islami da religiuri transformacia awarasi

islami da religiuri transformacia

aWaraSi

თომას ლაილსი

ECMI -ის სამუშაო მოხსენება # 57

თებერვალი 2012

ECMI ‐ samuSao moxseneba

2 | P a g e

umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI) aris arakomerciuli, arasamTavrobo instituti, romelic dafuZnebul iqna 1996 wels daniis samefos, germaniis federaluri respublikis da Slezvig-holStainis mTavrobebis mier. umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri daarsda q. flensbugSi, germaniisa da daniis mosazRvre regionis Sua gulSi; raTa yuradReba miepyro am teritoriaze arsebul umciresobebisa da umravlesobis mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis warmatebul magaliTze. umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri-s mizania, xeli Seuwyos mravaldisciplinarul kvlevas im sakiTxebze, romelic exeba umciresobebisa da umravlesobis urTierTobebs, evropuli midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTanave, wvlili Seitanos inter-eTnikuri urTierTobebis gaumjobesebaSi dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis im nawilSi, sadac adgili aqvs eTno-konfliqtebsa da dapirispirebebs. ECMI-is kvleviT naSromze muSaoben ECMI-s TanamSromlebi da centris mier mowveuli mkvlevarebi. ECMI-is mier gamocemul kvlevebSi gamoxatul azrebze pasuxismgebelia naSromis avtori.

ECMI moxseneba

umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI) direqtori: doq. tove h. maloi

© ECMI 2012


3 | P a g e

islami da religiuri transformacia

aWaraSi

aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi, romelic mdebareobs saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT

nawilSi, TurqeTis sazRvris gaswvriv, bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi adgili

hqonda gansakuTrebul religiur transformacias. saxeldobr, aWaris, tradiciulad,

muslimi mosaxleobis didma nawilma sakmaod mokle droSi miiRo qristianoba. maSin,

roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis momentisaTvis am regionis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili

muslimi iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi ase iTvleboda samocdaaTwliani sabWoTa aTeizmis

Semdeg, axali monacemebiT aWaris mosaxleobis 65% qristiania, 30% ki muslimi. qvemo

qarTlis regionsa da pankisSi mcxovrebi muslimebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic

Sesabamisad eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi da qistebi arian, aWaraSi mcxovrebi muslimebi

eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian.

თომას ლაილსი, თებერვალი 2012

ECMI -ის სამუშაო მოხსენება #57

I. Sesavali 1990-iani wlebidan aWaraSi

islamurma identobam TandaTan Sesusteba daiwyo. amave dros, aWaris dedaqalaq baTumsa da dasavleTiT mdebare dablob regionebSi gaZlierda qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis zegavlena. dResdReobiT islams jer kidev myarad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli respublikis aRmosavleT mTagorian raionebSi (zemo aWaraSi), gansakuTrebiT xulos raionSi, SedarebiT naklebad - Suaxevisa da qedas raionis soflebSi. saxelmwifos finansuri mxardaWeriT qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis zegavlena TandaTan Zlierdeba zemo aWaraSic da qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba aqac

TandaTan Cveulebrivi movlena xdeba. amave dros, aRniSnuli regionis zogierT nawilSi muslimi mosaxleoba ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams im diskriminaciis gamo, romelsac isini ganicdian saxelmwifos mxridan, romelic ar afinansebs adgilobriv islamur organizaciebs da oficialuri registraciis saqmeSi dabrkolebebs uqmnis. 2011 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos muslimTa axali sammarTvelos Seqmnam da 2011 wlis ivlisSi religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis registraciis Sesaxeb axali kanonis miRebam SesaZloa Seamciros es ukmayofileba. Tumca, jer kidev naadrevia zemo aWaraSi aRniSnuli kanonebis efeqturobaze saubari. am samuSao moxsenebis mizania Seafasos zemo aWaraSi amJamad arsebuli


4 | P a g e

religiuri situacia. masSi ganxiluli iqneba sami Tema. pirvel rigSi, moxdeba amJamindeli situaciis konteqstSi im struqturuli faqtorebis analizi, romlebmac biZgi misca religiuri transformaciisa da gaqristianebis process. gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia kavSiri qristianobas, qarTul nacionalizmsa da socialur mobilurobas Soris. erTis mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg qarTuli nacionaluri identobis Tanamedrove koncefcia TiTqmis mTlianad ukavSirdeba qristianobas. amave dros, axalgazrda aWarlebi ganaTlebis misaRebad Tu ekonomikuri miznebiT xSirad miemgzavrebian sxva qalaqebsa Tu regionebSi, sadac mTavari religia qristianobaa. aRniSnuli struqturuli cvlilebebis fonze, rogorc es qvemoT aris ganxiluli, bevri aWareli, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdoba, icvlis sakuTar religiur identobas umTavresad im mizniT, rom qristianulma sazogadoebam isini kanonier wevrebad miiRos. meores mxriv, moxsenebaSi ganxilulia adgilobrivi institutebis zegavlena zemo aWaraSi arsebul religiur situaciaze. amgvari institutebi iyofa sam kategoriad: 1) qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia da misi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi; 2) sajaro saSualo skolebi; da 3) adgilobrivi meCeTebi, muslimuri religiuri skolebi, anu madrasahebi da damoukidebeli islamuri organizaciebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianul sarwmunoebaze gadasvlis procesi, erTi SexedviT arc Tu ise swrafad mimdinareobs, qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia agrZelebs zemo aWaraSi fexis mokidebas axali eklesiebis, religiuri skolebis da universitetebis gaxsnis gziT. amavdroulad, sajaro saSualo skolebi, romlebic oficialurad neitralurni arian religiuri TvalsazrisiT, istoriis swavlebas axorcieleben mikerZoebulad marTlmadidebluri

eklesiis sasargeblod.1 meores mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, zemo aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT soflebSi, sadac islams ufro meti dasayrdeni aqvs, gaizarda meCeTebis, madrasahebis da muslimuri organizaciebis raodenoba. amgvarad, sxvadasxva institutebi, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, garkveul zegavlenas axdenen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis religiuri koncefciis Camoyalibebaze.

da bolos, es samuSao moxseneba analizs ukeTebs arsebul muslimur problemebs da aseve, religiasTan dakavSirebul saxelmwifo politikas zemo aWaraSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom religiaTa Soris urTierToba aWaraSi sakmaod kargia, bevri muslimi lideri da rigiTi muslimi ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs saxelmwifos mxridan diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebiT. saxeldobr, maT sjeraT, rom saxelmwifos mier qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mfarvelobam da marTlmadidebluri suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul nacionalistur mowodebebSi misTvis wamyvani rolis miniWebam, Seqmna imgvari socialuri garemo, romelSic qarTveli muslimebi miCneulni arian qarTveli eris arakanonier nawilad. garda amisa, bevri muslimi lideri ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo ar zrunavs muslimuri organizaciebis efeqtur funqcionirebaze da ar uwevs maT finansur daxmarebas, aseve, imis gamo, rom 2010 wels xulos raionSi qoneba CamoerTva muslimur saqvelmoqmedo organizacias.2

1 es niSnavs imas, rom farTod aris ganxiluli qristianobis istoria saqarTveloSi, rac aucilebelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qveynis istoriul kavSirs marTlmadideblobasTan. magram mTavari is aris, rom yuradReba TiTqmis ar eqceva aWaraSi islamis istorias. 2 es incidenti moxda muslimuri saqvelmoqmedo organizaciis madli-2005 -is daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul ramdenime religiur skolaSi xulos raionSi. am organizaciis mizania uzrunvelyos ufaso sacxovrebeli, sakvebi da religiuri


5 | P a g e

cdilobs ra, daaCqaros saqarTvelos integracia evro-atlantikur sivrceSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam axlaxans miiRo strategiuli gadawyvetilebebi religiur umciresobaTa uflebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maT integracias danarCen sazogadoebaSi.3 dokumentSi gaanalizebulia es politika, aseve, mis mimarT damokidebuleba aWaraSi da dReisaTvis miRebuli realuri Sedegebi. samuSao moxsenebis bolos mocemulia mokle rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor SeiZleba mogvardes religiuri problemebi zemo aWaraSi, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnes inklziuri religiuri politikis Camoyalibeba.

II. meTodologia

am samuSao moxsenebis

mosamzadebeli kvlevebi mimdinareobda 2011 wlis seqtember-dekemberSi. istoriasa da zogad informaciasTan dakavSirebul nawilebSi gamoyenebuli iqna sxvadasxva meoradi wyaroebi, maT Soris, akademiuri

ganaTleba Raribi aWareli axalgazrdebisaTvis. mTavrobis Careva dakavSirebuli iyo gadasaxadebTan da organizaciis registraciasTan, Tumca 2010 wlis Semdeg es problema met-naklebad mogvarda. 3 mTavrobis mier gadadgmuli erTerTi nabiji am mimarTulebiT aris saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos Seqmna, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris oficialuri saxelmwifo uwyeba, daarsda mTavrobis xelSewyobiT. garda amisa, 2011 wlis ivlisSi mTavrobis daxmarebiT, miRebuli iqna axali kanoni religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis registraciis Sesaxeb, romelic uflebas aZlevs aramarTlmadideblur religiur jgufebs “romlebic istoriulad arian dakavSirebuli saqarTvelosTan” daregistrirdnen rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi. saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelo aris erTerTi im ramdenime religiur umciresobaTa jgufebidan, romelic ukve daregistrirda am kanonis Sesabamisad.

publikaciebi da samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis angariSebi. aseve, aWaraSi orjer Catarda seriozuli savele samuSaoebi (2011 wlis 7 oqtombridan 4 noembramde da 4-13 dekembers), pirvel rigSi xulosa da Suaxevis raionebSi, aseve, regionul centrSi, baTumSi. savele samuSaoebis dros gamoyenebuli iyo xarisxobrivad maRali meTodologia (mag.: struqturuli da arastruqturuli interviuebi, fokus-jgufebTan muSaoba). tardeboda interviuebi cnobil muslim religiur liderebTan, romelTa Soris iyvnen aWaris regionis mufTi da Suaxevisa da xulos raionis mufTebi. amasTan, xulos raionis imamebis fokus-jgufebTan muSaoba mimdinareobda raionul muftiatSi, romelic mdebareobs raionis administraciul centrSi, xuloSi. kvlevis programaSi Sedioda aWaraSi arsebul islamur institutebSi stumroba, maT Soris baTumis, xulos, duaZeebis, didaWarisa da rikeTis meCeTebSi, aseve, xuloSi arsebul or madrasahSi. imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor iswavleba religia sajaro skolebSi, xulos, didaWarisa da rikeTis saSualo skolebis maswavleblebis monawileobiT Catarda fokus-jgufebi da interviuebi. kvlevis procesSi mkvlevarebi aseve estumrnen mTel rig marTlmadideblur institutebs, maT Soris wminda mariamis xarebis eklesias xuloSi, xulos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saSualo skolas da tbel abuseriZis saxelmwifo universitets xiCaurSi (Suaxevis raioni). am institutebSi gaimarTa interviuebi mRvdlebTan, maswavleblebTan da profesorebTan. tbel abuseriZis universitetSi konsultacia gaewia ramdenime students. da bolos, Catarda araerTi interviu mTavrobis maRalCinosnebTan da religiis eqspertebTan baTumsa da TbilisSi, romlebic kargad icnoben religiur situacias aWaraSi da amgvarad, SeeZloT ara mxolod daedasturebinaT ECMI-s savele kvlevis Sedegebi regionSi, aramed kidev ufro meti informacia


6 | P a g e

miewodebinaT saerTo mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT.

III. zogadi informacia

imis gamo, rom aWara da mTlianad saqarTvelo warmoadgenda sasazRvro regions sxvadasxva suzereni imperiebis dros, misi istoria sxvadasxva religiur tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi metad rTulia. gadmocemiT, saqarTveloSi qristianobam gavrceleba daiwyo romis imperiis dros, mesame da meoTxe saukuneebSi, mociqulebis andriasa da simon kananelis, aseve, Cv. welTaRricxviT 328 wlidan wm. ninos ZalisxmeviT. qristianuli religiis miRebam ganamtkica saqarTvelos monarqiis kavSiri romTan, amasTan, daimsxvra misi gavleniani da mdidari warmarTuli sarwmunoeba. provinciul qalaqebSi TandaTan momravlda eparqiebi; mexuTe saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis ukve arsebobda ocdaaTi eparqia.4 miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo kidev ramdenime saukunis manZilze kvlavac rCeboda politikurad decentralizebul saxelmwifod. politikuri centralizaciis process xSirad xels uSlidnen adgilobrivi feodalebi,5 xolo, regionSi bizantiisa da sasaniduri (sparsuli) imperiebis hegemoniis moncvleobis pirobebSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba fantaziad rCeboda.6

4 Ronald G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Indiana University Press, Bloomington (1994), p. 21. 5 iqve, gv. 20 6 Sua saukuneebis patara samefoebi, romlebic mdebareobda iq, sadac axlandeli saqarTveloa, sxvadasxva gziT umklavdebodnen ucxour suzerenTa zegavlenas. xSirad es xdeboda religiuri elementebiT. lazikis samefom, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelo, qristianoba uaryo me-5 saukunis Suawlebidan me-6 saukunis dasawyisamde, maSin, roca is moeqca sparseTis hegemoniis qveS, sadac im dros batonobdnen zoroastrizmis mimdevari sasanidebi. 522 wels lazma mefeebma daxmarebisaTvis bizantias mimarTes, am kavSiris ganmtkicebas ki qristianobis kvlav miRebiT apirebdnen.

imperiuli hegemoniis monacvleoba saqarTveloSi ramdenime saukune gagrZelda, romlis drosac bizantieli da arabi dampyroblebi erTmaneTs ecilebodnen samxreT kavkasiis udides nawilze kontrolis mopovebaSi. me-12 - me-13 saukuneebSi saqarTvelos gaerTianeba miuTiTebda misi Zlevamosilebis zrdaze regionSi da amave dros, iq qristianuli religiisa da kulturis gaZlierebasa da swraf ganviTarebaze.7 Tumca, 1453 wels otomani Turqebis mier saqarTvelos yvelaze Zlieri qristiani mokavSiris, bizantiis imperiis daSlam bolo mouRo saqarTvelos zegavlenas regionSi. male otomanebma samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daiwyes samxedro Tavdasxmebi da sabolood, me-17 saukuneSi ganaxorcieles samcxe-javaxeTisa da aWaris aneqsia.8 otomanTa batonobis periodSi aWaram ganicada farTo religiuri transformacia marTlmadidebluri qristianobidan islamze. miuxedavad am periodis Sesaxeb arsebuli mwiri monacemebisa, cnobilia, rom sarwmunoebis Secvlis procesi xdeboda sxvadasxva doneze socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mixedviT. savaraudod, aWareli feodalebis umravlesobam otomanTa aneqsiis Semdeg islami swrafad miiRo, radgan imperiis hegemonur religiaze gadasvla, adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo struqturebis SenarCunebis saSualebiT iZleoda politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis ramdenadme gaxangrZlivebis SesaZleblobas. garda amisa, sarwmunoebis SecvlisaTvis stimuls iZleoda otomanTa dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTi imperiis

dRevandel samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mdebare iberiis samefom sasanidebis mmarTvelobis drosac SeinarCuna qristianoba. iberiis mefeebi qristianobas iyenebdnen bizantiis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad. Oxford

University Press (1994), p. 282. 7 Suny, op cit, Ref 5, p. 38. 8 nugzar mgelaZe da kevin tuiti, “Ajarians,” in Encyclopedia of World Cultures (1996),


