Canadian & World Issueswww.CraigMarlatt.com/school

People Moving

People Moving

1. Migration

2. Refugees

3. Urbanization

Migration

• Migration is any movement by humans from one locality to another.– Emigration– Immigration– Settling

– Evolution– Involuntary

A memorial statue in Hanko, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States

Human Migrations (millennia before present)

Migration

Human Migrations (millennia before present)

Migration

Net Migration Rates, 2006

Migration

• Push Factors of Migration– War or other armed conflict – Famine or drought – Disease – Poverty – Political corruption – Disagreement with politics – Religious intolerance – Natural disasters – Discontent with the natives, such as frequent

harassment, bullying, and abuse – Lack of employment opportunities

Migration

• Pull Factors of Migration– Higher incomes – Lower taxes – Better weather – Better availability of employment – Better medical facilities – Better education facilities – Better behaviour among people – Family reasons – Political stability – Religious tolerance – National prestige

Migration

• Barriers to Migration– Legal– Natural– Cultural (family, friends, religion)– Financial– Adaptation Fears– Fears of Not Being Accepted

Migration

• Effects of Migration– Changes in distribution of population – Mixing of different cultures and races – Demographic consequences (young on the move,

leaving an aging population behind)– Economic results

Refugees

• Refugees are those seeking asylum in a foreign country in order to escape persecution, war, terrorism, extreme poverty, famines, and natural disaster.

• United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement.

Refugees

Refugees

• According to the UN Declaration of Human Rights, refugees are people who cross the border of their country and enter another country.

• Some people have to leave their homes, but are not able to cross a border – these people are identified as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).

Refugees

Refugees

Refugees

                                                                           

Refugees

Refugees

                                                                           

Refugees

                

                                                           

                                                                           

Refugees

                                                                           

Refugees

Nicaragua after Hurricane Mitch

Refugees

Refugees

Refugees

Some refugees are lucky and find a Refugee Camp after they cross a border

Refugees

Refugees

Refugees

• Why people become refugees:– War (Inter-country or Intra-country)– Natural Disasters– Famine– Economic reasons– Political reasons

• These people actually have a specific name within refugee law and are called “asylees”

– Environmental reasons• Global warming altering the landscape

Refugees

• Where are refugees from?– Refugees have come from all around the globe

• Africa• Asia• Latin America• Europe• North America

– Today, the majority of refugees are from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.

Refugees

• Where do refugees go?

Refugees

Refugees

Asia 45.3%

Africa22.2%Europe21.9%Americas10.2%Oceania0.4%

Statistics from UNHCR 2002 Statistical Yearbook, published July 2004.

Refugees

• UNHCR estimates over 17,000,000 refugees worldwide.

• However, the true number is probably greater than this because many are not identified by international agencies.

• US Committee for Refugees estimates that over 7 million refugees are in camps – so millions have no shelter or protection at all!

Refugees

• Rwandan Refugees

Refugees

• Design your own refugee camp

Refugees

• Let us assume that this section of the camp will initially contain 120 refugees. Several factors should be taken into account in deciding how the facilities and shelters will be located:– Space required per person– Accessibility of services– Minimum distance required between facilities and

shelters– Cultural habits and social organization of the refugee

population (clans and extended families)– Ethnic and security factors, relationships among

different sections/members of the community, etc.

Refugees

• Since there is a lot of details to cover, individual students may want to take on the role of various experts to make sure that all functions are covered:– Sanitation– Water– Housing– Food supply– and other issues!

• Begin by listing all of the facilities required.

Refugees

• Established Guidelines for Site Planning

Refugees

+

Refugees

• Sample refugee camp sketch

Refugees

• Famous Refugees– Georg & Maria von Trapp– Madeleine Albright– Henry Kissinger– H.E. The Rt. Hon. Michaëlle Jean– Vladimir Lenin – Karl Marx – Sigmund Freud – H.H. The Dalai Lama– Anne Frank– Victor Hugo– Albert Einstein

• From 1995 to 2004 Canada welcomed more than 2.1 million immigrants.

• This included 265,685 (12% of the whole) refugees granted permanent residence.

How much do you know about Canada’s record towards refugees?

Refugees in Canada

• Refugee protection was not part of Canadian law until 1978.

• Early immigration policy discriminated by race:

British and northern Europeans were

encouraged to immigrate whereas...

