1

vasil xizaniSvili

msoflio religiebi

da

ekonomika(retrosfeqcia religiur-ekonomikuri

eTikis konteqstSi)

(saxelmZRvanelo)

gamomcemloba `loi~

Tbilisi-2018

2

v. xizaniSvili, 2018

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo <<msoflio religiebi da ekonomika>> aris siaxle da am mimarTulebis pirveli inter-disciplinaruli kvleva kavkasiaSi, romelic prof. bernard udes da prof. herman lixtenbergeris patronaJiTa da KAAD-is dafinansebiT Sesrulebul iqna fraiburgisa da tiubin-genis universitetebSi.

naSromSi warmodgenil dominant konfesiebTan mimarTebiT ganxiluli da gaanalizebulia gansxvavebul kulturul-ge-ografiul arealSi arsebuli ekonomikur qcevaTa motivebi da formebi, rac iZleva nacionalur Tu transnacionalur sameurneo midgomaTa bunebis ukeT axsnisa da garkvevis Sesa-Zleblobas.

zemoT aRniSnuli wigni gankuTvnilia studentebisa da profesor-maswavlebelTaTvis. is aseve mniSvnelovania saSu-alo da zogadi ganaTlebisTvis.

mTavari redaqtori:

prof. elguja meqvabiSvili (Tbilisis sax. universiteti)

redaqtorebi:

prof. herman lixtenbergeri (tiubingenis universiteti)prof. bernard ude (fraiburgis universiteti)

recenzentebi:

asist.prof. maia burdiaSvili, (Telavis sax. univer-siteti)

asoc.prof. loid qarCava, (kavkasiis saerTaSoriso uni-versiteti)

uak (UDC) 27-526.7+316.752.(100)

x - 531

ISBN 978-9941-9268-8-4

vasil xizaniSvili, `msoflio religiebi da ekono-mika~, gamomcemloba `loi~, Tbilisi, 2018 weli, gv. 242.

saxelmZRvanelo gamoica baton zurab feiqriSvilis

finansuri mxardaWeriT.

3

S e s a v a l i

religiebi warmoadgenen axsnad sistemebs

Seudareblad maRali sayovelTao moTxovniT.

isini sakuTar wiaRSi myof morwmuneT gadasce-

men <<sruli>> WeSmaritebis koherentul suraTs,

rac Tavad maT, sasruli cxovrebis elementaruli

negatiuri gamocdilebis intuituri axsnis Sesa-

Zleblobas aZlevT. religiur axsnad sistemebSi

Tavmoyrilia zekompleqsuri WeSmariteba da qao-

turi sisavse. amasTan, religiebi morwmuneT uxs-

nian mniSvnelovani drois horizonts: drois da

maradisobis diferencirebiT isini morwmuneTaT-

vis gasagebs xdian drois da istoriis wesrigs,

romelSic religiebs ZaluZT TiToeuli morwmu-

nis individualuri cxovrebis istoriis aRbeWvda.

<<religiis goni>>[1] mdgomareobs masSi, rom

aq individis warmavali cxovreba scdeba sayov-

elTao kauzalurobas da amgvarad, calkeuls

SeuZlia sakuTari cxovrebis elementaruli kon-

tingenciis konstruqciulad warmarTva. religi-

ur simbolur enebs gaaCniaT specifikuri (konk-

retuli) mniSvnelobis (azris) potenciali, raTa

morwmune individebma SeZlon gaxsnan transcend-

enciis (transcendentulobis) horizontebi. amas

gansakuTrebiT emsaxureba Semoqmedisa da qmni-

lis, maradisobisa da drois, imqveniuri da miwieri

cxovrebis ZiriTadi religiuri gansxvavebebi. re-

ligiur msoflmxedvelobaTa specifikur logikas

warmoadgens RmerTisken mzeris, subieqtis rCeul-

Ta krebulisken, yvela gaurkvevlobis sicxadisken

warmarTva, krizisebTan mimarTebiT rezistentul,

4

stabilur CarCowesrigTa definireba da individ-

Ta yvela negatiuri gamocdilebidan sasargeblo

realobis gacxadeba. amdendad, religia SesaZloa

gaazrebul iqnas, rogorc <<kontingenciis (gauT-

valiswinebeli) praqtikis daZleva>>[2].

wesrigis kuTxiT struqturirebadi funqcion-

irebidan gamomdinare religiuri axsnadi sisteme-

bi SeiZleba gagebul iqnas, rogorc cxovrebis we-

sis sistemebi, romlebic (umetesad) Rrmad iWrebian

da Rrma kvals toveben maTSi gaerTianebuli Ti-

Toeuli adamianis cxovrebaSi. Tumca unda aRiniS-

nos, rom religiebi gansxvavdebian xsnis sikeTeTa

materialuri gansazRvrulobiT, risi SeTavazebac

surT maT morwmuneTaTvis. isini aseve xasiaTdebi-

an garkveuli winaaRmdegobiT(antinomiebiT) xsnis

WeSmaritebis axsnasa da gadacemaSi. amasTan isini

gansxvavdebian specifikuri religiuri sikeTeebis

korelaciis formiT (mag., sulis simSvide, codvis

SiSisgan gaTavisufleba, codvili mes aRmofxvra,

RmerTTan Tanaziaroba, xsna da a.S.) da eTikuri

moTxovnebiT. amgvarad, religiebis erTi nawili

ase aerTianebs Sansebs xsnis sikeTis SeZenis Sesa-

ZleblobisTvis ukiduresad disciplinirebuli,

rigiduli cxovrebis wesis pirobiT. rac Seexeba

religiaTa meore nawils, - piriqiT, isini rela-

tiurad did Tavisufal samoqmedo sivrces tove-

ben religiurad moTxovnili maqsimebis dacvis/

aRsrulebis formasTan da intensiurobasTan mima-

rTebiT. da mainc mudam iTvleba: religiuri axs-

nadi sistemebi samyaros gansazRvruli suraTiT

gadmoscemen aseve morwmuneTa idealuri cxovrebis

wesis, Sesabamisad gansazRvrul qcevaTa maqsimebis

nimuSs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom maRalgan-

viTarebul religiur eTikas (wmindad amqveyni-

uri, Sesabamisad sekularuli eTikisgan gansxvave-

5

biT) ganskuTrebulobas sZens is garemoeba, rom aq

eTikur valdebulebaTa Sinaars ar gansazRvravs

warmatebebi. morwmunesTvis amosavali aris ara

warmateba, aramed qmedeba RvTis nebisamebr. radi-

kalur SemTxvevaSi is RvTisadmi rwmenas iCens

iqamde, vidre ar Cndeba kiTxva misi amqveyniuri

xvedris marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb. amitom iTvle-

ba: miT ufro intensiuria adamianis RvTismosao-

bis xarisxi, rac ufro mkacrad icavs is rogorc

wesi Tavisi rwmenis inherentul eTikur maqsimebs.

seriozulad miRebuli religiuri rwmena bevrad

Rrma kvals tovebs adamianis cxovrebaSi, vidre

sxva saxis mosazrebebi Tu realobebi.

religiuri axsnadi sistemebi exeba <<srul>>

WeSmaritebas. amitom aris TiToeuli religi-

uri eTika imanenturi, raTa wamoayenos pretenzia

<<mTel adamianze>> da hqondes survili, moaxdi-

nos adamianur qmedebaTa yvela sferos normire-

ba. yoveli religiuri eTika aucileblad Seicavs

aseve sakuTar Sexedulebebs adamianis ekonomikur

qmedebebze. maSinac ki, roca religiuri sazoga-

doebis eTikaSi ar vxvdebiT ekonomikur aqtivo-

baTa eqsplicitur an specifikur miniSebebsa Tu

ganmartebebs, is sabolood mainc xels uwyobs

morwmuneTa ekonomikur qmedebaTa normirebisa da

formirebis process. imitom, rom yovel religi-

ur eTikas safuZvlad udevs RmerTTan adamianis

urTierTobis gansazRvruli xedva, iseve rogorc

- misi adgili kosmosSi. yvela religiuri eTi-

ka akeTebs garkveul ganacxads adamianis samya-

rosTan urTierTobaze. amitom, materialuri gansx-

vavebebi religiur eTikebs Soris SeiZleba aseve

daxasiaTdes, rogorc adamiansa da samyaros Sesa-

bamis dadgenil urTierTobebs Soris sxvaoba. miC-

neulia: calkeul religiaTa ekonomikis eTikebi

6

elementarulad imiT gansxvavdebian, Tu religiur

simbolur enaTa garemoSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi

rogor aris mowyobili adamianis RmerTTan ur-

TierToba da Tu rogor aris aseve gansazRvruli

misi adgili kosmosSi, Sesabamisad,- misi damokide-

buleba samyarosTan.

dasavleTSi, gasuli saukunis oTxmociani wle-

bidan aseve ekonomikur mecnierebaSi Semodis

kulturul-Teoriuli sakiTxebi[3] (Sdr. makkol-

ski 1994; zigentaleri 1993; 1995). <<kulturolo-

giuri Semobrunebis>> procesSi Zveli sakiTxebi

ekonomikur qmedebaTa mentalur Tu kognitur

winapirobaTa Sesaxeb axlad gaxda gansjis sagani.

<<cognitive maps>> da <<belief systems>> marTaven in-

dividTa da koleqtiur aqtiorTa aRqmad struq-

turebs da gansazRvraven sinamdvilis maTeul

warmodgenebs. realurobis subieqturi <<images>>, xatebis mixedviT aviTareben aqtiorebi sakuTar

qmedebaTa opcionebs da gadawyvetilebebs iReben

imis Taobaze, Tu aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi rome-

li moqmedeba aris racionalurad da efeqturad

gansjadi. mecnier-ekonomistebi, rogorebic arian

viqtor vanbergi, jeims m. buxanani da hansiorg zi-

genThaleri gasuli saukunis oTxmociani wlebis

bolosa da oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi

xazs usvamdnen msgavsi yofiTi Teoriebis did

mniSvnelobas ekonomikur aqtiorTa mier gadawy-

vetilebis miRebis procesisTvis da mianiSnebdnen

e.w. <<rational choice modell>>-is sazRvarze, aRniSnuli

Teoriis dasazRvrulobaze. maTi azriT, arcerTi

adamiani Tu adamianTa jgufi sakuTar iteresebs

gamodevnebuli ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT saer-

Tod ar moqmedebs racionalurad, radgan inter-

esebze aqtiuri gamodevneba damokidebulia gage-

baze, rasac individualurad Tu koleqtiurad

7

moqmedi subieqti flobs Tavis interesTa pozici-

idan (anu, gansxvavebul interesTa mimdinare kon-

stelaciidan) da Sansebidan, sakuTar interesTa

SesaZlo ganxorcielebisTvis[4] (Sdr. Vanberg/Bu-chanan 1989). kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, specifi-

kuri winaswari gageba gansazRvravs ekonomikur

aqtiorTa molodinebs e.i. maT warmodgenebs, rac

Tavis konkurentebTan urTierTobisas vlindeba

da aseve - bazris procesis suraTs. zemoT aRniS-

nulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yve-

la ekonomikur procesSi bevrad meti kulturuli

wanamZRvaria TamaSSi, vidre es homo oeconomicus-is klasikur koncefciebSia miRebuli.

axali sensibeloba ekonomikuri procesebis

kulturuli da enobrivi safuZvlebisTvis uwin-

aresad e.w. <<evoluciur ekonomikaSi>> xels uw-

yobs imgvari xedvis formirebas, rom konkurencias

finansur da sasaqonlo bazrebze ideaTa, WeSmar-

itebis suraTTa, adaptaciis unarianobis, fleqsi-

belobis kompetenciaTa da momavlis vizionebis

elementaruli konkurenciis, Sesabamisad <<internal selection>>-is wanamZRvrebi gaaCnia. seleqcionerebi,

romlebic bazrebze aviTareben sakuTar efeqtebs,

sjian yvelas, visac ar ZaluZs an arasakmarisad

SeuZlia Tavisi subieqturi WeSmaritebis suraTi

gamocdilebaze orientirebis mixedviT gadaamow-

mos da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi Sesworebebi

Seitanos masSi. amave dros, isini ajildoeben

im aqtiorebs, romlebic zust molodinebs, e.i.

konkurentebis SesaZlo qmedebebs uZebnian axsnas

da axdenen maT sakuTar qmedebaTa opcionebisa da

Sansebis revizionur Sefasebas. rac ufro metad

aris aqtiori codnisken midrekili, miT ufro

ukeT SeZlebs is konkurenciis pirobebSi Tavi-

si miznebis realizebas. codnis miRebis mzaoba

8

da swavlisunarianoba ki gadaWriT aris damok-

idebuli masze, Tu rogor aris konstruirebuli

subieqturi cognitive maps, yofiTi Teoriebi da WeS-

maritebis suraTi. ramdenad iZleva kognituri

nimuSebi gamocdilebaTa konstruqciuli miRebisa

da damuSavebis uflebas, romlebic Tavdapirvel

miRebasTan <<WeSmaritebis>> Sesaxeb modis kon-

fliqtSi? sTavazoben ki isini aqtiorebs San-

sebs, gansazRvruli mentaluri konstruqciis uar-

sayofad, an Tavisi yofiTi Teoriebis elementTa

revizionirebisTvis, ris gareSec Tavad isini da

maTi cognitive maps mTlianad unda dadges eWqveS?

Seicaven isini koreqturis potencials? iTxoven

Tu ara isini aqtiorebisgan mzadyofnas komuni-

kaciis procesSi sxva aqtiorTa msoflmxedvelo-

bis SesamCnevad da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, -

am ucxo WeSmaritebis suraTTa elementebis Tavis

sakuTari WeSmaritebis konstruqciaSi integri-

rebisTvis? amartiveben enobrivi urTierTgagebis

procesebs, Tu xels uwyoben mudmiv gaucxoebas

sxvebis mimarT da uunarobas, - sxvaTa raime azrs

SesZinon gamomsaxveloba da mouZebnon TviTaxsna?

kulturuli aspeqtebisken Semobruneba ekono-

mikaSi, religiaTa ekonomikis eTikosebs yovel

jerze aseve maTi inherentuli reviziis da swav-

lis Sansebis mixedviT rekonstruirebis nebas

rTavs. SezRuduli axsnadi sistemis rogorc yov-

lismomcveli, zekompleqsuri kontingenciisa, aseve

cognitive maps azriT iZleva religiuri samyaros

suraTebis rekonstruirebis SesaZleblobas, rac

individTa WeSmaritebis aRqmebs warmarTavs da

monawileobas iRebs maTi Sesabamisi samoqmedo

Sansebis reprezentaciis Sesaxeb erTobliv gad-

awyvetilebebSi. ramdenadac religias saqme aqvs

xsnis WeSmaritebasTan Tu sociologiis enaze, kon-

9

tingenciis ukanasknelad vargis gadacemasTan, is

maT simbolur enebSi ganaTavsebs TviTaxsnisa da

realurobis interpretaciis sayovelTao nimuSs,

rac individualur Tu koleqtiur aqtiorebs miR-

weul SemTxvevaSi axal krizisul gamowvevebze

reagirebis SeasaZleblobas aZlevs, ris gareSec

memkvidreobiTi avtoportreti da Zveli reprezen-

taciebi erToblivad unda iqnas uaryofili. amave

moculobaSi, sadac religiuri axsnadi sistemebi

reprezentireben simbolur identobasa da saime-

do wesrigis struqturebs, isini individebsa Tu

jgufebs sTavazoben amaRlebuli swavlis unari-

anobis Sansebs. religia astabilurebs wesebisad-

mi ndobas da elementarul krizisul situaciebSi,

romlebSic azrovnebisa da moqmedebis memkvidreo-

biTi wesebi dispoziciaSi imyofebian, xels uwyo-

bs axali yofiTi Teoriebis formirebas. Tumca,

amave dros religias ZaluZs Tavis simbolur

enebSi aseve gaamyaros swavlis paTologiebi da

individebTan da jgufebTan gamocdilebis nive-

lirebas adgili hqondes ara momatebuli swavlis

mzaobiT, aramed mentaluri konstruqciis gamyare-

biT, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs gamocdilebis

rezistentulobas. religiuri axsnadi sistemebi

ekonomikurad relevanturia swored Semdeg sak-

iTxTan mimarTebiT: bazrebze warmatebis misaR-

wevad xels uwyoben Tu blokaven isini saWiro

swavlis mzaobas.

evropuli qristeanobis kolonialuri eqspansi-

is mimdinareobisas da konfesiuri mravalferovneb-

is gaTvaliswinebiT, ukve me-17-e saukunis bolosa

da me-18-e saukunis dasawyisSi iwyeba intensiuri

msjeloba religiur rwmenebsa da ekonomikur

moqmedebebs Soris SesaZlo urTierTdamokide-

bulebis sakiTxTa Taobaze. mraval protestan-

10

tul teritoriaze warmoqmnilma STambeWdavma

keTildReobam me-18-e saukunis bevr protestant

da kaTolike swavluls moakidina xeli calkeul

qveynebze religiuri faqtorebis da sakuTar mo-

qalaqeTa ekonomikuri habitusis SeswavlisTvis.

isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen

sakiTxze, Tu kaTolikur mxareTa aSkara sameurneo

CamorCeniloba ramdenad aixsneboda konfesiurad

specifikuri mentaluri mizezebiT[5] ( Graf 1997 ).

didi evropuli nacionaluri saxelmwifoebis gan-

viTarebis gansxvavebuli gzebi, romlebSic kapi-

talisturi industrializacia sxvadasxva dros

daiwyo da memkvidreobiT miRebuli dominanturi

agraruli warmoebis forma mgrZnobiares xdida

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ideur, mentalur wanamZ-

Rvrebsa Tu sxva socialur-kulturul faqtorebs.

marTalia kvlavac ucnobia Tu rodis gaCnda

<<ekonomikis eTikis>> cneba da rodis Semodis is

xmarebaSi <<religiuri ekonomikis eTikis>>, Sesa-

bamisad, <<religiaTa ekonomikis eTikis>> irgvliv

gaCenil diskursebSi. cnebebTan dakavSirebuli

istoriuli kvlevebi dRemde ar aris cnobili. sa-

varaudod, cneba Tavdapirvelad Cndeba SedarebiT

gvian, me-19-e saukunis bolos, iseTi cnebebis msgavs-

ad, rogoricaa <<ekonomikuri politika>>, <<ekono-

mikuri stili>>, <<ekonomikuri mecniereba>> da

<<ekonomikuri cxovreba>>. Tumca unda aRiniS-

nos isic, rom <<religiaTa ekonomikis eTikis>>

Tema cnebis saxiT gacilebiT adreulia. nebismier

SemTxvevaSi, gasuli saukunis samocdaaTiani wle-

bidan, swrafi kapitalisturi industrializaciis

dros, evropul sazogadoebaSi Cndeba religiur

mentalitetsa da ekonomikur habituss Soris

SesaZlo urTierTkavSirze dakvirvebis mZlavri

inteleqtualuri interesi. mravali kaTolike da

11

konservati luTerani avtoris mier moxda Taname-

drove konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli kapitalizmis

moralur-fundamenturi kritikis formulireba,

Tavisi katastrofuli sazogadoebrivi Sedegebis

efeqtiT (<<socialuri sakiTxi>>) da rogorc six-

arbis, egoizmis, mevaxSeobis da umweoTa eqsplu-

ataciis sistema maT mier iqna uaryofili. 1850

wlidan e.w. <<Kulturkämpfen>>-Tan dakavSirebul-

ma polemikurma debatebma kaTolicizmis garemos

SesaZlo <<kulturuli inferioritetis>> Sesax-

eb xeli Seuwyo mas, rom kaTolikuri qveynebisa

da regionebis ekonomikur tradicionalizmsa da

ganviTarebis deficitze potenciuri religiuri

mizezebis gavlenis Zvelma sakiTxma kvlav mi-

ipyro maTi didi yuradReba. memkvidreobiT miRe-

buli procentis kanonikuri akrZalvisa da ukve

SuasaukuneebSi sabanko Tu fulTan dakavSirebul

sxva saqmianobaSi ebraelTa iZulebiTi batonobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, 1870-ani wlebidan safrangeTsa

da germaniaSi, xSirad antisemituri mimarTule-

biT mimdinareobda msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom

Tanamedrove kapitalizmi ebraelTa gamonagoni

da mudam udidesi kapitalis akumulaciisken maTi

ltolva <<ebrauli sulis>>, Tu <<ebraelobis>>

genetikuri gamoxatuleba xom ar iyo. am farTo

kritikuli diskusiis pirobebSi, amave saukunis

bolos ebraelTa rolze Tanamedrove kapital-

isturi miznis racionalurobis warmoqmnasa da

ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT, pirvel rigSi

verner sombartis[6] mier wamowyebul diskursSi

iqna wamoyenebuli mosazreba <<kapitalizmis su-

lis>> SesaZlo protestantuli fesvebis Sesax-

eb. germaniaSi, dagvianebul, magram swraf da amave

dros krizisuli kapitalisturi modernizaciis

qveyanaSi, 1900-ani wlebisTvis istoriuli kul-

12

turologiis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili warmo-

madgeneli monawileobda samoqalaqo-asketur e.w.