7 | P a g e

mosaxleobis muslimuri segmentisaTvis.9 meores mxriv, aWaris glexi mosaxleobis umravlesoba sarwmunoebas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebda da islami ramdenime Taobis Semdeg miiRo. glexebisaTvis ar arsebobda aranairi xelSesaxebi wamaxalisebeli faqtori sarwmunoebis Sesacvlelad, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirvelad, xolo, otomanTa kultura da administraciuli sistema aWaraSi me-17 - me-18 saukuneebSi SedarebiT susti iyo.10 miuxedavad amisa, me-19 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis islamma SeaRwia aWaris mosaxleobis udides nawilSi. daaxloebiT amave periodSi otomanma dampyroblebma regionis ganxilva strategiuli TvalsazrisiT daiwyes. me-18 saukunis dasasruls da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis gafarTovebam kavkasiaSi da 1828-29 wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTis omma ukarnaxa stambols gaeZlierebina Tavisi zegavlena aWaraSi. aWaris elitis warmomadgenlebma, romlebsac zurgs stambolis maRalCinosnebi umagrebdnen, regionSi ruseTis eqspansiisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva daiwyes da uaryves mokavSireobis Sesaxeb ruseTis SeTavazeba. urTierToba garTulda aseve muslim aWarlebsa da mimdebare regionebSi mcxovreb qristian qarTvelebs Soris da maT erTmaneTis teritoriebze Tavdasxmebi da samxedro Setevebi daiwyes. meoradi wyaroebis mixedviT, am yvelafers Tan axlda islamuri identobis gaZliereba aWaris mosaxleobis elitarul fenaSi.11

1877-78 wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, TurqeTis damarcxebis Semdeg, aWara gadaeca ruseTis imperias. ruseTis suzerenobis qveS aWaris elitaruli mosaxleobis mier garkveuli privilegiebis potenciurad dakargvis safrTxe, aseve, stambolis finansurad

9 ruslan baramiZe, qarTveli muslimebi Tanamedroveobis konteqstSi, niko berZeniSvilis instituti, baTumi (2010), gv. 525 10 interviu religiis eqspert levan abaSiZesTan, 29 noemberi 2011 weli 11 Mathijs Pelkmans, “Religion, Nation and State in Georgia: Christian Expansion in Muslim Ajara,” in Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2002), p. 254.

mimzidveli SeTavazeba TurqeTSi aWarlebis gansaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT, ubiZgebda maT TurqeTSi emigraciisken.12 amavdroulad, rusi maRalCinosnebi cdilobdnen nawilobriv SeecvalaT aWaraSi demografiuli situacia da xels uwyobdnen iq qristianebis migracias. Tumca, saerTo jamSi, ruseTis mmarTvelobas ar mohyolia aWarelTa umravlesobis mxridan didi mcdeloba, SeecvalaT religiuri mrwamsi.13 rusi maRalCinosnebi oficialurad tolerantobas amJRavnebdnen muslimebis mimarT, amasTan, otomanTa sagadasaxado sistema kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda.14 yvelaze metad TvalSisacemi cvlileba albaT iyo is, rom aWaraSi darCenili elitaruli mosaxleobis is nawili, romelmac SeinarCuna tradiciuli islamuri sarwmunoeba, adaptacias axdenda axal imperiul rusul administraciasTan da bevr SemTxvevaSi maTSi qarTuli nacionalizmis grZnobis gaRviveba xdeboda.15

12 iqve 255-56 13 giorgi sanikiZe da edvard v. volkeri; George Sanikidze and Edward W. Walker, “Islam and Islamic Practices in Georgia,” BPS Working Paper Series, University of California, Berkeley (2004), p. 4. 14 caristuli xelisuflebis tolerantoba islamis mimarT ar eyrdnoba altruistul safuZvels. ufro metad es aris pragmatuli politika, romlis mizansac warmoadgens regionSi religiur saqmianobaze nel-nela sakuTari kontrolis gaZliereba. amavdroulad, SezRuduli iqna islamuri ganaTlebis sazRvargareT miRebis SesaZlebloba da imperiulma xelisuflebam gamosca mTeli rigi instruqciebisa, romlebic exeboda muslimur qorwilebs, dakrZalvis ceremonialebs da religiur dResaswaulebs. baramiZe, op cit, Ref.10, gv.526. 15 yofili aWareli gavleniani piris, aslan abaSiZis naTesavebi warmoadgenen amis magaliTs. abaSiZe warmomavlobiT zemo aWaris muslimuri didgvarovani klanis warmomadgenelia, romlis wevric kidev ramdenime gamoCenili religiuri lideri iyo. abaSiZis babua memed faSa abaSiZe, iyo morwmune muslimi da gamoCenili figura saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi I msoflio omis Semdeg. International Crisis Group, “Saakashvili’s Ajara Success: Repeatable


8 | P a g e

bolSevikebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlam da 1921 wels sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos Seyvanam ufro didi zegavlena moaxdina religiur situaciaze aWaraSi. ar aris gasakviri, rom sabWoTa eTno-teritoriuli dayofa SesaZlebels gaxdida muslimTa identobis SenarCunebas aWaraSi, miT umetes, rom mas mieniWa sabWoTa socialisturi avtonomiuri respublikis statusi (saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi) mxolod imis safuZvelze, rom misi mosaxleobis didi nawili sunituri islamis mimdevari iyo.16 praqtikulad, iseTi faqtorebis kombinaciam, rogoricaa Tavsmoxveuli izolacia, adgilobriv kadrebSi antiislamuri tendenciebi da sabWoTa eTnikur-nacionalisturi politika, islams aramyari safuZveli Seuqmna aWaraSi. TurqeTTan sazRvris Caketvam da samgzavro wesebis gamkacrebam mniSvnelovan izolaciaSi moaqcia zemo aWaris muslimi mosaxleoba.17

amave dros, islamze zegavlenas axdenda sabWoTa aTeisturi politika, aseve, regionuli da adgilobrivi saxelisuflebo struqturebis orientacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom 20-ian wlebSi meCeTebi da sasuliero mmarTveli

ebisaTvis xelsayrel garemos.21

Elsewhere in Georgia?”, ICG Europe Briefing, Tbilisi/Brussels, 18 August 2004, p. 3. 16 assr statuss yovelTvis aniWebdnen im regionebs, sadac eTnikuri Semadgenloba gansxvavdeboda Sesabamisi respublikis titulovani eTnosisagan. gamonakliss warmoadgenda aWaris avtonomia, romelic Seiqmna 1921 wels sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris dadebuli yarsis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. xelSekrulebis VI muxlSi naTqvamia, rom aWaras eniWeba avtonomiis statusi da rom “sazogadoebis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis garantirebulia kulturuli da religiuri uflebebi,” rac aSkara miniSnebas warmoadgenda islamze. 17 interviu levan abaSiZesTan. 29 noemberi, 2011 w. aWaraSi mogzauroba (baTumis garda) siZneles warmoadgenda rogorc qarTvelebis, ise aWarlebisaTvis. xuloSi Casasvlelad, magaliTad, maT unda gadaelaxaT ori Sida sazRvari.

organoebi funqcionirebda, 30-ian wlebSi stalinis mier ganxorcielebul mkacr politikuri centralizaciis process Tan mohyva aWaris muslimuri sasuliero mmarTveli organoebis moSla da meCeTebisa da sxva religiuri institutebis daxurva.18 adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa umravlesoba anti-islamuri orientaciis iyo. isini meCeTebs xSirad sasawyobe saTavsoebad iyenebdnen.19 ufro metic, sabWoTa nacionalisturi politikis Sedegad qarTuli erovnuli identobis ganmtkiceba xdeboda,20 rac erTi SexedviT ar iyo bolomde pro-marTlmadidebluri, magram, mianiSnebda istoriul kavSirze qristianobasTan da amgvarad, sabolood qmnida qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis funqcionir

18 ruslan baramiZe, “eTnikuri qarTveli muslimebi: maRalmTiani da dablobi soflebis Sedareba”, “Ethnic Georgian Muslims: A

Comparison of Highland and Lowland Villages,” in Caucasus Analytical Digest, No. 20, ed. Thomas Bremer, 11 October 2010, p. 13. 19 xulos meCeTs iyenebdnen sawyobad qimikatebisa da soflis meurneobis aRWurvilobisaTvis, xolo, meCeTis garSemo teritorias mosavlis kultivaciisaTvis. mufTi aslan abaSiZis sityvebiT, meCeTis gverdze muslimTa bevri saflavi iqna ganadgurebuli da micvalebulebi saflavidan amoyrili. 20 sabWoTa nacionalisturi politikis ukeT gasagebad ix. iuri slezkini; Yuri Slezkine, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” in Becoming National, Geoff Eley and Ronald G. Suny, eds., Oxford University Press (1996), pp. 203‐238. 21 ix. Mathijs Pelkmans, Defending the Border: Identity,

Religion, and Modernity in the Republic of Georgia, Cornell University Press (2006).


9 | P a g e

IV. marTlmadideblobisa da nacionalizmis kavSiri; identobis transformacia aWaraSi

zemo aWaraSi dReisaTvis mimdinare religiuri transformaciis mizezebi ZiriTadad, unda veZeboT mTeli rigi im struqturuli cvlilebebis periodSi, romelsac adgili hqonda sabWoTa centralizebuli Zalauflebis Sesustebis dros. saxeldobr, “perestroikisa” da “glasnostis” da SemdgomSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis moZraobis dawyebam warmoSva qarTuli eTnonacionalizmi, romelSic marTlmadidebloba simbolur rols TamaSobda. qarTulma marTlmadideblurma eklesiam aseve, SeZlo sakuTari poziciis da damoukidebeli Zalauflebis ganmtkiceba saxelmwifos mxridan minimaluri kontrolis pirobebSi da sabolood, de-faqto gaxda saxelmwifos mrCeveli da gavleniani erTeuli. amgvarad, post-sabWour saqarTveloSi erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebis mizniT marTlmadideblobis centralizaciam, iseve, rogorc zemo aWaraSi socialuri mobilurobis zrdam, umTavresad saqarTvelos qristianul qalaqebsa da regionebSi aSkara zemoqmedeba iqonia bevri aWarelis religiur identobaze.

qarTuli nacionalizmisa da marTlmadideblobis Serwymis mizezi iyo ‘renacionalizacia’,22 romelic Sedegad moitana sabWoTa kavSiris dasustebam. am dros bevr eTnikurad ararusul post-sabWour saxelmwifoSi daiwyo seriozuli mowodebebi nacionalistur Temaze. amgvari mowodebebis mTavari monawileni saqarTveloSi iyvnen nacionalisti disidentebi, zviad gamsaxurdia da merab kostava, romlebmac win wamoswies sakiTxi titulovani eris

22 ix. Rogers Brubaker, “Nationalizing States Revisited:

Projects and Processes of Nationalization in Post‐Soviet States,” in Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (2011): 1785‐1814

pirvelobasTan da mis dasustebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, am eris ganuyofel uflebasTan dakavSirebiT, akontrolos saxelmwifo meqanizmebi. amavdroulad, eris elitaruli warmomadgenlebi saxelmwifos iyenebdnen titulovani eris poziciis ganmtkicebis mizniT. saqarTveloSi post-sabWouri politikuri traeqtoria sakmaod axlos iyo am kursTan. 1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis da gamsaxurdias prezidentad arCevis Semdeg, mcdeloba, saxelmwifo kontroli daemyarebinaT saqarTvelos mowyvetil samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis regionebze, kraxiT dasrulda.23

mniSvnelovania, rom ‘renacionalizaciasTan’ dakavSirebuli mowodebebi saqarTveloSi gamsWvaluli iyo marTlmadidebluri sulikveTebiT. rogorc zubriJski aRniSnavs, post-sabWour poloneTSi religiasTan dakavSirebul Tavis analizSi,24 romelic saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, de-faqto arsebuli religiis simboluri elementebi efeqturad iyo ‘resakralizebuli’. saqarTveloSi nawilobriv es ganxorcielda 1980-iani wlebis bolos, sajaro skolebis programaSi qristianobis istoriis SetaniT.25 1988 wels zviad gamsaxurdias mier wm. ilia marTlis politikur-religiuri sazogadoebis26 daarseba, iseve, rogorc

23 ix. Christoph Zürcher, The Post‐Soviet Wars: Rebellion,

Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus, New York University Press (2007), pp. 115‐151. 24 Geneviève Zubrzycki, The Crosses of Auschwitz: Nationalism and Religion in Post‐Communist Poland, University of Chicago Press (2006). 25 simon papuaSvili, “angariSi religiis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT” adamianis uflebaTa dacvis centri; Human Rights Centre

(HRIDC), 25 April 2008, p. 7. 26 zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelic saqarTvelos prezidenti iyo 1991 wlidan 1992 wels misi xelisuflebis damxobamde, gansakuTrebuli roli mianiWa qristianobas qarTuli erovnuli identobis gansazRvraSi. man marTlmadidebeli mRvdlebi daniSna maRal poziciebze saqarTvelos muslimebiT dasaxlebul zonebSi, xolo, misi yvelaze cnobili naSromi saqarTvelos sulieri misia,


10 | P a g e

1992 wels eduard SevardnaZis monaTlva27, miuTiTebs marTlmadideblobis simboluri rolis zrdaze. zogadad, qarTvel politikosTa umravlesoba, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis periodSi da mas Semdeg, yvelanairad cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi erTguleba eklesiisadmi.28

eklesiis konsolidacia damoukidebel Zalauflebad iZleoda imis garantias, rom marTlmadideblobas saqarTvelos farTo erovnul TviTSegnebaSi mxolod simboluri roli ar eqneboda. jer kidev sabWoTa xanaSi saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia iyo erTaderTi formalurad damoukidebeli instituti saqarTveloSi sabWoTa sistemis mkacri ierarqiis dros. 1978 wels ilia II-is aRsaydrebis Semdeg, eklesiis saqmianoba ufro mravalferovani gaxda.29 damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis amoqmedebam da araoficialurma SeTanxmebebma mTavrobasTan kidev ufro gaaZliera marTlmadidebluri eklesiis realuri gavlena. 1995 wels miRebulma saqarTvelos konstituciam, romelic iZleoda religiis Tavisuflebis garantias, aRiara, rom “saxelmwifo scnobs saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi da mis

“qarTul qristianobas aRwers, rogorc sabrZolo ideologias qarTveli eris dasacavad . . . rogorc wyaros saqarTvelos mier ‘gansakuTrebuli sulierebis miznis’ misaRwevad . . .” Stephen F. Jones, “Georgia: the

trauma of statehood,” in New States, New Politics: Building the Post‐Soviet Nations, Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, eds., Cambridge University Press (1997), p. 521. 27 Lodi News‐Sentinel, “Shevardnadze baptized a Christian,” 27 February 1993, p. 18. 28 levan abaSiZe, ,“Das Recht der

Religionsgemeinschaften in Georgien,“ in Das Recht der Religionsgemeinschaften in Mittel‐, Ost‐ und Südeuropa, Wolfgang Lienemann and Hans‐Richard Reuter, eds., Baden‐Baden: Nomos (2005), p. 200. 29 iqve

damoukideblobas saxelmwifosgan.”30 2002 wels saxelmwifom dado gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri SeTanxmeba (konkordati) saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan, romelic aTavisuflebs eklesias konkretuli gadasaxadebisgan, xolo, mis msaxurT samxedro valdebulebisagan. aseve, unazRaurebs eklesias sabWoTa periodSi miyenebul zarals. garda amisa, konkordati uflebas aZlevs saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesias iTanamSromlos saxelmwifosTan sajaro skolis saswavlo programis Sedgenis saqmeSi, riTac eklesias saxelmwifos sakonsultacio uwyebis roli mieniWa.31 aseve, 1990-ian wlebSi ramdenime saSualo skola saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida.32

calkeul SemTxvevebSi qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias nebismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT lobirebis gaweva da didi raodenobiT sakuTari mxardamWerebis mobilizacia SeeZlo. mniSvnelovania SemTxveva, romelic 2002 wels konkordatis miRebidan arcTu ise didi xnis Semdeg moxda, rodesac eklesiis CareviT xeli ar moewera SeTanxmebas prezident SevardnaZesa da kaTolikur eklesias Soris im mizeziT, rom mas aklda gamWvirvaloba, rac TiTqosda, zians miayenebda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis gavlenas.33 2011 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefalurma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam moawyo masobrivi demonstraciebi kanonmdeblobaSi im cvlilebebis Setanis

30 saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia, muxli IX 31 bert mideli; Bert Middel, “State and Religion in the

Black Sea Region,” NATO Parliamentary Assembly, 25 May 2008, http://www.nato‐pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=1164. 32 abaSiZe, op cit (naSromi miTiTebulia), Ref. 25, gv. 201. Sesabamisad, amgvar organizaciebSi pedagogebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven iseT sagnebs, rogoricaa ‘religia’ da ‘religiuri aRzrda’. 33 giorgi sefaSvili, “Brethren in Christ, Divided,” Civil Georgia, 29 September 2003, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=5019.


