issn: 2455-5533 - ijepp.in · issn: 2455-5533 () review article critical review on purification and...

IJEPP 2016, 2 (3), 7-18 Pankaj et al

I J E P P | J u l y - S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 6 | V o l 2 | I s s u e 3

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ISSN: 2455-5533

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Review Article

Critical review on purification and incineration procedure of

sudha varga (calcium containing drugs)

Pankaj Goriya

1*, Shruti Ladani

2, Shobhnath yadav

3, Galib R

4, Prajapati P.K.

5

1Ph.D (Ayu) Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT&RA,

2Lab. Technician, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Gulabkuvarba Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya,

3Ph.D (Ayu) Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT&RA, 4Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT&RA,

5Director, IPGT&RA,

Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar-361008

*Corresponding author:

Pankaj D. Goriya Email: [email protected]; M: 09408134055

Ph.D (Ayu.) Scholar

Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA,

Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat- 361008, India.

.

Abstract

Background: Ayurveda focuses on maintaining health and eradicating diseases in a comprehensive way and this system uses natural resources that are available in the universe. Calcium containing substances are one of such resources that are used abundantly in different therapeutic conditions like Amlapitta (Acid peptic diseases), Grahani (Irritable bowel syndrome), Parinamashula (Deodenal ulcer), Swasa (Dyspnoea), Kasa (Cough), Netrala (Eye desies), Jwara (Fewer), Rajayakshama (tuberculosis), Urahkshata (Thoracic injuries) etc. Materials and Method: These calcium substances are discussed under Sudha Varga in Ayurveda and are to be processed by following specified guidelines in Ayurveda texts before their application in therapeutics. Classics explained different methods like Prakshalana (washing), Avakshepa (setteling), Swedana (boiling), Pachana, Bhavana (levigation), Puti Karana (incineration in Sarava) and Dhuma Paka etc. processes that convert the raw

material into therapeutically admissible forms (Bhasma, Pisti, Masi etc). But, all such methods are not available at one place. Aim: To compile methods of shodhana, marana of explained for Sudha Varga Dravyas in the texts of Ayurveda and place them at one place. Result and Conclusion: Total 22 classics have been reviewed and all such references are compiled and placed at one place. Calcium containing drugs are equally emphasized in therapeutics since ancient times. Different methods of shodhana, marana have been explained for different groups of substances that need to be explained to evaluate exact rationality.

Key words: Calcium compounds; Marana; Shodhana; Sudha Varga. .

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INTRODUCTION

Various groups of metals and minerals with animal

origin of drugs are mostly dealt in Ayurvedic

pharmaceutics and the drugs are classified into

Maharasa, Uparasa, Loha, Ratnas etc. One among

them is Sudha varga, which is considered as the

latest class in the field of pharmaceutics. Sudha

refers several meanings like Chuna, Snuhi, lepa,

Amrita etc. It is considered as the synonym of

Chuna i.e. lime in the context of Rasasastra.[1]

Though Sudha varga is named recently, but are

known since Vedic period. In Atharva Veda

Sankha [2] and Mrigasringa [3] were used as

medicines, while in Samhita period 8 drugs are

recorded i.e. – Asthi [4], Kukkutanda Twak [5],

Mukta [6], Pravala [7], Sankha [8], Sukti [9],

Samudraphena [10] and Varatika [11]. Charaka

considered Sudha as “Bhouma Dravya”.[12]

Rasa Ratnakara (7th century AD) has grouped

Kurma Prishtha, Varatika, Sudha and Sukti in

Sukla Varga. Rasarnava of 11th century has

included Sankha in it. [13]

Sudha varga Dravyas have attained its importance

in prevention and cure of the conditions like

Amlapitta (acid peptic disease) [14], Grahani

(irritable bowel syndrome) [15], Parinamashula

(duodenal ulcers) [16], Swasa (dyspnoea) [17], Kasa

(cough) [18], Netrala [19], supplementation of

calcium and also various alchemical processes like

– Parada Bandha and Melana. All the drugs

enlisted under the Sudha Varga Dravyas have

calcium in compound form as is salts. Calcium has

very essential role in physiology related to bone

structure, muscular movement, regulation of gastro

intestinal secretions and cardiac physiology.