Refugees in Canada

•Chinese immigrants had to pay a Head Tax

•Asians and others deemed undesirable were excluded by the "continuous passage" policy

•Immigration Department used its discretion to discourage Black immigrants.

Refugees in Canada

South Asians came

to Vancouver on the

ship the Komagatu

Maru in 1914 to test

the "continuous

journey” policy.

They were refused

entry.

Refugees in Canada

• In the 1930s and 1940s, thousands of European Jews tried to flee Nazi Germany.

• Motivated by anti-semitism, the Canadian government used its discretion to exclude Jews.

Refugees in Canada

• 1951: The Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees defined who was a refugee and their right to legal protection and assistance from those states who signed.– A refugee is any person who "owing to well-founded fear of

being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country…"

Refugees in Canada

• The 1951 convention was limited to protecting the approximately 50 million European refugees after World War II

Refugees in Canada

• 1978 was first time an Immigration Act included a humanitarian category for refugees needing protection and resettlement.

• 1986: UN awarded the Nansen Medal to the Canadian people in "recognition of their major and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees".

Refugees in Canada

• April 4, 1985: Supreme Court rules the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the basic rights and freedoms of refugee claimants in Canada.

Refugees in Canada

• Known as the Singh decision, this Supreme Court decision declared that refugee claimants are entitled to basic standards of rights protection.

• April 4, date of Singh decision, is annually commemorated by Canadian refugee supporters as “Refugee Rights Day”.

• 1988 Immigration and Refugee Board created to hear refugee claims.

Refugees in Canada

Refugees in Canada

• Relative to other countries, Canada has earned a reputation as a leader with some POSITIVE ELEMENTS: – an independent expert tribunal, with excellent

documentation– gender guidelines– minimal detention of refugee claimants – an active resettlement program

Refugees in Canada

• Still, as of 2005, more than 12,000 refugees overseas are waiting for a decision:– Refugees sponsored in 2005 may not even be

interviewed until 2008– Private sponsors in Canada lose hope

• Other developed countries have much more strict policies (how many, from where, what happens once they’re there)– US “feet dry” policy (Haiti, Cuba)– US Muslim appearance and treatment (Maher Arar)

Urbanization

• Urbanization is the movement of people up the urban hierarchy.

hamlet village town suburb city metropolis

• Can you identify the following cities from their skylines?

Tokyo

Melbourne

Bangkok

Petronas Towers

Shanghai

New York City

Boston

Cairo

Chicago

Sears Tower

Singapore

Kuala Lampur

Petronas Towers

Dubai

Frankfurt

Sydney

Guangzhou

Sail shaped Opera House

Hong Kong

Perth

Sao Paulo

Dar es Salaam

Shenzen

Seoul

Eaton Centre

TD Canada Trust

Scotia Bank BMO

CN

To

wer

(uh, duh…) Toronto

Urbanization

• Level v. rate of urbanization– US and UK (for example) have a higher urbanization level than China, India, or Nigeria.

• There are more people living in urban areas in the developed world than in the developing world

– China, India, and Nigeria (for example) have a higher urbanization rate than the US or the UK

• People are moving from rural to urban areas at a faster pace in the developing world.

Urbanization

• Level of Urbanization

• Definitions of “urban centres” vary around the world– Canada: places of 1000 or more inhabitants having a

population density of 400 or more per square km

– Portugal: Agglomerations of 10,000 or more inhabitants

– Norway: localities of 200 or more inhabitants

– Botswana: agglomerations of 5000 or more inhabitants where 75% of the economic activity is of the non-agricultural type

– Israel: All settlements of more than 2000 inhabitants, except those where at least one-third of the heads of household, participating in the civilian labour force, earn their living from agriculture

Urbanization

• Timeline– <1800s: 2% of the population lived in cities

• 4000 BC in Mesopotamia and along the Nile and Yellow• Settlements were centres for merchants along trade routes

– 1800s: Industrial Revolution• In Europe and North America, technological advancement

(steam engine) led to large-scale manufacturing, requiring large labour force

– 1950s: 30% lived in cities worldwide• Cities doubling in size in just 20 years

Urbanization

Urbanization

• Timeline (continued)– Today: 50% live in cities worldwide

• Highest growth rates are now in the developing world

– By 2025: 86% of the population will live in cities

19501. New York 12.3 mn2. London 9 mn3. Tokyo 7 mn4. Paris 5 mn

20151. Tokyo 29 mn2. Mumbai 27 mn3. Shanghai 23 mn4. Beijing 19 mn

By 2015, Tokyo will be the only developed world country in the top ten largest cities of the world

Growth of urban populationrelative to growth of world population, 1800 - 2000

Urbanization

Urbanization

• 180,000 people move into cities each day.

