issues in world order
TRANSCRIPT
Contemporary Issues in World Order
Contemporary Issues in World Order1. The principle of “responsibility to protect”
2.regional and global situations that threatenpeace and security
3.the success of global cooperation in achievingworld order
4. rules regarding the conduct of hostilities`
1. The principle of “responsibility to protect”
2.regional and global situations that threatenpeace and security
3.the success of global cooperation in achievingworld order
4. rules regarding the conduct of hostilities`
1.“Responsibility to Protect”
new international security and human rights norm (R2P)
This norm derived from the need to have ‘humanitarian intervention’ in the conflicts of Rwanda, Bosnia and Kosovo
This issue challenges the concept of state sovereignty
Legal Responses
onus is placed on nation states and international organisations
also includes the ‘responsibility to warn’ for nation states
designed to prevent mass atrocity crimes
Obama and Libya
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Non-Legal Responses
NGO’s are at the forefront of this principle (ICG). They have been involved in:
strengthening the acceptance of R2P
building NGO skills to apply pressure to governments
dealing with country specific situations
The International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRTOP) was raised by NGO’s
Conclusion
Two contradictory aspects of the UN charter are developed
the non-interference principle in relation to state sovereignty
obligation of UN members to act against human rights violations
Priorities for R2P
correct labelling of R2P conflicts
prevention not military action
The UNSC needs to develop specific guidelines when force is used (Libya 2011)
More power given to IGO’s
2. Regional and global situations that threaten peace
and security: The Nuclear Threat
Nuclear Weapons is the greatest threat to peace and security globally
There has been a reduction of nuclear weapons. However, the detonation of only a few hundred would cause massive ecological and humanitarian disasters
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Legal Responses
Bilateral Treaties have been established to disarm nation states
1983-USA and USSR talks
1991 - They sign START 1 which reduces their arsenals of warheads
2002 - SORT Treaty signed - criticism was made because many nuclear arms were simply stored
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USA-Russia Relations
Multilateral treaties
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968 - reducing countries that possessed nuclear weaponry
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by 1996. 182 signatories and 153 ratifications. The United States has not ratified the treaty
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Review Conference 2010
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UNSC and Nuclear Disarmament
Tug of war between the Cold War years
UNSC has strived to work on a case by case basis with countries of interest
Case 1: IraqResolution 687 in 1991 - destruction of all chemical, ballistic and biological weapons by Saddam Hussein
Comply to rigorous UNSC weapons inspections
Still today there have been no weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have been found in Iraq
Case 2: North KoreaIn the early nineties, North Korea began developing nuclear weapons that were known to the worlds powers
Agreements were made with the USA but in 2003 N. Korea withdrew from the NPT
2006 it detonated a nuclear bomb (as a test apparently), followed by UNSC pressure, which still remains today
Obama’s warning to Iran
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UN sanctions placed on North Korea 2009
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UNSC Resolution 1887 - Maintenance of international peace and security: Nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament
all 15 members of the UNSC voted yes
Strong support for NPT
Pressure was applied to non signatories such as India, Pakistan and Israel
Non-Legal Responses
International Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission
Begun in 2003 - President Hans Blix
The International Commission on Nuclear Non Proliferation and Disarmament
The NPT Review
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)
3.The success in achieving world order:
East TimorIn comparison to previous interventions, East Timor is considered a success
Issues involved
Indonesia’s Illegal occupation in 1975
Mass atrocity crimes during their occupation of 25 years
Violence occurred during the 1999 crisis
Indonesian Invasion
Portugese left East Timor so Indonesia decided to invade
The United Nations never accepted this act of aggression by Indonesia
Australia never openly disagreed with Indonesia’s actions but during the 1990s, growing concerns developed, including the mass atrocity crimes in Dili in 1991
Legal Responses
UNSC and Resolution 1246 -Ballot to Decide on Special Autonomy for East Timor
UN established the United Nations mission in East Timor (UNAMET)
Robust action was taken by the UN but the enforcement agencies were still weak in their intervention
The forces were limited by the right that Indonesia still had to agree to the actions (State Sovereignty was still held)
In 1999, a UNAMET observed ballot was taken. 78.5% of East Timorese voted for Independence
Violence eventuated, the TNI – Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian army) invaded and destroyed 70% of infrastructure and killed between 1000 and 2000 people
UNSC Resolution 1264
Established INTERFET - (International Force for East Timor) peacekeeping force under Australian command
Humanitarian assistance was given and eventually violence stopped, giving success to the resolution
UN Transitional Administration in East Timor
replaced INTERFET
To lead East Timor to statehood and help to build the foundation for democracy.