11 | P a g e

winaaRmdeg, romlebic uflebas aZlevs religiur umciresobaTa jgufebs daregistrirdnen rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi. es cvlilebebi maT teqnikurad imaze ufro maRal samarTlebriv statuss aZlevs, vidre manamde hqondaT. qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gadawyvetilebebis mimRebma mTavarma organom, wminda sinodma, gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, romelSic is adanaSaulebda mTavrobas, rom Sesworebis Setanamde ar gaiara konsultacia eklesiasTan.34

garda amisa, saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arsebobs konstituciis gareSe urTierToba, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis praqtikuli gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis. kerZod, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxli amas ewinaaRmdegeba, bolo wlebSi saxelmwifos mier eklesiis dafinanseba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. 2009 wlisaTvis es dafinanseba samjer meti iyo da daaxloebiT 15 mln. aSS dolars miaRwia (aqedan 1.9 mln. miiRo qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebulma tbel abuseriZis saxelmwifo universitetma aWaraSi). keTilganwyobis gamoxatvis mizniT eklesiis maRali rangis sasuliero pirebisaTvis imave wels mTavrobam 10 Zvirfasi avtomobili gamoyo.35 aseve, 2010 wels saxelmwifom qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias gamouyo 15 mln., xolo, 2011 wels - 13.6 mln. aSS dolari. 2012 wlisaTvis savaraudod dagegmilia 13.6 milionis gamoyofa.36 amgvar araoficialur

34 “Georgian Orthodox Church softens stance,” Civil Georgia, 11 July 2011, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=5019 35 Molly Corso, “Georgia: Church‐State Separation Becomes an Issue amid Government Financial Support for Georgian Orthodox Church,” EurasiaNet, 7 April 2009, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav040609b.shtml. 36 “State Budget Assigned sums for Spending Organizations,” Parliamentary Budget Office of Georgia, http://www.pbo.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=59.

urTierTobas garkveuli sargebloba moaqvs saxelmwifosaTvis. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT marTlmadidebluri eklesiis moralur avtoritets, pozitiuri damokidebuleba eklesiis mimarT ufro metad ganamtkicebs saxelmwifos Zalauflebas (eklesiis mimarT pativiscemas amJRavneben aseve qarTuli opoziciuri partiebi37). imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesias Seswevs unari mobilizacia gaukeTos opozicias mTavrobis politikis ganxorcielebis winaaRmdeg, es araformaluri urTierToba, SesaZloa, kidev ufro sasargeblo aRmoCndes saxelmwifosaTvis.

amgvarad, marTlmadideblobisa da nacionalizmis kavSiri, aseve, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebebis gafarToveba saqarTveloSi religiuri identobis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. axal, nacionalistur gamosvlebSi igrZnoboda radikaluri cvlilebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ras niSnavda yofiliyavi qarTveli. sxva sityvebiT, qarTveloba TandaTan xdeboda qarTuli marTlmadideblobis sinonimi. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis, romelic iyo da aris marTlmadidebeli qristiani, es tendencia SesaZloa, problemas ar warmoadgendes, magram erovnuli identobis mimaniSnebeli es axali principi mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda aWaris eTnikuri qarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis religiuri identobis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi.

saqarTvelos post-sabWouri nacionalisturi mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, zemo aWaris zogierTma mkvidrma daiwyo sakuTari religiuri orientaciis Secvla erovnul identobasTan dakavSirebuli axali “molodinebis” Sesabamisad. Tu Tavdapirvelad sarwmunoebis Secvlas adgili hqonda aWaris dablobSi, bolo wlebSi igive xdeba zemo aWaraSic, gansakuTrebiT qedasa da Suaxevis

37 “Opposition parties condemn religious groups’ legal status law,” Civil Georgia, 6 July 2011, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23708.


12 | P a g e

raionebSi, ufro naklebad - xulos raionSi. am moxsenebis mizans ar warmoadgens kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos romelime adamianis an adamianTa jgufis gulwrfeloba maT religiur mrwamsTan mimarTebaSi, misi mizania xazi gausvas religiur transformaciasTan dakavSirebul zogierT sakiTxs. saxeldobr, masSi miTiTebulia, rom 1) religiur transformacias adgili aqvs umTavresad zemo aWaris mosaxleobis saSualo fenaSi, aseve, axalgazrdobaSi, romelic warmoadgens regionis mosaxleobis socialurad ufro mobilur segments; 2) transformaciis procesSi mniSvneloba eniWeba geografiul mdebareobas, radgan qristianobam SeaRwia zemo aWaris advilad misasvlel administraciul centrebSi. maSin, rodesac regionis Zneladmisadgom soflebSi islams fexi myarad aqvs mokidebuli; da 3) aWaris kulturulma da eTnikurma siaxlovem saqarTvelosTan xeli Seuwyo religiis Secvlis process da bevr SemTxvevaSi am regionis muslim mosaxleobas Soris erovnuli identoba religiur identobaze maRla daayena.

bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, zemo aWaris mosaxlebis saSualo fenaSi, romelic maswavleblebis, eqimebisa da sxva adgilobrivi kadrebisgan Sedgeba, religiur transformaciasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli tendenciebi gaCnda. saqarTvelos nacionaluri damoukideblobisaTvis mobilizaciis periodSi, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, xSirad xdeboda mosaxleobis saSualo fenis im segmentis sruli gaqristianeba, romelmac im dros srulwlovan asaks miaRwia. TviT zemo aWaris saSualo fenis asakovani mosaxleobac nawilobriv am process mihyveba; isini iSviaTad iReben qristianobas, magram maTi muslimuri identoba SedarebiT sustia da piradi religiurobis done dabali rCeba, Tumca, Svilebi da/an SviliSvilebi xSirad qristianebi hyavT.

saSualo fenis mier qristianobis miRebisa da susti muslimuri identobis mizezebi Svidi aTwleuliT adre, aTeisturi sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi

unda veZioT. am dros aSkara iyo religiuri saqmianobis nakleboba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da religias zemo aWaris saSualo fenis cxovrebaSic ki aranairi prioriteti ar eniWeboda. xuloSi maswavleblebTan Catarebuli interviuebidan Cans, rom im dros saSualo fenaSi muslimuri wesiT aRzrda ar xdeboda. erT-erTma gaqristianebulma maswavlebelma aRniSna “me arasodes vyofilvar namdvili muslimi. ar maqvs wakiTxuli yurani da arc islamis principebi vici, me isic ki ar vici, rogor viloco.”38 gaqristianebis aseTi SemTxvevebi xSiri iyo 1991 wels,39 rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom qristianobis miRebis process xels uwyobda muslimuri aRzris sisuste da saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisaTvis gaerTianebis periodi.

zemo aWaraSi muslimuri identoba saSualo fenis xandazmul mosaxleobaSic ki arasdros yofila gansakuTrebiT Zlieri.40 miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri xandazmuli eqimi da maswavlebeli Tavis tradiciul konfesiad islams aRiarebs, Cveulebriv yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi isini religiur wesebs naklebad icaven da Semoifarglebian mTavari religiuri dResaswaulis - yurban-bairamis aRniSvniT. faqtobrivad, religiur sakiTxebze msjelobisas saSualo fenis

38 sxva maswavleblebma daadastures es sityvebi da Tqves, rom sabWoTa kavSiris dros mSoblebi xSirad ver axerxebdnen SvilebisaTvis islamis Sesaxeb codnis micemas. interviu xulos saSualo skolaSi, 26 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 39 interviuebi xulos saSualo skolaSi, 26 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 40 amis sapirispirod, zemo aWaris mosaxleobis ufro xnieri nawili, romelic ar miekuTvneba saSualo klass, amJRavnebs religiurobis ufro maRal dones. zemo aWaraSi axalgazrda muslimebTan da qristianebTan religiur sakiTxebze saubrisas bevri aRniSnavda, rom meCeTSi regularulad dadian da religiur wesebs aRasruleben mxolod moxucebi. rasakvirvelia, kategoria ‘moxucebi’ ar gulisxmobs klasobriv gansxvavebas, Tumca ganwyoba gasagebia.


13 | P a g e

warmomadgeneli xandazmuli aWarlebi Tavs arideben islamze saubars. isini Cveulebriv warmoTqvamen frazas “RmerTi erTia da mTavari swored es aris”, rac asaxavs maT namdvil rwmenas religiuri dogmatizmis gareSe.41 zemo aWaris mosaxleobis am nawils aqvs tendencia islamze maRla erovnuli identoba daayenos da xSirad, marTlmadideblobis gavrcelebas uaryofiTad ar uyurebs.42

religiuri transformacia igive sqemiT mimdinareobs zemo aWaris ufro axalgazrda mosaxleobaSi, Tumca maT Soris qristianobis miRebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia. aRniSssnuli procesis mTavar mizezs mosaxleobis am nawilis ufro meti mobiloba da erovnuli identobis marTlmadideblobasTan dakavSireba warmoadgens, rac ase SesamCnevia saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze. saxeldobr, zemo aWaris mkvidr axalgazrda muslimebs SeuZliaT SeinarCunon TavianTi religiuri rwmena manam, sanam isini rCebian sakuTar garemoSi. magram, Tu Cavlen baTumSi an saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad an samuSaos saZebnelad, xSirad ganicdian zewolas religiuri rwmenis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT, raTa Tavidan aicilon socialuri gariyuloba.43

41 interviuebi didaWaraSi (9 dekemberi, 2011 w) da rikeTSi (12 dekemberi, 2011 w) 42 xanSiSesulma muslimma maswavlebelma gamoTqva dadebiTi azri xulos raionSi eklesiebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT da regionSi mimdinare religiur transformacias uwoda aWaris ‘dabruneba’ saqarTveloSi. 43 erTi ambavi, romelic mogviyva xulos muslimuri sadReRamiso skolis direqtorma gansakuTrebiT kargad asaxavs axalgazrdobis mier religiuri rwmenis Secvlis da muslimi liderebis mier am tendenciis aRqmis faqts: “axalgazrdebma ar ician, Tu ratom icvlian religias. erTxel me Sevxvdi students, romelic islamidn qristianul rwmenaze gadavida. me vkiTxe, Tu ratom miiRo man aseTi gadawyvetileba da man mipasuxa, rom misi megobrebi iyvnen qristianebi. Semdeg me vkiTxe, Tu ratom Seiwuxa Tavi qristianobis misaRebad Tu arasdros apirebda eklesiaSi siarulsa da qristianuli wesiT cxovrebas

zemo aWaraSi arsebuli ekonomikuri situacia aris is mTavari faqtori, romelic ubiZgebs iq mcxovreb axalgazrdobas gadaadgildnen saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, rac warmoadgens arapirdapir faqtors religiuri rwmenis Secvlis dasaCqareblad. am regionis ekonomikis safuZvels, umTavresad, miwaTmoqmedeba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs mesaqonleobas, kartofilis, lobios, Tambaqos warmoebas.44 am regionSi sabWoTa periodis samrewvelo obieqtebis umetesoba amJamad ar funqcionirebs. xulosa da Suaxevis raionebSi erT dros arsebuli saqsovi da xilis wvenebis fabrikebi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg daixura.45 garda amisa, zemo aWaraSi ar aris arCevani umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad, SuaxevSi sapatriarqosTan arsebuli tbel abuseriZis saxelobis unuversitetis garda. amgvarad, dabali xelfasebi, zogadi siRaribe da SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi zemo aWaraSi, aiZulebs axalgazrda aWarlebis umravlesobas gadaadgildnen saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi ganaTlebis misaRebad da samuSaos saZieblad.46

zog SemTxvevaSi axalgazrda aWarlebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg sakuTar soflebSi brundebian,47E magram, rodesac isini qalaqSi rCebian, iReben qristianobas an ubralod kargaven

da man amaze pasuxi ver momca. Cemi azriT, man es gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gamoCeniliyo megobrebis TvalSi. amgvar Secdomas bevri axalgazrda uSvebs. isini icvlian rwmenas sxvebis gulisTvis.” interviu xulos muftiatSi, 28 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 44 interviu xulos saSualo skolaSi, 26 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 45 interviuebi SuaxevSi (7 dekemberi, 2011 w) da xuloSi (10 dekemberi, 2011 w). 46 didaWaris saSualo skolis 20 kursdamTavrebulidan 13 saqarTvelos sxva qalaqSi wavida swavlis gasagrZeleblad. interviuebi xulos saSualo skolaSi (27 oqtomberi, 2011 w.) da didaWaris saSualo skolaSi (9 dekemberi, 2011 w.) 47 interviuebi didaWaris saSualo skolaSi (9 dekemberi, 2011 w.) da rikeTis saSualo skolaSi (12 dekemberi, 2011 w.)


14 | P a g e

TavianT muslimur identobas. es tendencia xazgasmiT aRiniSneboda 2011 wlis oqtomber-dekeberSi zemo aWaraSi ganxorcielebuli savele samuSaoebis dros Catarebul TiTqmis yvela interviusa da fokus-jgufSi. rogorc xulos mufTi aslan abaSiZe aRwerda “miwa aq cotaa da rodesac ojaxSi ori an sami Svilia, xSirad Tavs iCens ekonomikuri problemebi. soflis cxovrebiT daRlilebi, midian qalaqSi da xedaven, Tu rogor cxovroben sxva [religiuri] qarTvelebi. sabolood, isini iReben qristianul sarwmunoebas, raTa qalaqSi ukeT igrZnon Tavi megobrebis Tu mezoblebis winaSe.”48

amasTan, zemo aWaraSi religiuri transformaciis procesSi, aSkarad ikveTeba geografiuli aspeqti. qristianobis privilegirebuli roli baTumSi, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi, zustad am geografiuli aspeqtis TvalsaCino gamovlinebas warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gavixsenebT axalgazrda Taobis migraciul marSruts qalaqebisken. garda amisa, geografiuli faqtori sarwmunoebis Secvlis procesSi aisaxa imaSic, rom mkveTrad SemoisazRvra is teritoriebi, sadac qristianoba privilegrebuli religia gaxda.

zogadad, qristianobis gavrceleba zemo aWaraSi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes raionis administraciul centrebs, aseve, centraluri gzis da istoriuli savaWro marSrutebis gaswvriv arsebul konkretul dasaxlebebs. am regionSi arsebuli cnobili qristianuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis didi nawili ganlagebulia baTumi-axalcixis istoriuli gzis gamarTuli infrastruqturuli monakveTebis gaswvriv, romelTa Sorisaa sapatriarqosTan arsebuli tbel abuseriZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti xiWaurSi da axali marTlmadidebluri eklesia xuloSi.49

48 imamebis fokus-jgufi xulos muftiatSi, 1 noemberi, 2011 w. 49 unda aRiniSnos, rom Suaxevis administraciul centrSi, romelic mdebareobs baTumi-axalcixis trasaze, ar

aWaris mTavrobis erTerTma maRalCinosanma sof. sxalTa, Sua saukuneebis humanistis tbel abuseriZis mSobliuri sofeli da amJamindeli sxalTis eparqiis centri, moixsenia, rogorc uZvelesi savaWro gzis gaswvriv mdebare dasaxleba, sadac istoriulad qristianebi islamis mimdevrebze metni iyvnen.50

amisgan gansxvavebiT, baTum-axalqalaqis mTavari gzatkecilis gaswvriv an xulos aRmosavleTiT mdebare soflebSi eqskursiisas51 Cans, rom religiuri landSafti, ZiriTadad, mainc zemo aWaris muslimur tradiciebs asaxavs. amgvar izolirebul da naklebad ganviTarebul dasaxlebebSi tradiciuli ojaxis struqtura da cxovrebis wesi umeteswilad SenarCunebulia da TiTqmis araferi mianiSnebs religiuri identobis Secvlaze. Sesabamisad, iseT dasaxlebebSi, rogorebicaa didaWara, duaZeebi, uCxo, gurTa Tu rikeTi, arcerT muslim ojaxs ar ufiqria religiis Secvlaze. mTavari gzidan mniSvnelovnad mocilebuli dasaxleba Rorjomi cnobilia imiT, rom iq gansakuTrebiT icaven islamur tradiciebs, xolo meCeTebisa da madrasahebis raodenoba matulobs.52 garda amisa, xulos raionis soflebSi kvlavac icaven iseT islamur tradiciebs, rogorebicaa vazifi, oSori

aris meCeTi. raionis kulturis centri ormagad xalxmravali xdeba kviraobiT marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mosuli adamianebis gamo. interviu Suaxevis kulturul centrSi, 7 dekemberi, 2011 w. 50 interviu aWaris parlamentSi, baTumi, 5 dekemberi, 2011 w. 51 soflebSi gzebi dagebuli ar aris da iq moZraoba Znelia. baTumi-axalcixis trasa, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad aris dagebuli baTumidan xulos raionul centramde - xulodan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT grZeldeba atalaxebuli, gadaTxrili gzis saxiT. garda amisa, am regionSi mgzavroba saSiSia zvavebis gamo, mTavar gzaze xSirad cviva qvebi. savaraudod swored sruli izolaciisa da gauvali gzebis gamo moxda islamis am doneze SenarCuneba xulos raionSi. 52 baramiZe, op cit, Ref. 19, pp. 13‐15.