<<Fachmenschententums>>-Tan dakavSirebul amgvar

kontroversebSi. <<arqivi socialur mecnierebaTa

da socialuri politikisTvis>>mier 1904 da 1905

wlebSi gamocemul, ori nawilisgan Semdgar eseSi

<<protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli>>,

maqs veberma moaxdina mZafri diskursis provo-

cireba, romelic dRemde ar kargavs Tavis aqtu-

alobas. kvlavac kontroversulad warmarTuli

debatebis safuZvelze, romlebSic istorikosebisa

da sociologebis gverdiT monawileobas iRebdnen

gamoCenili kaTolike da protestanti social-

eTikosebi, aseve ekonomistebis mier iqna wamoyen-

ebul sakiTxi ekonomikuri racionalitetis menta-

lur winapirobaTa da kulturuli safuZvlebis

Sesaxeb, rac globalizaciisadmi miZRvnil aqt-

ualur debatebSi mniSvnelovani msjelobis sa-

gans warmoadgenda, radgan naCvenebi iqna, rom ka-

pitalisturi miznis racionalitets ZaluZs Rrma

gravireba moaxdinos kulturulad Zlier gansx-

vavebul instituciaTa wesrigze. rogorc samuel

hantingtonis mier aRZrul debatebSi >>clash of civilizations<<-is Sesaxeb, ise miSel albertis Zlier

STambeWdav dikusiaSi >>capitalisme contre capitalisme<< ikveTeba kapitalizmis urTierTmetoqe ZiriTadi

tipebi, romelTa Soris gansxvavebuloba ganisaz-

Rvreba kulturuli (Sesabamisad religiuri) men-

talitetis kavSiriT, instituciebis wesrigiTa

(industriul urTierTobaTa organizaciis Car-

Cowesrigi) da bazriT. qvemoT gTavazobT inter-

esTa centrSi myof sam ZiriTad tips:

a) anglo-amerikuli kapitalizmi, romelic min-

imaluri politikuri CarCo-sistemiTa da Sesa-

bamisad, ekonomikuri procesebis farTo deregu-

13

lirebiT xasiaTdeba;

b) <<socialuri sabazro ekonomikis>> <<wminda

modeli>>, Sesabamisad, socialur-saxelmwifoebri-

vi korporatizmis koncepti, romelSic mignebulia

liberaluri konkurenciuli kapitalizmisa da

socialisturi gegmiuri ekonomikis miRma myofi

mesame gza;

g) e.w. aziuri <<crony capitalism>>, romelic Zlier

aris gansazRvruli patriarqalur ojaxTa struq-

turebiT, piradi urTierTobiT, kompaniaSi dasaqme-

bulTa specifikuri mentaluri kavSirebiTa da

politikuri aparatis TviTlegimitaciis strate-

giebiT, romlis safuZvelsac konfucianuri faseu-

lobebi warmoadgens.

kapitalizmis samive es forma xasiaTdeba baz-

ris procesebisa da socilauri da politikuri

instituciebis konkurirebadi RonisZiebebiT, rom-

lebic Tavisufal konkurencias an zRudavs an

afarToebs, iseve rogorc ekonomikur procesSi

monawile aqtiorebs, romlebsac sZეns an akarg-

vinebs funqcias. bazarsa da instituciaTa wesri-

gis Soris arsebuli gansxvavebuli RonisZiebebi

Tavis mxriv Zlier gavlenas ganicdis sami kapi-

talisturi samyaros yovelmxriv gansxvavebuli

religiuri da socialur-kulturuli tradicie-

biT.

georg simelsisa da maqs veberis gavleniT 1906

wlidan <<qristeanuli eklesiebisa da jgufebis

socialur moZRvrebaTa>> Sesaxeb kulturul-is-

toriuli kvlevebi awarmoa haidelbergelma Te-

ologma ernst troelCma, sadac man dasavleTis

sami wamyvani konfesiisa (kaTolicizmis, luTer-

anobisa da kalvinizmis) da mravalricxovani se-

qtebis religiuri komunitarizaciis idealebisa

da politikuri wesrigis konceftebis gverdiT

14

aseve asaxa maTi gansakuTrebuli <<ekonomikuri

eTika>> da Seecada gaerkvia qristeanuli social-

uri formirebis momavlis Sansebi. calke wignad

gamocemuli troelCis <<socialuri moZRvrebis>>

gamoCenisTanave, 1912 wlidan maqs veberma kvlav

gaafarTova Tavisi protestantuli kvlevebi yve-

la didi msoflio religiebis ekonomikis eTikis

irgvliv. ekonomikurad didi Sedegebis mqone eTo-

sis, Sesabamisad ekonimikuri habitusis SedarebiT,

1920 wlidan vebers Tavis <<TxzulebaTa krebuli

religiis sociologiisTvis>> gamocemebSi surda

gaeca pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda axsniliyo

oqcidentis kulturuli Tavisebureba, e.i. dasavle-

Tis racionalizmis genezisi da ganviTareba, iseve

rogorc kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetis

warmoSoba da ganxorcieleba. Tavis cnobil kv-

levebSi <<msoflio religiaTa ekonomikis eTi-

kasa>> da <<ekonomika da sazogadoebaSi>> is

aseve Seecada gaeanalizebina konfucianizmis,

daoizmis, budizmis, iudaizmis, islamisa da qris-

teanobis, TiToeul am did religiaTa ekonomikis

eTika. veberi aRniSnavs religiebis <<ekonomikuri

eTikis>> sakmaod rTul xasiaTs da gamoTqvams

eWvs ekonomikuri habitusis religiuri stimule-

bidan calmxriv idealistur Tu spiritualur

warmomomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT. <<SeuZlebe-

lia, rom garkveuli ekonomikuri habitusis gan-

sazRvris erTaderTi safuZveli religiuri iyos,

radgan ise rogorc religiur simbolur enaTa

garemoSi cxovrebis skicirebuli wesrigi(sistema)

tovebs Tavis kvals ekonomikur mentalitetze,

aseve ekonomikuri instituciebi axdenen ukuqmede-

bas religiuri sazogadoebis eTosze>>[7]. misi az-

riT ekonomikis eTika arasdros yofila mxolod

religiuri faqtorebiT Sepirobebuli, aramed, is

15

yovelTvis mravalricxovani (maT Soris fsiqolo-

giuri, pragmatuli da sxv.) determinantebiT gan-

isazRvreboda. <<religiur ekonomikis eTikas>>

is gaiazrebs rogorc cocxal eToss, rac reli-

giebis gansakuTrebuli religiuri SemcvelobiT,

e.i. maTi specifikuri xsnis sikeTeTa, aseve maTi

xsnis WeSmaritebaTa mediaciebis formebiTa da

instituciebiT, anu religiuri sazogadoebis in-

stitucionaluri wyobiTa(nageboba) da RmerTis,

adamianisa da samyaros urTierTdamokidebulebis

religiur sistemebSi implicirebuli monaxazebiT

xasiaTdeba. es ki, konkretuli ekonomikuri eTikis

rTul formirebasa da mis mravalmxrivobaze mi-

aniSnebs.[7, gv. 89]

religiuri sazogadoebis ekonomikis eTikaze

gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens is, Tu rogor aris

religiur tradiciebSi TiToeuli morwmunis sa-

kuTari sulis xsnisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelova-

ni xsnis sikeTe definirebuli. arsebobs kiTxvebi,

romlebic masTan mimarTebiT sakmaod relevantu-

ria: ras moiazrebs sulis xsnaSi religiuri sa-

zogadoeba ? rogor xdeba xsnis WeSmaritebis

gadacema ? ra formiT dgindeba morwmuneTa da-

mokidebuleba samyarosTan ? romel qmedebaTa

romeli fsiqologiuri stimulebi aqtiurdebian

sulis xsnisTvis ? ra moqmedebebi miiCneva RvTis

mosawonad da piriqiT ? ra gavlenas axdens reli-

giuri sazogadoebis institucionaluri wesrigi

mis erTobaSi myof adamianTa qcevebze?

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis funqcionalur

diferencirebasTan mimarTebiT, romelSic gansx-

vavebuli subsistemebi misdeven maT gansakuTre-

bul sakuTar logikas, Sesabamisad specifikur

normebsa da qmedebaTa nimuSebs, da kapitalistu-

ri miznis racionalitetis swrafad mzardi fun-

16

qcionaluri avtonomizireba aCens kiTxvebs imis

Taobaze, Tu ramdenad ZaluZs religiur eTikas

gaiazros Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTareb-

is logika, mzardad funqcionaluri diferencire-

biT dakavSirebuli sakuTari logikiT marTuli

subsistemis gamocalkeveba da aqedan warmomd-

gari socialuri kompleqsurobis permanentuli

zrda. winare sazogadoebebSi religia calsaxad

emsaxureboda mas, rom SeeduRabebina calkeulTa

cxovreba da sruli WeSmaritebis sayovelTaod

savaldebulo suraTis warmodgeniT daefuZnebi-

na socialuri erToba. sazogadoebrivi modern-

izirebisTvis diferencirebis ZiriTad logikas

Seesabameba is, rom aseve religia, romelic erT

dros sazogadoebis zneobrivi erTianobis ga-

ranti iyo, sxvaTa gverdiT partikularuli sub-

sistemiT icvleba. misi SeTavazeba sicocxlis

arsisa da misi farTo interpretaciis Taobaze

modernizebul sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali faseu-

lobaTa gadawyvetilebis sagans warmoadgens; mso-

flmxedvelobaTa mravalferovnad diferencire-

bul bazrebze TiToeul adamians aqvs sakuTari

religiis formirebis SesaZlebloba. ukanaskneli

oci wlis ganmavlobaSi mecnier-ekonomistebisa

da istoriuli kulturologiis mecnierTa mier

warmoebul kvlevebSi, warmodgenil iqna mravali

modernis religiaTa istoriebis, maTi adgilisa

da rolis ganmarteba Tanamedrove ekonomikur

modelebSi da axali religiuri ganviTarebebis(

rogoricaa konversiebis mateba, didi konfesieb-

is eklesiaTa Sinagani pluralizeba, seqtebis ga-

Cena, mzardi sinkretizmi, qarizmatuli jgufebis

swrafi realizeba), iseve rogorc ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa terminologiaSi <<fundamentalis-

turi>> moZraobebis waramatebebis analizi, ris

17

safuZvelzec maT surdaT grZelvadian perspeq-

tivaSi <<religiuri bazrebis>> diferencireb-

is mTavar mimarTulebaTa ZiriTad tendenciebSi

garkveva. sazogadoebrivi modernizaciis winaaRm-

degobriv, umetesad krizisul procesebSi religia

ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas; ormocdaaTiani

wlebis modernizaciis Teoretikosebis sekulari-

zaciis konceftebi aRmoCnda arawori. rac ufro

naTlad aris gacnobierebuli oqcidentalis miz-

nis racionalitetis eqspansiasTan dakavSirebuli

didi wyeba kulturuli da socialuri proble-

mebisa da sacnobia modernizaciis paTologiebi,

miT ufro aseve bevri Zveli religiuri tradicia

revitalizirdeba da axali, xSirad TviTinterpre-

taciisa da samyaros axsnis da azris formire-

bis axal, xSirad fundamentalisturad agresiul

formebs uweven propagandas. religia, Tavisi mrav-

alferovnebiT pirvel rigSi amerikis mTel kon-

tinentze, aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da afrikaSi

gaxda SesamCnevad mzardi, magram amave dros, is

mraval axal formaSi diferencirda. mzardi fun-

qcionaluri diferencirebis Tanamedrove sazoga-

doebrivi logika Seesabameba mravalgvari Sinaga-

ni diferencirebis Zvrebs, Sesabamisad, - religiaTa

Sinagan pluralizirebas. klasikuri dasavluri

Tezis sapirispirod, rom religia modernSi mzar-

dad privatizirebuli xdeba, gansakuTrebiT bevr

aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi religiebma da re-

ligiurma instituciebma sajaro relevanturoba

moipova. mravali fundamentalisturi moZraobiT

dRes religiuri tradiciebi aris politizire-

buli da saxezea moraluri kritikisTvis dasav-

luri kulturuli faseulobebiTa da kapital-

isturi miznis racionalitetiT ganpirobebuli

<<gaZlierebuli gavlenis>> reformulireba[8].

18

socialuri diferencirebis procesebSi da re-

ligiaTa Sinagani pluralizebiT aseve icvleba

religiuri eTikis sistemuri adgili da funqcia-

Ta formebi. es xdeba zustad im zomiT, ra zomi-

Tac sazogadoebrivi diferencirebis procesSi

erTmaneTs Sordebian misi Semadgeneli subsiste-

mebi da mihyvebian mxolod maT, subsistemurisTvis

specifikur racionalitets, riTac arsebuli re-

ligiuri normebi iZens mxolod formalur saxes.

funqcionaluri diferencirebis pirobebSi sub-

sistemis avtonomia Tu Tavad instituciis fun-

qciis logika ugulvebelyofs Zlier moralur

aqtiors, romelic funqcionalur-efeqtiani miznis

racionalitetis miRma, zneobrivi normirebis gziT

cdilobs swored eTikuri standartebis aRiareba-

sa da misi masStabebis sayovelTao damkvidrebas.

amitom yoveli religiuri eTika mzard socialur

diferencirebasTan mimarTebiT winaaRmdegobaSi

modis sakiTxTan, Tu rogor unda iqnes miRweuli

eTikuri normatiulba avtonomiurad Sedgenili

subsistemis farglebSi. saerTod, ramdenad Seu-

ZliaT religiur eTikebs, rom jerovani pasuxi

gascen socialuri diferencirebis fenomens? ram-

denad SueZliaT maT subsistemuri avtonomiebis

aRiareba da, idealuri, ukeTesi adamianisaken SiS-

veli mowodebisa da zneobriv valdebulebaTa

moTxovnebisagan gansxvavebiT eTikuri normatiu-

lobis imgvarad miRweva, rom isini Tavsebadi iyos

ekonomikuri procesebis sakuTar logikasTan ?

es sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT relevanturia baz-

ris instituciasTan mimarTebiT, romelic mZafri

interesTa konfliqtebiTa da elementaruli an-

tagonizmebiT xasiaTdeba. <<sadac bazari sruli

avtonomiurobiT aris warmodgenili, is cnobs mx-

olod saqmis avtoritets, pirovnebis avtorite-

19

tis, Zmobis da pativiscemis valdebulebaTa, sa-

zogadoebebSi miRebul adamianur urTierTobaTa

miRma>>[9](Weber 1985, 383). bazarze, sadac gacvlasa

da kapitalis akumulacias aqvs adgili, bazris

procesebis sawinaaRmdego eTikur valdebulebaTa

gamoyenebis yoveli mcdeloba aRiqmeba, rogorc

mxolod disfunqciuri, bazris Tavisuflebis Sez-

Rudvisa da masze uaryofiTi gavlenis momxdeni

kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetis pirobeb-

Si. amitom, masTan mimarTebiT saWiroa im martivi

WeSmaritebis miReba, rom bazari warmoadgens <<

praqtikuli cxovrebis upirovno urTierTobas, sa-

dac adamianebs erTmaneTTan kavSirebis damyareba

SeuZliaT>>.[9, gv. 382] rogor unda iqnas gamoyenebuli

eTikuri normebi amgvar mkacr pirobebSi? SeuZlia

Tu ara religiuri eTika flobdes ekonomikurad

relevantur msazRvrel Zalas mxolod maSin, roca

is religiis fundamentalisturi politizirebiTa

Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli sazogadoebis saer-

To-socialuri normirebisa da integraciis pre-

tenziebis ganxorcielebiT kapitalisturi miznis

racionalitetis (Semdgomi) winsvlis winaaRmdeg

imunizirdeba?

Rrmad religiuri gansxvavebebis safuZvelze

didi religiebi da sxvadasxava qristeanuli kon-

fesiebi ayalibebdnen aseve Zlier gansxvavebul

ekonomikaTa eTikebs. kosmossa da wuTisofelSi

adamianis religiurad formulirebuli poziciis

safuZvelze isini aviTarebdnen an wuTisoflisgan

distancirebis, wuTisoflis uarmyofel da wuTi-

soflis damtevebel eTikebs, an wuTisoflis aqti-

uri miRebis, gardaqmnisa da gankargvis eTikebs.

mravali religiuri eTika ajildoebda adamianis

pasiur TviTdefiniciebs, romelic mocemuli, winas-

wargansazRvruli kosmosis nawili gaxdeboda,

20

anu kosmosis WeSmarit wesrigSi harmoniuli Ser-

wymisaTvis zurgs Seaqcevda codvil wuTisofels.

sxva religiur eTikebSi ki piriqiT, adamianis ener-

giuli aqtiuri, samyaros Semoqmedi saxe iyo war-

modgenili, sadac adamiani danaxuli iyo rogorc

RvTis instrumenti, mdare wuTisoflis RvTis neb-

is Sesabamis wesrigSi mosayvanad.

wuTisoflis sapirispiro adamianis poziciis

urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi koncefciebisTvis gad-

amwyveti aris magia. magiuri xedvis, ideologiis

pirobebeSi ar viTardeba wuTisoflis aqtiuri

flobis aranairi Sesabamisi logikuri eTika, ri-

Tac SesaZlebeli iqneboda miRweuliyo qmede-

baTa maRali sistematuri Tanmimdevruloba da

erTianoba. magiis, rogorc xsnis saSualebis, Se-

sabamisad <<wuTisoflis deiluzionirebis>>(Max Weber) gamoricxviT, mxolod misi neitralizebiT

aris SesaZlebeli wuTisoflis racionaluri

flobis kultivireba. TviT maTTvisac, romlebic

veberis religiur gaerTianebaTa <<idealur ti-

pebs>> miiCnevs mcdarad da mis tipTa formire-

baSi calkeul nawerebs (rogoric aris konfu-

cianizmis asaxva Tu antikuri iudaizmis xedva)

akritikebs[10], centraluri argumentis sarwmu-

nooba Znelad sakamaToa masTan mimarTebiT, rom

religiurad axsnad sistemebs mZlavri magiuri

elementebiT ar SeuZliaT awarmoon wuTisoflis

qmediTi, energiuli flobisa da gardaqmnis eTosi.

TiTqmis yvela religiur eTikaSi tradiciu-

lad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sakuTrebis,

fulis flobis, mevaxSeobis, sixarbis, samarTliani

xelfasis, fufunebis, sazeimo dasvenebis, muyai-

Tobisa da gancxromis sakiTxebi. am konteqstSi

mravali religia ajildoebs asketizmis, uarisa

da krZalulebis pozicias. religiuri moTxovneb-

21

is miuxedavad morwmuneTa radikalur asketizmsa

da TavSekavebulobasTan mimarTebiT cxovrebis

moTxovnebTan dakavSirebuli pragmatuli kompro-

misis gamoZebnis (magaliTad, Semosavlis momtani

saqmianobis SesaZlebloba) Taobaze, mraval re-

ligiaSi ganviTareba poves safexurobrivma Tu

orklasobrivma eTikebma, romelTa Tanaxmad mcne-

baTa upirobo mniSvnelobis datvirTva eklesiur

instituciaTa profetebisTvis Tu Tanamdebobis

pirTaTvis bevrad ufro mkacria, vidre saeroTaT-

vis Tu eklesiurTaTvis. amasTan, ordenebisa (reli-

giuri Temebi) Tu monastrebis mier TiTqmis yvela

did religiaSi Seiqmna instituciebi, romlebSic

wuTisoflisgan gandgomis mkacri religiuri

eTosis kultivireba iyo SesaZlebeli. aseve, maSin

rodesac isini religiur virtuozebs gadascemd-

nen RmerTTan mswrafvi siaxlovis gamo SromiT

saqmianobaze uaris Tqmis privilegias, sxvadasxva

mravalricxovan religiur eTikebSi Sromis es

mZlavri instiqti miiCneoda sruliad pozitiurad.

magram, religiuri impulsebis dauRalavi SromiTi

saqmianobisa Tu aqtiuri SromiTi instiqtis re-

ligiurad induqcirebuli (gamowveuli) gaZlier-

eba jer kidev araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs,

rom aseTi religia Tanamedrove kapitalizmTan

Sinagan msgavsebasa, anu <<istoriulad arCeviT na-

Tesaobaze>> mianiSnebdes. racionaluri mudmivi

habitusi, romelic iZleoda Tavdapirveli kapi-

talisturi akumulaciis SesaZleblobas, uwinares

yovlisa, istoriul iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. is,

mxoloddamoxlod oqcidentaluri qristeano-

bis pirobebSi Camoyalibda da maqs veberis argu-

mentaciis Tanaxmad, mxolod aq protestantizmis

gansazRvrul konfesiur formas, reformirebul

<<asketur protestantizms>>, gansakuTrebiT ki

22

puritanizms daefuZna. mxolod aq, Sinagani reli-

giuri motivebidan, kalvinist morwmuneTa specifi-

kuri xsnis WeSmaritebis gamo ormag predestina-

ciasTan mimarTebiT, sistemurad iqna gamoyvanili

da kultivirebuli wuTisofliuri asketizmis

racionaluri eTosi, ramac xeli Seuwyo Tanamed-

rove oqcidentaluri sawarmoo kapitalizmis gen-

ezissa da ganxorcielebas.

veberis kulturul-istoriuli konstruqciis

sakamaTo sizustis miuxedavad unda aRiniSnos:

kapitalisturi warmoebis wesi dakavSirebulia

specifikur mentalur pirobaTa Tavdapirveli

akumulaciis fazasTan. is memkvidreobiT miRebul,

tradiciul ekonomikur habitusTan damokide-

bulebaSi gulisxmobs aqtiur adamianTa pozicieb-

is, Sinagani mrwamsisa Tu Sexedulebebis Rrma rev-

olucias, rac ar SeiZleba SiSveli sargeblianobis

gaangariSebiT iqnas axsnili. kapitalizmi, Tavis

sawyis fazaSi saWiroebs mewarme adamianis tips,

romelic specifikuri niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaT-

deba: maRali asketuri TviTdisciplina, emocieb-

is kontroli, cxovrebis uwyvetoba, obieqturobis

paTosi, angariSianoba, Sansebis racionaluri op-

timizacia, xarjebisa da mogebis Sansebis zusti

kalkulaciis kompetencia, sargeblianobis maqsimi-

zaciis unari da simamacis dakavSireba riskze

wasvlis mzaobasTan pasuxismgeblobis SegrZnebiT.

am kapitalizmTan Tavsebadi saTnoebis dros saqme

gvaqvs metwilad komerciul unarTan Tu mewarmis

money making mentality-sTan. gadamwyveti aris Sedegi,

romelTanac habitualizirdeba, e.i tradiciuli

xdeba cxovrebis yvelafris msazRvreli regula-

toris mkacrad racionaluri pozicia da ekono-

mikuri miznis, kapitalis zrdis erTguleba wuTi-

sofelSi.