• 60 million people move into cities each year in developing countries.

• Over the next 15 to 20 years, many cities in Africa and Asia will double in size.

Largest Urban Agglomerations, 1950, 2000, 2015

Urbanization

Urbanization

• Why urbanization?– reduced need for farm labour due to farm

modernization – due to increased education levels, increased capital

investment, and a switch from small-scale subsistence to large-scale commercial farming

– improvements in mobility– due to increased vehicle ownership – expansion of highway network – increase in distance people willing to travel

Urbanization

– reduced willingness to purchase local goods & services

– more people going to higher order centres to make purchases

– consolidation of goods & services– relocation of establishments to higher order central

places – necessity of travelling to higher order places – more people permanently moving to higher order

places

Model of Settlement Decline

Farm Modernization Mobility & Consolidation

Permanent Rural Depopulation

Temporary Rural Depopulation

Change in age-sex structure

Reduced rate of natural increase

Reduced Demand for Products in Lower Order Centres

Reduced Employment Opportunities in Lower Order Centres

POSITIVE ASPECTS• Economic Activity• Proximity to goods and

services• Health care• Entertainment

NEGATIVE ASPECTS• Crime• Land use problems• Congestion• Pollution: air, water, noise

Urbanization

Urbanization

• Positive Consequences– Economic

• More specialized goods and services readily available• Educated labour force• Financial services• Accumulation of capital

– Emergency Services• Available more quickly

– Infrastructure• Easier (and cheaper!) to provide water, sewer, waste

services

– Education

• Negative Consequences– Housing

• 100 million people worldwide are homeless and up to a billion may be living in inadequate housing

– Health• the urban poor are at greater risk than anyone else in the

world – infections and diseases spread rapidly in cities

– Pollution• air pollution from cars, cooking, heating, and industry can

be deadly; solid waste piling up; noise pollution; ….

– Safety and Crime• urban violence is not the monopoly of any single region: it

has increased all over the world over the past two decades

Urbanization

• UNDP Urban Strategy– Increasing SHELTER from the urban poor.– Provision of basic urban services such as

EDUCATION, primary HEALTH CARE, CLEAN WATER and SANITATION.

– Improving women’s access to BASIC SERVICES and government facilities.

– Upgrading ENERGY use and alternative TRANSPORT systems.

– Reducing air POLLUTION.

Urbanization

Urbanization

• Counter-Urbanization– Government decentralization– Desire to live in the country– Security, health, “community”– “Back to Nature” (and away from technology)– Telecommuting– Mobility of goods (higher order goods are more readily

accessible)– Cheaper land, houses

Urbanization

• Types of people living in rural areas– Newcomers - retain ties to urban core, younger, well

educated, well off, managers/professionals– Homecomers - young families returning to provide

rural upbringing to children– Ruralites - never lived in urban core

Urbanization

• Urbanization

NetMigration

Rate

City Size

Urbanization

• Counter-Urbanization

NetMigration

Rate

City Size

Urbanization

• Polarization Reversal

NetMigration

Rate

City Size

Urbanization

Dates Innovation ResultSpatial

Implication

1770 - 1830 Wind & Water

Power Industrialization Concentration

1830 - 1880 Steam Power Transportation

Corridors Concentration

1880 - 1940 Mechanization Fordist

Assembly Line Concentration

1940 - 1990 Electronics Just-in-Time

Manufacturing Decentralized Concentration

1990 - Present Information Technology

Growth in Service Sector

Deconcentration

Urbanization

• Canada’s Urban-Rural Divisions

Year % Rural % Urban

1853 15 85

1881 30 70

1908 50 50

1950 70 30

2001 85 15

Urbanization

• City Profiles– Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) – Mumbai (Bombay), India – Jakarta, Indonesia – Paris, France – Toronto, Canada – Tokyo, Japan – Tehran, Iran