15 | P a g e

da zekati.53 amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom zemo aWaridan wamosuli axalgazrdebi xSirad icvlian sarwmunoebas da xdebian qristianebi, islami mainc rCeba mTavar religiad am regionis soflis mosaxleobas Soris.

da bolos, zemo aWaraSi religiur transformaciaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens is faqti, rom es aris udavod qarTuli regioni, rogorc eTnikurad, ise kulturiT. gansxvavebiT qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebisa da pankisis xeobaSi mcxovrebi qistebisagan, romlebic titulovani qarTuli eTnosisgan aSkarad gamoxatuli eTnikuri da kulturuli niSnebiT gansxvavdebian da amgvarad, gaaCniaT mkveTrad gamoxatuli kulturuli safuZveli TavianTi islamuri tradiciebis SesanarCuneblad, aWarlebi eTnikurad qarTvelebi arian. iq mcxovrebTaTvis pirveli ena qarTulia da regionSi mcxovrebi bevri ojaxi inarCunebs mkveTrad gamoxatul qarTul tradiciul adaT-wesebs, magaliTad, rogoricaa Rvinis da aryis (WaWis) warmoeba.54 smis qarTuli kultura Zlieria zemo aWaris mosaxleobis saSualo fenaSi, aseve, adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris, romlebic qarTul erovnul identobas, rogorc wesi, TavianT islamur rwmenaze maRla ayeneben.55 unda aRiniSnos, rom saSualo

53 am tradiciebSi igulisxmeba: produqtebisa da fulis Segroveba mosaxleobaSi, piradad moyvanili naturaluri produqtebis garkveuli procentuli raodenobis gadacema gaWirvebuli ojaxebisaTvis, mdidari macxovreblebis mier RaribebisaTvis fulis gadacema. interviu mufTi aslan abaSiZesTan, 8 dekemberi, 2011. 54 interviu xuloSi. 10 dekemberi, 2011 w. am SemTxvevaSi xandazmulma xuloelma muslimma, detalurad aRwera Rvinis dayenebis wesebi. ECMI-s mier rikeTSi ganxorcielebuli savele samuSaoebisas aRmoCnda, rom bevri adgilobrivi macxovrebeli didi raodenobiT xdis WaWas. zemo aWaraSi, bevrjer iqna SeniSnuli erTad smis tradicia. tradicia, romelic farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTels saqarTveloSi. 55 zemo aWaris saSualo fenis macxovreblebTan araerTi saubrisas,

fenis warmomadgenlebi yoveldRiurad ar icaven savaldebulo islamur wesebs.56

qarTul identobas da qarTuli adaT-wesebis dacvas ar ewinaaRmdegeba zemo aWaris mosaxleobis is nawili, romelsac susti kavSiri aqvs islamTan. garkveuli solidarobis grZnoba qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis, rogorc qarTul kulturul institutis mimarT, zemo aWaris saSualo fenis muslimebisTvis ucxo ar aris. aseTi muslimebis umravlesoba uyoymanod usvams xazs Tavis erTgulebas qarTveli erisadmi da gulwrfelad scems pativs religiuri arCevanis SesaZleblobas (e.i. muslimebis mier qristianobis miRebas). amgvarad, bevri aWareli muslimis mier erovnuli identobis maRla dayenebam safuZveli Cauyara religiuri transformaciis process qristianobis sasargeblod.

miuxedavad amisa, gaqristianebis procesi ar niSnavs sxva religiuri Sexedulebebis ignorirebas zemo aWaraSi. regionis muslim liderebs da zemo aWaris mosaxleobis ufro religiur nawils, romlebic cxovroben Cveulebrivi qarTuli stilis cxovrebiT, iReben alkohols da misdeven marTlmadideblur wesebs, gaaCnia Sinagani winaaRmdegoba sakuTari muslimuri rwmenis mimarT. mosaxleobis es nawili Tavs qarTvelad Tvlis da Tanaxmaa mxari dauWiros samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTarebas, riTac maTi erTguleba eris winaSe ar dadgeba kiTxvis niSnis qveS gansxvavebuli religiuri mrwamsis gamo.

igrZnoboda nacionalisturi orientacia istoriis analizis dros. sazogadoebis es nawili mwvaved akritikebda otomanTa mier aWaris dapyrobas da xSirad aRniSnavda imas, Tu ra farTobis qarTuli teritoria iyo amJamad TurqeTis kontrolis qveS, rac miuTiTebs saqarTvelos hegemoniaze aRmosavleT anatoliaSi me-12 - me-13 saukuneebSi. 56 rikeTSi gareuli taxis dakvlasTan dakavSirebiT dasmul SekiTxvaze, problemas warmoadgenda Tu ara Roris xorcis Wama adgilobrivi muslimebisaTvis, erTerTma maTganma aseTi pasuxi gagvca, “gavgiJdebiT taxis xorci rom ar vWamoT! sxvagan sad viSoviT aseTi xarisxis xorcs?”


16 | P a g e

amasTan, bevri muslimi lideri imedgacruebas gamoxatavs sakuTari religiis momavlis gamo, rac SeiZleba nacionalistur suliskveTebas mohyves.57 qvemoT ganxilulia zemo aWaris sazogadoebis ufro religiuri nawilis RonisZiebebi sakuTari islamuri tradiciebis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rom amasTanave, erTgulni darCnen qarTveli eris mimarT.

V. adgilobrivi institutebis zegavlena religiur identobaze zemo aWaraSi

zemo aWaraSi struqturuli

ganviTareba warmoadgens erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors identobis transformaciis saqmeSi. garda amisa, religiuri identobis CamoyalibebaSi aseve mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben adgilobrivi moRvaweni da institutebi. gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba gamovyoT institutebis sami kategoria: 1) saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia da masTan dakavSirebuli institutebi; 2) sajaro saSualo skolebi; da 3) adgilobrivi meCeTebi, madrasahebi da damoukidebeli islamuri organizaciebi. TiToeuli instituti saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebas sTavazobs aWaris mosaxleobas da amgvarad, SeuZlia efeqturad gadasces mas, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebs, konkretuli religiuri koncefciebi. amasTan, am institutebs aqvT sxvadasxva dafinansebis wyaroebi da sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba saxelmwifosTan. qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, romelsac gaaCnia farTo administraciuli da sakonsultacio privilegiebi saxalxo ganaTlebis sferoSi da iRebs mniSvnelovan dafinansebas saxelmwifosgan, sargeblobs upiratesobiT kerZo dafinansebaze

57 imamebis fokus-jgufi xulos muftiatSi, 1 noemberi, 2011; interviu mufTi jemal fxakaZesTan, baTumi, 13 dekemeberi, 2001.

arsebul islamur institutebTan SedarebiT.

5.1 qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia zemo aWaraSi: eklesiis zegavlenis gafarToveba ganaTlebis gziT

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, Seiqmna iseTi garemo, romelSic religiur institutebs maqsimalurad Tavisuflad SeeZloT moqmedeba. rogorc am moxsenebaSi adre ukve iTqva, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia gansakuTrebiT momgebian mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifos ‘renacionalizaciis’ Sedegad da agreTve, damatebiT im damokidebulebis Sedegad, romelic Camoyalibda qarTul erovnul identobasa da marTlmadideblobas Soris gamsaxurdiasa da SevardnaZis reJimebis dros. aWara, miuxedavad Tavisi avtonomiuri statusisa, romelic mas mieniWa iq arsebuli ZiriTadi religiis, sunituri islamis safuZvelze, ar aRmoCnda gamonaklisi am tendenciasTan mimarTebaSi. Tbilisis centraluri da baTumis regionuli mTavrobebis maRalCinosnebis daxmarebiT qarTulma marTlmadidebelma eklesiam 1990-ian wlebSi wamoiwyo kampania aWaris gasaqristianeblad. es procesi gansakuTrebiT swrafad gavrcelda qvemo aWaraSi, kerZod, baTumsa da zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv mdebare dasaxlebebSi. mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg baTumSi amoqmedda 14 qristianuli eklesia, maSin, roca qalaqSi funqcionirebs mxolod erTi meCeTi.58

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis zegavlenis qveS aseve moeqca zemo aWaris administraciuli centrebi, Tumca, ufro naklebad, vidre dablobSi. xuloSi moRvawe marTlmadidebeli mRvdlis sityvebiT, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

58 sanikiZe da volkeri; Sanikidze and Walker, op cit,

Ref 14, p. 13. muslimma liderebma xuloSi gamoTqves baTumSi meore meCeTis gaxsnis survili, Tumca mTavrobis mxridan seriozul mxardaWeras dRemde adgili ar hqonia.


17 | P a g e

eklesiis gavrcelebis areali am zonaSi SezRudulia: “Zalian Znelia daarwmuno adgilobrivebi, irwmunon qristianoba, radgan TurqeTi aq afinansebs bevr islamur instituts. xulos garSemo soflebSi arsebuli eklesiebi arcTu ise aqtiurad funqcionireben. xandaxan Cven misionerebs vagzavniT iq, magram es iSviaTad xdeba.”59 post-sabWour wlebSi aq gaaqtiurdnen sxva marTlmadidebluri organizaciebi. ‘marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri’, jgufi, romelic amJamad aRar funqcionirebs, cnobili iyo marTlmadideblobis agresiuli propagandiT aWarasa da saqarTvelos sxva tradiciulad muslimur zonebSi, dgamda jvrebs RvTismsaxurebis aramarTlmadideblur adgilebSi da avrcelebda antagonistur mowodebebs sxva konfesiebis sawinaaRmdegod.60

miuxedavad imisa, rom dRevandel dRes pirdapir zemoqmedebas religiuri rwmenis Sesacvlelad adgili ara aqvs, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia amas mniSvnelovani saganmanaTleblo institutebis gaxsniT da eklesiebis mSeneblobiT akeTebs. 1991 wels xuloSi aSenda axali eklesia da gamsaxurdias mTavrobam qalaqis skola-internati qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias dauqvemdebara. skolisa da eklesiis es kombinacia mdebareobs qalaqTan axlos, erTmaneTis gverdiT da warmoadgens qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mTavar warmomadgenlobas xulos raionSi. skola Tavidan asrulebda saSualo skolis, profteqnikuri saswavleblis da seminariis funqcias, magram mogvianebiT, man profteqnikuri saswavleblis funqcia dakarga da axla, umTavresad, saSualo skolis funqcias asrulebs. skolaSi swavloben rogorc qristianebi, ise muslimebi, Tumca, misi orientacia religiuri TvalsazrisiT udavod

59 interviu qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul saSualo skolaSi, xulo, 18 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 60 sxvaTa Soris, ‘marTlmadidebel mSobelTa kavSiri’ axlaxans daxures. am organizaciis veb-gverdi ukve miuwvdomelia, xolo misi rva wevri amJamad cixeSia. interviu beqa mindiaSvilTan, Tbilisi, 28 noemberi, 2011 w.

qristianulia. rogorc erTe-rTi maswavlebeli ambobs, “Cveni skola upirveles yovlisa aswavlis qristianul, ieso qristes moZRvrebas.”61 garda amisa, skolaSi gaxsnilia sabavSvo baRi, sadac iqauri mRvdlebi locaven yvela bavSvs, ganurCevlad religiuri kuTvnilebisa.62 xuloSi ar aris SezRuduli qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesiasTan arsebuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis funqcionireba. 2009 wlis seqtemberSi Suaxevis raionis sof. xiWaurSi gaixsna tbel abuseriZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti. gaxsnis sazeimo ceremonials eswrebodnen qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis maRali rangis warmomadgenlebi da aWaris mTavrobis maRalCinosnebi.63 yofili samxedro bazis teritoriaze mdebare qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mmarTvelobis qveS arsebulma universitetma pirvelad 331 studenti miiRo, umTavresad zemo aWaridan, axla ki, iq daaxloebiT 500 studenti swavlobs.64 universiteti studentebs sTavazobs bakalavrisa (qarTuli filologia, saqarTvelos istoria, xelovneba, pedagogika, Jurnalistika, menejmenti, biznesis menejmenti da medicina) da samagistro kursebs (saqarTvelos istoria, ganaTlebis menejmenti, qarTuli literatura, lingvistika, Jurnalistika da arqeologia). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swavla da kveba sruliad ufasoa institutis aWareli studentebisaTvis.65 amgvari politika gamonaklisia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

61 interviu skola-internatis literaturis maswavlebelTan, xulo, 17 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 62 interviu xuloSi, 1 noemberi, 2011 w. 63 “xiCaurSi dRes oficialurad gaixsna tbel abuseriZis saxelmwifo universiteti”, aWaris televizia, 24 seqtemberi, 2009 w. http://www.adjaratv.ge/en/index.php?page=shownews&id=6545. 64 universitetTan axlos mdebare qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul saSualo skolaSi daaxloebiT 700 moswavlea. 65 interviu tbel abuseriZis saxelmwifo universitetSi, xiCauri, 7 dekemberi, 2011 w.


18 | P a g e

universitetebisaTvis, radgan qveynis sxva universitetebSi yvela studenti ixdis swavlis safasurs, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli regionidanaa is.66

imis gamo, rom am universitets saxelmwifo institutis statusi gaaCnia, is religiasTan mimarTebaSi neitraluria. Tumca, cxadad Cans marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis upiratesoba, radgan pedagogTa Soris bevria saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan mowveuli mRvdeli. marTlmadideblobas aseve mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs istoriis swavlebisas. rogorc erTma istoriis maswavlebelma mRvdelma aRniSna, universitetis istoriis programa iTvaliswinebs “zusti faqtebis swavlebas” aWaris religiis Sesaxeb, rac niSnavs imas, rom marTlmadideblobas unda moepyron rogorc pirvelad sarwmunoebas aWaris istoriaSi, xolo islami warmodgenili iyos rogorc istoriuli gadaxra, Tavsmoxveuli otomani dampyroblebis mier, xazi unda gaesvas am regionis saqarTvelosTvis dabrunebis saWiroebas qristianul sarwmunoebaze gadasvlis gziT.67

kidev erTi Sedegi qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gafarTovebisa zemo aWaraSi, am regionSi eklesiebis daCqarebuli mSeneblobaa. unda aRiniSnos axali marTlmadidebluri taZris mSenebloba xulos raionul centrSi, romelic daiwyo 2010 wels. is aRmarTulia baTumi-

66 interviu didaWaris saSualo skolaSi, 9 dekemberi, 2011 w. 67 amgvari mosazreba gamoTqva universitetis ramdenime studentma. imave mRvdlis azriT, xazi unda gaesvas aWaris istoriis am konkretul koncefcias, vinaidan, regionSi mcxovrebi bevri axalgazrda TurqeTSi miemgzavreba saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad. garda imisa, rom TurqeTis universitetebSi aWarel studentebs uyalibdebaT islamuri identobis Zlieri grZnoba, maT, rogorc Cans aZleven instruqciebs aWaris istoriis Sesaxeb, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier micemul informacias. interviuebi tbel abuseriZis saxelmwifo universitetSi, xiCauri, 7 dekemberi, 2011 w.

axalqalaqis trasis zemoT, SesamCnev adgilze da misi dasruleba dagegmilia 2012 wels. es iqneba meore marTlmadidebluri eklesia am raionis administraciul centrSi. daCqarebuli tempiT mimdinareobda eklesiis mSenebloba SuaxevSic, sof. oladaurSi, romelic axlaxans dasrulda.68 mSeneblobis procesSia eklesia tbel abuseriZis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis teritoriaze.

bevr muslims zemo aWaraSi zogadad, ar awuxebs eklesiebis mSenebloba, Tumca, zogierTi muslimi lideri gamoTqvams ukmayofilebas im mosazrebiT, rom saxelmwifo upiratesobas qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias aniWebs, gansakuTrebiT imiT, rom afinansebs eklesiebis mSeneblobas. erT-erTma cnobilma muslimma liderma xuloSi ganacxada: “CvenTvis problemas ar warmoadgens axali eklesiis mSenebloba xuloSi, Cven gvinda, rom es mSenebloba gagrZeldes, magram ratom unda Candes jvrebi yvela Cveni gzebidan da soflebidan? ratom amboben, rom axali eklesiebi unda aSendes aWaris yvela ulamazes adgilze, rodesac xulos mosaxleobis 99% muslimia? eklesia mudmivad Rebulobs daxmarebas saxelmwifosgan, Cven ki araviTar finansur daxmarebas ar gvaZleven Cveni meCeTebis aRdgenisa Tu SenaxvisaTvis.”69

miuxedavad imisa, rom demografiuli monacemis siswore muslimTa 99% -Tan dakavSirebiT saeWvoa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebis raodenobas, romlebic icvlian religiur rwmenas, agreTve imas, rom aq ar arsebobs axali, zusti monacemebi amasTan dakavSirebiT, eWvgareSea saxelmwifos

68 eklesiis inauguracias eswrebodnen baTumisa da sxalTis eparqiis arqiepiskoposi dimitri da aWaris mTavrobis ramdenime maRalCinosani. garda amisa, eklesiis gaxsnisas moinaTla 200 adgilobrivi macxovrebeli. “SuaxevSi gaixsna eklesia,” aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavroba. http://www.ajara.gov.ge/eng/index.php?page=show&id=218 69 interviu xulos muftiatSi, 31 oqtomberi, 2011 w.