23

warmatebuli kapitalizmi ar saWiroebs mxolod

<<mewarmis pirovnulobis>> specifikur tips. is

aseve gulisxmobs mSromelis tipsac, romelsac

ZaluZs kompaniis miznebis internalizeba, warmoeb-

isa da distribuciis procesSi Tavisi adgilis

dakaveba da myar da saimedo profesiul eTikaze

orientireba. amitom ar kmara mxolod teqnikuri

momzadeba-gadamzadeba(kvalifikaciis amaRleba)

da aRzrda, aramed aseve saWiroa moraluri so-

cializacia, romelSic TamamSromlis gansakuTre-

buli eTikuri Tvisebebi formirdeba. misi produq-

tiuloba ar SeiZleba, rom mxolod utilitaruli

ekonomikuri stimulebiT, maRali saxelfaso Tu

Sromis sanardo anazRaurebiTi sistemis arsebo-

bis dros izrdebodes. sxva impulsebi da stimule-

bi, pirvel rigSi ki Sinagani damokidebuleba da

ganwyoba samsaxuris mimarT, bevrad ufro mniS-

vnelovania. bevri gancxromis, usargeblobisa da

gulgrilobis tradiciuli Sromis moralis sa-

pirispirod kapitalizmi amasTan dakavSirebiT

mSromelis doneze aseve gulisxobs SexedulebaTa

revolucias, Sesabamisad, mentalitetis radikalur

cvlilebas. SexedulebaTa da cxovrebis wesis es

saWiro da gardauvali revolucia SesaZlebelia

mxolod Zalzed Rrma fsiqikuri stimulebiT iqnes

miRweuli. ramdenadac religia cxovrebis wesis

msazRvrel Zalas warmoadgens, is sul mcire aseve

unda miiCneodes yoveli adaminis Sinagani disci-

plinis kvebis mTavar wyarod, rac gamoxatulebas

mwarmoeblurobaze orientirebul Sromis eTikaSi

povebs.

protestantuli profesiuli konceftis Sem-

dgom kvlevebSi, romelic mecxramete saukunis

samocdaaTian-oTxmocian wlebSi kulturul-

protestantuli Teologiis brwyinvale warmo-

24

madgenlis, albrext riClis mier iqna inicirebuli,

maqs veberi, ernst troelCi, adolf fon harnaki

da karl holli cdilobdnen gamoerkviaT qri-

steanTa (mag., pietisti mSromelebis) saero pro-

fesiaze reformatoruli moZRvrebis gavlenis

efeqti. maTi pietisturi RvTismosaoba Seicavda

fxizel TviTkontrols, Sesasrulebeli samuSaos

did mzaobas, patiosnebas, solidarobas kolegeb-

is mimarT da kompaniis samsaxurSi produqtiuli

Sromis absoluturi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas.

aq es samuSao religiuri valdebulebis Semcvel

sakuTar faseulobaTa xarisxSi iqna ayvanili.

sakuTari RvTismosaobiT am pietistma mSrome-

lebma SeiZines cxovrebis wesis erTgvarovnebis

niSa, riTac Sromis mentalitetiT (working mentali-ties) mSromelTa sxva jgufebTan damokidebulebaSi

aRmoCndnen umciresobaSi. msgavsma garemoebam maT

Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli, eqscepcionaluri pozi-

cia kaizeris imperiis krizisul Sromis bazrebze.

<<kapitalizmis sulis>> SesaZlo religiur

warmomavlobaTa Sesaxeb arsebul klasikur kul-

turul-samecniero diskursebSi ukve aRiniSna,

rom didi religiebi, iseve rogorc qristeanuli

konfesiebi yvela ekonomikur urTierTobaTa far-

To racionalizaciis ganxorcielebis epoqalur

procesze Zlier gansxvavebulad reagirebdnen.

araqristeanuli religiebisTvis ucxo darCa oq-

cidenturi racionalizmi da misi ekonomikuri

konkrecia, kapitalisturi miznis racionaliteti.

maT, mecxramete saukunidan, pirvel rigSi dasav-

luri kolonializmis gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdines

mobilizeba, da Semdgom, meoce <<ukiduresoba-

Ta saukuneSi>>(Eric Hobsbawm) gaaZlieres yvela

cxovrebiseul urTierTobaTa sixarbis, siZunwis,

mogebisaken ltolvis, usindiso gziT Semosav-

25

alze oriertirebisa da ekonomizaciis Zalian

Zvel adgilTa(berZ. topoi) religiuri kritika, raTa

bazari aramoralur instituciad warmoCenaT. isini

xSirad axdendnen Zvel religiur sazogadoebaTa

vizionebis reformulirebas, raTa swrafad mzar-

di, oqcidentaluri, konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli

kapitalizmiT gamowveuli mrisxane da safrTxis

Semcveli zesiZlieris winaaRmdeg kontrqmedeba-

Ta mobilizeba moexdinaT. araqristeanuli re-

ligiebis mravali mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli

dRemde Tavis gadamwyvet religiur amocanas xe-

davs masSi, rom propaganda gauwios alternatiul,

kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetTan winaaRm-

degobaSi myof savse, ganuyofeli cxovrebis pro-

eqtebs da adamianis wminda mizrobriv-racionalu-

rad ekonomikuri, funqcionalisturi definiciebis

winaaRmdeg dabejiTebiT amtkicos, rom adamianis

cxovrebis azri mis ekonomikur qmedebaSi aras-

dros amoiwureba. aseve qristeanuli konfesiebis

eklesiebsa Tu seqtebSi aqamde rCeba antikapital-

isturi mentalitetebi da Zlier Rrma moraluri

skepticizmi, rogorc msazRvreli, kapitalistu-

ri, konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis da

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi misi agresiuli tenden-

ciis saSiSi formirebis winaaRmdeg. iudaistur

Tu qristeanul gadmocemaTa(tradiciaTa) univer-

saluri miznis(berZ. telos) safuZvelze dayrdno-

biT yvela qristeanul eklesiaSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba iyo gamaxvilebuli <<uZlurTa>> dam-

cvelad yofnasa da yvela im jgufze, romlebmac

krizisul modernizaciis procesebSi ganicades

marginalizacia. amasTan, mniSvnelovan socialur-

politikur gavlenebs miaRwies didma eklesiebma,

gansakuTrebiT - <<wminda kapitalizmze>>, rom-

lis socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi instituciebi

26

sabazro dinamikis SezRudviTa da koreqturiT

sazogadoebis solidarobisa da saerTo keTil-

dReobaze orientirebuli qristeanuli ideebis

mxriv Zalze Zlier iyo Sepirobebuli. saerTod

iTvleba: adamianTa religiur TviT da wuTisof-

liur axsnad sistemebsa da kapitalisturi miznis

racionalitetis sakuTar logikas Soris arse-

bobs elementaruli(qaosuri), dausrulebeli daZ-

abuloba. religiebs arasdros SeeZlebaT ganurCe-

vlad CarTva globalurad qceul kapitalizmSi,

ramdenadac TiToeuli religia Tavis simbolur

enebsa Tu suraTebSi(xatebSi) gadmoscems xedvas

individis principul transcendentulobaSi so-

cialur samyarosTan mimarTebiT, romelic yovel

ekonomikur mizan-saSualebis damokidebulebas

aRemateba.

literatura

1. Dietrich Rössler, Die Vernunft der Religion, München, 1976.

2. Hermann Lübbe, Religion nach der Aufklärung, (3 Au-flage), München, 2004.

3. D. M. McCloskey, Knowledge and Persuasion in Econom-ics. Cambridge., 1994; H. Siegenthaler, Regelvertrauen, Pros-perität und Krisen. Die Ungleichmässigkeit wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Entwickung als Ergebnis individuellen Handelns und sozialen Lernens., Tübingen, 1993; H. Siegenthaler, Wege zum Wohlstand: Das Beispiel der USA, der Schweiz und Brasiliens., Fischer, W. G. (Hrsg.): Lebenstandard und Wirtschaftssysteme, Frankfurt/Main, 1995.

4. V. Vanberg, J. M. Buchanan, Interests and theories in con-stitutional choice. Journal of Theoretical Politics I, 1989.

5. F. W. Graf (Hrsg.), Kultur und Kulturwissenschaften um 1900. II. Idealismus und Positivismus, Stuttgart, 1997.

6. Sombart Werner, Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben,

27

Leipzig, 1911.7. Weber, M.(1989): Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen.

Vergleichende Religionssoziologische Versuche, in: Weber, M.: Konfuzianismus und Taoismus. Schriften 1915-1920, Tübingen (Max Weber Gesamtausgabe, Abteilung I, Band 19).

8. Kepel, G., Die Rache Gottes. Radikale Moslems, Christen und Juden auf dem Vormarsch, 3 Auflage, München, 1994

9. Weber, M., Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Grundriss der ver-stehenden Soziologie, 5 Auflage, Tübingen, 1985.

10. Schluchter Wolfgang, Die Entwicklung des okzidentalen Rationalismus. Eine Analyse von Max Webers Gesellschaftsge-schichte, Tübingen, 1979.

28

Tavi 1 induizmi

1.1 induizmis arsi

<<induizmi>> krebiTi, heterogenuli saxel-

wodebaa im religiaTa mravalsaxeobisa, rom-

lebic induri subkontinentis niadagze iSvnen da

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis mimarTulebiT ganivrc-

nen[1]. is aRniSnavs indoeTis yvela im religiur

tradicias, romelic eyrdnoboda vedur gadmoce-

mebs da romelTac budizmis, jainizmisa Tu sikh-

izmisagan gansxvavebiT dRemde ver SeZles TviT-

myofad, damoukidebel reilgiebad Camoyalibeba[2].

maSasadame, induizmi aris yvela im religiuri na-

kadisa Tu socialuri fenomenis sruli kompleqsi,

romlebic ukanaskneli ornaxevari aTaswleulis

ganmavlobaSi indur subkontinentze nawilobriv

Zlier gansxvavebuli istoriuli, socialur-ekono-

mikuri da geografiuli pirobebis qveS aRmocend-

nen. metwilad es nakadebi iqmneboda tradiciebis

erToblivi safuZvlidan, magram amasTan, SeiZlebo-

da rom erTmaneTTan srulad yofiliyvnen winaaRm-

degobaSi, da amasTanave, aseve xSirad erTurTisgan

mkafiod ar yofiliyvnen gamijnulni. swored ami-

tom, wlebis ganmavlobaSi is rogorc induizmis

alternativa, iwodeboda induri (indus) religieb-

is saxiT.

istoriuli, konkretuli religiisTvis in-

duizmis cneba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs

Tavis TavSi Caketil sistemas. mravali erTiano-

bis miuxedavad, calkeuli religiebi ganirCevian

arsebiT punqtebSi. ase magaliTad, saTayvanebel

RvTaebasTan, xsnis gzasTan, wminda werilebTan Tu

29

kultTan mimarTebiT. arsebobs monoTeisturi, du-

alisturi da poliTeisturi mimarTulebebi, sadac

RvTaeba SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnas personalurad

an arapersonalurad, msxverpli iyos vegetaruli

Tu cxoveluri saxis, sauliero pirebi SeiZleba

iyvnen rogorc brahmanebi ise dabali kastis war-

momadgenlebi da sxv.[3].

induizmis cnebis warmomavloba ukavSirdeba

mdinare indis(sanskrit. Sindhu = spars. Hindu) saxels.[1, gv. 315] sityva indusi(Hindu) pirvelad

Cndeba mdinaris sanskrituli saxelis sindu-s spar-suli variantis saxiT, rogorc Tavad misi, ise mis

napirebze mdebare qveynis aRsaniSnavad. mravlo-

biT ricxvSi igi aRniSnavda am qveynis mcxovrebT,

<<indoelebs>>.[3, gv. 99] amasTan dakavSirebiT

sainteresoa cnobili germaneli sociologis,

maqs veberiseuli ganmarteba: <<indusi(Hindu) aris gamoxatuleba, romelic iSva musulmanTa ucxo ba-

tonobisas adgilobrivi arakonvertirebuli (rw-

menaucvleli) indoelebisgan>>[4], romlebic ar

warmoadgendnen Crdilo indoeTis muslimebs, qri-

steanebs, parsebsa Tu iudevelebs, rasakvirvelia

Tanamedrove, mxolod religiuri konotaciis ga-

reSe.

pirvelad, adreuli me-16 saukunidan, evropis mier

sazRvao gzis aRmoCenis Semdeg indoeTSi Camosu-

li evropelebi indusis(Hindu) qveS moiazrebdnen uSualod ara indoelebs, aramed yvela indoels,

garda iudevelebisa, qristeanebisa, muslimebisa da

parsebisa, romlebic erTaderT <<warmarTul>>

religias ganekuTvnebodnen, religias, romelic

me-18 sauknidan TandaTanobiT <<induizmis>> sax-

elwodebiT mkvidrdeba enaSi da Semodis xmare-

baSi.[3, gv. 99-100] da dasavleli swavlulebis mier

sabolood mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan

30

imkvidrebs adgils. aRsaniSnavia, rom induizmSi,

romelic ar icnobs erT RmerTs, erT Teologias,

aseve ar arsebobs centraluri avtoriteti, wmin-

da werilebis kanoni(wesi, principTa erToblioba),

romlebic yvela indusisTvis iqneboda savalde-

bulo. induizmi moicavs ara mxolod religiur,

aramed aseve socialuri cxovrebis formebsac. am

struqturaSi calkeulis socialuri mdgomareo-

ba gansazRvrulia misi dabadebiT garkveuli

kastis(jati) farglebSi. marTalia calkeuli kasta

garkveuli siwmindis(sisufTavis) kanonebiT mkve-

Trad aris erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili da ierar-

qiulad struqturirebuli, Tumca meore mxriv isi-

ni simbiozuri urTierTobebiT(Sromis ganawileba,

profesiuli jgufebi) mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebulni.[3, gv. 106-107]

induizmi, romelic indoeTSi aRmocenebul re-

ligiaTa krebuls, Sesabamisad religiur tradic-

iebs aRniSnavs, gansxvavdeba ara mxolod misioner-

ul religiaTagan, rogoric arsi qristeanoba da

islami(aseve, iudaizmi da parsizmi), aramed in-

dur wiaRSi Sobili budizmisa da jainizmisagan.

mTlianobaSi, samive religias gaaCnia saerTo saxe-

li, rac koncentrirdeba dharmas cnebaSi, romelic

xSirad <<religiis>> saxiT iTargmneba da flobs

aseve sxva implikaciebsac. dharma aris yvelaf-

ris, Sinaganis da gareganis, moraluri da kosmi-

uri wesrigis matarebeli, romelic pirovnul, sa-

zogadoebriv Tu kosmiur doneze gansxvavebulad

aisaxeba. induizmis dharmas sxva religiaTagan

gansasxvaveblad me-19 saukuneSi indus reforma-

torebma daamkvidres sanatana dharmas anu <<mara-

diuli wesrigis>> cneba. budizmisa da jainizmis

dafuZnebuli religiebis sapirispirod, amiT unda

momxdariyo aseve indu-dharmas dausabamobis xaz-

31

gasma. miuxedavad amisa, SemdgomSi yvela indu rodi

iqca ,,Sanatanis’’ an sanatana dharmas mimdevrad. es aris safuZveli imis, Tu ratom ar ekuTvnis budiz-

mi da jainizmi inudizms. Semdgomi mizezi aris

vedas, rogorc gamocxadebis, ise iudaistur Rv-

TaebaTa kultis uaryofa. aRniSnulTan mimarTe-

biT SuasaukuneebSi induizmsa da jainizms Soris

arsebobda mZlavri dapirispireba. msgavsi daZabu-

loba dRes ukve aRar arsebobs, rasac ver vityviT

induistur tradiciebsa da budizms Soris arse-

bul urTierTobaze. indoeTidan budizmis TiTqmis

srul gaqrobaSi ukanaskneli wvlili orTodo-

qsur indiuzms swored rom namdvilad ar uZevs.

induizmi Sedgeba Semdegi fazebisagan: 1)

induss(harappas) kultura (daaxl. 2500 – 1750 ww.

qristemde); 2) vedas religia (daaxl. 1750 – 1200 ww.

qristemde); 3) asketuri da spiritualuri reforme-

bi: upaniSadebi (daaxl. 800 -200 ww. qristemde); 4)

ganviTarebebi klasikuri induizmis dros(daaxl.

200 w. qrsitemde - 1100 w. qristedan); 5) postklasi-

kuri induizmi da bhaktis moZraobebi (daaxl. me-12

saukunis bolodan da me-18 saukunis bolomde); 6)

Tanamedrove induizmi (me-19 saukunis dasawyisidan

me-20 saukunis bolomde); 7) induizmi dRes da misi

efeqti evropasa da amerikaSi.

pirveli faza ganekuTvneba induri religiisa

da kulturis istoriis uadres periods. or uZ-

veles qalaq mohenjo-darosa da harapaSi [dRevan-

deli pakistanis teritoria] arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis Sedegd aRmoCenili mravalricxovani

Tixis(terakotas) qalis figura SesaZloa dedis

RvTaebis kultze mianiSnebdes da postvedur in-

duizmSi napovni qalRmerTis kulti wamoadgendes

mis gagrZelebas. mdedri RvTaebis asaxva iogas mj-

domare pozaSi aseve avlens iogas praqtikis winave-

32

dur warmomavlobas (da matriarqatis dominacias).

zemoT naxseneb qalaqebSi aRmoCenilia vrceli

saabazano mowyobilobebi, rac kavSirSi unda iyos

ritualur ganbanvebTan. es da sxva artefaqtebi

dasaSvebad xdis da amyarebs varauds imis Sesaxeb,

rom induizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi

warmoadgendnen winavedurs da viTardebodnen ve-

das paralelurad[5].

induri religiuri istoriis meore fazis

arseboba ukavSirdeba indo-ariul momTabare

tomebs(qristes Sobamde meore aTaswleulis

Sua periodi), romlebic saxalxo migraciebis

dros dasaxldnen gangis orive napirze da iamu-

nas samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. isini sakuTar Tavs

<<keTilSobils>>(arya) uwodebdnen. iyvnen meomar-ni, misdevdnen mesaqonleobas da Zarcva-glejas.

indo-arielebi iyvnen veduri kulturis matare-

belni, romelnic sakuTar saxels maTive drois

literaturas, vedas unda umadlodnen.[5, gv. 135]

induisturi gamovlinebis pirvelad mowmobas in-

do-evropul enaTa uZvelesi literaturis saxiT

warmoadgens rig-veda. veduri religiis centrSi

dgas RmerTebis(RvTaebTa) Tayvaniscema himnebiTa

da samsxverplo kultiT. miTra, varuna da ariamani

ayalibeben adrevedur triadas, sadac miTra sima-

rTlis, samarTlianobisa da Tanxmobis RmerTia,

varuna moraluri da kosmiuri wesrigis RmerTi,

romelic mogvianebiT xdeba wylis, Sesabamisad

okeanis RmerTi da ariamani, ojaxuri keTildReo-

bis veduri RvTaeba. mas mWidro kavSiri aqvs av-

estasTan, Zveliranul religiasTan. rig-vedas

umniSvnelovanesi RmerTia indra, RmerTebis mefe;

agni, - cecxlis RvTaeba da Tavad samsxverplo

cecxli, ZRvenTa mimtani(mimrqmeli) RmerTTaTvis,

da aqedan, adamianTa da RmerTebs Soris Suama-

33

vali da sxv. induizmis kosmologiasa da Teolo-

giaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs puruSa(Rgveda 10.90), kosmiuri pirvelqmnili adamiani, romlidan-

ac gamodis mTeli samyaro, rogorc misi sxeulis

nawili. veduri samsxverplo kultisTvis ramod-

enime cecxlis samsxverplo(altari) iqna aRmar-

Tuli/agebuli. msxverplSewirvaSi monawileobs

taZris ramodenome msaxuri(beri). rituali Sedge-

ba Sesawiri ZRvenis (mdnari karaqi, marcvleuli,

moxarSuli brinji da sxv. samsxverplo cecxlSi)

mirTmevisgan. mantras recitaciis TanxlebiT aseve

xdeboda cxoveluri msxverplSewirva.

veduri religiis aRmsarebelni iyvnen

arielebi(Arier[germ.], Arya[sanskr.]), romlebic Crdi-

lo-dasavleTidan gangis midamoebSi imigrirdnen.

induizmis gviandel periodSi vedurma RmerTebma

dakarges pirveladi mniSvneloba da maTi funqcia

dayvanil iqna dikpalas, cis mcvelTa movaleobam-

de. adreul vedur indoleTa mizans warmoadgenda

amqveyniur sikeTeTa mopoveba, ZeTa SeZena, saqonlis

yola, sikvdilis Semdg ki RmerTebis camde miRwe-

va. vedur ritualSi adgili hqonda gansakuTrebiT

aseve kosmiuri wesrigis dacvasa da periodul ga-

naxlebas.

mesame faza eTmoba upaniSadebs. upaniSedebi

nawilia veduri sibrZnisa, Tumca masSi moipove-

ba axali religiuri midgomebi. yvela xilul

samyaros(satiasia satiam satyasya satyam) miRma,

upaniSadur sibrZnes amoZravebs realobis inten-

suri Zieba. veduri RmerTebis ca relativirebu-

lia; aq saqme gvaqvs amqveyniuri mijaWvulobidan

totalur ganTavisuflebasa da WeSmariti <<me>>-

s (atmani atman) SemecnebasTan/SecnobasTan, rac

absolutTan(brahmani) erT mTlianobas warmoad-

gens.

