ISSN W036-8075

23 October 1981Volume 214, No. 4519

LETTERS Neutron Facilities: P. B. Moore; Polywater on the Highway: J. Shapiro;Oak Ridge Cancer Treatments: P. L. Johnson; Censorship Charge:Z. S. Altschuler, P. B. Moore, A. S. Posner; Hinged Teeth: R. A. Kiltie.

EDITORIAL Support for Scientific Journals ...............................................

ARTICLES Acyclic Stereocontrol Through the Aldol Condensation: C. H. Heathcock........

Carcinogen Testing: Current Problems and New Approaches:J. H. Weisburger and G. M. Williams...................................

Prehistoric Irrigation Systems in the Salt River Valley, Arizona:W. B. Masse..........................................................

NEWS AND COMMENT MIT Agonizes Over Links with Research Unit ................................

Human-Animal Relationship Under Scrutiny..................................

Reagan's Plan for Nuclear Power.............................................

No Boost in Sight for Science Budgets.......................................

Germplasm Resources Are Losing Ground ....................................

Gore Investigates Radiation Clinic............................................

Briefing: Arms Control Teach-ins Planned by Scientists; NIOSH Move IsPostponed; French Discuss Reviving 1968 University Reforms; SenateGives Blessing to Baby Bell.............................................

RESEARCH NEWS Evolutionary History Written in Globin Genes.

Whither the Shoreline? ......................................................

BOOK REVIEWS From ENIAC to UNIVAC, reviewed by P. E. Ceruzzi; History of ProgrammingLanguages, B. Randell; Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates,

388

393

395

401

408

416

418

419

420

421

423

424

426

428

C. Patterson; Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision inInvertebrates, R. D. DeVoe; Beyond the Atmosphere, D. K. Allison;Books Received . ....................................................... 430

REPORTS Mechanisms of Nitrogen Dioxide Reactions: Initiation of Lipid Peroxidationand the Production of Nitrous Acid: W. A. Pryor and J. W. Lightsey........ 435

Mechanism of Single-Layer Graphite Oxidation: Evaluation by ElectronMicroscopy: R. T. Yang and C. Wong ........ ............................ 437

Oxygen Deficiency in Spartina alterniflora Roots: Metabolic Adaptationto Anoxia: I. A. Mendelssohn, K. L. McKee, W. H. Patrick, Jr . ............ 439

Metals in Estuarine Sediments: Factor Analysis and Its EnvironmentalSignificance: F. Bopp III and R. B. Biggs ....... .......................... 441

Epifluorescence and Video Analysis of Vacuole Motility and Developmentin Stomatal Cells of Allium: B. A. Palevitz and D. J. O'Kane ..... .......... 443

Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of the Moloney MurineSarcoma Virus Genome: E. P. Reddy, M. J. Smith, S. A. Aaronson .... ..... 445

An Efference Copy Which Is Modified by Reafferent Input: C. C. Bell .... ....... 450

A New Laser Scanning System for Measuring Action Potential Propagationin the Heart: S. Dillon and M. Morad ..................................... 453

Blood-Brain Glucose Transfer: Repression in Chronic Hyperglycemia:A. Gjedde and C. Crone ................................................. 456

Voltage Clamp Studies in Macrophages from Mouse Spleen Cultures:E. K. Gallin ............................................................ 458

Interaction Between the Antibiotic Trichothecenes and the Higher PlantBaccharis megapotamica: B. B. Jarvis et al . .............................. 460

Direct Electrical Connections Between Transient Amacrine Cells in theCatfish Retina: K. I. Naka and B. N. Christensen .......................... 462

Vibratory Communication Through Living Plants by a Tropical WanderingSpider: J. S. Rovner and F. G. Barth ........ ............................. 464

Choline Stimulates Nicotinic Receptors on Adrenal Medullary ChromaffinCells to Induce Catecholamine Secretion: R. W. Holz and R. A. Senter ...... 466

Multiple Opiate Receptors: Alcohol Selectively Inhibits Binding toDelta Receptors: J. M. Hiller, L. M. Angel, E. J. Simon .................... 468