In this current attempt, Shodhana and Marana

procedures are compiled and gathered to one place

from different Ayurvedic texts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifteen drugs of Sudha Varga (Ajaashthi, Godanti,

Hastidanta, Kachhapa Pristha, Khatika, Kukkutand

Twaka, Mriga Sringa, Mukta, Praval Mool, Praval

Sakha, Sambuka, Sankha, Sukti, Samudra Phena

and Varatika) are taken in this study, in which

Shodhana and Marana procedures are compiled

from different classics of Rasa Shastra.

Reviewed texts in current attempt are-

Atharva Veda, Charaka Samhita, Sussruta Samhita,

Ashtanga Hridaya, Rasarnava, Rasa ratnakara,

Rasendra Sampradaya, Rasendra sara Samgraha,

Rasamritam, Rasendrapurana, Bruhad Rasa

Rajasundara, Ayurveda Prakasha, Rasa Bindu,

Rasa Kamadhenu, Bhaishajya Ratnavali,

Basavarajiyam, Bharata bhaisajya ratnakara,

Dravya guna vigyana, Rasa ratna sammuchaya,

Rasa Tarangini, Sanskrit-English dictonary etc.

Classification of Sudhavarga Dravya:

The drugs under Sudhavarga can be classified in to

three divisions according to their source or

availabilities. Viz.

1. Khanija Sudha:- Source of the

drugs are mines e.g. Sudhasma,

Godanti (gypsum)

2. Audbhija Sudha:- Plant which

contain calcium are the source of

Audbhija Sudha. E.g Asthi

Srinkhala, Kumari, Arjuna etc.

3. Jangama Sudha:- Animal products

including human are the source of

this group. E.g. Pearl, Ivory, Bones

etc.

These groups again can be classified into two. Viz.

i. Varija Sudha:- These are the water animal

products, can be further divided as-

a) Ratnas:- Mukta, Praval are

grouped under this heading and

are in general usage as Gems.

b) Kavacha: Shells of watery

animals such as Sankha(conch

shell), Kapardika(coery shell),

Mukta Sukti(pearl oyster), Jala

Sukti(edible oyster), Sambuka

(snail shell), Kachhapa Prista

(carapace of tortoise) etc.

c) Asthis:- The hard bones of watery

animals are included e.g.

Samudraphen (the cuttle fish

bone).



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ii. Bhumij Sudha:- This group consists the

territorial animal products, these are also

further grouped on the basis of parts used.

a) Garbhas:- egg-shell are included

in this group which consists rich

of calcium e.g. Kukkutand

Twaka.

b) Sringas:- Antlers or horns of

animal e.g. Mrigashringa

c) Asthis:- bones of territorial

creatures are included e.g. bones

of goat, sheep.

d) Danta:- teeth of animal e.g. cow,

elephant etc.

e) Kavacha:- shells of the territorial

animals like Kachhapa Prista

etc.

DIFFERENT CLASSICS GIVE SHODHANA

PROCEDURE OF SUDHA VARGA:

1. Ajaasthi (Goat’s bone (Calcium &

phosphorus)): Shodhana and Marana

procedures are not mentioned in ancient

Rasa Sastra books for Ajaasthi.

2. Godanti (Gypsum (CaSo4.2H2O)): 1)

Prakshalana (washing) is the Sodhana

procedure for Godanti described by

Acharya Yadavji in his book

„Rasamritam‟. [20] 2) Rasatarangini and

Rasendra Sampradaya have advocated

Swedana for Godanti Shodhana.

Rasatarangini mentioned fluid mediums

for Swedana (Boiling) are Nimbu

Swarasa, Drona Pushpi Swarasa and time

limit is ½ Yama (1½ hours). [21]

Rasendra

Sampradaya used Sodaka Kshara Jala as

medium and time limit is 1 Yama (3

hours).[22]

3. Hasti Danta (Elephant teeth): The

Shodhana procedure is not mentioned in

any of the texts. But the usage of Hasti

Danta is seen since Samhita Kala.[23]

4. Kachhapa Pristha (Turtle shell

(Calsite)): Kachhapa Prishtha is indicated

in many diseases viz. Rajayakshama

(Tuberculosis), Urahkshata etc. For

purification, put pieces of Kachhap

Pristha in pottali and boil it in Dolayantra

with any sour liquid similar with Sukti.[24]

5. Sudha (Lime (CaO)): Acharya Yadavji

Trikamji described Sudha but they not

mentioned any Sodhana and Marana

Procedure of Sudha (Lime).[25]

6. Khatika (Chalk (CaCO3)): Rasatarangini

has mentioned Avakshepa method for

Khatika, in which powder of Khatika and

keep it in distilled water, mix it well and

allow the Khatika to settle down in water.