34

aRmocenda axali asketuri moZraobani, rom-

lebic budizmsa da jainizms xan win uswrebes, xan

paralelurad mihyveba. TviTaRkveTa (pirad sikeT-

eze uaris Tqma) xdeba umaRlesi ideali, Tumca ar-

sebobs mravali gansxvavebuli midgomac. Sinagani

kontemplacia aseve ukavSirdeba iogas ganviTare-

bas. karmaTa( karman) da xelaxlaSobis warmodge-

nas upaniSadebSi gaaCnia sakuTari midgomebi.

meoTxe faza ukavSirdeba klasikuri induizmis

ganviTarebis periods guptas imperiis apogeiT(4-6

ss. qristes Sobidan), rac ara mxolod induizmis,

aramed aseve budizmis ayvavebiT xasiaTdeba. mahab-

haratas didma eposma bhagavat gitas filosofi-

uri nawarmoebiT, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa in-

duizmis ganviTarebaSi. aq vxvdebiT viSnus, kriSnas

Tayvaniscemis, iseve rogorc Sivaizmis adreul

formebs. aseve didi gavlenis mqone iyo poet val-

mikis ramaianas eposi. orive es Txzuleba droSi

daemTxva erTmaneTs(daax. qristes Sobamde 200 ww.)

da ganekuTvneba klasikuri induizmis adreul

fazas, romelic veduri religiisgan mkafiod gan-

sxvavdeba.

religiur xelovnebas vxvdebiT Sivas da viSnus

panTeonebSi kuSanas (daaxl. 78-230 ww. qristes aqeT)

periodidan uwinaresad budisturi, magram Semdgom

aseve induisturi RmerTebis asaxviT. induizmSi

Tavdapirvelad me-5 saukunidan Cndeba taZari da

taZris kulti, romelmac Sua saukuneebamde (ker-

Zod me-13 saukunemde) mdidari ikonografiisa da

arqiteqturis srulyofil ganviTarebas miaRwia.

klasikuri induizmi, is rac dRes veduri religiis

saxiT cocxlobs, Seicavs taZris ritualis, RvTis

xatebaTa kultis, wminda adgilTa piligrimobis,

cxovrebis oTxi stadiis moZRvrebis, kasturi sis-

temis da karmas rwmenisa da xelaxla Sobis tipiur

35

niSnebs. religiur kanonTa wignebi(dharmaSastra)

gansazRvravs/adgens orTodoqsi indusis(Hindu) cxovrebas da filosofiuri ena par excellenece aris sanskrituli.

indiuzmSi ZiriTadi religiebi Tavs iyr-

ian didi RmerTebis Sivas, viSnus[Tavisi

avatariT(,,daSvebuli/daqveiTebuli“ an inkarna-

ciebi)] da qalRmerTebis[maT mraval formebSi]

irgvliv. saxalxo da tribaluri RmerTebi da

kultebi integrirdebian did tradiciebSi, maSin

rodesac mag., soflis RvTaebani identificirdebi-

an did RvTaebebTan (rogoradac xdeba maTi mani-

festaciebis gageba) an adgili aqvs maT SeuRlebiT

absorbcias(mag., lokaluri qalRmerTis SivasTan

qorwili).

am droSi moxda mniSvnelovani filosofiuri

sistemisa (darsana) da religiuri tradiciebis

TeologiaTa ganviTareba. amave dros ganviTarda

sanskrituli literatura da religiuri xelovne-

ba: arqiteqtura, skulptura, ferwera, drama, musika,

cekva. samxreTSi mahabalipurami da kanxipurami

(me-7-8 ss.), dasavleTSi badami da karnataka (me-6-7

ss.), elefanta da elora(me-7-9 ss.), aRmosavleTSi

bhuvanesvari (me-8-11ss.), Crdilo indoeTSi kxajura-

ho (me-11s.), samxreTSi tanjavuri (me-11s.) da sxv.

warmoadgens mniSvnelovan saxelovnebo da reli-

giur tradiciaTa mowmobas.

induizmis konsolidirebaze asketuri ordenis

da filosofiis sferoebSi didi gavlena hqonda

Sankaras(me-8 sk.), romelic aseve ebrZoda budizms.

mexuTe fazas warmoadgens postklasikuri in-

duizmi da bhaktis moZraobebi. indusTa didi di-

nastiebis dacemam da indoeTis didi nawilis mus-

limTa mbrZaneblobaSi(1522-dan 1857-mde) aRmoCenam,

didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia aseve religiur sam-

36

yaroSi. politikuri wnexi iwvevda religiuri

praqtikis gaSinaganebasa da gamartivebas. sityva

<<seqtis>> negatiuri asociaciidan gamomdinare,

Seusabamoa axladwarmoqmnili religiuri moZra-

obebis <<seqtebis induizmis>> saxiT moxsenieba.

saubaria Suasaukuneebis(daaxl. 1100 wlidan me-

19 saukunemde) axal mistikur startze, rac mom-

dinareobs wmindanTagan da poetTagan(Sant), rom-

lebic akritikebdnen brahmanul orTodoqsias,

sanskritis, rogorc sakraluri enis dominanto-

bas da rigidul(mkacr) kastur sistemas da ri-

Tac xels uwyobdnen religiur, aseve socialur

reformaTa ganxorcielebas. islamuri batonoba,

Tavis iZulebaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebiT

indusebs ubiZgebda(aiZulebda) emocionaluri re-

ligiurobisken dabrunebas, Tumca amave dros ad-

gili hqonda ormxriv urTierTgavlenebs bhaktisa

da sufizms Soris, ris sailutraciod SeiZleba

motanil iqnas poet-wmindanis qabiris(daaxl. 1440-

1518 ww.) da lal dedis(lalla Lalla, me-15 saukunis qaSmireli mistikosi qali) magaliTebi.

indoeTis yvela mxaresa da yvela saxalxo ena-

Si erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad iSva mistikuri

moZraobebi da poeturi xelovneba, romlebsac pir-

vel rigSi saerTo hqondaT: bhakti, RvTis uangaro

siyvaruli, rac religiis yvela ritualizirebul

formaTa maRla idga da dgas.

meeqvse faza aris Tanamedrove induizmis

periodi(me-19sk. - me-20 saukunis dasasruli). am

droisTvis, britanuli kolonialuri xelisufleb-

is mier indoeTSi qristeanobis gavlenis gaZliere-

bis paralelurad, induizmis farglebSi aseve war-

moebda reformebi iseTi gamoCenili pirovnebebis

mier, rogorebic iyvnen wmindani ramakriSna(1836-1886),

moazrovne sri aurobindo(1872-1950) da poeti ra-

37

bindranaT Tagori(1861-1941), romlebic mudmivad ax-

dendnen gavlenas induizmze. reformasTan dakav-

Sirebuli moZraobebi, rogoric iyo qristeanuli

gavlenis qveS myofi brahmo samaji(dafuZnebuli

1828 w.), aria samaji(dafuZnebuli svami dai-

ananda sarasvatis[1824-1883] mier, Teosofiuri

sazogadoeba(dafuZnebuli 1875), axdendnen mision-

aruli qristeanobis religiuri da socialuri re-

formebis Sedarebas da qmnidnen induss(indusTa)

renesans. mahatma gandi iyo ara mxolod poli-

tikosi, aramed aseve - religiuri reformatori,

romelic daucxromlad iRwvoda indur subkon-

tinentze gavrcelebul religiaTa Soris har-

moniis misaRwevad. ganaTlebuli saSualo fenis

da inteleqtualuri zeda fenis am personali-

aTa da instituciebis garda aseve arsebobda

adgilobrivi(indigouri, avtoqtonuri) moZraobebi,

romlebic mosaxleobis sxva fenebze axdendnen

gavlenas, rogorc mag., orisas(indoeTis Stati) ma-

hima dharma(dafuZnebuli me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi),

romelic amave dros momterea kasturi wyobis da

romelsac tomTa jgufebidan da xelSeuxebelTa

kastidan mravali mimdevari hyavs. maTi mniSvnelo-

vani warmomadgenelia poeti da filosofosi bhima

bhoi(1850-1895), romelic orisis Statis orias in-

doevropul enaze werda da metyvelebda.(Oriya, ca. 1879-1950). me-19 da me-20 ss. sxva didi wmindanebi,

romlebmac indoeTis spiritualuri landSafti

Camoayalibes, iyvnen: ramana maharSi(1879-1950), anan-

damaii ma(1896-1982), svami lakSman joo (kaSmireli

Sivaizmis ostati), 1907-1991) da a.S. maT surdaT

ara reformireba an axlis Seqmna, aramed piriqiT,

auTenturi tradiciis xelaxla spiritualuri

gamococxleba. tradiciuli induizmis winaaRmdeg

kritikulad iyo ganwyobili didi maswavlebeli

38

jidu kriSnamurti(1895-1986).

rac Seexeba meSvide fazas, is asaxavs Tanamedrove

induizms da mis qmedebebsa da gavlenebs evropasa

da amerikaSi. induizmis aramisionaruli bunebis

miuxedavad (rasac misi warmoSobis qveyanasTan,

anu indoeTTan mWidro kavSiri ganapirobebs), me-20

saukunis bolosa da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi Sesa-

Zlebelia klasikuri induizmisTvis aratipiur or

Taviseburebaze dakvirveba. pirvelia dasavleTis

misioneruli forma, romelic induizmis miRebuli

spiritualuri aRmatebulobidan momdinareobs. in-

duizmis es eqspansiuri forma inicirebuli iqna

svami vivekanandas (1863-1902) mier 1893 wels Cik-

agoSi, <<religiaTa msoflio parlamentSi>>. me-

20 saukunidan vidre Cvens dromde gurus(sulier

maswavlebelTa) (rogorebic arian mahariSi maheS

iogi[<<transcendentaluri meditacia>>], svami

bhaktivedanta prabhupada[ISCON anu <<hare kriSnas moZraoba>>], rajneeS <<oSo>>[neo sanniasis], sai

baba, mata amritanandamai da sxv.) misioneroba far-

Tod iqna gavrcelebuli evropasa da amerikaSi.

Tavad indoeTSi fundamentalisturma induizma

SeiZina politikuri gavlena, romelic uwinaresad

islamisa da qristeanobis winaaRmdeg aris mima-

rTuli. aqve ar unda dagvaviwydes religiis is

tradiciuli formebi, romlebic kvlavac ucvle-

li saxiT arseboben.

dasavleTTan Sexvedris pozitiuri efeqtebi

SesaZloa danaxul iqnes ormxrivi sulieri gamd-

idrebisa da interreligiuri dialogisTvis axa-

li gaxsnilobis kuTxiT.

literatura:

1. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zen-tralen Themen (Hrsg. von Johann Figel), Innsbruck-Wien, 2003.

39

2. Antes Peter, Grundriss der Religionsgeschichte: Von der Prähistorie bis zur Gegenwart., Stuttgart, 2006.

3. Christoph Auffarth, Jutta Bernard, Hubert Mohr(Hrsg.), Re-ligionen der Welt., Stuttgart, 2006.

4. Weber Max, Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen: Hin-duismus und Buddhismus. Schriften 1916-1920, Tübingen, 1998.

5. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haider/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004, gv. 135, Handbuch Reli-gionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen, Johan Figl(Hrsg.), Insbruck 2003.

40

1.2 induizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

induri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi struqtura aris

kasturi sistema, Sesabamisad, - varnasrama dharma

(varnasrama dharma). cnobilia klasikuri induri

moZRvrebis oTxi ZiriTadi kastis saxeli, rogorc

is magaliTad manus samarTlis wignSia aRwerili:

brahmanebi(sasuliero wodeba), kSatriebi(raindebi)

vaiSuebi(vaWrebi, glexebi), Sudrebi (mosamsax-

ureni) [4, gv. 3] da aseve, - pariebi (uufleboni,

anu e.w.<<xelSeuxebelni>>). garda amisa, is aseve

Sedgeba uricxvi profesiuli jgufebisagan da

qvekastebisgan (jati). induizmi icavs socialur sis-

temas, romelic efuZneba varnas, kastebsa da aS-

ramebs. adamianTa keTildReobis xarisxi da maTi

socialuri mdgomareoba damokidebulia sakuTari

kastis dadgenilebebis zust Sesrulebaze.[1, gv.170]

am socialuri sistemis ideali aris ormxrivi dax-

mareba da ara Cagvra. brahmanebis dominantoba ukav-

Sirdeba pirvel rigSi wminda teqstebis codnasa

da sasuliero rols. kasturi sistema ara Tavad

vedebis, aramed mogviano dharmaSastras(Dharmasastra) mier iqna dafuZnebuli da dadgenili, rac bhaktis

(Bhakti) tradiciebis (Sant-Sampradaya) mier mkacrad iqna gakicxuli da ugulvebelyofili. tantrizmis

umetesi skolebi swored brahmanuli dominan-

ti kastebis sistemis da miT ufro, me-19 da me-20

saukunis religiuri reformis (reformatoruli)

moZraobis mowinaaRmdegeni arian.

induizmis, rogorc pluralisturi religiis

warmoudgeneli mravalferovebis miuxedavad, ar-

sebobs ramodenime, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli po-

zicia da safuZveli. erT-erTi maTgania Tavad

es pluralizmi: uTvalav xilul formebsa da

figurebSi, aTasobiT saxelsa Tu uricxv gzaSi

41

RvTaebrivi sinamdvilis manifestaciaTa mrav-

alferovnebis aRiarebiT RvTaebrivis Secnoba.

am mravalferovnebisTvis <<poliTeizmis>> sax-

eldeba calsaxad Seusabamoa imdenad, ramdenadac

indusi(Hindu) Zalzed kargad acnobierebs, rom yve-

la gamovlenis formaTa miRma usaxelo, uformo

da TvisebaTa armqone absoluti (nirguna brahman) imyofeba. swored am pluralizmTan modis funda-

mentalizmi winaaRmdegobaSi, rogorc ara induri,

da monoTeizmisgan daculi (da mofrTxilebuli).

es sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mravalferovneba

flobs garkveul ierarqiul struqturas, rac Ti-

Toeuli tradiciisTvis sxvadasxvagvarad gamoi-

yureba. martivi morwmuneobidan (religiurobidan)

filosofiurad maRalganviTarebul spiritu-

alobade TiToeuli adamianisTvis, Tavisi Sesa-

ZleblobebiT, unarianobiTa Tu midrekilebebiT

arsebobs RvTaebrivis gzis povnis SesaZleblo-

ba. sazogadod, yvela indusis mier aRiarebulia

siwmindis ideali, romelic kastebis, sqesis da re-

ligiur kuTvnilebaTa miRma imyofeba. umaRlesi

idealia sicocxlis xsna da amdenad, daxsnili (ji-vanmukta) is mzad aris sxeulSi gaRmerTebisTvis

da xdeba guru mravalTaTvis. ara misi moZRvreba,

aramed misi gardaqmnili arseboba xdeba modeli.

amitom aris gurus roli centraluri.

religiuri praqtikis ierarqiul wesrigs aseve

ganekuTvneba spiritualuri ganviTarebis safuZv-

elze rTuli ritualebis gamartivebis SesaZle-

bloba. ramdenadac mniSvnelovania ritualebi

garkveul doneze, imdenad asruleben isini gar-

damaval funqcias. saniasma (Sannyasi), romelmac

uaryo yvelaferi, metad aRar aris masTan dakavS-

irebuli, radgan man miaRwia spiritualur Tavisu-

flebas. (religiuri) praqtikisa da Teologiis

42

Semdgomi farTo daxasiaTebisTvis aseve niSan-

doblivia RvTaebrivi Zalis (sakti) rwmena, romelic

sagnebsa Tu adamianebSi mgrZnobiared, SesamCnevad

manifestirebs. taZris momlocveli piligrimi iq

sakuTar ZalTa gansaaxleblad mieSureba. induis-

turi msoflxedva arsebiTad holistikuria da

fokusirdeba brahmaSi. induizmis azrovnebis para-

digma efuZneba erTianobis princips, sadac pri-

mati eniWeba mTels, vidre mis romelime nawils.[1,

gv. 9] filosofiuri mravalferovnebis miuxedavad,

marTebuli iqneba ara-dualisturi ZiriTadi poz-

iciis anu advaita-s induizmsTvis tipiurad miCneva:

RmerTi da adamiani ar SeiZleba <<ori>> iyos.

msgavsia kosmosis kacTagan ganuyoflobis ideac,

radgan Tavad sxeuli Sedgeba xuTi elementisgan

da gardacvalebiT ubrundeba mas. am ara-ideal-

istur pozicias aseve ganekuTvneba gaSinaganebis

tendencia: ipovo RmerTi sakuTar sulSi, sakuTar

cnobierebaSi[2, gv.333].

tradiciaSi mZlavrad fesvgadgmulobis miuxe-

davad, induizmi aris gansakuTrebiT adaptirebadi

da mudmiv gardaqmnasa Tu saxecvlaSi. marTalia,

evropul azrovnebasTan Sexvedram gamoiwvia indu-

renesansi (Hindu-Renaissance), rodesac evoluciuri

azrovneba da humanisturi idealebi daukavSirda

induizms, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes

me-19 - me-20 saukuniis didma moazrovneebma - sri

aurobindom da svami vivekavandam, Tumca mas (e.i. am

adaptacias) ar umoqmedia farTo masebze, romlebic

ar flobdnen dasavlur ganaTlebas. TviTaqtu-

alizaciisTvis induizmi ar saWiroebda evropul

ganmanaTelblobas. upaniSadebidan moyolebuli

arsebobs sakmao midgomebi, romlebic kvlav da kv-

lav akritikeben religiis absolutur formebs da

icaven universaluri Zalis mqone formebs.

43

istoriis msvlelobis procesSi zogierT sfer-

oSi adgili hqonda regress. kerZod, rac Seexeba

qalTa rols sazogadoebaSi. Tumca axal droe-

baSi, romelic sayovelTao feminizmis niSniT xa-

siaTdeba, indoeTSi qalebma, sakuTari damoukide-

blobisa da Zalis dasamtkiceblad gamonaxes gza,

romelic eyrdnoba ara dasavlur models, aramed

dasabuTebas poulobs tradiciul induizmSi. me-

19 da me-20 saukunis reformaciul moZraobebSi,

rogorc mag., aria samaji(Arya Samaj), isini aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sak-

iTxebs da arcTu umniSvnelo rols TamaSobd-

nen indoeTis politikur cxovrebaSi. yvela am

aqtivobebiT indoeTSi adgili aqvs Tavdapirvel

indur ideebTan dabrunebas. dasavluri problema-

tika xSirad emsaxureba mas rogorc stimuli sa-

kuTari resursebis xelaxla aRmosaCenad.

sazogadod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom induizmi sru-

lad SemZlea dRevandeli samyaros winaSe wamoW-

ril problemaTa dasaZlevad ise, rom ar dakargos

sakuTari identoba. adaptaciisa da axali inter-

pretaciis, iseve rogorc axali samyaros Suqze

tradiciuli faseulobebis aRmoCeniT uwyvetad

xdeba tradiciis mudmivi ganaxleba(ix.[2], gv. 334).

induizmi warmoadgens universalur gaazrebs.

aq ekonomikuri saqmianoba dafuZnebulia sulieri

cxovrebis, miwis pativiscemisa da qvelmoqmedebis

principebze. swored es principebi ganapirobebs

mewarmeobisa da komerciis masStabebis zomierebas

da xSirad maT SezRudvebs. induizmis ekonomikaSi

adgili ara aqvs fasis moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-

rias. es aris sistema romelsac safuZvlad udevs

dharma da ara kaami(ix.[1], gv.168).

indoeTis ekonomikam ganicada mravali trans-

formacia qristes Sobamde 7000 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

44

mas Semdeg rac pirveli indoelebi patar-patara

jgufebad saxldebodnen da qmnidnen mcire zomis

saxelmwifoebs antikuri indoeTis CrdiloeTiT.

induri ekonomikis filosofias safuZveli Caeyara

rigvedaTi(Cv.w.aRricxvamde 1700), romelic arsebi-

Tad efuZneba ritualizirebul sameurneo urTi-

erTobebs: miwadmoqmedebasa da mecxoveleobas. am

epoqaSi indoarielebi ukve gvevlinebian miwadmo-

qmed xalxad, romlebic xar-guTniT amuSaveben mi-

was, romlis dakvalvis procesi maTTvis sakraluri

mniSvnelobis mqonea. gavlebuli kvali gaRmerTeb-

is obieqtic ki xdeboda. savaraudod mohyavdaT

qeri. brinjis kultura maTTvis jer kidev ucno-

bia. kidev ufro did rols TamaSobs mesaqonleo-

ba. Zroxa(furi) warmoadgens sakulto obieqts.

himnebSi mudmivad vxvdebiT locvebs msxvilfexa,

rqosani saqonlis (naxiris) wyalobis Taobaze.

RmerTebi da gmirebi Sedarebulni arian xarebTan,

dafioni da wvimis Rrublebi - furebTan(kerZod,

wvimis Rrubeli asocirdeboda mewvel ZroxasTan).

garda amisa, ganviTarebulia xelosnobis iseTi

dargebi, rogoric aris xurooba, mWedloba, meTu-

neoba, meTrimvleoba, feiqroba, kerva da qsova. Tan-

acxovreba mimdinareobs soflad. qalaqis cneba am

droisTvis jer kidev ar arsebobs [3].

mogvianebiT (qristes Sobamde 300 weli), gamoCeni-

li ekonomisti da politikosi maurevis imperiisa

kautilia, anu viSnagupta wers <<artaSastras>>[4],

Zvelindur politikur da ekonomikur traqtats,

indoeTis politikuri azrovnebis STambeWdav do-

kuments. aqcenti keTdeba mefis mier samefos mar-

Tvis xelovnebaze. aq xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli,

rom ekonomika aris materialuri simdidris wyaro

da saxelmwifos Zalaflebis bazisi. gamomdinare

aqedan <<artaSastra>> Zlier fokusirdeba ekono-

45

mikur sakiTxze: wigni II realurad ekonomikuri

xelSekrulebaa da kautilias saxelmwifo arse-

biTad misi ekonomikuri funqciebis mniSvnelobiT

xasiaTdeba. Tavad traqtatis saxelwodebis pir-

veli nawili swored rom misi ekonomikuri mniS-

vnelobis primatze mianiSnebs (<<arta>> SesaZloa

gagebul iqnas rogorc TviT-interesi, mogeba).

kautilias naSromi Tanmimdevrulad aris ori-

entirebuli politikis racionalizaciis kuTx-

iT, iseve rogorc meti da usafrTxo sargeblis

miRebis mimarTulebiT. politekonomiur WrilSi

gaazrebuli amgvari saxelmwifoebrivi xedva Tu

orientacia SeiZleba unikalurad iqnas miCneuli

antikuri periodisaTvis, rac aRniSnul traqtats

ekonomkis eTikis niSniT sZens <<Tanamedrove>>

elfers. <<artaSastraSi>> vxvdebiT samefos kar-

gi mmarTvelobis, saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso vaW-

robis, sagadasaxado da Sromis Teoriis princip-

Ta aspeqtebs.

masTan, komparatiuli upiratesobis principi-

dan gamomdinare, erovnuli ekonomikis zrdis

xelSewyobisTvis importic iseTive mniSvnelova-

nia, rogorc eqsporti. mefisadmi micemul rCeva-

Si kautilia iTxovs importis waxalisebas sax-

elmwifoSi ararsebuli bunebrivi resursisa Tu

saqonlis deficitis aRmosafxvrelad. is aseve

amtkicebs biznes-aqtivobaTa mkacri regulaciebis

aucileblobas monopoliaTa likvidaciis kuTx-

iT da iZleva proteqcionistur rCevebs moqiSpe

samefoTagan Sida ekonomikis dacvis mimarTule-

biT. igi iTxovs maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebas

sazRvargareTidan Semotanil fufunebis sagne-

bze. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, eqsport-importis

diferencirebuli fasebis gverdiT is aseve mxars

uWers saqonlis saqonelze gacvlis barteruli

46

formis arsebobis ideas, ra drosac, misi azriT

orive movaWre samefo msgavsi urTierTobebidan

rCeba mogebuli.