Brain Pyruvate Dehydrogenase: Phosphorylation and Enzyme ActivityAltered by a Training Experience: D. G. Morgan and A. Routtenberg........ 470

Technical Comments: Questions About Spatial Adaptation of Short-WavelengthPathways in Humans: B. Drum; C. F. Stromeyer III and D. M. Snodderly, Jr. 471

PRODUCTS AND Waveform Generator; Storage for Hazardous Chemicals; Sample Extraction;MATERIALS Low-Temperature Diffractometer Sample Chamber; Acoustic Microscope;

Mouse Hybridoma Adjunct Reagents; Literature ............ .............. 474

COVER

Oblique aerial photograph of a Louisi-ana salt marsh dominated by smoothcordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. In themarsh interior, Spartina dieback, char-acterized by sparse vegetation andopen water bodies, is evident. Eco-

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 __ _-1- I- 1'---1-------,---~--A

_-_ |_ pnysiological stuoies snow that roots othighly productive streamside Spartina(adjacent to streambanks) respire aero-bically, while that of the inland anddieback sites respire anaerobically. Seepage 439. [R. Boyd, Louisiana StateUniversity, Baton Rouge, Louisiana70803]

23 October 1981, Volume 214, Number 4519

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SCIENCE

tort of Scientific Journals-es of scientific societies and editors of their journals are becomingensive about the future of scientific publication. A system that hasscience and society well is moving into a phase of increasing

al stress. The Royal Society has conducted a study of scientificition in the United Kingdom.* A major conclusion is that "aiation of pressures will very soon put the scholarly scientific publica-,stem of the United Kingdom, as of other countries, under consider-rain. Journals are increasingly dependent on the international libraryfor their income; libraries are suffering cuts in their budgets and are

g for ways to economize; they have to cancel subscriptions to someicals on the assumption that material from them if requested can bezd as loans or photocopies under some interlibrary cooperatione.... Scientists themselves assume that the journal and librarywill continue and in general do not wish to see restriction on

opying. Publishers see this as a severe threat to their existence. Newlized journals continue to be launched.... These new and often,ive journals intensify the librarian's problems."r to World War II, journals published by scientific societies in theIStates received most of their financial revenues from members.only a minor fraction are supported in that way. Instead, the burdenen shifted largely to the libraries. An example is the structure ofal support for the Journal ofBiological Chemistry, sponsored by thewan Society of Biological Chemists. This periodical publishes aboutpages a year. It has almost 7000 subscribers, consisting of 5000mbers, who pay $285 each; 1200 members, who pay $100; and 650ts, who pay a nominal rate. Authors are charged $35 a page, but theharges are not always honored. The result is that nonmembers,libraries, provide about 75 percent of the support. Practices varythe major societies. A few charge up to $140 a page; some have noharges. Almost all have higher subscription rates for nonmembersr members.Ly scientific journals are owned by commercial publishers. Theyalmost all their revenues from libraries. Subscription rates are high,mes thousands of dollars a year. Costs range up to 20 cents per pageore, whereas the scientific societies provide material to libraries atno more than 3 cents per page.more than a decade, costs of periodicals have increased faster thanin, while library budgets have usually barely kept up with it.ians have sacrificed services and procurement of books to maintain-rial collections. Now many find that they must curtail subscriptions.braries cannot be counted on to continue to be the sole or majort for scientific periodicals.publication of refereed journals is crucial to the health of science. Ift modes of support are curtailed, costs must be reduced or additional[es obtained from other sources. The best way of cutting costs is tothe number of pages printed. Today many scientists give priority toing as many items and pages as possible. If the goal were to cramation into a limited space, the number of pages could be reduced by aof 2 to 4.itional revenues might be obtained from page charges. After all,:h is not complete until it is published. The federal government mighted to support scientific publication directly; at present, there is littlethat it will do so. In the end, it may be necessary for the members of

fic societies to contribute more. They already provide substantialt by refereeing articles, but in the future they may be called on forlarger membership fees.-PHILIP H. ABELSON

idy of the Scientific- Information System in the United Kingdom" (Royal Society,May 1981).