19 | P a g e

mikerZoebuloba religiuri institutebisaTvis daxmarebis gacemis saqmeSi. religiuri sakiTxebis specialistma, profesorma giorgi sanikiZem aRniSna, rom “marTlmadidebloba finansdeba, islami ki ara.” misi azriT, saxelmwifo dafinansebis pro-marTlmadidebluri tendencia gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia xuloSi, sadac, garda axali eklesiis mSeneblobisa, saxelmwifo samRdeloebisaTvis avtomobilebs yidulobs.70

axali eklesiebis mSenebloba da mniSvnelovani saganmanaTleblo institutebis marTva qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier xels Seuwyobs misi zegavlenis zrdas zemo aWaraSi. am tendencias regionis mosaxleobis didi nawili uaryofiTad ar uyurebs, vinaidan, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli saswavlo institutebi maRali reputaciiT sargebloben kompetenturi pedagogebisa da ganaTlebis maRali donis gamo.71 miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul saswavlo dawesebulbebSi yuradRebis koncentracia xdeba qristianobaze da saqarTvelosa da aWaris istoriis qristianul aspeqtebze, rac zemo aWaris mosaxleobis axalgazrdul segments sarwmunoebis Secvlisaken ubiZgebs. amas ki Sedegad regionSi islamuri tradiciebis daknineba mosdevs.

5.2 saxalxo ganaTleba zemo aWaraSi: marTlmadideblobis gavrcelebis mcdeloba

zemo aWaraSi sajaro religiuri identobis CamoyalibebaSi did rols TamaSobs saSualo skolebic, Tumca, aSkarad ufro dabalansebuli wesiT. sajaro skolebi funqcionirebs mTel regionSi, sadac adgili aqvs sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikur da religiur

70 interviu profesor giorgi sanikiZesTan, Tbilisi, 11 noemberi, 2011 w. 71 inteviu xuloSi, 12 oqtomberi, 2011 w.

dixotomias moswavle-axalgazrdobaSi, amitom, am skolebSi ufro farTo WrilSi aisaxeba zemo aWaris mosaxleobis ganwyoba. xulos raionSi qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia uSualod ar monawileobs sajaro skolebis umetesobis marTvaSi an saxelmwifo saswavlo programebis SedgenaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sajaro skolebi oficialrad neitralurebi arian religiuri sakiTxebis mimarT, radgan saqarTvelos konstituciiT eklesia saxelmwifosgan oficialurad aris gamoyofili.72 amas garda, xulos raionuli centris, didaWarisa da rikeTis saSualo skolebSi Catarebuli interviuebi da sadiskusio jgufebTan muSaobis Sedegebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom rogorc muslimi, ise qristiani skolis maswavleblebi erTnairad uWeren mxars religiur tolerantobasa da religiuri arCevanis Tavisuflebas. xulos raionuli centris saSualo skolis direqtorma, didaWarelma muslimma ganacxada, rom misi direqtorobis xuTi wlis manZilze, miuxedavad skolis maswavlebelTa da moswavleTa religiuri sxvadasxvaobisa, mas arasodes hqonia problemebi. Sesabamisad, ramdenime maswavlebelma aRniSna, rom xSirad muslim mSoblebs aqvT rogorc biblia, ise yurani, raTa saSualeba miscen sakuTar Svilebs waikiTxon orive da Tavad gaakeTon arCevani sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebiT.73 samive zemoaRniSnul dasaxlebaSi maswavleblebi mxars uWeren axalgazrdebis mier sarwmunoebis Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZleblobas. tolerantobisa da obieqturobis es grZnoba namdvilad gulwrfelia. es aCvenebs zogadad pozitiur damokidebulebas religiur jgufebs Soris am regionSi, gansakuTrebiT, mosaxleobis saSualo fenaSi, romelic ufro aTeisturad aris ganwyobili. miuxedavad amisa, zemo aWaraSi saSualo

72 saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia, muxli IX 73 interviu xulos saSualo skolis direqtorTan, 26 oqtomberi, 2011 w.


20 | P a g e

skolebis saswavlo programaSi msubuqad igrZnoba marTlmadideblobisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos istoriis swavlebisas. am moxsenebaSi zemoT mocemuli struqturuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare, es tendencia gasakviri ar aris. is, rom 2002 wels konkordatma qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias mianiWa mTavari konsultantis privilegia saxalxo ganaTlebis saswavlo programis Sedgenis saqmeSi, gviCvenebs, Tu ratom aqvs marTlmadideblobas ufro maRali reputacia sajaro saswavleblebSi.74 maswavlebelTa umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom marTlmadideblobas marTlac didi adgili ukavia saswavlo programaSi, radgan istoriis wignebSi mocemuli religiuri sakiTxebis umetesoba qristianobas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, xuloeli maswavleblebi gansakuTrebiT usvamen xazs saxelmZRvanelos, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom wm. ninom Cveni welTaRricxviT 332 wels sof. didaWaraSi qristianoba gaavrcela. saxelmZRvaneloebSi moxseniebulia aseve, wm. andria, romelic gadmocemiT aseve, aqtiuri misioneri iyo aWaraSi. amgvarad, istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi qristianoba miCneulia, rogorc aWaris istoriis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti, xolo, istoriis erT-erTi maswavleblis sityvebiT “saqarTveloSi qristianoba aWaridan gavrcelda.”75

74 zemo aWaraSi qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias aqvs ramdenime naTlad gansazRvruli prerogativa saxalxo ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT. garda marTlmadideblur administracias daqvemdebarebuli oficialuri sajaro skolebisa, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia xelmZRvanelobs da afinansebs gamocdebisaTvis mosamzadebel treiningebs saSualo skolis moswavleebisaTvis didaWaraSi, sxalTaSi da xiCaurSi. interviu didaWaris saSualo skolaSi, 9 dekemberi, 2011 w. 75 interviu xulos saSualo skolaSi, 26 oqtomberi, 2011 w. unda aRiniSnos, rom maswavleblebma didaWarasa (9 dekemberi, 2011 w.) da rikeTSi (12 dekemberi, 2011 w.)

studentebi mxars uWeren istoriis saswavlo programaSi marTlmadideblobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Setanas. qristiani studentis, meTerTmeteklaseli gios sityvebiT, misi klasis zogadi istoriis saxelmZRvaneloSi qristianoba moxseniebulia, rogorc ‘WeSmariti religia.’76 es ar niSnavs imas, rom saswavlo programaSi ar aris Setanili masala sxva religiebTan dakavSirebiT. saxelmZRvaneloebSi ganxilulia, aseve, aramarTlmadidebeli konfesiebi da tradiciebi. xulos saSualo skolis direqtoris sityvebiT, skolaSi iswavleba calke kursi “religia da geografia”, romelSic ganxilulia msoflios sxvadasxva religiebi.77 miuxedavad amisa, bevri pedagogisa da studentis azriT, qristianoba warmoadgens umniSvnelovanes elements aWaris istoriaSi. am Sexedulebas ganamtkicebs is, Tu rogor uyureben pedagogebi im sam saukunes, rodesac aWara otomanTa mmarTvelobis qveS iyo. am periods bevri, maT Soris muslimTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba, garkveuli siZulviliT ixsenebs. muslimuri religiis istoriis maswavlebeli ase xsnis otomanTa mmarTvelobis qveS sarwmunoebis Secvlis process: “aris aseTi wigni, vaxtang zoiZis (mgznebare mamuliSvilebi), romelSic aRwerilia, Tu rogor CahyavdaT Turqebs qristianebi md. Woroxiswyalze, emuqrebodnen xmlebiT da aiZulebdnen fexiT gaeTelaT TavianTi xatebi,

daadastures am istoriis swavlebis faqti TavianT skolebSi. 76 interviu xuloSi, 12 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 77 1990-ian wlebsa da 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saSualo skolebSi gadiodnen aseve saswavlo kurss ‘religiuri aRzrda’. muslimTa umetesoba am kurss miiCnevda rogorc propagandas qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mxridan, vinaidan, is exeboda marTlmadideblobis amJamindel rols da mis adgils saqarTvelos istoriaSi. daaxloebiT eqvsi wlis win am kursis swavleba Sewyda. interviu aWaris parlamentSi, baTumi, 5 dekemberi, 2011 w.


21 | P a g e

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT yridnen mdinareSi da eubnebodnen ‘giSveloT axla Tqvenma qristem’. qarTvelebi [aWarlebi] mxolod me-17 saukuneSi aiZules mieRoT muslimuri sarwmunoeba, rasac qarTvelebi, rasakvirvelia, tkiviliT ixseneben. es mogoneba jer kidev SemorCenilia qarTvelebis mexsierebaSi da aiZulebs maT sZuldeT es religia [islami].”78 arsebobs kidev otomanTa batonobis droindeli sxva ambebi aWaris warsulidan, romlebic zegavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor iswavleba istoria da rogor ganixileba religia. bevrjer iqna moxseniebuli Suaxevis raionSi mdebare xidi, sadac, gadmocemiT, otomanTa meTaurebi sjidnen im qristianebs, romlebic uars ambobdnen mieRoT islami.79 bevri pedagogi ambobda aseve imas, rom masiurad gamuslimanebis miuxedavad, aWarlebi dafarulad mainc inaxavdnen qristianul tradiciebs. amis magaliTia mWadi, romelzedac cxobis dros xeliT jvars gamosaxavdnen xolme “es imitom, rom ar dagveviwyebina Cveni qristianuli warsuli.” kidev erTi mtkicebuleba aris is, rom xuloSi dReisaTvis arsebuli meCeTi Tavdapirvelad, otomanTa Semosevamde, eklesia iyo da amitom, jvris forma aqvs SenarCunebuli.80 eWvgareSea, rom zemo aWaris saSualo skolebSi religiuri sagnebi ufro dabalansebuli formiT iswavleba.

78 maswavleblebis fokus-jgufi xulos saSualo skolaSi, 26 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 79 maswavleblebis fokus-jgufi xulos saSualo skolaSi, 27 oqtomberi, 2011 w. amboben, rom am adgilze, imdeni qristiani iqna dasjili, rom “mdinare wiTlad iyo SeRebili sisxlisgan”. kvlevis procesSi aranairi werilobiTi sabuTi an miTiTeba am faqtTan dakavSirebiT ar iqna aRmoCenili. 80 es konkretuli ambavi ar unda Seesabamebodes simarTles, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli nageboba unda miekuTvnebodes me-17 saukunes an ufro adreul xanas. meCeTis nebismier stumars SeuZlia SeniSnos, rom is ase Zveli ar aris. religiis eqspertis ruslan baramiZis (baTumis saxelmwifo universiteti) azriT nageboba aSenebulia 1829 wels.

ufro metic, xulos saSualo skolaSi, sadac religiuri sxvadasxvaoba savaraudod, yvelaze didia zemo aWaris sxva raionebTan SedarebiT, muslimebsa da qristianebs kargi urTierToba aqvT. miuxedavad amisa, istoriis swavlebisas mainc SeimCneva mcire mikerZoeba qristianobis sasargeblod. qristianoba xSirad moixsenieba rogorc aWaris istoriis umniSvnelovanesi nawili, islamis istoria regionSi ki, asocirdeba otoman dampyroblebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom es istoriuli elementebi simarTles Seicavs, maTi gadmocemis manera gansjis sakiTxia. amgvarad, qristianobisaTvis wamyvani rolis miniWebiTa da amave dros, aWaraSi islamis istoriis TurqeTis mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebiT, sajaro skolebis saswavlo gegma faqtobrivad, SesaZloa, ideologiur safuZvels aZlevs zemo aWaris mosaxleobis axalgazrdul segments, miiRon qristianuli sarwmunoeba.

5.3 adgilobrivi meCeTebi, madrasahebi da damoukidebeli muslimuri organizaciebi

meCeTebi, madrasahebi da damoukidebeli muslimuri organizaciebi warmoadgens mesame instituciur kategorias, romelic zegavlenas axdens religiur identobaze zemo aWaraSi. am moxsenebaSi aqamde yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo marTlmadideblur da sajaro saswavlo institutebze. Tumca, didi Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom islamuri organizaciebi uqmad arian zemo aWarSi.

moskovis Zalauflebis Sesustebam mokavSire respublikebze, qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan erTad stimuli misca aseve, muslimTa mobilizacias zemo aWaraSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi maRalCinosnebi Tavidan naklebad uWerdnen mxars muslimuri organizaciebis aRdgenas, 1991 wels aWaris mTavrobis saTaveSi aslan abaSiZis mosvlam xeli Seuwyo mTavrobisa da islamis urTierTobebis sabolood


22 | P a g e

daregulirebas81 da regionSi muslimuri organizaciebis dafuZnebas.82 gaixsna axali meCeTebi, Seiqmna axali religiuri organizaciebi, myardeboda axali kontaqtebi TurqeTisa da arabuli samyaros islamur organizaciebTan.83 magram, aWaris muslimebs Soris arsebuli ganxeTqilebis gamo, islamuri saqmianoba asimetriuli da arakoordinirebuli iyo. 2010 wels baTumis niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis institutma gamoaqveyna religiuri institutebis aRweris Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTac amJamad aWaraSi aris 184 moqmedi muslimuri nageboba, romelTagan 119 meCeTia (51 maTganTan funqcionirebs madrasahi, aqedan cxraSi sadReRamiso skolebia), 22 sezonuri meCeTi, 19 madrasahi calke nagebobaSi, 15 salocavi (e.i. meCeTebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi arqiteqturuli/simboluri komponentebi), rva madrasahi-sadReRamiso skola da erTi salocavi saxli-madrasahi. xulo amayobs yvelaze meti moqmedi religiuri nagebobiT (77), vidre sxva romelime raioni aWaraSi, mas moyveba Suaxevi (46), qeda (20), xelvaCauri (17) da qobuleTi (17).84 Sesabamisad, bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi regionSi gaizarda religiuri ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom muslimuri ganaTleba zemo aWaraSi arasodes yofila muslimuri cxovrebis