<<artaSastraSi>> kautiliam, pirvelma ganavi-

Tara Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria, Seecada ra

ganesazRvra mSromelTa samarTliani xelfasi.

misi azriT Sromis Rirebuleba damokidebulia

dasaqmebulTa unar-Cvevebze, samuSaos Sesrulebis

drosa da warmoebis moculobaze.

kautilias idealur saxelmwifoSi monar-

qi ori ZiriTadi wyarodan iRebs Semosavals:

wiaRiseulis(madneulis), xe-tyisa da sasoflo-

sameurneo produqtebis gayidviT mefis kuTvnili

miwebidan da moqalaqeTa Semosavlebze, simdidresa

da produqtebze(axla d.R.g.) gadasaxadebis dakis-

rebiT. mas miaCnda, rom samefos stabiluroba da

keTildReoba dafuZnebuli unda yofiliyo kargad

ganviTarebul sagadasaxado sistemaze. misi azriT

idealur sagadasaxado sistemas unda hqonoda Sem-

degi maxasiaTeblebi: is misaRebi unda yofiliyo

ganakveTebis, martivad gaangariSebis, iafi admin-

istrirebis, samarTliani sagadasaxado tvirTis

kuTxiT, rac ar moaxdenda uaryofiT gavlenas sax-

elmwifos ekonomikur zrdasa da ganviTarebaze[5,

gv.48-50].

induizmsa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Tan-

amedrove ekonomikur doqtrinas Soris arsebuli

urTierTdamokidebulebis Ziebisa da aRwerisas,

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli rigi princi-

puli da ganmsazRvreli gafrTxileba (faqtori):

1)TeologTa azriT, dRevandelobamde (indoeT-

Sic ki) vervin SeZlo amomwuravad da mkafiod mo-

exaza Tavad induizmis azrobrivi, filosofiuri

da msoflmxedvelobrivi sazRvrebi;

2)religiis tradiciuli koncefcia, damaxasiaTe-

47

beli misi monoTeisturi nairsaxeobisTvis(iudaizmi,

qristeanoba da islami) sruliad usargebloa in-

diuzmis bunebisa da Sesabamisad, misi ekonomikuri

Semadgenlis gansazRvrisaTvis;

3)induizmSi ararsebobs eklesiuri organiza-

cia, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli winamZRoli, saekle-

sio kreba an sxva centralizebuli ierarqiuli

struqtura, - mowodebuli adamianis cxovrebis sx-

vadasxva institucionaluri sakiTxebis gadasawy-

vetad;

4)induizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mis avTen-

tikur pirvelwyaroTa Zalzed farTo polifo-

nia, rac myisierad afarToebs analitikuri Zieb-

is sferos Tanamedrove ekonomikis problemebTan

mimarTebaSi;

5)induizmis arsebuli instalaciebi, komentar-

ebi da ganmartebebi Cveulebriv orientirebulia

misi Teologiuri Sinaarsis gaxsnaze da ekono-

mikuri Semadgeneli, masSi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mis

saerTo konteqstSi da ara rogorc kvlevis da-

moukidebeli komponenti myofobs.

ra ekonomikuri ideebiT aris gajerebuli in-

duizmi rogorc religiuri kultis forma da re-

alobis msoflmxedvelobriv-filosofiuri aRqma,

riT gansxvavdeba is sxva msoflio religiebisgan

(Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebis ekonomikuri

mowyobaze misi gavlenis TvalsazrisiT) ?

induizmis saerTo filosofiur konstruq-

ciaSi ekonomikuri Semadgenlis aqtualurobaze

SesaZloa mowmobdes ukve is faqtic, rom indu-

sis cxovrebiseuli miznis fundamentaluri

triada(dxarma, artxa da kama) - trivarga - sru-

lad moicavs Tavis TavSi materialur komponents.

TanamedroveobaSi, globalizebuli msof-

lio ekonomikis pirobebTan da gamowvevebTan

48

induizmis adaptaciis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro

warmatebuli forma gaxda e.w. sulieri ekono-

mikis koncepcia, romlis avtoradac miCneulia

e.m. dhaneSvara prabxu(dhaneSvara dasa), da romel-

mac gansxvavebuli induisturi pirvelwyar-

oebis, rogoric aris <<bhagavat gita>>, <<Sri-

mad-phagavatami>>(<<bhagavata-purana>>), <<Sri

iSopaniSadi>> da a.S., da aseve Srili prabxupadis

wignis Rrama analizis safuZvelze Seecada mo-

exdina induizmis suliT gajerebuli, Tanamed-

rove ekonomikis Tvisebrivad axali modelis sin-

Tezireba.

sulieri ekonomikis Semqnelebi xazs usvamen,

rom mis Teologiur pirvelsafuZvelSi - <<bhaga-

vat gitaSi>> aris mravali ekonomiuri katego-

ria, xolo ekonomikas, rogorc adamianuri moR-

vaweobis sferos naklebi yuradReba eTmoba.

Tumca es ekonomikuri kategoriebi, iq ase vTqvaT

<<dauswreblad>> arsebobs, e.i. ara im format-

Si, romelsac Cven miveCvieT Cveni cxovrebisa da

cnobierebis gansazRvrul materialur da kul-

turologiur SepirobebulobaTa gamo. magaliTad,

<<moTxovnilebis>> cneba am konteqstSi ganixile-

ba, rogorc materialur cnobierebasTan dakavSire-

buli Cvens yoveldRiur survilTa gamovlineba.

sulieri ekonomikis modelis konstruqciaSia,

erT-erT yvelaze ufro <<protestul>> kategori-

as sakuTreba warmoadgens. Tuki kerZo sakuTreba da

kerZo interesi kapitalisturi ekonomikisTvis mis

mTavar motivatorad gamodis/gvevlineba, induis-

turi interpretacia Sinaarsobrivad radikalu-

rad gnsxvavdeba misgan. <<bhagavat-gitas>> me-2

TavSi vnaxulobT kriSnas mimarTvas arjunasadmi:

<< Sen gaqvs ufleba Seasrulo Seni valdebuleba,

Tumca nayofi Sens moqmedebaTa Sen ar gekuTvnis.

49

arasdros migaCndes Tavi sakuTar namoqmedarTa

Sedegis mizezad da arasdros aarido Tavi val-

debulebaTa Sesrulebas... dae ar gaRelvebdes

Sen warmateba an warumatebloba... didi brZenebi,

bhaktebi, romlebic erTgulad msaxureben kriS-

nas, Tavisufldebian dabadebisa da gardacvalebis

wrebrunvisagan, ramdenadac uari Tqves moRvaweo-

bis nayofze materialur samyaroSi[6].

induizmi, kultivirebs ra ekonomikur saqmi-

anobas (warmoebas), mTlianobaSi mas miakuTvnebs

valdebulebaTa religiur konteqsts da amave dros

uaryofs kerZo sakuTrebasa da kerZo interess im

azriT, rogoradac maT gansazRvravs tradiciuli,

rogorc mas dxaneSvara dasi uwodebs, - <<aTeis-

turi ekonomika>>. Srila prabxupada, <<bhagavat-

gitas>> me-2 Tavis 47 strofis ganmartebisas

mkafio aqcentebs svams rogorc sakuTrebis prob-

lemasTan, ise movaleobebTan dakavSirebiT: <<ufa-

li urCevs arjunas ar iyos umoqmedo. piriqiT, man

unda misdios movaleobaTa aRsrulebas, sakuTar

namoqmedarTa Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe. sakuTari

Sromis Sedegze mijaWvuli adamianisTvis, Tavad es

Sedegi xdeba moqmedebaTa mizezi. amitom, sakuTar

saqmianobaTa rezultatis mixedviT ganicdis is

tkbobas an tanjvas>>.

ekonomikis <<materialistur>> sabazro da

<<sulier>> indur tipebs Soris gansxvaveba ar

Semoifargleba mxolod zemoT motaniliT. <<wmin-

da>> kapitalizmis ideologebi mTlianobaSi

rTulad aRiqvamen induizmis sulieri ekonomikis

koncepciis mimdevarTa damajerebel argumentebs.

konkurencia, rogorc SejibrebiTi urTierTqme-

debaTa forma, gauazrebeli da zedmeti xarjebis

warmoqmniT asustebs sazogadoebas. ase magliTad,

zogierTi eqspertis azriT 2010 wels globaluri

50

sareklamo xarjebi, romelic konkurenciuli br-

Zolis mravalTagan erT-erT saSualebas warmoad-

gens, gaizarda 10,6%-iT da 503 mlrd. dolari Sead-

gina. aRniSnuli Tanxa SeiZleboda sazogadoebis

sasargeblod daxarjuliyo (mag., mimarTuliyo

masobrivi SimSilobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-

lad, romelic planetarul masStabebs iZens). jer

kidev 2009 wels, dedamiwaze erT miliardze meti

adamiani SimSilobda. maSin rodesac (da esec im-

ave induisturi argumentis nawilia) sareklamo

xarjebis 1/10 ikmarebda Cven planetaze mSier ada-

mianTa ricxovnebis orjer Sesamcireblad! Tumca

egoisturi kerZo interesi, romelic amoZravebs ka-

pitalisturi ekonomikis meqanizms, praqtikaSi ar

iZleva sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis mow-

yobis xarisxobrivad sxvagvar modelze gadasv-

lis SesaZleblobas. bazris adeptebisTvis Cndeba

logikuri da <<uxerxuli>> kiTxva: ra umjobesia

- mkacri kapitalisturi konkurencia principiT

<<TiToeuli TavisTvis>>, Tu sulieri TanamSrom-

loba principiT <<TiToeuli yvelasTvis>>?

resursebis SezRudulobis, iSviaTobisa da

amowurvadobis fundamentur ekonomikur proble-

mas - alternativebis aucileblobis pirvelmizezs

arCevansa da konkurenciaSi, rogorc Tanamedrove

ekonomikis obieqtur gamovlinebas, - induiz-

mi gverds uvlis adamianis asketuri cxovrebis

xarjze. adamianur moTxonilebaTa minimizaciiT

mcirdeba maT dasakmayofileblad saWiro mozid-

uli resursebis raodenoba da Sesabamisad, qreba

konkurenciul urTierTobaTa simwvave mis yvela

monawiles Soris.

miuxedavad imisa, rom simdidre-siRaribisa da

uTanasworobis ZvelisZvel ekonomikur proble-

mebs induizmSi gansazRvruli saerTo social-

51

uri konteqsti gaaCnia, rasac erTi SexedviT unda

uzrunveleyo kidec maTi gadawyvetis saerTo

logikis arseboba, rogori sakvirvelic ar unda

iyos, induizmi axdens simdidris gansjas da amave

dros ufrTxildeba sazogadoebis socialur-kas-

turi diferenciaciis ideas. konstituciiT gar-

antirebuli socialuri Tanasworobis miuxedavad,

aTaswlovani induri tradicia praqtikaSi dRemde

inarCunebs sazogadoebis sakmaod mkacr socialur

struqturas, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

swored rom misi mowyobis(b.g. 4.13) varnul-kastur

principebs (brahmanebi, kSatriebi, vaiSuebi, Sudre-

bi) efuZneba. Tumca, varnul-kasturi sazogadoebis

faqtiuri socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworoba

ar ganisazRvreba rogorc aseTi, aramed mocemulia

socialuri jgufebis Taviseburi <<speciali-

zaciis>> saxiT, romlis safuZvelsac dharma war-

moadgens. religiuri Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom um-

jobesia sakuTar valdebulebaTa ukeT Sesruleba,

vidre sxvaTa - cudad, erTi mxriv afiqsirebs sa-

zogadoebis calkeuli varnuli jgufis speciali-

zacias, xolo meore mxriv - Signidan ketavs maT, da

ekonomikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT mxolod Ti-

Toeuli am kastis farglebSi axdens Tanasworo-

bisa da samarTlianobis ideaTa <<lokalizebas>>.

simdidresTan da fulTan damokidebuleba in-

duizmSi gamomdinareobs kerZomesakuTruli mo-

tivebisa da principebis uaryofidan. adamianis

ekonomikuri mowyobis sakuTari recefti efuZne-

ba ara mxolod induizmis kanonebs, aramed aseve

moicavs dRes dominirebuli ekonomikis modelis

naklovanebaTa kritikul Sefasebasac: <<fuli,

simdidre - ai ra aris mTavari, da yvela Cveni ur-

TierToba misiT ganisazRvreba. Tu Cven SevZeliT

fulis warmatebiT Sovnisa da gankargvis unarebis

52

demonstrireba, Cvens pirad naklovanebaTa miuxeda-

vad vxdebiT pativsacemni. ai rogoria material-

istebis sazogadoeba>>. sulier ekonomikaSi fuli

ar aris mis savaldebulo komponentad aRiarebu-

li, ramdenadac misi warmoSoba-gamoCena SedarebiT

gviandelia, maSin rodesac ekonomika (e.i. saqmiano-

bis saxeoba, romelic mimarTulia utilitaruli

Sedegebis miRebisaken da emsaxureba adamianis

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas) arsebobda masze

ufro adrec, sadac fuli ar gamoiyeneboda am

saqmianobaTa Sedegebis Sesafaseblad. induizmSi

fulTan damokidebulebis filosofia efuZneba mas,

rom aq fuli sulier-sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis

formad ganixileba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxSi

adgili aqvs ekonomikuri Sinaarsis moqmedebebsa

da damokidebulebebs, isini ar ganisazRvreba fu-

liT, ramdenadac ojaxis TiToeuli wevri sakuTar

Tavs winamorbedis gamgrZelebelTan(qali - dedis,

kaci - mamis, Svilebi - mSoblebis) aigivebs. fu-

lis CarTva amgvar urTierTobebSi TandaTanobiT

iwvevs materialuri interesebiT gatacebas, gamor-

Cenisken swrafvas, sakuTrebis miRebisa da gazrdis

survils da Sedegad, - adamianTa urTierTdaSore-

basa da maT pirad urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovan

gauaresebas. materialuri moTxovnilebebi da sur-

vilebi, Sepirobebuli fuliT, rogorc maTi dak-

mayofilebis saSualebiT, agebs adamianis cxovre-

bis imgvar konstruqcias, romelsac induizmSi

<<materialur monobas>> uwodeben. <<bhagavat

gitas>> me-16 TavSi(<<RvTaebrivi da demonuri

buneba>>) weria: <<isini Tvlian, rom grZnobadi

(xorcieli) dakmayofileba - adamianuri civili-

zaciis yvelaze mTavari moTxovnilebaa. amgvarad,

sicocxlis bolomde ganuzomeli zrunviT aRvs-

ilni, ganicdian uamrav SiSsa da Relvas. asobiT

53

da aTasobiT survilTa badeSi gabmulni, avxorco-

bisa da mrisxanebis tyveobaSi, yvela simarTliTa

da sicruiT Souloben fuls grZnobadi (xorcie-

li) dakmayofilebisTvis>>(b.g. 16.11-12).

induizmis ara amgvar kategoriul da negati-

ur damokidebulebas kerZo sakuTrebasa da simd-

idresTan mimarTebiT vxvdebiT bhaktivedanta svami

prabhupadas komentarebSi, romelic ukve uSvebs

<<Tu>>-s gansazRvrebas naxsenebi kategoriebis

Sesaxeb: <<siRaribe - sicocxleze materialuri

warmodgenebiT mcxovrebi adamianisTvis wyevlaa...

cocxali arsebani ar Seqmnilan siRatakisTvis...

yovel cocxal arsebas aqvs xelSeuvali ufleba

datkbes uflis sakuTrebiT... >>[7].

sakuTrebis, ganawilebis, simdidris, fulis,

moTxovnilebis, valdebulebis da sxv. problemebze

koncentrirebiT, induizmi, ZiriTadi kanonikuri pi-

rvelwyaroebis doneze, sxva msoflio religieb-

isgan (qristeanoba, islami, iudaizmi) gansxvave-

biT nawilobriv gverds uvlis an sakmaod mcire

yuradRebas uTmobs iseT mniSvnelovan ekonomikur

kategoriebs, rogoric aris procenti, mogeba da

gadasaxadi.

induizmis sulieri ekonomikis koncefcia war-

moadgens gansxvavebul xedvas, principulad sxva

filosofiuri platformiT. induizmi cdilobs

ara mxolod TviTadaptacias Tanamedrove ekonomi-

kur gamowvevebTan, aramed is ekonomikis kapital-

istur da socialistur doqtrinebs Soris eZiebs

kompromiss.

literatura:

1. v. xizaniSvili, eTikuri ekonomika (saxelmZ-

Rvanelo), gamomcemloba <<loi>>, Tbilisi, 2016.

2. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre

54

zentralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Innsbruck, 2003.3. Ведийская цивилизация., https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Ведийская_цивилизация.4. Kautilya, The Arthashastra, New Delhi, 1992.5. The Hindu Economic System – De Gruyter., A. Gra-

dinaru, M. Iavorschi., https:/www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/hssr.2013.2.issue – 2/…/hssr-2013-0003.xm/by A Grandina-ru-2013 .

6. Bhagavad Gita (A New Translation Stephen Mitchell), New York, 2000.

7. Индуизм и современная экономика.,http://www.all-best.ru/

55

Tavi 2. budizmi

2.1 budizmis arsi

budizmis saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba misive

damfuZneblis budas saxels. buda aris sapatio

wodeba da aRniSnavs <<gamoRviZebuls>>( budh <<gamoRviZeba>>)... [1, gv.155]. misi saxelia sidhar-

ta gautama, romelic iyo Crdilo-aRmosavleT in-

doeTis (dRevandeli nepalis) mcire teritoriaze

mdebare Sakias respublikis rajis, Sudhodanas

Ze. uzrunvelad izrdeboda fufunebaSi. iqor-

wina. Svilis dabadebisTanave malulad datova

sasaxle da iwyo xetiali. legendis Tanaxmad is

xvdeba mogzaur bers, romelic ukiduresi siRa-

takis miuxedavad Cans bednieri. igi uCvenebs mas

tanjvisgan xsnis Ziebis gzas. ufliswuli Svidi

wlis manZilze mogzaurobs. sasurveli Semecneb-

is misaRwevad urTierTobs mravalTan, berTan da

moZRvarTan. bolos mkacri asketizmiT gadawyvets

sakuTari miznis miRwevas. mravalwliani uSedego

mcdelobis Semdeg, is kvlav iwyebs srulfasovnad

kvebas. morigi xetialisas, uruvelasTan (dRevan-

deli bodh-gaia) axlos, leRvis xis qveS mjdomare

amoxsnis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebis amocanas. im

Rames xvdeba sakuTar ganvlil cxovrebas, gon-

ebis Tvals avlebs karmis kanons (e.i. karg da

cud saqmeTa gavlenas), da Seicnobs tanjvis bune-

bas da misi gauqmebis gzas, - oTx WeSmaritebas.

ase aRwevs is <<gamoRviZebas>>(bodhi)(ix.[1], gv.156): <<namdvilad xsnili var, es aris Cemi ukanaskne-

li dabadeba, metad aRar arsebobs ganaxleba !>>[2,

gv.167]. gamoRviZebuli meSvide dRes tovebs Semec-

nebis adgils da benaresTan (dRevandeli sarnaThi)

56

kvlav hpovebs Tavis xuT mimdevars, romelTac au-

wyebs dharmas(kanons). <<benaresis qadagebaSi>>

amcnobs maT imis Sesaxeb, rom arc gadaWarbebuli

asketizmiT da arc siuxveSi cxovrebiT, aramed mx-

olod <<Sualeduri gziT>> aris gadarCena Sesa-

Zlebeli, romelic emyareba oTxi keTilSobili

WeSmaritebisa da keTilSobili rvasafexuriani

gzis SemCnevis codnas. Tavdapirveli skepsisis

Semdeg xuTive rwmundeba budas WeSmaritebaSi da

xdeba sanghas, budisturi ordenis pirveli moxe-

tiale beri(bhikSu). Tavisi cxovrebis Semdegi 45

weli buda mogzaurobs Crdilo-indoeTSi da as-

wavlis dharmas. misi ukanaskneli mogzauroba 80

wlis asakSi aRwerilia <<saboloo gafantvis did

saxelmZRvanelo teqstSi>> (mahaparinirvansutra),

saidanac berTa ZalisxmeviT viTardeba sxva da

sxva budisturi mimarTuleba, romlebic dRemde

erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs.

Tavisi qadagebiT buda isaxvda Semdeg miznebs:

I.brZolas klerikanizmis winaaRmdeg (antikleri-

kanizmi):

vedur dros arsebobda oTxi wodeba. umaR-

les safexurze idgnen kSatriebi(meomrebi). Semdeg

modiodnen brahmanebi(qurumebi), vaiSebi(vaWrebi) da

bolos - Sudrebi(msaxurni). daaxloebiT qristes

Sobamde pirveli saukunis SuaSi es wodebrivi

sistema TandaTanobiT icvleba induistur kastur

sistemad, romelSic ZiriTadad fiqtiur sazoga-

doebriv wesrigSi brahmanebi aRmoCndnen saTaveSi,

xolo kSatriebi meore adgilze CamoqveiTdnen.

brahmanebis upiratesoba gviandel vedur sazoga-

doebaSi vlindeba maTi rogorc erTaderTi msx-

verplSemwirveli qurumebis xsnis saritualo

privilegiasa da umaRlesi wodebis arsebobaSi.

budizmi ewinaaRmdegeboda amgvari ierarqiul-

57

wodebriv models Semdegi argumentiT: wodebrivi

kuTvnilebis miuxedavad xsna SesaZlebeli iyo

yvela adamianisTvis.

II.brZolas ritualizmis winaaRmdeg (antiritu-

alizmi):

vedur dros msxverpli imyofeboda religiuri

praqtikis centrSi. xSirad samsxverplo ceremo-

niis Semadgenel nawils pirutyvis xocva warmoad-

genda, rac budistur eTikasTan TanxmobaSi ver

modioda. Tumca maT Tavidanve ar uaryviaT brah-

manuli msxverplSewirvis praqtika, aramed masSi

Seitanes garkveuli cvlilebebi. isini samsxver-

plod cxovelis magivrad urCevdnen cxovelur

produqts, mag., rZes furis nacvlad, ase vTqvaT pars pro toto (laT. nawili mTelis nacvlad), riTac Sesa-

Zlebeli xdeboda pirutyvis mokvdinebis Tavidan

acileba. amasTan isini sTavazobdnen alterna-

tivebs, rac met samsaxurs(punia) pirdeboda, vidre

veduri msxverpli. es iyo mowyalebis gaReba, monas-

trebis Seneba, budizmSi gadasvla, xuTi saero mc-

nebis dacva da rogorc umaRlesi, ordenSi Sesvla.

III.brZolas Teizmis winaaRmdeg (antiTeizmi):

budizmi iSva poliTeizmis religiur garemo-

Si. induizmisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac veduri sam-

sxverplo rituali warmoadgenda ara mxolod

ceremoniaTa zust Sesrulebas, aramed aseve im

RvTaebaTa mxardaWerasac, romelTac msxverpls

swiravdnen, da romlebic ierarqiulad ganwesrige-

bul RmerTebis saufloSi rezidirebdnen, budizm-

Si maT metad aRar hqondaT raime funqcia, radgan

isini daxsnisTvis umweoni iyvnen. miuxedavad amisa

isini rodi iyvnen srulad uaryofilni, aramed -

budas Semwe sulebamde degradirebulni. zogierT

SemTxvevaSi ki Riad gaqirdulnic. mravali ambavi

iuwyeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor midis brahma, diadi

58

veduri RmerTi budasTan rCevis misaRebad.