Filter the solution and dry the Khatika in

sun light.[26] Rasamritam advocates

Prakshalan (washing) procedure with

water for 3 to 4 hours to Khatika.[27]

7. Kukkutanda Twak (Hen’s egg shell

(CaCO3)): Dravya Guna Vignan part-II is

mentioned Avakshepa method for

Kukkutanda Twak, in which collect the

egg-shells, clean the inner surface of egg-

shells and keep them in salt solution for 4

Prahara (12 hours). Afterwards, wash it

with distilled water and allow it to dry.[28]

8. Mriga Sringa (Deer antlers

{Ca3(PO4)2}): Prior to Sodhana, Mriga

Sringa should be scraped to remove the

external impurities if any adhered.

Rasendra Sampradaya advocates the

Swedana procedure similar to Sankha,

Sukti, Varatika i.e. cut the Mriga Sringa

into small pieces and prepare Potali, hang

it in Dola Yantra containing Sodaka

Kshara Jala. Boil it for 1 Yama i.e. 3

hours.[29]

Rasabindu have explained Avakshepa and

Prakshalana method for Sodhana. After

external purification, keep Mriga Sringa

pieces in utensil containing Takra (butter

milk) for 3 days (Rasabindu). Afterwards

wash them with water.[30]

9. Mukta (Pearl (CaCO3)): Various authors

have mentioned Sodhana procedures for

Mukta. They are (i) Avakshepana &

Prakshalana (setteling and washing), (ii)

Bhavana (levigation), (iii) Pachana and

(iv) Swedana (boiling) etc.

Rasa Ratnakar narrates the placing of

Mukta in Prithvijala, followed with

washing as the procedure for Mukta

Sodhana. BasavaRajiyam and Rasa

Ratnakara have placed Bhavana as

Sodhana procedure. Fluid media used for

Bhavana are Kulatha Kwatha (Rasa

Ratnakara) [31], Kundali Phala Drava and



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Tintidika Drava (Basava Rajiyam) [32].

The time limit mentioned for Bhavana is 3

days.

Rasatarangini advocates Pachana of

pearls in a dish containing lime water,

with the help of spirit lamp as Sodhana

procedure.[33]

Swedana procedure is narrated in texts of

Rasendra Sara Sangraha and

Rasatarangini. The media used for

Swedana are Jayanti Swarasa (Rasendra

sara Sangraha & Rasatarangini) and

Agatshya Patra Swarasa (Rasatarangini),

time requirement for Swedana is

mentioned as 3 hours. [34, 35]

10. Pravala (Coral (CaCO3)): Basava

Rajiyam advocates Bhavana procedure for

Pravala Sodhana. The fluid medium

required is Jambiri Nimbu Swarasa for

Bhavana and Hot water for after wash of

the substance. Time limit is 1 Yama.[36]

Swedana procedure is mentioned for

Pravala Shodhana by the authors of

Brihat Rasaraja Sundara and

Rasatarangini. Jayanti Swarasa, Sarjika

Ksarajala and Tanduliyaka Drava are

fluid medium required for Swedana

(boiling). Time limit for Swedana is 1

Yama.[37]

Rasendra Sampradaya narrated similar

purification procedure for Pravala and

Sankha i.e. Swedana with Sodaka Kshara

solution and water for 1 Yama (3

hours).[38]

11. Sambuka (Australian snail (CaCO3)):

Brihat Rasa Raja Sundara, Rasendra

Puranam, Rasendra Sampradaya and

Rasaratnamala have mentioned Swedana

procedure for the purification of Sambuka.

Fluid for Swedana is Amla Kanjika [39] and

Sodaka Kshara Jala [40]. Time limit for

Swedana is mentioned as ½ Yama to 1

Yama.

12. Sankha (Conch shell (CaCO3)): Various

procedures are mentioned in texts, among

them Rasa Ratnakara advocated Bhavana

Procedure for Shodhana of Sankha. The

fluid media required for it is Amla Drava

and process repeat for 7 times.[41]

Swedana Procedure was described by

Ayurveda Prakash, Brihata Rasa Raja

Sundaram, Rasendra Puranam, Rasa Ratna

Sammuchaya, Rasatarangini etc. The

fluide media required are Jambira Nimbu

Swarasa, Jayanti Patra Swaras,

Tanduliya Swarasa, Kanjika,

Nimbukamla, Amla Kanjika and Amla

Dravya.[42, 43, 44, 45, 46].

