canadian & world issues demographics
TRANSCRIPT
Canadian & World Issueswww.CraigMarlatt.com/school
Demographics
Demographics
1. Studying Population
2. Population Pyramids
3. Global Village
Studying Population
• Population Geography– The study of SPATIAL variations in the distribution,
composition, migration, and growth of populations over time.
• Demography– The study of human population dynamics. It looks at
how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration and ageing.
• Demographics– A term for population characteristics. Demographics
include birth rate, death rate, immigration, age, income, sex, education, occupation, religion, nationality, …
Studying Population
Population change over time will inevitably affect….
• Political Systems
• Economics
• Social Structures
• Environments
Studying Population
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision, medium variant.
Developing countries
Billions
Developed countries
Studying Population
• Factors that may lead to population increase include:– Food– Health– Economic Growth– Migration
Studying Population
• Growth Rate– the number of persons added to (or subtracted from)
a population due to natural increase and net migration.
• Birth rate: number of live births per 1,000 population per year.
• Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population per year.
• Rate of Natural Increase – birth rate – death rate = rate of natural increase
Studying Population
• Factors that contribute to the decline in death rate include:– Better Nutrition– Better Access to Medical Care– Improved Sanitation– Better Immunization
• Net Migration = immigrants – emigrants
Studying Population
• Effects of Population Increase– Increased poverty – Resource depletion – Medicine shortages– Urban sprawl
Studying Population
• A specific pattern of population growth has occurred in many developed nations during the past 60 years.
1945 1965 1985 2005 2025
Birt
hs Baby Boom
Generation X
Baby Echo
Generation Y
Studying Population
• Factors that may lead to population decline– Heavy Emigration– Disease– Famine– War– Sub-replacement Fertility
• a fertility rate that is not high enough to replace an area’s population. Sub-replacement fertility rate is 2.1 children per woman or higher.
Studying Population
• Population Decline in the past– The Black Death– Old World Diseases– Potato Famine
• Population Decline today– Sub-replacement Fertility Levels– Migration (to be discussed in the next lesson)
• Why low sub-replacement fertility rate?– Urbanization– Contraception– Government Policies
• Exception: United States where natural increase rates have remained stable…
• And within the US, incredible regional variations
Studying Population
2.03
1.9
1.77
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.49
1.3
1.3
1.28
1.26
1.19
United States
France
Australia
Sweden
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Canada
Spain
Germany
J apan
I taly
South Korea
Average Number of Children per Woman
Source: PRB, 2005 World Population Data Sheet.
Studying Population
Studying Population
• Effects of Population Decline:– Deflation – Rise in the standard of living– Population aging – Small impact on the environment– Political power?
300 200 100 00 100 200 300
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
80+
Females
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.
Age
Males
Millions
In the developed countries, there are fewer and fewer young people and more and more elderly.
Studying Population
300 200 100 00 100 200 300
0-4
10-14
20-24
30-34
40-44
50-54
60-64
70-74
80-84
90+
Source: United Nations Populations Division, World Population Prospects, The 2004 Revision.
Females
Age
Males
Millions
The young population of the developing countries translates to great growth potential.
Studying Population
Europe is the only world region projected to decline in population by 2050.
728
1,941
668
778
457
549
326
885
3,8755,385Asia
Africa
Europe
LatinAmerica/Caribbean
North America
2050
2005
Millions
Studying Population
Population Pyramids
• A population pyramid is two back-to-back bar graphs, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts).
• A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of its development.– Birth rate trends– Death rate trends– Number of economic dependents (<15, >65)
Population Pyramids
• Three basic shapes of population pyramids.
Population Pyramids – CAN 1961
Depression
Baby Boom
Aging Population
Population Pyramids – CAN 2006
Population Pyramids – US 1990
Population Pyramids – US 2000
Population Pyramids – US 2025
Population Pyramids – US 2050
Population Pyramids – US 2100