IV.brZolas metafizikis winaaRmdeg (anti-

metafizika):

RmerTebis, rogorc xsnis SemweTa uaryofa

aseve moicavda yvela mistikuri warmodgenisa

da saswaulebrivi movlenis uaryofas. pirvel

rigSi es exeba upaniSadebSi(igive vedanta) war-

modgenili atmanis(individualuri suli) da

brahmanis(universaluri suli) erTobas, romel-

ic rogorc mistikuri gancda, yvela sxva zegr-

Znobad aRqmasTan erTad adreuli budizmis mier

iqna gauqmebuli/ugulvebelyofili. Tu induizmSi

uproblemod Tanaarsebobs saswaulis rwmena da

kritika, budasTan piriqiT, calsaxad xdeba am sas-

waulebriv praqtikaTa uaryofa, radgan erTader-

Ti saswauli rasac is aRiarebs, aris moZRvrebis

gamocxadeba.

V.brZolas asketizmis winaaRmdeg (antiasketiz-

mi):

budas dros asketizmisa da TviTgvemis mraval-

gvari praqtika farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. arse-

bobda uaris Tqmis, samosis tarebis, Tmis kreWisa

Tu sakvebis miuReblobis radikaluri formebi.

budas, romelsac Tavad hqonda msgavsi cxovreba

gamovlili, ukuagdo is, rogorc xsnis saSualeba.

mkacri asketizmis amocana, - tanjvaTagan daxsnis

migneba, misTvis <<Sualeduri gziT>> gaxda Sesa-

Zlebeli. amitom uaryo man asketizmis yvela for-

ma, radgan isini mxolod tanjvaTa momatebas da

ara maT dasrulebas msaxurebdnen.

VI.brZolas hedonizmis winaaRmdeg (antihe-

donizmi):

rogorc <<Sualeduri gzis>> warmomadgeneli

buda aseve qadagebda TviTgvemiT tkbobis uaryo-

fas, radgan Tvlida, rom yoveli sixaruli ima-

59

vdroulad ukve axali tanjvis matarebelia da

amdenad Tavidan unda iqnas aridebuli.

sami aqsioma qmnis budisturi swavlebis safuZ-

vels: tanjvisgan gaTavisufleba, karmidan gasvla

da xsnis Tanabari ufleba(ix.[1], gv. 159).

oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis Semecneba da

keTilSobili rvasafexuriani bilikis miyola

ayalibebs xsnis gzas budisti berisTvis. Tumca

budizmSi saerosac ZaluZs xsnasTan miaxleba.

zneoba da goneba, orive es siqvele, romlebic mniS-

niSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, uerTmaneTod war-

moudgenelia. zneoba Sedgeba xuTi akrZalvisgan:

1.ar kla; 2. ar moityuo; 3. ar iparo; 4. ar imruSo;

5. ar daTvre. goneba akontrolebs da ,,wmends’’ am

zneobas, iseve rogorc goneba xdeba zneobriv qce-

vaTagan ganwmendili. budisturi moZRvrebis cod-

nisgan gansxvavebiT, am mcnebaTa daufleba saero

mimdevarTagan savaldebuloa. am xuTi akrZalvis

gverdiT arsebobs siqvele, kerZod gulmowyale-

ba, raSi gawafvac marTebT maT, raTa Semwirvelma

moipovos religiuri gasamrjelo.

budas gardacvalebis Semdeg misi mimdevre-

bi ecdebian moZRvrebis dacvas da iReben kanons,

rac Cvenamde mravaljer gadamuSavebuli da gan-

vrcobili saxiT movida. sam krebaze moxda bu-

das mTeli swavlebis Tavmoyra, sistematizireba

da kanonizireba. pirveli kreba(sanskr. sanghiti,

<<erToblivi kiTxva>>) weliwadis wvimian dros,

budas bolo nirvanas(sanskr. parinirvana) Sem-

deg unda Catarebuliyo. rajagrihaSi wakiTxul

iqna ordenis wesi(pali,sanskr. vinaia, disciplina,

wesi) upalis(sanskt. upali, beri) da moZRvrebis

sityva(sanskr. sutra, Zafi) anandas, budas sayvare-

li mowafis mier. meore kreba Catarda vaiSal-

Si, ra drosac disputi warmoebda ordenis wes-

60

Ta ganmartebis sakiTxis irgvliv. dasasruls,

pataliputras mesame kreba, romelic imperator

aSokas(daaxl. 268-233) dros Catarda, dasrulda bud-

istTa erTobis daSliT. budisti wmindanis(sanskr.

arhat, Rirseuli) mier swavlebis darigebis gziT

gadacema iqca kamaTis sagnad, ramac budistTa

Soris ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia. erToba daiSala

<<uxucesebad>>(sanskr. stxavira, uxucesebi) da

<<did Tems mikuTvnebulTa>>(sanskr. mahasanghi-

ka, didi kreba) saxiT. azrTa sxvadasxvaobam sab-

olood gayo is da mis nacvlad mogvianebiT Camoy-

alibda ori budisturi mimarTuleba: CrdiloeTis,

- hinaiana(sanskr. <<patara etli - xsnis gza>>) da

samxreTis, - mahaiana(sanskr.<<didi etli - xsnis

gza>>).

budizmi aris religia da filosofia, romelic

moicavs gansxvavebul tradiciebs rwmenebsa da

gamocdilebebs. igi efuZneba sidxarta gautamas

swavlebas[3]. farTo gansazRvraSi, religia SeiZleba

Sefasdes, rogorc transcendentuli gamocdileb-

is dinamiuri SeRwevadoba(inkulturacia) sazoga-

doebis istoriaSi, eTikasa da wesebSi. transcen-

detul RmerTTan pirdapiri damokidebulebis

gareSe, magaram ara adamianTa radikaluri damok-

idebulebis gareSe cnobierebasTan. budizmi xs-

nis realobas, rogorc Ria urTierTobebis marad

cvalebad bades da aqedan formirebul maT damok-

idebulebas samyarosadmi. misi eTika pirvel rig-

Si aRniSnavs anTropologiur Semobrunebasa da

religiur aRsrulebaTa racionalur safuZvlebs;

is religias gaiazrebs Tavis hermenevtikul da

kulturis mdgenel funqciaSi; misTvis yoveldRi-

uri cxovreba warmoadgens WeSmaritebis Semecneb-

is usasrulo formirebis process da Sesabamisad,

amiT is cdilobs samoqalaqo(civilizatoruli)

61

infrastruqturaTa maT sakuTar funqcionalur

mniSvnelobaSi aRiarebas, magram budizmi amave

dros avlens mis arsebiT umniSvnelobas da mz-

eras mimarTavs sulierebisken.

budas(daaxl. 563-483 ww. qristes Sobamde)

Tavdapirveli qadagebis ZaliT nasazrdoebi da

budisturi istoriis gansxvavebul istoriul

da geografiul konkretizaciebSi uwinaresad

<<marTebul qcevaTa>> da <<keTilSobil adami-

anTa>> orive es aspeqti ekonomikis eTikisTvis

Zalzed didi mniSvnelobis matarebelia. Tumca

budizmis mravalricxovani nakadebis, romelTac

budad gamoRviZebuli ufliswul siTharta gau-

tamas pirveli qadagebidan moyolebuli moicves

faqtobrivad mTeli azia da amaJamad emzadebian

gaxdnen mniSvnelovani sulieri faqtori samya-

ros dasavleT nawilisTvis, erTian eTikaSi Tav-

moyra da asaxva SeuZlebelia, miuxedavad amisa

mainc SesaZlebelia, rom moxdes sami umniSvnelo-

vanesi aspeqtis gamorCeva, romlebic budisturi

moZRvrebis(dharmas) intenciebs gamoxataven: <<pir-

vel rigSi es aris gaTavisuflebis miRweva(vimuti),

rac individTan mimarTebiT aRniSnavs pirovnebis

tanjvisa da ukmayofilebis mdgomareobidan gaTa-

visuflebas. meore es aris gagebisa da Semecnebis

gzis migneba, rac TavisTavad eTikuri Rirebuleb-

is mqonea. mesame es aris moraluri srulyofileb-

is miRweva, pirovnulobis zneobrivi gardaqmna[4,

gv. 144]. samive am aspeqtis realizebis mcdelobas

wiTel xazad gasdvs <<oTxi keTilSobili

WeSmaritebis>>(tanjva, tanjvis warmoSoba, tanjvis

acileba, tanjvis acilebisken mimavali gza) da

<<keTilSobili rvamxrivi bilikis>>(marTebuli

Semecneba, swori gadawyvetileba, marTebuli

mtyveleba, swori qmedeba, cxovrebis swori wesi,

62

swori Zalisxmeva, marTebuli yuradReba da swori

koncentracia) spiritualuri praqtika da kul-

minacias nirvanas, bednieri gaTavisuflebis aRu-

werel gamocdilebaSi aRwevs, romelSic yvela

usargeblo midrekileba wyvets arsebobas. yofi-

erebis, sicocxlis wrebrunvis arsebiTad pirvel-

ma WeSmaritebam, rogoric aris <<tanjva>>(dukha),

socialuri problematikis dRevandel globalur

dimensiasTan mimarTebiT kidev ufro meti simw-

vave SeiZina: umuSevroba, Cagvra, usamarTlo damok-

idebuleba simdidresa da siRaribes Soris, ukmari

cnobiereba sicocxlis uflebisa da adamianuri

RirsebisTvis, garemos ganadgureba, narkomaniisa

da Sidsis problematika gvixmobs maT gamomwvev

faqtorTa dakvirvebuli analizisken, romlebic

Tavad adamianebSi unda iqnas moZiebuli.

dRes albaT ukve unda dadges kiTxvis niSnis

qveS maqs veberis[5] mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac

individualuri egzistenciis iluziis budisturi

gadawyveta, wuTisoflisgan monastrul-asketuri

gandgomileba da induri moZRvreba karmasTan

dakavSirebiT (ara sakuTari braleulobiT namem-

kvidrali cxovrebis pirobebi) SeuZlebels xdis

socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone eTikis arse-

bobas. individis damokidebulebis swored marTe-

buli respeqti saerTo realobis mimarT imyofeba

budisturi yuradRebis centrSi da afuZnebs enga-

Jirebul praqtikas.

budizmis mSobel qveyanaSi, politikosma da ukas-

toTa liderma bimrao ramji ambedkarma(1891-1956),

budizmis socialuri ganTavisuflebidan Tavisi

gzavniliT kvlav Seqmna masebis moZraoba. misi

moZraobis konteqstidan SesaZlebelia budasad-

mi, rogorc CagrulTa mxsnelisa da ganmaTavisu-

fleblisadmi miZRvnili erTi leqsis citireba,

63

romelSic, globaluri usamarTlobis Secvlisak-

en mimarTuli religiuri engaJementiT, TiTqosda

tripitakas kanonTa axali gverdia inspirirebuli:

<<sidharta, me verasdros gxedav Sen jetavanaSi

lotosSi mjdomares... me gxedav Sen mosaubres

da moxetiales damcirebulTa da uZlurTa So-

ris, sanaTiT xelSi mosiarules qoxidan qoxSi.

Sen dRes wer tripitakas axal gverds>>[6, gv.185].

literatura:

1. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haid-er/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004

2. Theachings of the Budda, the midlle length, Discours-es of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya.,26 I, Somerville(USA), 2015

3. Buddhist economics – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.,en.wikipedia.org./Wiki/Buddhist/economics

4. P.D. Premasiri, Enciclopaedya of Buddhismus, Vol. 5, W.G.Weeraratna(Editor), Colombo, 1990

5. M. Weber, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziolo-gie, Band 2, Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen: Hinduismus und Buddhismus, Tübingen, 1921

6. A. Pieris, Love Meets Wisdom: A Christian Experience of Buddhismus (Faith Meets Faith Series), Published by Orbis Books, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A. 1988

64

2.2 budizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

budizmi upiratesad exeba ara arsebuli ekono-

mikuri sistemis gardaqmnas, aramed socialuri da

religiuri moralis identifikaciis gziT mis gae-

Tikurebas, meore mxriv kanonikuri werilebi ar

Seicavs specifikur eTikur traqtats; eTikuri

cxovrebis wesis principebs ufro metad ayalibebs

budas erTiani moZRvrebis safuZveli(sakvanZo wer-

tili): << adamiani, vinc aRvsilia sixarbiT..., siZul-

viliT..., da sibrmaviT, Zleuli sixarbiT, siZulvil-

iTa da sibrmaviT, fiqrobs sakuTar naklovanebaze,

sxvis naklovanebaze da orives naklovanebaze, da

ganicdis sulier tkivilsa da mwuxarebas. cxovre-

bis mdare wesiT xelmZRvanelobs is aseve saqmeSi,

sityvasa da fiqrSi da ver Seicnobs rogorc Tavis

sakuTar namdvil sidiades, ise sxvis da orives

sidiades. magram, rodesac sixarbe, siZulvili da

sibrmave datevebulia, is ar fiqrobs rogorc sa-

kuTar naklovanebaze, ise sxvis da orives naklo-

vanebaze. am azriT moZRvreba aris xiluli aq da

axla, gaaCnia uSualo Sedegebi, gviwvevs misvlad

da saxilvelad, migviZRvis miznisken da is Tavad

masSia sibrZniT Secnobadi>> [1,gv.69].

moZRvrebas sicxades sZens misi personaluri

gaTaviseba; budisturi socialuri eTika aris in-

dividualuri transformaciis uSualo Sedegi.

koncentrul wreebSi gansxvavebul politikur

erTobaTa pozitiuri cvlilebebidan aRmocende-

ba msoflio mSvidobis dacvis Tu konstruqciu-

li saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, romlebic Tavis

mxriv calkeulTa mSvidobismyofel emanaciaTa

krebuls warmoadgens. sakuTar TemSi arsebuli

misia berTa da eriskacTaTvis ar izRudeba mx-

olod sulieri sikeTiT, aramed is aseve moicavs

65

socialuri pasuxismgeblobiT gansazRvrul er-

iskacTa marTebuli cxovrebis unarebs. prof. r.h.

robinsoni samyarosTan am praqtikul damokide-

bulebaSi xedavs budisturi gavrcelebis war-

matebis saidumlos: <<budizmis istoriul war-

matebas ganapirobebs misi wvdomva ganurCevlad

rasebis, kastebis, klasebisa Tu sqesis. sibraluli

aris ara mxolod sxvisi tanjvis SegrZneba, aramed

sargebloba mis Sesamsubuqeblad, da keTilSobi-

luri saqmianoba aris >dharmas saCuqri<. ... budisti

misionerebi eswrafvian sakuTari moZRvrebis ara

mxolod qadagebas, aramed mis gadacemas>>[2,gv.31].

ara adamianuri Zalidan, aramed realobis marTe-

buli azris maZiebeli Widilidan Cndeba mSvido-

ba. <<mefis>> pasuxismgebloba saerTo sikeTisT-

vis TavisTavad ganimarteba rogorc mxolod da

mxolod misi spiritualuri Sromis funqcia.

Sepirobebul aRmocenebaTa(pratitia-samutpada

pratitya-samutpada) usasrulo jaWvis centraluri

budisturi varaudis Tanaxmad mefis moraluri da-

mokidebuleba pirdapir gavlenas axdens saxelmwi-

fos funqcionirebaze, maT Soris moqalaqeTa jan-

mrTelobis mdgomareobaze, iseve rogorc zeciur

sxeulTa harmoniasa da aqedan gamomdinare, klima-

tur faqtorebze. kanonikur teqstebSi xSirad aris

am principTa namdvilobis Sesaxeb saubari: << im

dros, rodesac mefeni gulmowyaleni arian maTi

berebis mimarT, aseve gulmowyaleni arian saxelm-

wifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebic. arian ra

saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebi gul-

mowyaleni, aseve gulmowyaleni arian mRvdelni

da moqalaqeni. arian ra mRvdelni da moqalaqeni

gulmowyaleni, aseve gulmowyaleni arian qalaqisa

da soflis mcxovrebni. arian ra qalaqisa da sof-

lis mcxovrebni gulmowyaleni, amitom moZraobs

66

sakuTari swori svliT mze da mTvare. moZraobs

ra mze da mTvare sakuTari swori svliT, amitom

moZraoben aseve planetebi da varskvlvebi Tavisi

swori svliT. moZraoben ra planetebi da varskv-

lavebi Tavisi swori svliT, amitom aris dRe-Ramis

swori monacvleoba. monacvleobs ra dRe da Rame

sworad, amitom monacvleoben mTeli da naxevari

Tveebi sworad. monacvleoben ra mTeli da nax-

evari Tveebi sworad, amitom monacvleoben weli-

wadis droebi da weliwadebi sworad. monacvleo-

ben ra weliwadis droebi da weliwadebi sworad,

amitom qrian aseve qarebi swori mimarTulebiT.

qrian ra qarebi swori mimarTulebiT, amitom ar

risxdebian RmerTebi. ar risxdebian ra RmerTe-

bi, amitom arsebobs aseve Tavisdrouli wvimebi.

arsebobs ra Tavisdrouli wvimebi, amitom aRwevs

marcvleuli srul mwifobas. iReben ra sazrdod

adamianebi mwife marcvleuls, amitom aRweven isini

xangrZliv wlovanebas, silamazes, Zalasa da janm-

rTelobas>>[3, 1984,gv.75; 1956,gv.306].

rodesac sixarbe, siZulvili da sibrmave gaana-

lizebulia rogorc arajansaR qmedebaTa mTavari

mizezebi politikur sferoSi maTive politikuri

SedegebiT, rogoric aris Zalauflebis borotad

gamoyeneba, zewola da sicruis propaganda, aqve

maTi daZleva ganixileba eTikur qmedebaTa mamoZ-

ravebel Zalad da mis mTavar motivatorad. ara

mxolod sicocxlis egzistencialuri tanjvis

xasiaTi, aramed aseve siocialuri usamarTlobis

personaluri gamocdileba mniSvnelovnad axasi-

aTebs budas moZRvrebas. <<Zaladoba badebs SiSs:

brZolis dros gamoCndeba kacTa buneba! SeZrwun-

ebulma msurs vTqva, rogor aRviqvi me isini. vnaxe

es xalxi, rogorc Tevzebi, romelTac wyali ar

hyofniT. erTurTs mimwydarni vixile isini, - ramac

67

Tavzari damca>>[4,gv.935].

ekonomikis eTikis farTo diskusia moiZie-

ba <<samyaros mbrZanebeli - lomis Rrialis>>-

sutraSi[5,gv.174], sadac mosaxleobis siduxWire

ara individualuri karmis gamoxatulebad, ara-

med usamarTlo struqturebisa da mefis naklu-

li samarTlianobis arsebobiT miRebul Sedegad

miiCneva. simdidris samarTliani, gawonaswore-

buli ganawilebiT monarqi zrunavs socialuri

samarTlianobis misaRwevad; meore mxriv msgav-

si mdgomareoba aris ara ekonomikuri zrunvis

(ekonomikur valdebulebaTa) gansakuTrebuli Se-

degi, aramed mosaxleobis moraluri progresidan

gamomdinare. simdidre, mxolod egoistur zraxvebs

damonebuli xdeba avis msaxuri. am kanonikuri pasa-

Jidan SesaZloa garkveulwilad gamoikveTos bud-

isturi midrekileba marqsistuli Teoriis mima-

rT, romelic <<dharma-socializmis>> moTxovnis

saxiT formulirebulia tailandeli beris buda-

dazas (1909-1993) reformatorul programaSi, ro-

gorc yvelaze arsebiTi punqti.

simdidris legitimuri mopoveba da moraluri

cxovreba ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs. mdidar va-

War anatpapindikas buda xotbas asxams da bed-

nierad racxavs oTxi saxis miwieri sixarulis

gamo: flobis sixaruli, tkbobis sixaruli, valis

arqonis sixaruli, umwikloebis sixaruli. <<ai,

flobs simdidres Svili kargi ojaxidan, rac man

Tavdauzogavi SromiT, xelTa sibejiTiT, saxeze

ofliT, kanonieri da patiosani gziT SeiZina. da

is SeigrZnobs sixarulasa da bednierebas...>>(ix.

[3], Nyanaponika 1984, 69). qonebis flobis kanoniereba

mdgomareobs sakuTari sargeblis saerTo sikeTi-

sadmi daqvemdebarebaSi; mxolod piradi sargeblis

miRebis Zieba Seuwyobda xels xsnis uarmyofeli

68

karmis arsebobas da iwodeboda <<dauokebeli

survilis sferos simdidris mxardamWer Zalad>>.

saxelmwifo eTikasTan mimarTebiT

b.g.gokxale[6,gv69] aRwers samsafexurian ganvi-

Tarebas budistur azrovnebaSi. sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis modelis mixedviT, rogorc is

magaliTad agana sutaSi[7] xalxis mandatiT mef-

eSi gvirgvindeba, despoturi batonobis modelSi

adgili aqvs temporalur(droebiT) da spiritu-

alur sikeTeTa or nawilad dayofas dharmasa da

avtoritetis sferoebis saxiT. am orive sferos

ar SeuZlia uerTmaneTod arseboba da budis-

turi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, kulminaciur moments

warmoadgens harmoniuli socialuri struqtura

moraluri da spiritualuri srulyofilebiT am

cxovrebaSi. << zRvargadasuli altruizmiT ar

SeiZleba uaris Tqma sakuTar keTildReobaze.