13. Sukti (Oyster shell (CaCO3)): Swedana

procedure and different fluid media was

described in various books for Sodhana of

Sukti are Jayanti Swarasa and Amla

Drava (Rasatarangini)[47], Amla Kanjika

(Brihat Rasa Raja Sundaram, Rasendra

Puranam, Ayurveda Prakash, Bharat

Bhaisajya Ratnakar)[48, 49, 50, 51] and Sodaka

Kshara Jala (Rasendra Sampradaya)[52].

None of the above texts have mentioned

about the time limit, except Rasendra

Sampradaya and Rasa Tarangini as one

Yama.

14. Samudra Phena (Cuttle fish bone

(CaCO3)): Ayurveda Prakash, Bharat

Bhaisajya Ratnakar, Brihat Rasa Raja

Sundaram, Rasendra Sampradaya and

Rasa Tarangini have elaborately said

about the purification, which can be

divided into two stages, (i) Physical

purification- remove the hard bony flacks

from Samudraphena, reduce it to powder

in mortar. (ii) Add required quantity of

Nimburasa for Bhavana and mix them

well.[53, 54, 55, 56, 57]

15. Varatika (Cowry shell (CaCO3)): For

purification of Varatika, Ayurveda

Prakash, Brihat Rasa Raja Sundaram,

Bharat Bhaisajya Ratnakar, Rasendra

Puranam, Rasendra Sara Sangraha and

Rasatarangini etc. have advocated

Swedana procedure. The fluid media can

be used for Swedana are Kanjika, Kulatha

Kwatha, Amla Drava, Nimbukamla,

Sodaka Kshara Jala etc.[58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63].

MARANA PROCEDURE OF SUDHA VARGA

GRAVYA:

1. Ajaasthi (Goat’s bone): Dravya Guna

Viganan (Yadavji) has mentioned

procedure for incineration of Ajaasthi.

They have taken Ghritakumari Swarasa as

fluid medium for the levigation in II and

III Putas. For I Puta, made Ajaasthi into

pieces and put them in Sarava Samputa



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without levigation. Total 3 Gajaputa are

used for incineration of Ajaasthi.

2. Godanti (Gypsum): Rasatarangini has not

mentioned any fluid medium for

incineration of Godanti. It narrates to keep

Suddha Godanti pieces in Sarava

Samputa for incineration without

levigation.[64]

Rasamritam and Rasabindu have

mentioned Kumari Swarasa [65], Nimba

Patra Rasa [66] as fluid medium for the

incineration of Godanti.

3. Hasti Danta (Elephant teeth): Hasti

Danta is described as an external

application for Roma Snjanan etc. since

Samhita period. Neither Sodhana nor

Marana for Hasti Danta are mentioned in

any of the texts of Rasa Shastra.

4. Kachhapa Pristha (Turtle shell):

Acharya Yadavji has mentioned method

of incineration for Kachhapa Pristha,

taking Kumari Swarasa as medium for

levigation.[67]

5. Khatika (chalk): No texts have given

Marana procedure for Khatika.

6. Kukkutanda Twaka (Hen’s egg shell):

Ayurveda Sara Sangraha narrates the

Putikarana process as take 10 Tolas of

powdered Kukkutanda Twak in earthen

utensil and pour Changeri Rasa till

kukkutanda Twak is sunk. Cover it with

Sarava and seal it. Incinerate it in

Gajaputa. Sometime 2-3 Gajaputas are

required.[68]

Acharya Yadavji has mentioned the

Putikarana method as purified and

powdered K.Twak should be rubbed with

Kumari Swaras, Nimbu Rasa, and Arka

Kshira for one day and subjected

incineration in Gajaputa.[69, 70]

7. Mriga Sringa (Deer antlers): Mriga

Sringa can be incinerated to yield black

and white colored Bhasma. Black Bhasma

is considered as more potential than white.

