate Social Behavior

Anterior Cingulate SyndromeAnterior Cingulate Syndrome

Akinetic Mutism– Apathetic, no spontaneous speak, answer in

monosyllables– Display no emotion

Points to RememberPoints to Remember

Behavioral deficits determined by site, size, laterality, nature of lesion, etc.

Individual variation. Difficulty to develop real-world tasks to

assess FL functioning.

Diseases that commonly Diseases that commonly affect Frontal functioningaffect Frontal functioning

Affective Disorders– Depression

Traumatic Brain InjurySchizophreniaSome Dementing Illnesses

Traumatic DisordersTraumatic Disorders

Mechanisms of Injury– Primary– Secondary

Initial Assessment of Severity– Glascow Coma Scale– Length of Consciousness– Length of PTA

TBI (cont.)TBI (cont.)

TreatmentCognitive and Emotional Effects Rehabilitation

Principles of Nerve Cell Principles of Nerve Cell CommunicationCommunication

Neuron Membrane– Electrostatic pressure– Diffusion

Communication within a neuron– Movement of electrical charge

Communication between neurons– Electrical signal to chemical signal

Biochemical Activity of the Biochemical Activity of the BrainBrain

Membrane of NeuronSynapse2 Types of Receptors

– Ionotropic (fast but short-lived)– Metabotropic (slow, but prolonged effect)

Either may be excitatory or inhibitory

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

1. Excitatory (glutamate)

2. Inhibitory (GABA)

3. Neuromodulators (dopamine)

Classes of Psychoactive Classes of Psychoactive MedicationsMedications

Neuroleptics (Haldol)

Antidepresants (Prozac)

Tranquilizers (diazepam or Valium)

Stimulants (amphetamine)

Time Course and Side Effects