Seicnoba ra sakuTari bedniereba, Tavi unda mieZ-

Rvnas WeSmarit bednierebas>>[8,gv.166]. pirvel

rigSi pirad sferoSi Cndeba advilad anarqiis

mdgomareoba, rodesac sakuTar keTildReobasa da

socialur valdebulebebs Soris wonasworoba ar

aris daculi; aseT dros SesaZlebelia, rom sax-

elmwifos ZaliT saWiro gaxdes misi dacva.

mesame batonobis modelSi saxelmwifo xdeba

dharmis instrumenti, rogorc Tavisi avtorite-

tis garanti da samarTlis wyaro. sadac dhar-

ma saxelmwifos politikuri cneba da moraluri

safuZveli xdeba, urTierTvaldebulebaTa konte-

qstSi idealuri suvereni unda gaxdes <<dharmas

samarTliani mefis>> Sinagani fundamentiT. umaR-

les sulier avtoritets Sedarebuli es normati-

uli idealuri mefe xdeba rogorc universaluri

monarqi(yovlis mpyrobeli) (Cakravartinichakravar-tin), romelic dharmas wesrigs Zalis gamouyene-

69

bad ganavrcobs ukideganod. misi mTavari amocana

aris samarTlis pozitiuri qmna, raTa idealuri

cxovrebis pirobebiT Tavidan iqnas acilebuli

usamarTloba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao

dacvisa da pativiscemis cxovrebis wesi dharmas

pirvelsaxis(prototipi, arqetipi) mixedviT Sesa-

Zlebelia Tavis srulyofilebaSi ganviTardes.

adreul budistur politikur Teorias surda

samarTliani mbrZaneblis idealuri warmodgeniT

Seeqmna saWiro koreqtivi Zalauflebis borotad

gamoyenebisTvis da safuZvlebi saerTo samarT-

lis (Tanaswor uflebaTa) pativiscemisTvis. ze-

moT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom dharma racionalur safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT

xdeba adamianis universalur uflebaTa garanti.

maradcvalebad faqtorTa istoriul procesSi

myofi wuTisofelTan budisturi damokidebuleba,

kargi gagebiT SeiZleboda situaciis eTikad daxa-

siaTebuliyo, romelic sayoveTao sikeTis konte-

qstSi sakuTari keTildReobis ganxorcielebas

isaxavs miznad im azriT, rom es ufro metad Se-

exeba aq da axla marTebul urTierTobaTa Se-

qmnis valdebulebas, vidre moTxovnil samarT-

lebriv pretenziebs. swored, zogadi adamianuri

naturis safuZvelze moiTxovs harmoniuli sazog-

adoebis vizioni calkeulTa engaJirebul Sromas

saerTo sikeTisTvis. universaluri samarTliano-

bis prereligiuri postulatis sapirispirod, es

ganxorcieleba aris erTmniSvnelovnad religi-

uri, ramdenadac, budisturi rwmenis Tanaxmad is

sakuTari gulis radikaluri konversiiT unda

daiwyos. keTilSobili pirovnuloba, gacilebiT

Tavisufali, mSvidad da harmoniulad dakavSire-

70

buli realobasTan aris xsnis mizani, da rogorc

oqros wesi mis xorcSesxmas emsaxureba ormxrivi

zrunvis valdebuleba (dana), romelic cxovrebis

gansxvavebul adgilebs Soris pasuxismgeblobis

bades qsovs: <<wuTisoflis sixaruli aris de-

daze zrunva, wuTisoflis sixaruli aris mamaze

zrunva, wuTisoflis sixaruli aris berad yofna,

wuTisoflis sixaruli aseve aris siwminde (ix. [8],

Dhammapada, gv. 332). pirvel rigSi sigalovada suta(ix.[7], Sigalovada Sutta, Digha-nikaya III 180 ff.) dharmas eTikur

principebs iyenebs ojaxuri da samuSao cxovrebis

kerZo sferosTan mimarTebiT. brahmanuli msxver-

plis eqvsi mimarTulebis gamocalkevebis mixed-

viT adamianebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian

mSoblebis(aRmosavleTi), maswavleblebis(samxreTi),

qalebisa da bavSvebis(dasavleTi), amxanagebi-

sa da megobrebis(CrdiloeTi), qveSevrdomTa da

muSakTa(miwa), religiur maswavlebelTa/moZRvar-

Ta da berTa(zeca) zrunviT. Svilebze dedobrivi

zrunvis darad, sustTa da upovarTa dacva tran-

sponirebs sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi, yoveli

cxovrebis winaSe mowiwebis gamosaxatad, da re-

fleqtirebs dharmas universalur wesrigs.

budas misionerul brZanebasTan dakavSire-

biT, <<gaswiT berebo arsebaTa sakeTildReod,

arsebaTa sabednierod, samyaros TanagrZno-

biT, RmerTTa da kacTa sasikeTod, salocad da

sasixarulod>>(Mahavagga IV, 28)[9], ceilonelma re-

ligiis filosofosma k. n. jaiatilekem(K.N.Jayatilleke, 1920 – 1970) (citirebulia: Rothermund 1979, 97-112)

[10] mniSvnelovani axali interpretaciis saxiT

ganaviTara socialur-eTikuri programa, romlis

ganTavisuflebis([da]xsnis) mzera nirvanaSi mipy-

robilia kacobriobis materialuri keTilReo-

bisadmi. <<erTdroulad egoizmisa da altru-

71

izmis>> eTikuri universalizmis Tamam vizionSi,

romelic karma-principiT aris dakavaSirebuli, is

vinc sxvaTa socialuri keTildReobisTvis zru-

navs, imave dros sakuTari srulyofilebisken mi-

maval gzas miuyveba. berobis sazogadoebrivi da-

mokidebuleba mdgomareobs swored mis asketur

alternativaSi, romelSic sazogadoebis miRma

myof Tanamegobrobas SeuZlia am ZiriTadi sax-

elmZRvanelo iniciativebis(ideebis) SeTavazeba.

theravada(Theravada)-berobis tradiciuli prin-

cipi, rom TiToeuli jer sakuTar Tavs unda daex-

maros, vidre is sxvaTa daxmarebas SeZlebs, jaia-

tilekesTan Sevsebulia xsnis qmnadi Sedegebis

gansakuTrebuli gamoyofiT, romlebic SeiZleba

uangaro(Tavdadebul) moqmedebebs axldes Tan ro-

gorc calkeulTaTvis (<<egoizmi>>, rogorc up-

irovno xsnis miReba), ise sazogadoebisTvis (<<al-

truizmi>>, rogorc TanagrZnobis gamoxatuleba).

sakuTari keTildReobis sxvaTa keTildReobasTan

koincidenturobidan aRmocendeba Tanamedrove so-

cialuri filosofia, romelic sakuTari xsnis aR-

srulebas, principSi sxvaTaTvis upirovno samsax-

uriT axorcielebs.

jaiatilekesTvis budisturi eTikis univer-

saluri aspeqti aRmocendeba yvela adamianisa da

arsebis fundamenturi Tanasworobidan. brahmanu-

li sazogadoebis religiurad legitimirebuli

kasturi struqturis sapirispirod, kacobrioba

budas emadliereba Tanasworobis mniSvnelovan

princips (kanonamde) adamianis modgmis biologi-

uri erTobis safuZvelze: <<rodesac budizmi Cven

mogviwodebs yvela adamians, ganurCevlad maTi

rasisa Tu kastisa, movepyrad rogrc Cven mamebs,

dedebs, Zmebsa da debs, anu rogorc ojaxs, rogorc

Cans am gancxadebaSi ufro metad Rrma WeSmarite-

72

baa, vidre mxolod eTikuri rekomendaciebi>>(ix.

[10],citirebulia: Rothermund 1979, 107). es origi-

naluri adamianis Rirseba, romelic yovel re-

ligiurad motivirebul sazogadoebriv struq-

turas uswrebs win, sanghas(Sangha) sulier

mdgomareobaSi(konstituciaSi) jaiatileke axor-

cielbs models samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis.

amitom, religiis saxeliT yvela adamians, maTi ni-

Wisa da interseTa ganviTarebisTvis unda mieces

Tanabari Sansebi, rac kvlav adamianTa samsaxurSi

aRwevs kulminaciur wertils.

dasavluri kolonializmis dros, me-19 sauku-

nis bolodan sxvadasxva aziur qveynebSi, budis-

tur sazogadoebaTa Rrma da STambeWdavi trans-

formaciis procesebiT mimdinareobda axali

identobis Ziebani, romelTac rogorc aTaswlo-

van ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi, ise dasavlur

ideebTan konfliqtsa da antagonizmSi hpoves

gamoxatuleba. tailandeli reformatori beri-

sa da mogvianebiT mefe mongkutis(Mongkut) (1851-

1868) gverdiT, pirvel rigSi SeiZleba anagarika

dharmapalas(Singhalese Anagarika Dharmapala) (1864-1933) dasaxeleba, romelic skolebis daarsebiTa da so-

cialur aqtivobaTa progresuli, mowinave saero

eTikiT mxarSi edga da xels uwyobda axladwarmo-

qmnil samoqalaqo-sazogadoebriv fenas. amasTan, is

asimilirebda protestantul da dasavlur nor-

mebs, swored kapitalisturi ekonomokuri marT-

vis formis gaTvaliswinebiT. gaganat obeiesekere

(G.Obeyesekere ) am modernizirebis process aRniS-navs rogorc <<protestantul budizms>>, misi

viqtorianul-protestantul faseulobaTa gamo,

magram aseve - <<misi radikaluri protestis gamo

tradicionaluri budizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic

Sri lankaSi arsebiTad glexuri sazogadoeb-

73

isa da ekonomikis, da glexuri moraluri kod-

eqsis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli>>[11,gv.120]. amis

safuZvelze, universalur tanjvaTagan daxsnis

religiuri ltolva socialuri da ekonomi-

kuri paternalizmisgan(mzrunveloba, meurveoba)

ganTavisuflebis gamoyenebiTi azriT aixsneba.

mianmarSi(yofili birma) radikalurma berma u

otamam(U Ottama) Tavisi warmodgenebiT <<nirvana

am samyaroSi>>[12] moiTxova ekonomikuri reforme-

bi da kolonialur ZalTagan politikuri gaTa-

visufleba, da riTac safuZveli Cauyara u nus(U Nu) socialistur politikasa da miwis refor-

mas: <<aq ar unda xdebodes sakuTrebis SenarCu-

neba, mas ar unda mohqondes mogeba. is, nirvanasken

mimaval gzaze adamianTa saWiroebebis dakmayo-

filebas unda msaxurebdes. Tu Cven eqspluatacias,

Cagvrasa da ZalauflebisaTvis brZolas klasebs

Soris gavaanalizebT, SevicnobT, rom isini sa-

kuTrebis Sesaxeb arsebul faseulobaTa iluzias

emyareba>>[13,gv168].

anglikanuri ekonomikuri eTikis gavleniT, amave

dros tomas mertonsis(Thomas Mertons) kontempla-

tiuri spiritualitetiT, alternatiuli nobelis

premiis laureatis sulak sivarsakas(Sulak Sivaraksa) (dab. 1933) mier tailandSi dafuZnebul iqna anga-

Jirebul budistTa moZraoba, romelic mogebisaken

usazRvro ltolvasa da sixarbes, rogorc kapital-

izmis eTikur safuZvlebs, romlis Teoriuli bazisi

ewinaaRmdegeba spiritual interesebsa da araZal-

adobas, mwvaved akritikebs. amgvarad dafuZnebul

<<angaJirebul budistTa saerTaSoriso qselis>>

mizani (romelsac sxvaTa Soris aseve warmoadgens

sarvodaia(Sarvodaya)-moZraobis damfuZnebeli Sri

lankaSi a. t. ariarante(A.T.Ariyarante) (dab. 1931) da mSvidobis moZraobis damaarsebeli vietnamSi tiC

74

naT hani(Thich Nhat Hahn (dab. 1926) ) gaxldaT Ca-

grulTa gacnobiereba, ramdenadac gandis modelis

mixedviT, soflis avtokratia axali ekonomikuri

wesrigis centri unda gamxdariyo. aqtualuria

instituciebis, CveulebaTa(ritualebi) da poli-

tikuri Sovinizmis konvencionaluri budizmis

nacvlad, praqtikaSi swored iseTis, rogoric re-

alurad unda iyos, WeSmariti budizmis arseboba,

romlis moZRvrebis ZiriTad arss, yvela msoflio

religiebTan Tanxvedrasa da erTsulovnebaSi

uangaroba(Tavdadeba/Tavganwirva) warmoadgens: <<

ar unda miejaWvo erT konkretul rwmenas, budas

sce Tayvani, Tu daicva Cveulebani. mniSvnelova-

nia zrda cnobierebasa da yuradRebaSi. rodesac

adamiani cdilobs aq Tavisi cnobierebis Secvlas

didi Tavganwirvisa da unarebisTvis, sxva adami-

anebTan Segnebuli Sexvedra SesaZlebels gaxdis

megobrobas da gamoricxavs Cagvras, rac CemTvis

warmoadgens kidec budizmis arss>>[14,gv.216].

s. sivaraskas mier daarsebuli araZaladobrivi

balaxis fesvis moZraobebi axal interpretaciaSi

iyenebs xuT budistur mcnebas, romlebic Sedge-

nili iqna aziis ganviTarebadi qveynebis specifi-

kuri sazogadoebrivi problemebis gaTvaliswine-

biT. <<ar waarTva sicocxle>> niSnavs ufro mets,

vidre sxva adamianTa mokvdinebasa, Tu samxedro

samsaxurze uaris Tqmas; is gulisxmobs akrZalvas

nebismieri saxeobis iaraRis warmoebaze, iseve ro-

gorc tyis masivebis totalur gaCexvasa Tu qimiuri

sasuqebisa da pesticidebis gamoyenebis Taobaze,

romlebic anadgureben bunebriv mikroorganizmebs.

TavSeukavebel luqsusSi cxovreba, maSin rodesac

adamianTa mniSvnelovani nawili SimSilobs, vege-

tarianizmis moTxovniT eqvemdebareba aseve pirvel

mcnebas, riTac aRar iarsebebs cxovelTa daxocvis

75

saWiroeba da maT warmoebaze gasaxarji marcv-

lovani kulturebis mimarTva/gadacema gausaZlis

gaWirvebaSi myof adamianTa gamosakvebad gaxdeba

SesaZlebeli. meore mcneba <<Sen ar unda moip-

aro>>, sivaraskas mixedviT exeba saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis erTian meqanizms, romelic xSirad eweva

usamarTlo eqspluatacias da aRZravs usargeblo,

zedmet saWiroebaTa moTxovnilebebs, romlebic

bunebrivi resursebis xarjebsa Tu Tanaswor San-

sebs exeba. nebayoflobiT TviTkmarobaSi (TavdaW-

erilobaSi) cxovrebiT ki piriqiT, SesaZlebelia

samarTlianobis msaxureba da saboloo jamSi,

iZulebiTi siRatakis struqturebis Zlevac. mesame

mcneba, saqorwino erTgulebis darRvevisa(mruSoba)

da seqsualuri araswori saqcielis(gadacdomebi)

Taobaze, moicavs brZolis farTo vels qalTa

Cagvrisa da eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg, mosaxleo-

bis kontrolis saxelmwifo gegemebis winaaRmdeg,

abortis winaaRmdeg, bavSvTa prostituciasa da sa-

zogadod, patriarqaluri struqturebis struqtu-

rul codvaTa (karma) winaaRmdeg. simarTlis me-

oTxe mcneba pirvel rigSi unda ganxorcieldes

reklamis, masmediisa da aRzrdis sferoebSi ada-

mianTa Rirsebis sruli dacvisTvis. mexuTe mc-

neba exeba gamabruebeli(gamayuCebeli) saSualeb-

is armoxmarebas da mimarTulia narkomaniisa da

alkoholizmis gamomwvev mizezTa winaaRmdeg.

aRniSnuli socialuri movlenebisa da maTze da-

mokidebulobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samxedro

kampaniebi ver aRmofxvris am warmoudgenlad didi

safrTxis Semcvel borotebas, Tu saxelmwifos

mxridan ar gatarda qmediTi RonisZiebebi umuSev-

robis, Rirsebis Semlaxavi SromiTi pirobebisa Tu

jandacvis sferoSi arsebuli ukmari aqtivobeb-

is ganmapirobebel faqtorTa koreqciisa da amave

76

dros, narkobaronebis mier danaSaulebrivi gziT

miRebuli uzarmazari Semosavlebis konfiskacia/

likvidaciis mimarTulebiT.

am tradiciul budistur wesTa es Semdgomi

srulyofa oTxi mTavari qvelmoqmedebiT(siqveliT)

aris dagvirgvinebuli, romlebic xazgas-

miT gamoyofen yvela arsebis urTierTkavSirs.

siyvaruli(meta metta), TanagrZnoba(karuna karu-na), sixarulis Tanaziaroba(mudita mudita) da

gulgriloba(upeka upekkha) mxolod spiritualu-

rad ganaTlebul adamianTa mier SeiZleba iqnes

gancdili. gamabruebel saSualebebaTa moxmare-

bis mentalitetis mqone pirebs ki, romlebic ver

aRiqvaven farTo ufskruls privilegirebulTa da

uqonelTa Soris, arc WeSmariti TanagrZnobisa Tu

sixarulis Tanaziarobis gancda ZaluZT, da arc

cxovrebis SemTxvevebTan sulieri ZaliT mSvidad

Sexvedra.

niCirenze(Nichiren (1222- 1282 )) da lotosis

sutraze dayrdnobiT, modernizmis gavlenis qveS

ganviTarda saero budizmis axali formebi. up-

irveles yovlisa, aq naxsenebi unda iqnas Zlier

sakamaTo soka gakai(Soka Gakkai (<<sazogadoe-

ba RirebulebaTa SeqmnisaTvis>>, dafuZnebuli

1937/1946), romelic, misi yofili prezidentis dai-

saku ikedas(Daisaky Ikeda (dab. 1928) mier religi-

uri partiis dafuZnebiT masiurad monawileobda

iaponiis politikur cxovrebaSi da aqtiur zemoq-

medebas axdenda masze, da meore mxriv, Tavisi kul-

turuli instituciebis saSualebebiT cdilobda

budistur ideaTa gavrcelebas mTel msoflioSi.

<<mesame civilizaciaSi>> budisturi idealizmi

da socialuri qmedebani mWidrod unda daukav-

Sirdes axal humanizms. <<angaJirebuli mSvido-

bis aRzrda>> am adamianuri socializmis iseTive

77

nawilia, rogorc budisturi demokratiis Seqmna,

ris Semdegac saxelmwifos amocanas, moqalaqeTa

maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli demokratiuli Tavisu-

flebis pirobebSi, sayovelTao sikeTisa da keTil-

dReobis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens.

lotosis sutras gansxvavebul ganmartebaSi

risSo kosei kais(Rissho Koseikai <<sazogadoeba Tan-

amegobrobis zrunvisTvis>> dafuZ. 1938) mier Tan-

agrZnobiT savse bodhisatvas magaliTze Seiswav-

leba praqtikuli budizmi saeroTaTvis[15]. Tuki

mwuxarebiT aRvsil am samyaros maradiuli buda is-

toriuli bodhisatvas saxiT moevlina, maSin kaco-

briobis tanjvaTa Semsubuqeba gadarCenis(daxsnis)

gziT miiRweva. aqtiur samezoblo jgufebSi ada-

mianebisadmi mowodebad rCeba budisturi spir-

itualobis Suqze maTi cxovrebis araZaladobisa

da daZmuri prinicipebis mixedviT warmarTava. am

lokaluri jgufebis eTikuri Zlierebidan amoiz-

arda risSo kosei kais(Rissho Koseikai) mniSvnelo-

vani saerTaSoriso engaJementi interreligiuri

urTierTTanamSromlobisTvis, ganviTarebis dax-

marebisa da mSvidobis ZalisxmevisTvis[16].

budisturi ekonomika warmoadgens ekonomikur

principTa krebuls, nawilobriv STagonebuls bud-

isturi rwmeniT, romelic mouwodebs adamianebs

keTil saqmeTa keTebisaken humanuri potencialis

saTanado ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. un-

greli akademikosis l. zolnais Tanaxmad, budistu-

ri ekonomika koncentrirebulia survilis uaryo-

fasa da adamianuri bunebis ganwmendaze. is cvlis

dasavluri ekonomikis fuZemdeblur principebs -

mogebis maqsimizacias, survilTa kultivirebas, ar-

sebul bazrebs, samyaros instrumentalur gamoy-

enebas da kerZo interesebze dafuZnebul eTikas.

78

nacvlad amisa, budisturi ekonomika axdens iseTi

alternatiuli pricipebis SemoTavazebas, rogore-

bicaa: tanjvis minimizacia, survilTa gaubraloeba,

Zaladobaze uaris Tqma, namdvili mzrunveloba da

guluxvoba. budizmSi materialuri keTildReoba

miCneulia bunebriv jildod wminda cxovrebisT-

vis. imavdroulad mxardaWerilia TavSekavebuli-

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba vaWarsa da mewarmes-

Tan mimarTebaSi. es ki iwvevs sameurneo sistemis

formirebis SeuZeblobas, romelic orintirebu-

li iqneboda materialuri sikeTis warmoebasa da

realizaciaze[17,gv.170-172].

ekonimikur da politikur ZalTa Tanamedrove

globalizaciis procesSi budizmi sakuTar Tavs

gaiazrebs usindiso mogebaze orientaciis eTosis

alternatiul, zneobrivad pasuxismgeblian for-

mad da adamianTa yofiTi garemos yovlismomcve-

li ganviTarebis/progresis gulSematkivrad da

damcvelad(humanuri habitatis holistikuri ganvi-

Tarebis advokati).

literatura

1. Die Wurzeln von Gut und Böse: Buddhistische Texste., Nyanaponika (Hrsg.), Verlag Christiani, 1981.

2. R. H. Robinson, The Buddhist Religion, ( 3 Edition), Belmont, 1982.

3. Die Lehrreden des Buddha aus der Angereihten Sammlung, Band 2, (3 Auflage), Nyanaponika (Hrsg), Freiburg/Breisgau, 1984; U. N. Ghoshal, Principle of the King’s Right-eousness., Indian Historical Quarterly 32, 1956.

4. Sutta Nipata, übersetzt von Nyanaponika, 2 Auflage, Konstanz, 1977.

5. P. Dahlke, Buddha. Die Lehre des Erhabenen., München, 1966.

6. B.G. Gokhale, The Early Buddhist View of the State.,

79

Journal of the American Oriental Society 98, 1969.7. Aganna Sutta, Digha Nikaya (Collection of Long Dis-

courses of the Buddha) III ff 80, Somerville, Massachusetts, 2012.

8. The Dhammapada, The Buddha’s Path to Freedom, (1 Edition), Translated from Pali by Acharya Buddharakkhita, In-troduction Bhikkhu Bodhi, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1985.

9. M. Meghaprasara, Neu Guide To The Tipitaka (A Com-plete Reference to the Pali Buddhist Canon), (1 Edition),U.S.A. 1965.

10. G. Rothermund, Buddhismus für die moderne Welt: Die Religionphilosophie K.N. Jayatillekes, Stuttgart, 1979.

11. G. Obeyesekere, Buddhismus: Die Begegnung einer Ach-senzeitreligion mit dem Modernismus., S. N. Eisenstadt(Hrsg.): Kulturen der Achsenzeit II, Teil 3, Frankfurt/Main, 1992.

12. E. Sarkisyanz, Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution, Den Haag, 1965.

13. M. Tworuschka, Denkerinnen und Denker der Weltreli-gionen im 20 Jahrhundert, Gütersloh, 1994.

14. D. K. Swearer, Sulak Sivaraksa’s Buddhist Vision for Renewing Society.[C. S. Queen, S. B. King (Editors)]: Engaged Buddhism, Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia, Albany.

15. N. Niwano, A Buddhist Approach to Peace, Tokyo, 197716. A. Nehring, Rissho Kosei-kai. Eine neubuddhistische

Religion in Japan, Erlangen, 1992.17. v. xizaniSvili, eTikuri ekonomika (saxelmZ-

Rvanelo), gamomcemloba <<loi>>, Tbilisi, 2016.