For black Bhasma: Rasatarangini has

narrated the procedure, cut the Mriga

Sringa into small pieces and put them in

red hot smokeless coal and combust it

completely. Color of Bhasma is black.[71]

Bhaisajya Ratnavali has mentioned the

same procedure as „Anirgata Dhuma

Paka’. Take the pieces of Mriga Sringa

seal it in Sarava and subject it for

combustion.[72]

For white Bhasma: Dravyaguna Vignan,

Rasendra Sampradaya and Rasatarangini

etc. have mentioned incineration

procedure by using Kumari Swarasa and

Arka Kshira (D.G.V. Yadavji)[73], Kumari

Swarasa (Rasendra Sampradaya)[74] and

Ravi Dugda (Rasatarangini & Ayurveda

Sara Sangraha). [75, 76]

8. Mukta (Pearl): Rasendra Sara Sangraha

has advocated Laghuputa procedure,

where fluide medium is not used. Number

of Putas was also not mentioned.[77]

Ayurveda Sara Sangraha and Rasendra

Sampradaya have mentioned Tapana and

Nisechana method, where Agni is required

for Marana i.e. heat and plunge Mukta into

the fluids Kumari Swarasa and

Godugdha.[78, 79]

Puta Method: Laghuputa, Bhu Puta, are

used for incineration of Mukta.

Rasatarangini has mentioned three putas

for Mukta by using Rose distilled water as

fluid medium. He mentioned other

procedure i.e. operation of 3 Laghuputas

for Mukta by using cow milk as fluid

medium.[80]

Basava Rajiyam has advocated Bhu Puta

method for incineration of Mukta. Fluid

medium required for it is Sweta Brihati

Phala Rasa.[81]

9. Pravala (Coral): Pratapta and Nisechana

method in this procedure, Pravala should

be heated and plunged in Kumari

Swarasa, Tanduliyaka Swarasa and

Stanya. Operations of this procedure for

21 times.[82]

Basava Rajiyam and Rasatarangini have

narrated only one Gajaputa is required for

Pravala Marana and fluid medium used

for levigation are Satavari extract, Kumari

Swarsa, cowmilk, and Arka Kshira.[83, 84,

85, 86]

Rasatarangini has also advocated three

Gajaputas for incineration of Pravala. For

levigation fluid media is required are

Kanya extracts and Jayanti Swarasa.[87]

10. Sambuka (Australian snail):

Direct contact with Agni: Brihata Rasa

Raja Sundaram and Rasendra Puranam

narrates, take Suddha sambuka, keep



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directly on smokless fire and allow them

to swell. After cooling in Angarakosthi,

collect and powder it.[88, 89]

With fluid medium: Rasatarangini has

advocated this procedure, take purified

Sambuka, keep it in a Sarava containing

Kumari Swarasa and incinerate it in Puta.

Without fluid medium: Rasatarangini has

advocated the incineration procedure

without fluid medium and they requires

two Gajaputas.[90]

11. Sankha (Conch shell): Ayurveda

Prakasha narrates that keep Sankha pieces

directly on Smokeless fire of coal and

allow them to swell, which should consist

moon color.[91]

Without fluid medium: Rasatarangini has

advocated this procedure in which Sankha

pieces are put in Sarava and seal it with

another Sarava. Incinerate it with 2

Gajaputa.92

Rasendra Sampradaya has advocated

procedure by using Kumari Swarasa.[93, 94]

Rasendra Sara Sangraha and Bharata

Bhaisajya Ratnakar have narrated this

procedure, take one Pala of Sankha, and

mix it with ½ Masa of Tankana. Keep this

mixture in Andhamusa and powder it by

Danda Yantra.[95, 96]

12. Sukti (Oyster shell): Ayurveda Prakasa,

Bharata Bhaisajya Ratnakar and Brihat

Rasa Raja Sundaram have advocated

procedure as take purified Sukti, keep

them on smokeless fire of coal and allow

them to swell. Powder it and used as

Bhasma.[97, 98, 99]

Rasatarangini advocated incineration

procedure of Sukti in which Gajaputa

should give without using fluid

medium.[100]

Rasendra Sampradaya advocated

incineration procedure using Kumari

Swarasa, Arjuna Kwath and Salmali

Kwath to incinerate in Gajaputa.[101, 102]

13. Varatika (Cowry shell):

Utphulana: Ayurveda Prakasa and

Rasatarangini have mentioned this

procedure in which keep purified Varatika

directly on smokeless fire of coal and

allow swelling.[103, 104, 105]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In Rasa Kala total 11 drugs are recorded.

Their utility in Dhatu Vada and Deha Vada are

observed. In 20th century Rasa Tarangini has

discussrd thes drugs in three different chapters-

1) Manasiladi Vignaniyam= Khatika and

Godanti.