81 interviu religiis eqspert levan abaSiZesTan, Tbilisi, 29 noemberi, 2011 w. 82 musliman aWarel didgvarovanTa STamomavalma abaSiZem 1990-iani wlebis bolos Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad aliansSi Sevida zemo aWarel muslim liderebTan da aWara Tavis sakuTrebad aqcia. amavdroulad, sajarod is pativiscemas gamoxatavda qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mimarT, Tumca minimalur yuradRebas aqcevda mis funqcionirebas regionSi. 83 ix. Pelkmans (2006) for a detailed overview of Muslim

mobilization in the 1990s. 84 ruslan baramiZe, “moqmedi muslimuri religiuri da saswavlo nagebobebi - aWaris avtonomiuri respublika,” niko berZeniSvilis instituti, 2010 w.

tradiciuli nawili.85 regionSi arsebul bevr meCeTTan funqcionirebs madrasahi, romelic Cveulebriv warmoadgens calke saswavlo oTaxs meCeTSi, sadac inaxeba religiuri teqstebi da saswavlo masalebi. es madrasahebi muslimur ganaTlebas sTavazoben adgilobriv mosaxleobas, romlebsac SabaT-kviras SeuZliaT nebayoflobiT daeswron gakveTilebs.86 xulos raionis dasavleT nawilSi mdebare sof. RorjomSi gansakuTrebiT bevri meCeTi da madrasahia mosaxleobis raodenobasTan SedarebiT. religiuri ganaTlebis saqmeSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sadReRamiso skola-madrasahebi, romelTagan ori mdebareobs xulos raionul centrSi da daaxloebiT oTxi, xulos raionis danarCen nawilSi (RorjomSi, beRleTSi, sxalTaSi da xixaZirSi).87 TiToeul skolaSi, romlebsac TurqeTidan miRebuli finansebiT daxmarebas uweven islamuri saqvelmoqmdo organizaciebi, gamoyofilia ufaso sacxovrebeli adgili da sakvebi 30-50 studentisaTvis, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela, zemo aWaris soflebis Raribi ojaxebidanaa. islamuri skolebi ar moiazreba rogorc saxalxo ganaTlebis Semcvleli, radgan yvela studenti amave dros aris sajaro saSualo skolis moswavle. yoveldRiurad, saSualo skolaSi gakveTilebis damTavrebis Semdeg, moswavleebi agrZeleben madrasahSi religiuri ganaTlebis miRebas, sadac zogierT SerCeul arareligiur sagansac aswavlian.88 vinaidan amgvari skolebi ar

85 otomanTa mmarTvelobis drosac religiuri ganaTlebis misaRebad institutebis mcire raodenoba ixsneboda. metwilad, aWarlebi religiis Sesaswavlad da treiningisaTvis stambolSi miemgzavrebodnen. interviu aWaris parlamentSi, baTumi, 5 dekemberi, 2011 w. 86 interviu mufTi aslan abaSiZesTan, duaZeebi, 31 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 87 interviu mufTi aslan abaSiZesTan, xulo, 8 dekemberi, 2011 w. 88 xulos muslimuri skola-internatebis regionuli direqtoris sityvebiT, yoveldRiurad studentebi saaTnaxevris ganmavlobaSi mecadineoben religiaSi da


23 | P a g e

aris saxelmwifo dafinansebaze da arc oficialurad aris registrirebuli, rogorc saswavlo dawesebuleba, am droisaTvis ar arsebobs meqanizmi, romelic gaakontrolebs swavlebis Sinaarss an xarisxs.89 rac Seexeba muslimanobasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebis marTvas, aWaraSi amaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba regionul muftiats an sasuliero saqmeebis sabWos baTumSi. aWaris muftiats, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs aWarisa da zogadad saqarTvelos muslimi mosaxleobis mufTi jemal paqsaZe, ekisreba religiuri da zogadad, religiuri mniSvnelobis problemebis mogvareba regionSi. aseTive administraciuli struqtura funqcionirebs raionul doneze. aWaris TiToeul raions aqvs sakuTari muftiati da hyavs mufTi, romelsac evaleba raionul imamebTan dakavSireba, romlebic loculoben sxvadasxva individualur meCeTebSi. Tavis mxriv, raionuli mufTebi TavianTi zedamxedvelobis qveS arsebuli zonebidan awvdian religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul nebismier informacias baTumis muftiats. miuxedavad amisa, urTierToba oficialur muftiatsa da raionul muftiatebs Soris yovelTvis ar aris sanimuSo. kerZod, aWaris raionebis zogierTi muslimi lideris azriT baTumis oficialur muftiats axlo urTierToba aqvs mTavrobasTan, ris gamoc is ar aris neitraluri religiur sakiTxebSi.90 baTumis oficialur muftiatsa da raionebis muslimur administraciebs Soris ar arsebobs koordiancia da kavSirebi. ufunqcio

“yuradRebas amaxvileben muhamedis cxovrebaze, muslimTa mdgomareobaze adreul xanaSi da imaze, Tu ra rolis TamaSi SeuZlia islams maT momaval cxovrebaSi.” mokled iswavleba qristianobac. garda amisa, am skolebSi SerCeviT aswavlian aseve arareligiur sagnebs da amzadeben moswavleebs gamocdebis Casabareblad. interviu xulos muftiatSi, 28 oqtomberi, 2011. 89 interviu profesor ruslan baramiZesTan, baTumi, 6 dekemberi, 2011. 90 iqve.

administraciuli situaciis gamo, aWaraSi arsebuli adgilobrivi muslimuri institutebis sayrdens warmoadgens regionSi moqmedi damoukidebeli saqvelmoqmedo muslimuri organizaciebi. am organizaciebs Sorisaa ‘qarTveli axalgazrdebis daxmarebis asociacia’, madli-2005, ‘TeologTa kavSiri’, ‘yuranis qarTulad Targmnisa da mecnieruli kvlevis asociacia’, ‘qarTvel muslimTa kavSiri’ da ‘saqarTvelo-TurqeTis megobrobis asociacia’. imis gamo, rom mTavroba ar afinansebs TiTqmis arcerT muslimur instituts, amgvari organizaciebi mTavar rols TamaSoben meCeTebisa da madrasahebis funqcionirebaSi. muslimur organizaciebs da meCeTebs, madrasahebsa da raionul muftiatebs Soris partniorobis Sedegad xdeba meCeTebis mSeneblobisa da restavraciis dafinanseba, muslimuri sadReRamiso skolebis funqcionireba da mTavari islamuri dResaswaulebis dros sakvebis uzrunvelyofa.91 islamuri organizaciebidan, yvelas ara aqvs SesaniSnavi urTierToba oficialur muftiatTan. rogorc bevri adgilobrivi islamuri instituti aWaris raionebSi, zogierTi es organizacia muftiats mTavrobis nawilad miiCnevs.92 aseve, xSirad SeuTanxmeblobaa TviT am islamur organizaciebs Soris, rac umTavresad gamowveulia gansxvavebuli Teologiuri SexedulebebiT. aWaris mTavrobis erTerTi maRalCinosnis sityvebiT, amgvari Teologiuri uTanxmoeba sazianoa, radgan, saboloo jamSi, es gamoiwvevs ganxeTqilebas aWaris muslim mosaxleobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, islamuri organizaciebi TiTqmis ar TanamSromloben urTierTSoris mTavari religiuri dResaswaulebis dros, TiToeuli maTgani awyobs sakuTar

91 organizacia madli-2005, magaliTad, pasuxismgebelia eqvsi skola-internatis - madrasahis xelmZRvanelobaze xulos raionSi. 92 am tendencias gamonaklisebic aqvs. oficialur muftiats kargi urTierToba aqvs ‘qarTveli axalgazrdebis daxmarebis asociaciasTan’ da am or uwyebas saerTo TanamSromlebic ki hyavs.


24 | P a g e

dResaswauls da TiTqmis ara aqvs urTierToba sxva organizaciebTan.93 imis gamo, rom aWaraSi arsebul islamur institutebs da organizaciebs saxelmwifo ar afinansebs, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba garedan miRebul daxmarebas. muslimuri organizaciebis da adgilobrivi muslimuri institutebis funqcionirebis dafinansebaSi mTavar rols TurqeTi TamaSobs. magaliTad, TiToeul qarTul muslimur organizacias kavSiri aqvs TurqeTis religiur fodTan, saidanac isini iReben finansur da materialur daxmarebas.94 aWaris muslim mosaxleobas daxmarebas uwevs aseve, TurqeTis yvelaze metad avtoritetuli oficialuri organo Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (religiuri saqmeebis uzenaesi organo). saxeldobr, Diyanet-i TanamSromlobs regionis sasuliero sabWosTan da exmareba axalgazrda aWarel muslimebs religia TurqeTSi Seiswavlon.95 garda amisa, TurqeTis kerZo moqalaqeebi, xSirad TurqeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi, mniSvnelovan finansur daxmarebas uweven aWaris muslimur institutebsa da

93 interviu aWaris parlamentSi, baTumi, 5 dekemberi, 2011. 94 interviu profesor ruslan baramiZesTan, baTumi, 6 dekemberi, 2011. 95 Diyanet ‐i pasuxismgebelia moiwvios evraziis islamuri sabWo (EIC), romelic Seiqmna 1995 wels im mizniT, rom xeli Seuwyos TanamSromlobas sasuliero sabWoebs Soris yofili sabWoTa kavSiris da yofili iugoslaviis muslimur zonebSi. magaliTad, me-7 EIC-m miiRo rezolucia eTargmna da gamoeqveynebina islamuri literatura sxvadasxva enebze. 2008 wels Diyanet ‐ma qarTul enaze gamoaqveyna bukletis eqvsi aTasi egzempliari saxelwodebiT “me vswavlob Cems religias”, rasac mohyva sxva bukletebic - “me vswavlob Cems yurans” da “me vswavlob Cemi mociqulis cxovrebas.” Diyanet ‐ma didi roli iTamaSa muslimTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi. 2008 wels am organizaciam gasca 139 stipendia qarTvel muslimebze, raTa isini daswrebodnen “yuranis kursebs” TurqeTSi. Şenol Korkut, “The Diyanet of Turkey and Its Activities in Eurasia after the Cold War,” in Acta Slavica Iaponica, Tomus 28 (2009), pp. 125‐126; pp. 132‐133.

organizaciebs kerZo Semowirulobebis saxiT.96 97 TurqeTi aWaris religiur sakiTxebze arapirdapir zegavlenas axdens aseve, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli migraciuli sqemebiTac. es programa iTvaliswinebs aWareli axalgazrdebis TurqeTis qalaqebSi droebiT cxovrebas, rogorc religiuri, ise arareligiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis mizniT. aWareli muslimi liderebis umravlesoba religiur codnas iRrmavebs TurqeTis muslimur institutebSi.98 aWaris muslimi mosaxleobis axalgazrda, ufro religiur segmentSi popularulia e.w. “yuranis kursebi”.99 imis gamo, rom TurqeTSi ganaTleba ufasoa, bevri aWareli studenti arareligiuri sagnebis Seswavlasac TurqeTSi arCevs. miuxedavad am tipis ganaTlebis arareligiuri xasiaTisa, xSirad aWarel studentebs TurqeTSi uZlierdebaT muslimuri identobis grZnoba, romelic maT sabolood saqarTveloSi mohyvebaT.100 islamis aRorZineba zemo aWaraSi mimdinareobda qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gafarTovebis paralelurad. bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi adgilobrivi islamuri

96 Turquli organizaciebisa da kerZo donorebis mier dafinansebis faqti kargad aris cnobili, Tumca, imis gamo, rom es procesi gamWvirvale ar aris, Znelia imis dadgena, Tu ra odenobis finansur daxmarebas aqvs adgili. interviu profesor giorgi sanikiZesTan, Tbilisi, 11 noemberi, 2011 w. 97 zemo aWaraSi bevr axal da aRdgenil meCeTze gamokrulia abrebi, romlebzec miTiTebulia TurqeTSi mcxovrebi kerZo donorebis vinaoba. magaliTad, didaWaris, istoriul axlad aRdgenil meCeTze gamokrulia abra, romelzedac rogorc qarTulad, ise Turqulad weria: “gaixsna RvTismsaxurebisaTvis 2002 wels Zmebis - samsun baTrali aidinis da ahmed karahmeto-gunaris mier”. 98 interviu mufTi jemal paqsaZesTan, baTumi, 13 dekemberi, 2011 w. 99 interviu profesor ruslan baramiZesTan, baTumi, 6 dekemberi, 2011 w. 100 interviu profesor giorgi sanikiZesTan, Tbilisi, 11 noemberi, 2011 w.


25 | P a g e

institutebisa da organizaciebis raodenoba gaizarda da amasTan, rasakvirvelia, mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili ufro religiuri gaxda. Tumca, am procesebis araTanabar ganviTarebas mohyva ganxeTqileba aWaris muslimur sazogadoebaSi kerZod, oficialur muftiatsa da adgilobriv islamur institutebsa da organizaciebs, aseve, TviT damoukidebel organizaciebs Soris, ramac meti gasaqani misca moqmedebisaTvis ucxoel damfinanseblebs, gansakuTrebiT, TurqeTis religiur organizaciebs. amavdroulad, bevri aWareli muslimi grZnobs, rom saxelmwifo tradiciul daxmarebas aRar uwevs muslimur institutebs, rac mianiSnebs saxelmwifos mier islamis diskriminaciaze. rogorc es aRwerilia momdevno nawilSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobam axlaxans miiRo mTeli rigi calmxrivi gadawyvetilebebisa erovnuli umciresobebis religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. am gadawyvetilebebis mizans savaraudod, aWaris muslimi mosaxleobisa da sxva religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis problemebis mogvareba warmoadgens.

VI. muslimTa socialuri

gariyulobis SegrZneba da zewola samoqalaqo integraciisaTvis

nacionalisturi mowodebebi, marTlmadideblobisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba sajaro saswavleblebis istoriis saswavlo programaSi da saxelmwifos mier marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mfarveloba post-sabWoTa saqarTveloSi garkveuli problemebis winaSe ayenebs aWaris muslimur sazogadoebas. sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenlebs Soris regionSi kargi urTierTobaa da aWarlebi arasdros amJRavneben antipaTias sxva religiuri tradiciebis mqone TavianTi mezoblebisadmi. Tumca, ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom arsebobs diskriminaciis SegrZneba regionis muslim liderebsa da

muslimi mosaxleobis ufro Rrmad religiur nawilSi (e.i. ara saSualo fenaSi).

bevri, Rrmad morwmune muslimi aWaraSi, SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom qarTul nacionalur identobaSi mTavar rols marTlmadidebloba TamaSobs, Tumca, qarTveli muslimebi iseTive mxurvale patriotebi arian, rogorc maTi qristiani Tanamemamuleni. yvela qarTveli muslimi interviuSi amJRavnebda erTgulebas qarTveli eris mimarT da mtkiced iyo darwmunebuli, rom islamuri rwmena xels ar uSlida maT, daecvaT erovnuli interesebi. erTma cnobilma muslimma liderma interviuSi Tqva “Cven gvinda, rom Cveni saxelmwifo [saqarTvelo] iyos Zlieri, Cven mogvwons demokratiuli kanonebi. Cveni qveyana iswrafvis evro-atlantikuri integraciisaken da Cven, muslimebi, mxars vuWerT mas.101 ECMI-s interviuebidan dagrovili informaciidan Cans, rom zogierT muslims aqvs msubuqad gamoxatuli socialuri gariyulobis SegrZneba saqarTvelos nacionalisturi politikis gamo. qarTveli mufTi jemal paqsaZe amas Semdegnairad aRwers: “uwin mTavroba arasdros atarebda konsultaciebs muslimebTan religiisa da erovnuli identobis sakiTxebze. amis gamo, muslimebs namdvilad ar hqondaT SesaZlebloba, daemyarebinaT urTierToba mTavrobasTan an daearsebinaT religiuri swavlebis fakultetebi. Cven ar gvinda, rom mTavrobam Cveni religia pedestalze Semodos, ubralod, Cven gvinda Tanasworoba [qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan]. qarTveli muslimebic iReben msxverpls qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis. magaliTad, bevri muslimi msaxurobs armiaSi, magram aseT faqtebs xSirad yuradRebas ar aqceven.”102

amgvarad, muslimebs Soris arsebobs azri, rom bevri qristiani

101 interviu mufTi aslan abaSiZesTan, xulo, 31 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 102 interviu mufTi jemal paqsaZesTan, baTumi, 13 dekemberi, 2011 w.