East Timor, now known as Timor-Leste, became an independent country on 20 May 2002
Australia and East Timor
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Success for the UN in East Timor
Deemed a success due to the willingness of Australia providing military assistance
The final outcomes has been a new independent state, this may have not been possible without UN intervention
Kofi Annan - speech on East Timor
Independence Day
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Non-Legal Responses
The Media - Live footage was displayed around the world which led to strong opposition against the Indonesian government
Diplomatic pressure - pressure was placed through negotiations with the Indonesian government
Balibo 5 - Movie Trailer
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NGO expertise - provides assistance on health, education and basic needs with East Timor during all events
Australian Aid - a range of statistics can be sourced from the textbook
4. Rules regarding the conduct of hostilities: International
humanitarian lawInternational humanitarian law (IHL) refers to the body of treaties and humanitarian principles that regulate the conduct of armed conflict and seek to limit its effects
Treaties include:
The Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907
The four Geneva Conventions 1864, 1949
The Geneva Protocol 1977
In 1863 the International Committee for Relief to the Wounded was established
Before this time period, the treatment of people injured in war was random. There were no international standards for the conduct of war
Henri Dunant - Founded the ICRC
Henri Dunant - Founded the ICRC
Legal Responses
Today, all nation states know the standards of decent conduct in war
the Geneva Conventions are the most signed and ratified set of treaties in the world, with 194 signatories.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) becomes a legal response due to its incorporation in treaties
The Four Geneva Conventions 1864, 1949, 1977
1864 - 12 nations agree, establishing a neutrality of war and the use of the red cross flag
1949 - first GC updated and 3 conventions added. Protection of civilians and other non fighting parties
1977 - Two additional protocols were supplemented dealing with torture and inhuman treatment
The First Geneva Convention (1949) protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war
The Second Geneva Convention (1949) protects wounded, sick and shipwrecked personnel at sea during war.
The Third Geneva Convention (1949) protects prisoners of war
The Fourth Geneva Convention (1949) protects civilians, including those in occupied territory.
Article 3 of all Geneva conventions covers situations of intra-state armed conflict
prisoners of war
The Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907
1899 was to prohibit the use of certain types of technology in war, including chemical weapons and hollow point bullets
1907 focused on naval warfare
Signatories to the Hague Conventions
Courts
The ICRC was instrumental in the creation of the International Criminal Court
In 1945–46 the Nuremberg Trials put top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes and set a precedent of holding leaders accountable for their actions
In the 1990s, the UN Security Council established ad hoc international tribunals in response to the mass killings
2002 the GC entered into force and the International Criminal Court came into being. The ICC finally gave teeth to the Geneva Conventions
Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo
Breaches of the GC by the USA
USA labelled alleged terrorists as ‘unlawful combatants’ therefore outside the protection of the GC
Additionally, the military made it difficult for the Red Cross to visit
Finally, Guantanamo prison was established to ignore domestic law within the USA
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Iraqi victims being tortured in Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were released to the media
Other allied countries were dismayed that the USA were using such tactics
In 2009 President Obama announced that Guantanamo Bay prison facilities would be closed
Non-Legal Responses
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) plays a significant role
acts as a neutral party and helps people on all sides in a conflict
visits prison camps, internment camps or labour camps of both sides
evaluating the conditions of prisoners of war held in detention
David Hicks and John Howard Q&A 2010
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