2) Sankhadi Vignaniyam= Sankha, Sambuka,

Sukti, Jalasukti, Samudraphen and

Varatika.

3) Ratnadi Vignaniyam= Mukta and Praval.

Acharya Yadavji Trikamji is the first

person who has named the group of these

drugs as “Shudha Varga” in which Khatika

and Godanti only are included. Apart from the

study of genuine drugs, have selected only 15

drugs of Sudha Varga. All of these drugs are

having therapeutic value as both external and

internal medicament, except Hasti Danta

which is in usage as an external medicament.

Out of these, thirteen drugs hail from

Jangama (animal) in which, nine drugs belong

to Varija Sudha (watery animal group). They

are Kachhap Pristha (carpas of giant turtle),

Mukta (pearl), Pravala Mula, Pravala Sakha

(corallium of Anthozoans), Sambuka

(pyloglobosa), Sankha (Turbinella sps.), Sukti

(pinctada sps.), Samudra Phena (sepia

officinalis) and Varatika (cyproeamoneta). The

remaining four belong to Bhucharaja Sudha

(territorial group of animals). They are

Ajaasthi (Goat‟s bone), Hasti Danta (Ivory),

KukkutandaTwaka(Hen egg-shell) and Mriga

Sringa (antlers of rucervus duvaucelli). Two

drugs belong to Khanija Sudha group (mineral

origin). They are Godanti (Gypsum) Khatika

(creta).

After careful study about the genuinely of

the drugs through experiences of Ayurvedic

Physicians, Chemistry, Geology and Zoology,

we have subjected them for Sodhana, to have

genuine Bhasmas. Several texts of Rasasastra

are referred for Sodhana procedures. Amongst

them, procedures from Rasatarangini can be

practiced easily with lesser cost and is

considered as the latest authentic book in

Rasasastra in which Sodhana for ten drugs of

Sudha varga are mentioned. For Sodhana of

Kukkutanda Twak referred Dravyaguna



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Vignan part- II of Acharya Yadavji Trikamji

that is another authentic book of 20th century

and is the first book which has mentioned

Sodhana procedure for Kukkutanda Twak.

Sodhana Procedure of Kachhapa Pristha and

Ajaasthi are not available in any texts.

Out of these thirteen drugs Godanti,

Kachhapa Prista, Pravala Mula, Pravala

Sakha, Sambuka, Sankha, Sukti and Varatika,

Swedana procedure is implemented. Avaksepa

procedure is followed for two drugs viz.

Kukkutanda Twak and Mriga Sringa. Paka

(cooking) method is followed for the Sodhana

of Ajaasthi. Bhavana method is practiced for

Samudra phena Sodhana. Praksalana

procedure is followed for Khatika , Godanti,

etc.

References for Marana (incineration) are

available in various texts viz., Rasatarangini

(for Godanti, Mukta, Pravala Mula, Pravala

Sakha, Sambuka, Sankha, Sukti and Varatika)

and Dravyaguna Vignan of Yadavji Trikamji

(for Ajaasthi, Kacchapa pristha, Kukkutanda

Twak and Mriga Sringa). One Puta is required

for the incineration of drugs Godanti,

Hastidanta, Sukti and Varatika. For

Kukkutanda Twaka, Sambuka and Sankha have

required 2 Putas. For the incineration of six

drugs Ajaasthi, Kachhapa Pristha, Mriga

Sringa, Praval Mula and Pravala Sakha 3

Putas are required.

Kumari juice is required for levigation of

Kachhapa Pristha, Kukkutanda Twak, Mriga

Sringa and Ajaasthi, whereas cow‟s milk is

required for levigation of Mukta, Praval Mula

and Pravala Sakha.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in

the human body, making up about 2% of the

total body weight. The main role of calcium in

the body is to provide structure and strength to

the skeleton. In the earliest forms of

exoskeleton and in shells, the structural

rigidity is generally provided by calcium

carbonate. In vertebrates such as reptiles, fish,

mammals and humans, the structure of the

skeleton is mainly provided by a form of

calcium phosphate called hydroxyapaptite

crystals, which are found in collagen. Calcium

ions on bone surfaces interact with those

present in the bodily fluids, therefore enabling

ion exchange, which is essential in maintaining

the balance of calcium in the blood and bone.

CONCLUSION

It is quite evident from available literature that

Sudha is directly co-related to calcium. All the

available materials are used for therapeutic

purposes as per their availability and chemical

composition.

REFERENCES

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