26 | P a g e

qarTveli ar Tvlis maT Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos kanonier wevrebad.

muslimTa azri socialur gariyulobasTan mimarTebaSi sxva konteqstebidanac kargad Cans. gansakuTrebiT, naTlad aris es gamoxatuli saxelmwifos dauintereseblobaSi, Tu ra mdgomareobaSia da rogor funqcionirebs muslimuri institutebi. gansxvavebiT aWaraSi arsebuli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri institutebisa, muslimuri institutebi, garda baTumis meCeTisa, romelzec qvemoT iqneba saubari, ar Rebuloben saxelmwifo dafinansebas remontis, mSeneblobis Tu ganaTlebisaTvis. amis nacvlad, muslimuri institutebi mTlianad arian damokidebuli Semowirulobebsa da TurqeTidan miRebul dafinansebaze. Tumca, misi odenoba ver Seedreba im dafinansebas, romelsac Rebulobs qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia.103

zemo aWaraSi mcxovreb bevr muslims saxelmwifos mxridan diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebiT azri ganumtkica 2010 wlis dasawyisSi momxdarma incidentma, romelic ukavSirdeba muslimur saqvelmoqmedo fonds ‘madli-2005’-s xulos raionSi. Tbilisis ‘adamianis uflebaTa centris’ (Human Rights Centre) angariSis mixedviT, xulos raionul centrSi arsebuli religiuri skola, romelic funqcionirebda ‘madli-2005’-is daxmarebiT, daixura adgilobrivi

103 amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT mravlismTqmelia Suaxevis muftiatis SemTxveva. muftiati mdebreobs sof. xiCaurSi, tbel abuseriZis saxelobis universitetis momijnaved. qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul universitets ukavia ZviradRirebuli da kargad daculi yofili samxedro bazis teritoria, romelic eklesias saxelmwifom gadasca, xolo, muftiati ganTavsebulia yofili satelevizio sadguris patara SenobaSi. muftiatis amJamindeli Senoba 2010 wels iyida muslimTa sammarTvelom saxelmwifo auqcionze. interviu Suaxevis raionis mufTisTan, baTumi, 10 dekemberi, 2011 w.

xelisuflebis organoebis mier, mas Semdeg, rac xelvaCauris raionulma sasamarTlom gamoaqveyna ganaCeni, romlis Tanaxmadac ‘madli-2005’ ar ixdida skolaze dakisrebul gadasaxadebs da damnaSave iyo qonebis ‘yalbi mflobelobisaTvis’.104 2010 wels gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobisTvis daapatimres fondis xelmZRvaneli da direqtorTa sabWos wevri SoTa gabaiZe. Sabolood, is mainc gaaTavisufles TavdebiT, Tumca, aiZules gadaexada jarima 5000 laris odenobiT da gadaeca ‘madli-2005’-is Senoba saxelmwifosTvis.105

104 am angariSis mixedviT ‘yalbi mflobeloba’ exeba faqts, rodesac xdeba piris, rogorc qonebis mflobelis registracia, Tumca, realurad qonebis mflobeli aris sxva piri an organizacia. am SeTxvevaSi xelvaCauris raionuli sasamarTlos mtkicebiT madli-2005 iyo im Senobebis mflobeli, romlebSic misi skolebi funqcionirebda, Tumca, faqtobrivad, mTeli es qoneba daregistrirebuli iyo kerZo piris, sof. beRleTis mcxovreb jumber kaxaZis saxelze. ufro SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom ‘sajaro reestris erovnulma saagentom’ daadastura kaxaZis mflobelobis faqti xuloSi arsebul qonebaze, romelic ukve iyo ijariT gadacemuli madli-2005 -saTvis aTwliani vadiT. aWaris aRmasrulebelma biurom mosTxova sajaro reestrs amonaweri aRniSnul qonebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tavdapirvelad moTxovnaze maT uari miiRes, saboloo jamSi ki, 2010 wlis 10 ivniss man gasca es amonaweri, romlis mixedviTac aRniSnuli qoneba daregistrirebuli iyo rogorc aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis sakuTreba. amonaweris mixedviT amis samarTlebriv safuZvlad iTvleboda “saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba #495 24.04.2010”, Tumca, amonaweris gacemis momentisaTvis, 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelos mTavrobas amoqmedebuli hqonda mxolod 165 dadgenileba. amgvarad, aRniSnuli amonaweri gaica mTavrobis wevrTa gankargulebiT da ara #495 dadgenilebis safuZvelze. 105 faqtobrivad, es iyo samarTlebrivad dausabuTebeli, radgan am organizaciis sabWos danarCen wevrebs xeli unda moeweraT xelSekrulebaze qonebis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze. madli-2005 da oponentebi amtkiceben, rom qonebis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema ukanono iyo pirvel rigSi imitom,


27 | P a g e

amis Semdeg, maleve, 2010 wels adgilobrivma xelisuflebam skolis daxurva moindoma.106

xulos raionul centrSi ‘madli-2005’-is skolis daxurvis mcdelobas adgilobrivi muslimebis protestis ramdenime talRa mohyva. meore saprotesto aqcias eswrebodnen damoukidebeli satelevizio sadguris TV25-is Jurnalistebi, romlebic intervius iRebdnen momitingeebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenlebisgan. TV25-is JurnalistebTan interviuSi erTma xandazmulma qalma ganacxada, “Cven yvela qarTvelebi varT, muslimi iqneba es Tu qristiani. Cven ar gvinda am skolis daxurva; Cven gvinda is SemovunaxoT Cvens Svilebs. yvelas SeuZlia ilocos iq sadac surs, aq eklesiebic aris da meCeTebic. Cven aravis vawuxebT da nurc Cven Segvawuxebs nuravin.” am skolis dadebiT socialur rols xazs usvamdnen aseve, momitingeebic. sxva qalis sityvebiT, “es aris SesaniSnavi skola, sadac Rarib bavSvebs acmeven, aWmeven da aswavlian. isini maT Tavazian, keTil adamianebad zrdian, raTa quCaSi gasulebi banditebad ar iqcnen.” erT moxuci kacis azriT, skolis moswavleebi “aq swavloben patiosnebasa da sikeTes. diax, isini swavloben religias, romelic Seicavs am komponentebs.”107

gabaiZis mier Senobis mTavrobisaTvis gadacemis Semdeg xelisuflebam Tavidan ganizraxa daearsebina ‘axalgazrdobis centri’

rom nageboba teqnikurad ekuTvnoda kerZo moqalaqes da ara saqvelmoqmedo organizacias. rac Seexeba gadasaxadebs, am organizaciasTan dakavSirebulma pirebma ECMI-s uTxres, rom madli-2005 ar unda yofiliyo daqvemdebarebuli gadasaxdebis gadaxdas, radgan is funqcionirebda mxolod saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulobebis safuZvelze. 106 “Muslim Protest,” in Religions in Georgia, the Human Rights Center (HRIDC), 16 February 2011 http://religiebi.info/index.php?a=main&pid=17&lang=eng. 107 P’rot’est’I khuloshi, TV 25, 31 July 2010,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXA7ATqaYVw

skolaSi,108 rasac mZafri reaqcia mohyva adgilobrivi muslimebis mxridan. mTavroba nawilobriv daTmobaze wavida da Senoba daqvemdebarebaSi gadasca aWaris muftiats baTumSi. amJamad, Senoba kvlav funqcionirebs da ‘madli-2005’ kvlav atarebs iq religiis gakveTilebs.

‘madli-2005’-is incidentma bevri kuTxiT gardatexa Seitana saxelmwifosa da muslimTa urTierTobaSi zemo aWaraSi, radgan am masStabis vnebaTa Relvis sajarod gamoxatulebas 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg iSviaTad Tu hqonia adgili. es epizodi mniSvnelovani iyo imiTac, rom is moxda maSin, roca saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar unda hqonoda amgvari, potenciurad feTqebadi mdgomareoba sazogadoebasTan urTierTobaSi. konkretulad, xelisuflebis qmedeba winaaRmdegobaSi iyo samoqalaqo integraciis oficialur politikasTan, romelsac saqarTvelos mTavroba axorcielebda vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, raTa ganemtkicebina urTierTobebi dasavleTTan da moemzadebina saqarTvelo evrokavSiris SesaZlo kandidatobisaTvis.109

108 jumber kaxaZem, Senobis mflobelma, ganacxda, rom xulos raionis guberntoris levan abaSiZis miTiTebiT, Senoba unda gadasuliyo qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi, rasac abaSiZe uaryofs. 109 rogorc erTerTi qarTveli politikuri analitikosi aRniSnavs, “saqarTvelos mtkiceba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom is aris liberal-demokratiuli saxelwifo emsaxureba misi identobis Camoyalibebas, im gagebiT, rom qveyanas surs iyos liberalur-demokratiuli, raTa daamtkicos, rom dasavluri tipis qveyanaa da SeuZlia iyos Tanamedrove nacionaluri saxelmwifo. . .” Tumca, amgvari modernizebuli proeqtebi xSirad iwveven ukureaqcias konservatiuli elementebis mxridan - am SemTxvevaSi es aris qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romelic ‘liberalur ideologias’ uyurebs rogorc safrTxes tradiciuli erovnuli koncefciis mimarT. gia nodia da robert legvoldi; Ghia Nodia, “Georgia: Dimensions of Insecurity,” in Statehood and Security: Georgia After the Rose Revolution, Bruno Coppieters and Robert Legvold, eds., The MIT Press, Cambridge (2005), p. 73.


28 | P a g e

vinaidan saakaSvilis mTavroba SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda religiur umciresobaTa uflebebs misi mmarTvelobis TiTqmis mTeli drois ganmavlobaSi,110 2011 wels ganviTarebulma rigma movlenebma aCvena, rom mTavroba ufro seriozulad unda moekidos religiur umciresobaTa jgufebs. pirveli aseTi qmedeba iyo maisSi ‘saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos’ Seqmna.111 sammarTvelo ar warmoadgens saxelmwifo uwyebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is Seiqmna saqarTvelos mTavrobis daxmarebiT. uwyebas xelmZRvaneloben Seixi vagif akapilovi, eTnikuri azerbaijaneli qvemo qarTlis regionidan; mufTi jemal paqsaZe, romelic amJamad aris aWarisa da mTeli saqarTvelos mufTi; da Tbilisis juma meCeTis imami iasin alievi. ‘saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelo’ oficialurad emsaxureba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb muslimTa yvela jgufs, eTnikur azerbaijanelebs qvemo qarTlSi da eTnikur qistebs pankisis xeobaSi. es aris saqarTvelos muslimTa warmomadgenloba mTavrobis doneze da am uwyebis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli piris sityvebiT, misi mizania iyos “xidi muslimTa sazogadoebasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris.”112

meore mniSvnelovani qmedeba samoqalaqo integraciasTan da umciresobaTa religiasTan dakavSirebiT

110 ix. iqve. 111 1980-iani wlebis Semdeg kavkasieli muslimebi moeqcnen baqoSi dafuZnebuli ‘kavkasiis muslimTa sammarTvelos’ religiuri iurisdiqciis qveS. sammarTvelo, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda alahSukur faSazade, iyo saxelmwifos mier kontrolirebadi religiuri uwyeba, romlis mizans warmoadgenda muslimTa saqmeebis zedamxedveloba regionSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sammarTvelo ganagrZobda funqcionirebas da inarCunebda sasuliero iurisdiqcias regionis muslimebze. ar aris gasakviri, rom kavkasiis muslimTa sammarTvelos reaqcia saqarTvelos muslimTa samarTvelos Seqmnaze uaryofiTi iyo. 112 Sahin abasovi; Shahin Abbasov, “Azerbaijan and

Georgia: Rival Groups Seek to Speak for Georgia’s Muslims,” EurasiaNet, 7 July 2011, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63822.

iyo saakaSvilis mTavrobis mier religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis registraciis Sesaxeb kanonis miReba ivlisSi. axali kanonis mixedviT, im religiur jgufebs, romlebsac “axlo istoriuli” kavSiri aqvT saqarTvelosTan, SeuZliaT daregistrirdnen rogorc e.w. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi. aRniSnuli iuridiuli statusi, romelic amJamad miniWebuli aqvs samTavrobo uwyebaTa umravlesobas, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesias, aris im statusze maRali, romelsac tradiciulad flobdnen religiur umciresobaTa jgufebi. maTi statusi iyo kerZo samarTlis arakomerciuli erTeuli. pirveli oficialur aRiarebas aniWebs religiur jgufs, maSin, roca es ukanaskneli aris arasamTavrobo organizaciis samarTlebrivi statusis tolfasi.113 kanonis miRebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelo, iseve, rogorc laTin kaTolikeTa kavkasiis administracia, asiriel-qaldevel kaTolikeTa sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi da iezidTa sasuliero kreba saqarTveloSi, daregistrirdnen rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi.114 amgvarad, religiur umciresobaTa es jgufebi iuridiulad gauTanabrdnen saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur eklesias, Tumca, realurad, 2002 wlis konkordati eklesias gacilebiT met privilegiebs aniWebs.115

113 iqve. 114 “Four Groups Registered For Now Under New Law of Legal Status of Religious Minorities,” Civil Georgia, 28 September 2011, http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=23974. 115 miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia kritikulad aris ganwyobili registraciis kanonis mimarT. garda imisa, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saqmeSi uflebamoklebulad grZnoben Tavs, bevri eklesiis msaxuri miiCnevs, rom es kanoni aris eklesiisa da qarTveli erisadmi miyenebuli dartyma. maTi azriT, mTavroba did daTmobaze wavida ‘ucxouri’ religiuri jgufebis mimarT, imiT, rom misca am jgufebs ufleba pretenzia gamoecxadebinaT ‘teritoriaze’ (e.i. religiur nagebobebze) saqarTveloSi da daekanonebinaT TavianTi


29 | P a g e

ramdenadme kritikis sagani gaxda, is Tu rogor xdeboda am zomebis miReba. religiis eqspertis levan abaSiZis azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom TavisTavad es aris dadebiTi nabiji, am zomebis amoqmedebamde saqarTvelos mTavrobas arc ufiqria, Caetarebina kosultaciebi Sesabamis religiur jgufebTan.116 evrokavSiris erTerTma maRalCinosanma aseve aRniSna, rom amgvari cvlilebebi ufro mianiSnebda mTavrobis survils, esiamovnebina dasavleTi da amave dros, Seeferxebina damoukidebeli religiuri jgufebis TviTmowyoba mTavrobis kontrolis gareSe.117 aseve, 2011 wels qvemo qarTlis regionSi ECMI-s mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi bevri azerbaijanelis reaqcia uaryofiTi iyo saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos Seqmnasa da registraciis kanonis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT.118

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos Seqmna da registraciis kanonis miReba dadebiTi faqtia aWareli muslimebisaTvis. upirveles yovlisa, am zomebma ukve moitana dadebiTi Sedegebi ramdenime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. registraciis kanonis miRebamde muslimi religiuri

mflobeloba maTze; amisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTul eklesias sanacvlod ar miuRia msgavsi statusi arc TurqeTSi da arc somxeTSi, sadac qarTuli istoriuli marTlmadidebluri Zeglebi mniSvnelovani raodenobiT mdebareobs. am kanonze saubrisas, erT-erTma mRvdelma xuloSi Tqva: “TurqeTsa da somxeTSi bevria qarTuli teritoriebi [eklesiebi da monastrebi], magram me rom iq Cavide, ar meqneba igive uflebebi, radganac qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias ara aqvs iq iseTive statusi [rogorc ucxour religiur jgufebs aq]. ai es gaakeTa registraciis kanonma. ratom unda mivceT Cven maT statusi saqarTveloSi, rodesac maT ar surT gaakeTon igive?” interviu xuloSi, 18 oqtomberi, 2011 w. 116 interviu religiis eqspert levan abaSiZesTan, Tbilisi, 29 noemberi, 2011 w. 117 interviu TbilisSi, 29 noemberi, 2011 w. 118 ix. konor prasadi, ECMI-s samuSao moxseneba #58 "Georgia`s Muslim Community: A Self‐ Fulfilling

Prophecy?”.

pirebi flobdnen araoficialur dokumentacias TavianT Sesabamis religiur titulebTan dakavSirebiT (mag.: imami, mufTi). dRes ukve muslim liderebs SeuZliaT oficialurad Seitanon TavianTi statusi specialur saregistracio siaSi, riTac mniSvnelovnad izrdeba maTi statusis kanoniereba rigiTi muslimebis TvalSi. aseve, ufro ioli gaxda, Teoriulad mainc, meCeTebis mSenebloba, rasac adre yovelTvis arTulebda adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebis mier nebarTvis gacemis saWiroeba.119 erT SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda, aseve, finansur sargebelsac. konkretulad, baTumis meCeTma, romelic amave dros aris regionis oficialuri muftiatis centraluri adgilsamyofeli, daiwyo finansuri daxmarebis miReba saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis.120

yvela is muslimi lideri, romlebsac ECMI-m interviu CamoarTva, dadebiTad da imedianad iyo ganwyobili saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos SeqmniTa da regitraciis kanonis miRebiT, vinaidan bevr muslims didi xania hqonda iseTi organizaciis Seqmnis survili, romelsac eqneboda ufleba, saxelmwifo doneze warmoedgina maTi religiuri interesebi. miuxedavad amisa, muslimi liderebi aRiareben imasac, rom es zomebi saboloo jamSi SesaZloa araefeqturi gamodges. garda baTumis meCeTisa, axali kanoniT, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos mxridan finansuri daxmarebis miRebis winapirobas, aWaraSi arsebuli arcerTi sxva islamuri nageboba oficialurad ar iyo daregistrirebuli. xulos mufTis aslan abaSiZis sityvebiT, xulos muftiatis administraciam ukve ramdenjerme warudgina saxelmwifos moTxovna finansur daxmarebaze meCeTebis saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis, magram

119 am zomebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg arcerTi axali meCeTis mSenebloba ar dawyebula. interviu profesor ruslan baramiZesTan, baTumi, 6 dekemberi, 2011 w. 120 dekembris dasawyisSi, ECMI-s savele samuSaoebis dros, saremonto samuSaoebi ukve dawyebuli iyo.


30 | P a g e

amaod. “kargi iqneboda saxelmwifosgan gvqonoda finansuri daxmareba meCeTebis SesakeTeblad, magram ar varT darwmunebuli, rom saxelmwifo realurad gaiTvaliswinebs Cvens Txovnas. Cven ukve araerTxel viTxoveT, magram aqamde pasuxi ar migviRia.121 mufTma jemal paqsaZem, aseve, aRiara, rom Tu saxelmwifo miiRebs finansuri daxmarebis gamoyofis gadawyvetilebas, mainc saWiro gaxdeba damatebiTi finansebi.122

amgvarad, saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos Seqmna da registraciis axali kanonis miReba, orive warmoadgens wingadadgmul nabijs samoqalaqo integraciisa da evropasTan daaxlovebis gzaze. Tumca, aRniSnuli zomebis efeqturoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra sargebels moutans is aWaris muslim mosaxleobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganxorcielda religiur pirTa oficialuri registracia da baTumis meCeTis saremonto samuSaoebic dawyebulia, upasuxod rCeba finasuri daxmarebis moTxovna sxva muslimuri nagebobebis SekeTebis Taobaze. yvela muslim liders imedi aqvs, rom saxelmwifo daxmareba gaizrdeba, Tumca, maTi umravlesoba xvdeba, rom gaurkvevelia, momavalSi ganxorcieldeba Tu ara es zomebi.

VII. daskvna am samuSao moxsenebis mizani iyo,

warmoedgina aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi religiasTan dakavSirebiT amJamad arsebuli situacia. post-sabWoTa periodSi, politikuri movlenebis ganviTarebis fonze am regionSi muslimuri identoba Sesustda, rasac mohyva qarTuli marTlmadideblobisa da qarTuli erovnuli identobis sruliad eqskluziuri dakavSireba. amis Sedegad, aWaris muslimi mosaxleobis nawilma, magaliTad, axalgazrdobam, socialurad mobilurma da SedarebiT ganaTlebulma

121 interviu mufTi aslan abaSiZesTan, xulo, 8 dekemberi, 2011 w. 122 interviu mufTi jemal paqsaZesTan, baTumi, 13 dekemberi, 2011 w.

saSualo fenam, aseve, qalaqSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam Secvala sakuTari religiuri identoba. zogierTebma arCies qristianobis miReba, sxvebma ki sakuTari muslimuri identobis daknineba. amavdroulad, saqarTvelos marTlmadideblurma eklesiam gza gaikvlia aWaraSi, gansakuTrebiT dablobSi da ufro naklebi, Tumca mzardi intensiobiT, Suaxevisa da xulos maRalmTian raionebSi. grZeldeba eklesiebis mSenebloba da regionis bevri mniSvnelovani saswavlo dawesebuleba qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSia. garda amisa, saSualo skolebSi, saqarTvelos istoriaSi religiis mniSvnelobis swavlebisas, aqcenti TiTqmis mTlianad qristianobaze keTdeba, rac umTavresad imis Sedegia, rom qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias gaaCnia saxalxo ganaTlebis dargSi konsultaciebis gawevis privilegia. Tumca, rCeba aWaris mosaxleobis sakmaod didi nawili, romelsac surs muslimuri tradiciebis SenarCuneba. aseT muslimebs gaaCniaT uryevi erTgulebis grZnoba qarTveli erisadmi da bevri sxva qarTvelisgan gansxvavebiT, ver xedaven winaaRmdegobas TavianT muslimur rwmenasa da qarTul identobas Soris. ZiriTadad ki, albaT, aWarel muslimebs surT, rom efeqturi samoqalaqo integracia da samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTareba ar iyos damokidebuli religiur kuTvnilebaze. mniSvnelovania, aseve, vaRiaroT, rom garda imisa, rom regionSi sul ufro metad ikidebs fexs qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia da izrdeba im aWarelTa ricxvi, romlebic iReben qristianobas, xdeba muslimuri institutebis aRmoceneba. Tumca, unda iTqvas isic, rom es procesi araproporciulia regionis muslim mosaxleobas Soris Teologiuri da geografiuli gansxvavebis gamo, rom araferi iTqvas ucxoeTidan zegavlenaze. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, urTierToba aWaraSi religiur jgufebs Soris normaluria, Tumca, mainc arsebobs problemebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba muslimTa SegrZnebas socialur gariyulobasTan dakavSirebiT.


31 | P a g e

radiciebTan.124

saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier axlaxans gatarebuli zomebi religiur umciresobaTa jgufebis statusTan da warmomadgenlobis SeqnasTan dakavSirebiT, warmoadgens win gadadgmul nabijs saqarTvelos mier samoqalaqo integraciis proeqtis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. saqarTvelos mTavroba, yovel SemTxvevaSi sajarod, regularulad marTavs religiaTaSoris dialogs, aseve, Cveulebrivad, saakaSvili da mTavrobis sxva maRalCinosnebi (gansakuTrebiT, aWaris mTavrobis Tavmjdomare levan varSalomiZe) ulocaven muslimebs mTavar islamur dResaswaulebs. Tumca, arsebobs mTeli rigi zomebisa, romelTa miRebac SeuZlia saqarTvelos mTavrobas aWaraSi religiuri situaciis Semdgomi gaumjobesebisaTvis. saxalxo ganaTlebis sferoSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas SeeZlo nawilobriv mainc gadaexeda aWaris saSualo skolebis istoriis saswavlo programisaTvis. religiasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos konteqstSi amJamindeli istoriis programa mxolod marTlmadideblobaze akeTebs aqcents. TavisTavad is faqti, rom marTlmadidebloba asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols, ar warmoadgens problemas, vinaidan qristianobas didi xnis istoria aqvs saqarTveloSi da unda iswavlebodes, rogorc qveynis istoriis nawili. mTavar problemas warmoadgens is, rom aWaris konteqstSi sakmarisad ar aris ganxiluli islami. pedagogebis mier islami xSirad warmodgenilia rogorc otomani dampyroblebis mier ZirZveli qristiani aWarlebisaTvis Tavsmoxveuli istoriuli Secdoma. es istoriuli koncefcia namdvilad ar iTvaliswinebs im faqts, rom bevri aWareli ar uyurebs islams, rogorc istoriul Secdomas da Sesabamisad, aqvs survili SeinarCunos sakuTari muslimuri tradiciebi. aqedan gamomdinare, saswavlo programaSi SesaZlebeli iyo aWaris istoriis rogorc qristianuli, ise islamis elementebis obieqturi swavlebis gaTvaliswineba. amgvarad, adreuli asakidanve SesaZlebeli iqneboda socialuri kuTvnilebis gansazRvra da

kategoriuli azri, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom mxolod qristianebi arian miCneulni WeSmarit qarTvelebad, aRar Seqmnida problemas. kidev erTi sakiTxi, romlis mogvarebac SeeZlo saqarTvelos mTavrobas, exeba muslimi liderebis treinings. ECMI-s mier aWaraSi interviuebis Catarebisas, bevrma gamoTqva wuxili im religiuri ganaTlebis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac aWareli muslimebi iReben TurqeTsa da ucxoeTis sxva qveynebSi. aWaris mTavrobis erTerTi warmomadgenlis sityvebiT, religiuri piri, romelic sazRvargareT swavlobs, iRebs metad zedapirul codnas islamis Sesaxeb da religiur sakiTxebze Tavisuflad msjeloba ar SeuZlia.123 sxva SemTxvevebSi is religiuri Rirebulebebi, romlebsac sazRvargareT naswavli qarTveli muslimi liderebi iZenen da SemoaqvT saqarTveloSi xSirad gansxvavdeba adgilobrivi tradiciebisagan qarTul konteqstSi da amgvarad, iqmneba arakomfortul situacia, romelSic ucxouri Teologiuri elementebi winaaRmdegobaSi modis arsebul t Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos mTavrobas SeeZlo Seeqmna pirobebi, adgilobrivad yofiliyo SesaZlebeli islamuri ganaTlebis miReba. saxeldobr, SeiZleboda TbilisSi religiuri fakultetis Seqmna qveyanaSi islamis msaxurTa ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis mizniT. rasakvirvelia, es zomebi unda gatarebuliyo saqarTveloSi arsebuli sunituri da Siituri jgufebisaTvis. amgvarad, mTavroba SeZlebda religiis sferoSi treiningis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobas, riTac daakmayofilebda saqarTvelos muslimTa sulier saWiroebebs da amave dros, Tavidan aacilebda maT religiuri doqtrinisa da kulturuli tradiciebis dapirispirebas. aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom aWaraSi bevri

123 interviu aWaris parlamentSi, baTumi, 5 dekemberi, 2011 w. 124 interviu profesor ruslan baramiZesTan, baTumi, 6 dekemberi, 2011


32 | P a g e

muslimi lideri gamoxatavda religiuri ganaTlebis adgilobrivad miRebisadmi interess. amgvarive rekomendaciebi iqna gacemuli ramdenime religiis eqspertisa da mTavrobis maRalCinosnis mier. da bolos, dafinansebis sakiTxi moiTxovs ufro guldasmiT ganxilvas. samoqalaqo integraciasTan dakavSirebiT axlaxans wamoyenebuli iniciativebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, mTavrobas SeeZlo ganexila aWaraSi muslimuri institutebis dafinansebis sakiTxi. miuxedavad imisa, rom baTumis meCeTi registraciaSi iqna gatarebuli da saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis ukve iRebs saxelmwifosagan daxmarebas, sxva muslimuri nagebobebi aWaraSi jer kidev ar aris daregistrirebuli. mTavrobas albaT SeeZlo SeemuSavebina religiuri institutebis dafinansebis meTodi aWaris soflebSi, rogoricaa raionis muftiatisaTvis erTjeradi daxmarebis gadacema, xolo adgilobrivi muslimi liderebi miiRebdnen gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, Tu romeli religiuri nageboba miRebda materialur daxmarebas. gasagebia, rom dafinansebis sakiTxi cota rTulia. aWaris muslimi liderebi xvdebian, rom saxelmwifos mier meCeTebisa da madrasahebis dafinanseba SeiZleba auxdeneli ocneba iyos. amavdroulad, mTavrobis bevri warmomadgeneli mxars ar uWers amgvari finansuri daxmarebis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, farTomasStabiani daxmarebis ideas. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis ofisis erTerTma warmomadgenelma, romelic zogadad kritikulad aris ganwyobili qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mimarT, gamoxata Tavisi winaaRmdegoba ufro meti religiuri jgufebisaTvis saxelmwifo statusis miniWebis saerTo koncefciasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan “saxelmwifo iZulebuli iqneba gadauxados yvela maTgans.”125 sakiTxi

125 interviu saxalxo damcvelis tolerantobis centris ufrosTan beqa mindiaSvilTan, Tbilisi, 28 noemberi, 2011 w. Sesabamisad, mindiaSvili fiqrobs, rom ar unda iyos gansxvaveba “saxelmwifo” da “kerZo” uwyebaTa statusebs Soris, rac exeba, aseve, qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias.

muslimuri institutebisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmarebis miRebis Sesaxeb, aseve, SeusabamobaSia konstituciasTan, radgan me-9 muxlis mixedviT religia damoukidebelia saxelmwifosgan. rasakvirvelia, saxelmwifo bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi arRvevda konstitucias, rodesac pirdapir finansur daxmarebas uwevda qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesias. aWaraSi bevri muslimi lideri acnobierebs am realobas da cdilobs moiTxovos iseTive urTierToba saxelmwifosTan, rogoriTac sargeblobs qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia. religiasTan dakavSirebiT situacia aWaraSi rTulia da axlaxans ganviTarebuli movlenebis mixedviT, aseTive darCeba momavali wlebis ganmavlobaSi. am samuSao moxsenebis mizani iyo warmoedgina regionSi religiasTan dakavSirebiT amJamad arsebuli situacia. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo aWarlebis mier qristianobis miRebis tendencias, saswavlo dawesebulebebis zegavlenas religiur cxovrebaze zemo aWaraSi, saxelmwifos axal politikas religiasTan mimarTebaSi da muslimur sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebul zogierT sakiTxs. Tumca, saWiroa kvlevis gagrZeleba mTeli rigi sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis mizniT, maT Soris, regionSi arsebuli damoukidebeli islamuri organizaciebis roli da gansxvavebuli Teologiuri Sexedulebebi; TurqeTSi religiis sakiTxebis Seswavlis roli; TiToeul sofelSi raodenobrivi kvleva imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra azris arian aWarlebi regionSi arsebul religiur situaciasTan da religiur institutebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, kargi iqneba, Tu mTavroba ganaxorcielebs samoqalaqo integraciis

Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, Tu raoden didi privilegiebiT sargeblobs qarTuli eklesia, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia misi oficialuri statusis CamoqveiTeba. amgvari politika warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan konfliqts da amJamindeli mTavrobisaTvis es iqneba politikuri TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi.


33 | P a g e

zomebs aWaraSi (mag.: saqarTvelos muslimTa sammarTvelos Seqmna da registaciis kanoni) regionis muslim mosaxleobasTan konsultaciis gziT da ara calmxrivad, aseve, daarwmunebs maT imaSi, rom es programa mniSvnelovan sargeblobas moutans aRniSnul

mosaxleobas. upirveles yovlisa, mTavroba unda darwmundes, rom eTnikur qarTvel muslimebs eqcevian samarTlianad da pativiscemiT da Tvlian maT saqarTvelos kanonier moqalaqeebad, miuxedavad maTi religiuri kuTvnilebisa

avtoris Sesaxeb

Tomas lailsi Tomas lailsi aris grisnboros, CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis kurs damTavrebuli da amjamad muSaobs atlantikuri sabWos dinu patricius evraziis centrSi vaSingtonSi. Tomas lailsi ECMI-Si (saqarTvelo) mowveuli eqspertis statusiT imyofeboda 2011 wlis meore naxevarSi.

*sakontaqto informacia: [email protected]

Semdgomi informaciisTvis ixileT: EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MINORITY ISSUES (ECMI) Schiffbruecke 12 (Kompagnietor) D‐24939 Flensburg +49‐(0)461‐14 14 9‐0 * fax +49‐(0)461‐14 14 9‐19 * E‐Mail: [email protected] * Internet: http://www.ecmi.de

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.ecmi.de/

islami da religiuri transformacia awarasi

Documents