80

Tavi 3 konfucianizmi da Cinuri religia

3.1 konfucianizmis/daoizmis arsi

konfucianizmi viwro gagebiT (amasTan es cne-

ba Tavad CineTSi arasdros arsebobda) gacile-

biT naklebad aris religia, metad - sekularuli

cxovrebis moZRvreba, romelmac CineTis imperia-

Si religiuri xasiaTis saxelmwifo kultis saxe

miiRo, Tumca mosaxleobis farTo fenebs Soris

Tavisi dRevandeli naTeli gamoxatuleba sxvebT-

an urTierTqmedebiT, WeSmariti, Tavdapirveli re-

ligiuri skolebiTa da ideologiiT hpova. misi

kodifikacia warmoadgenda erT aTaswlovanze xan-

grZliv process, romelSic Tavad personaliebis

damkvidreba (rogoricaa <<konfuci>>(kong ciKong Zi) an <<menci>>(meng ciMeng Zi) batonobis sakiTxiT

gamoxatul diskursSi mxatvrulad iqna konstru-

irebuli - da ra Tqma unda aseve uwyveti diskus-

iebisa da axal interpretaciaTa sagani gaxda.

konfucianizmis cneba aRniSnavs Cinuri az-

rovnebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebas, romlebic

<<konfucis swavlebas>> efuZneba. aRniSnuli kon-

cepti, rac zogjer (iezuitTa) <<dasavlur pro-

eqciad>> miiCneva, TavisTavad mravalmniSvnelobi-

ania, vinaidan Cinur enaze <<swavlebasa>>(Ziao jiao) da <<religias>>(aseve Ziao jiao) Soris gansxaveba Zalzed rTulia. konfucianizmi Seicavs religiur

elementebs, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi religiad ar

miCneva; ufro ki piriqiT, is metad <<msoflxed-

va>>, Sesabamisad eTikur-socialuri moZRvrebaa.

e.w. konfucianuri filosofiis mTeli speqtris, e.i.

konfucis swavlebis, aseve gviandel <<konfucia-

81

nur>> mimarTulebaTa aRsawerad, dRevandeli sin-

ologia iyenebs <<ruizmis>> cnebas[1.gv.298]. Tumca

konfuci ar saubrobs religiaze, misi filoso-

fia da eTika efuZneba religiurobas, romlis cen-

trSi zeca(tian tian) imyofeba. is darwmunebulia,

rom zeca yvela siqveleTa Tavdapirvel mizezs,

umaRles moralur da sulier Zalas, yofierebis

wyaros warmoadgens.

konfucianizmis mamad miCneuli konfucis sax-

eli nawarmoebi iqna kong cius laTinizire-

buli formidan, romelic aseve iwodeboda ro-

gorc kongci, Sesabamisad, kongfuci(ostati kongi).

is qristes Sobamde 551/552 wlebSi, savaraudod

lus(dRevandeli Sandongi) mxareSi, qufus siax-

loves unda dabadebuliyo. misi Camomavlobisa

da ojaxis Sesaxeb bevris Tqma Zelia, Tumca misi

pirovnebis Sesaxeb arsebobs mravali legenda.

konfucis zogjer Sangis samefo dinastiasac(1766?

– 1123 qristes Sobamde)ki miakuTvneben. mis Sesaxeb

informciis saukeTeso wyaroa e.w. <<saubrebi>>

(Cin. luniu, 3/2 ss. qristes Sobamde), rac ostatis

sakuTar SegirdebTan saubrebis Canawers warmoad-

gens. aseve mravalricxovan biografiul elements

vxvdebiT men-czisTan da sima cianTan. konfucisgan

vigebT, rom man 15 wlis asakSi miiRo codnis SeZenis

gadawyvetileba. iyo daojaxebuli da hyavda qal-

vaJi. muSaobda sxva da sxva dabal Tanamdebobaze,

maT Soris sawyobis gamged (sadac samsxverplo

ZRveni inaxeboda). 27 wlis muSaobda Cinovnikad

lus mxareSi, xolo Semdeg, garkevuli droiT - ar-

qivariusad da magistratad. 30 Tu 40 wlis asakSi

xvdeba daoizmis savaraudo fuZemdebels lao Zis,

romelTanac msjelobs ritualebis(religiur wes-

CveulebaTa) Taobaze. gardaicvala 73 wlis (479

w. qristes Sobamde). misi cxovrebis daTariReba

82

dRemde kvlevis sagania.

mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze konfuci

amaod eZebda iseT samTavros, sadac SeZlebda sa-

kuTari eTikur-socialuri warmodgenebis ganxor-

cielebas. mis politikur ambiciebs aRsruleba ar

ewera, Tumca misi, rogorc maswavleblisa da osta-

tis damsaxureba eWvgareSea: is rCeba did zneobriv

avtoritetad rogorc CineTSi, ise aRmosavleT

aziaSi. konfucis ar dautovia naSromi, sadac er-

Tiani Sejerebuli saxiT mocemuli iqneboda misi

swavleba(ix.[1], gv. 298-299). miuxedavad amisa, konfu-

cianuri tradicia mas mainc miawers klasikuri

Cinuri literaturis kanonikuri xuTwigneulis(Cin.

vujini Wujing) cvlilebaTa(Yijing ijini), simReraTa(

SiZini Shijing ), sigel-gujarTa( SuZini Shujing ), rit-ualebis( liZi Liji ), gazafxulisa da Semodgomis

analebis( Cunqiu Chungqiu ) wignTa avtorobas, rom-

lebic qmnian konfucianizmis klasikur kanons

da romelTagan mxolod ukanaskneli miiCneva

konfucis mier Sesrulebulad, xolo danarCeni

oTxi xangrZlivi drois manZilze aRmocenebul/

formirebul kompilaciebs asaxavs[2].

konfucis moZRvrebis sakvanZo sakiTxs adamianis

TviTkultivirebisa( Su xiu Sesabamisad, Su iani xiuyang ) da kacTaSoris urTierTobaTa formirebis

zrunva warmoadgens. TiToeuli, romelic am sfer-

oSi seriozul Zalisxmevas swevs keTilSobil

kacad( Cin., junci junzi keTilSobili, jentlmeni,

aseve: avtoritetuli pirovneba) miiCneva. konfucis

rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT adamianobis(Cin. ren ren hu-manuroba, adamianuri gulkeTiloba) siqvelis kul-

tivirebiT unda momxdariyo axali swavlulTa(Cin.

ru ru swavluli, ganswavluli, mecnieri) klasis

formireba, romlebic swavlebiTa da saxelmwifo

samsaxuriT dakavdebodnen. amitom, swored aqedan

83

momdinareobs konfucianuri skolis(rujia rujia), Sesabamisad misi doqtrinis(rujiao rujiao, moZRvre-ba renis ren Taobaze) saxelwodebac(ix. [1], gv. 299).

konfucianuri humanizmi koncentrirdeba

juncis(junzi), keTilSobili da srulqmnili adami-

anis idealze, romelic didwilad renis(ren) siqve-les flobs. reni(Ren) ayalibebs kacTaSoris ur-

TierTobebs, romelTagan gamoiyofa xuTi: batonsa

da xelqveiTs, mamasa da Svils, ufros da umcros

Zmebs, qmarsa da cols, megobarsa da megobars So-

ris urTierToba. aRniSnuli urTierTobani ierar-

qiulad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis vertikalur

wesrigs da romlebic dRemde asrulebs Cinuri

mentalobis mdgenelis funqcias.

konfucianuri humanizmi aseve ayalibebs CineTis

politikur doqtrinas, romelic znekeTili mbr-

Zaneblis, cis vaJis(Cin. tianci tianzi ), rogorc same-fos centris(Cin. tianSa tianxia, mTeli cisqveSeTi,

Sesabamisad oikumene) irgvliv koncentrirdeba.

mogvianebiT am doqtrinam ganapiroba autokratiis

warmoSoba. znekeTili konfucianeli mbrZaneblisT-

vis gadamwyveti iyo <<saxelTa(saxelwodebaTa)

dazustebis (gamosworebis)>>(Zenminis zhengming) koncefcia, e.i. sazogadoebis idealsa(rac ierar-

qiulad da ritualurad formalizebuli iyo) da

sinamdviles, Sesabamisad movaleobebs Soris ar-

sebuli Sesabamisobis Semowmebadoba. konfucian-

izmis politikuri doqtrinis farglebSi didi

mniSvnelobis iyo <<zecis mandatis>> idea(tianmini

tianming), rac TiTqmis sakraluri samefo Zalau-

flebis legitimacias axdenda. Tumca is aseve

uSvebda nebismier dros araznekeTili mbrZaneb-

lisTvis am mandatis CamorTmevis SesaZleblobas.

es gaxldaT jeminis(geming) aRmniSvneli procesi,

rac Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda <<(zecis) mandatis

84

gamocvlas>>, da ramac mogvianebiT <<revoluci-

is>> konotacia SeiZina(ix. [1], gv. 302).

me-20-e saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT komunistebis

xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, 1949 wlidan dgeba

konfucianizmis, rogorc saxelmwifo ideologiis

daisi. iyo konfucianuri azrovnebis totalurad

amoZirkvis mcdelobac, gansakuTrebiT e.w. kultu-

ruli revoluciis(1966-1976) dros; aseve aqtiurad

msjelobdnen konfucianizmis rolze CineTis is-

toriaSi da mis kavSirze feodalizmTan da impe-

rializmTan. mxolod me-20-e saukunis oTxmocian

wlebSi iwyes xelaxla konfucianizmisTvis poz-

itiuri rolis miwera - mag., CineTis moderniza-

ciaSi. arsebuli komunisturi xelisufleba kar-

gad acnobierebda konfucianizmis totalitarul,

ierarqiul-biurokratiul potencials da marq-

sistul-komunistur faseulobaTa rRvevis Sede-

gad, ara ukanasknelad cdilobda konfucianizmisa

da misi faseulobebis(qvelobani, daode), TiTqmis

rogorc <<saTadarigo religiis>> intensiur

propagandas(ix. [1], gv. 303).

konfucianuri azrovnebis sxva mniSvnelovani

kategoria aris e. w. oqros Sualedis(Cin. Zoni

zhong) doqtrina, romelic gansakuTrebiT Txzule-

ba Zonion <<Zhongyong>>-Si( rac konfucis SviliS-

vils miewereba) artikulirdeba(ix.[1], gv. 302).

daoizmi, konfucianizmTan da indoeTidan da

centraluri aziidan pirvel saukuneSi( Cv.w.aR.)

Semosul budizmTan erTad warmoadgens CineTis

mesame did sulier tradicias. Tumca amave dros

is miiCneva erTaderT adgilobriv Cinur religia-

dac. Cinuri kulturis mravalricxovani elemen-

85

tebi iwarmoa daoizmidan. aseve daoizmSi moxda

uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebis miReba da Sem-

deg misiT ganvrcoba.

daoizmis evropuli aRniSvna momdinareobs

daos(aseve Tao taos) cnebidan, rac Semdeg Ziri-Tad mniSvnelobebs flobs: 1) metafora, romelic

Cveni yofisTvis axlobelia da Sesabamisad bib-

liasTan msgavsebiT xasiaTdeba: dao, rogorc ,,gza“,

(eTikuri, religiuri Tu sxva) WeSmariteba, rogorc

cxovrebis warmarTvis norma, standarti. 2) kidev

ufro mniSvnelovani, Tumca daoisturi tradiciis

konteqstSi daos cnebis mniSvneloba warmoadgens

movlenaTa kanonzomierebas samyaroSi. aq dao

gaigeba rogorc WeSmariteba, ukanaskneli realoba

Tu sinamdvile(ix. [1], gv, 307). daoizmis klasikuri

qmnilebis, <<daodeZinis>> dasawyisSi dao Semdeg-

nairad aris aRwerili: <<dao, romelic SeiZleba

ase iwodebodes, ar aris maradiuli dao. saxeli,

romelic SeiZleba ewodos, ar aris maradiuli

saxeli. usaxeloa cisa da miwis dasabami, aTiaTasi

arsebis dedad saxeldebuli[...] saidumlo saidum-

loSi da kari yvela saocrebaTa>>[3.gv.1].

CineTSi, Cv.w.aR.-mde mesame saukunis dasawyisSi

viTardeba literaturis kategoria, saxelwodebiT

daoZia(daojia daos moZRvreba), romelSic daos

cnebas(ideas), Zvel (konfucianur) TxzulebaTa

msgavsad Rrma mistikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda. aq,

dao Seicavs axal konotaciebs: ar arsebobs daos

arsis aRmniSvneli zusti saxeli - is usaxeloa;

dao aris saTave da mizezi yvela saganTa(<<dao

qmnis erTs; erTi qmnis ors; ori qmnis sams; sami

qmnis yvela sagans>>); dao aris kosmosis imanen-

turi ukanaskneli wesrigi.

daos es moZRvreba umTavresad or TxzulebaSia

gadmocemuli: daoizmis fuZemdeblis lao Zis(Cv.

86

w. aR.-mde 6 sauk.) <<dao de ZinSi>> da filosofos

juan Zis(Cv. w. aR.-mde 4 sauk.) <<juan ZiSi>>[4].

mimarTuleba, romelic daos Rrma koncepcias

propagndirebda, dauzavda politikurad gavle-

nian huan-dis(Huangdi) swavlebis tradicias da

iwoda huan-laos skolad. maTi Tayvaniscema lao

Zisadmi, rac religiuri ritualebiT sruldebo-

da, iyo lao Zis(laoZuni Laojun, ufali lao Lao) gaRmerTebis amosavali wertili da amgvarad, dao-

izmis sawyisi periodi ara mxolod filosofi-

uri skolis(daoZia daojia), aramed aseve Cinuri

adgilobrivi religiis(daoZiao daojiao) dafuZne-

biT aRiniSna. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom dRes

religiur da filosofiur daoizms Soris gansx-

vaveba wminda meToduri bunebisaa da Cveulebriv,

rodesac saubaria daoistur tradiciaze, masSi

orive es mimarTuleba igulisxmeba.

gviandel daoizmSi aRniSnuli dao ufali

laoTi udiades RvTaebad iqna samyaroSi gacxade-

buli. amgvarad, daoizmSi uzenaesi ufali laos

(taiSan laoZuni Taishang Laojun) Tayvaniscema xde-

ba rogorc uzenaesi ufali daos(taiSan dao-

Zuni Taishang Daojun) manifestacia; is aris <<sami siwmindis>>(sanqini sanqing), daos trinitaruli

manifestacia(gamovlineba). es sameba warmogenilia

Semdegnairad: pirveli - juanSi tiancuni(Yuanshi tianzun), daos uwmindesi da uidumalesi manifes-

tacia; meore - ufali dao, daojuni(Daojun), pirv-elmizezsa da RmerTebs Soris Suamavali; mesame

- ufali lao, laojuni(Laojun), miuwvdomeli daos

gamcxadebeli. warmodgenil RvTaebaTa arsebobam

xeli Seuwyo mdidari liturgiuli ritualebis

formirebas.

lao Zis gaRmerTebasa da daos liturgiaTa

kodifikacias mosdevs daoisturi tradiciebis

87

institucionalizacia Cv. w. aR.-iT me-2-dan me-5

saukunemde. daos liturgiuli Tayvaniscema Tavis

sxva da sxva hipostazebSi daodeZinis kanonizire-

biT, laoZis gaRmerTebiTa da gansxvavebuli, uZve-

lesi saxalxo- religiuri, maT Soris lokaluri

elementebis miRebiT, xdeba daoizmis arsebiTi

nawili. Tumca misi ganviTareba ar xasiaTdeba

sistemurobiT - daoistur religiaSi Tavdapir-

velad sacnobia Zalzed gansxvavebuli gavlenebi(

gandegiloba, Samanizmi, jadoqroba, literatura,

filosofia, miTologia, lokaluri religiuri

tradiciebi, budizmi da a.S.). magaliTad, daoizmma

aseve miiRo Sensianis(dRegrZelobisa da ukvdav-

ebis Sensiani shenxian) uZvelesi Cinuri koncep-

cia, SeiTavsa alqimia da imgvari mravalricxo-

vani tradiciuli cnebebi, rogoric aris mag., ini

da iani(ori bipolaruli Zala iniani yinyang), usini(xuTi elementi, Sesabamisad, gardaqmnis faze-

bi u-sini wuxing), tiani(zeca tian) Seni(sulebi shen) gui(demonebi gui), da TiToeul maTgans axali kono-

tacia mianiWa. saeklesio struqturis msgavsebis

da kanonikur werilTa krebulis(daoZani daozang 1464 teqstiT[wignebiT], romlis Sekreba saukuneze

meti xnis manZilze mimdinareobda da romelic pi-

rvelad me-12 saukuneSi iqna gamocemuli) arsebo-

bis miuxedavad, daoizms arasdros ganuviTarebia

dogmaturi sistema(ix [1], gv. 308-309).

daoizmSi liturgiuli praqtika

samRvdeloTa(daoshi daosi) mier xorcieldeba,

saxeldobr Zveli liturgiis mixedviT, romlis

tradiciac araerTma Taobam Semoinaxa. ritu-

alebis umetesoba, romlebic taZarSi sruldeba,

nacvlad msxverplSewirvisa, RmerTebTan <<audien-

ciebs>> anu eqstazur mogzaurobebs(meditaciebi)

gulisxmobs, xolo maT saboloo mizans <<daosTan

88

dabruneba>> warmoadgens. daoisturi gagebiT, da-

osken mimavali gza moraluri cxovrebiT xasiaT-

deba. amitom mis umTavres wanamZRvars me-7 sauku-

nis daoisturi teqstis Tanaxmad xuTi mcneba da

aTi saTno qmedeba Seadgens:

xuTi mcneba

1) ar SeiZleba cocxali arsebis mokvla, 2) ar

SeiZleba sixarbis gamovlena Rvinis smis dros,

3) dauSvebelia sityviT <<xos>> Tqma da saqmiT

<<aras>> keTeba, 4) ar SeiZleba arc qurdoba da

arc yaCaRoba, 5) ar SeiZleba mruSoba.

aTi saTno qmedeba

1) krZaluleba da morCileba mamis da dedis

mimarT, 2) erTguleba da msaxureba batonisa da

ostatis mimarT, 3) TanagrZnoba da keTilganwyoba

aTi aTasi nivTis(arsebis) mimarT, 4) sulmdablo-

bis daTmena, 5) borotebis acileba mowodebiTa da

SepasuxebiT, 6) TviTuaryofa da RaribTa xsna, 7)

cocxal arsebaTa gaTavisufleba, nivTebis movla,

xexilis dargva, 8) Webis amoReba, xidebis ageba, 9)

xelSewyoba, rasac sargebloba moaqvs sxvebisTvis;

acileba, rasac ziani moaqvs maTTvis; da ganswavla

maTi, romelTac jer kidev ar uwyian daos Sesaxeb,

10) sanbaos[<<sami Zvirfaseulobis>> (daoisturi

kanonis sanbao sami Zvirfaseulobis)] wignebisa da

debulebebis recitireba, gamudmebiT sakmevlis

kmeva da msxverplis Sewirva.

saero mimdevrebs daoizmSi ar gaaCniaT raime

valdebuleba personaluri kultis mimarT, magram

marTebT mcnebebis dacva, sakmevlis kmeva, locva,

marxuloba, meditaciasa da qvelmoqmedebaze zrun-

va.

daoizmi pirvel rigSi aris Cinuri religiuri

89

tradicia, <<organizirebuli umaRlesi religia,

romelic biurokratiuli saxelmwifo aparatisa-

gan damoukideblad, .... ori aTaswleulis ganma-

vlobaSi ayalibebda rogorc elitis, ise xalxis

mentalitets>>[5,gv.419]. is upiratesad afuZnebs

rwmenas umaRlesi instanciis, daos mimarT, rom-

lis Tayvaniscemac xdeba liturgiulad. dao

flobs gansxvavebul manifestaciebs (upiratesad

<<sami siwminde>> - sanqvini sanquing); daois-turi cxovrebis mizans daoSi dRegrZeloba da

ukvdavebis(xsnis) miRweva warmoadgens. <<daoizmi

aris (individualuri da koleqtiuri) xsnis re-

ligia. individualuri xsna aris xangrZlivi, jan-

mrTeli da bednieri cxovreba ukvdavi sxeulis

idealiT. koleqtiuri xsna aris imanenturi samya-

ros kosmiuri harmonia, romelSic RmerTebi, ada-

mianebi da gardacvlilTa sulebi sami kosmiuri

sferoTi(zeca, zeskneli da qveskneli) mWidrod

dakavSirebulni Tanaarseboben>>(ix.[5,gv.431]. am sax-

iT daoizmi aseve aris warmodgenebis, Semecnebeb-

is, swavlebebisa da varjiSTa sinTezi, romelic

aseve dRevandel CineTSi, uwinaresad rogorc Sina-

gani ganwyoba(mdgomareoba) vrceldeba cxovrebis

yvela sferoze da romelSic <<Cinuri xasiaTi>>,

ase mkveTrad da mkafiod Cinuri religiurobis

arcerT sxva formaSi ar vlindeba. rogorc Se-

mecnebis meTodi daoizmi asazrdoebs xelovnebasa

da mecnierebas, xolo rogorc religiuri qceva, is

TviToeuli CinelisTvis imanenturia.

90

literatura:

1. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zen-tralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Innsbruck, 2003.

2. Fünf Klassiker., wikipedia.org/wiki/Fünf_Klassiker.3. Lao-Tzu, Tao Te Ching, (Translated by Stephen Addiss and

Stanley Lombardo), Boston-London, 2007.4. Dschuang Dsi [Zhuang-zi]., Das wahre Buch vom südlichen

Blütenland., Düsseldorf, 1976.5. Anna K. Seidel., Buying One’s Way to Heaven: The Ce-

lestial Treasury in Chinese Religions., History of Religions 17, 1978.

91

3.2 konfucianizmis/daoizmis socialur-

ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

<<konfucianizmis>> cneba sajaro diskusieb-

Si gamoiyeneba <<aRmosavleT aziis ekonomikuri

saswaulis>> aRsaniSnavad, ganurCevlad geo-

grafiulad, istoriulad da Sinaarsobrivad gan-

sxvavebuli Temebisa. amas garda, <<konfucianuri

kulturebis>>, rogorc aRmosavleTaziuri ekono-

mikuri dinamikis savaraudo matareblis dasav-

luri percefcia srulebiT ar emTxveva konfu-

cianizmis, rogorc nacionaluri da kulturuli

identurobis elements, romelic Cinuri tradic-

iebis rekonstruqciis mcdelobiT Tavad iqna Se-

Wrili Cinur kulturul sivrceSi.

Cven unda SevZloT minimaluri gansxvaveba: 1)

CineTSi konfucianuri moZRvrebis warmoSobasa

da aziur-wynari okeanis sivrcis sxvadasxva mxa-

reebsa da qveynebSi mis gavlenas, Sesabamisad mis

gavrcelebas Soris; 2)CineTSi arsebuli religi-

uri da filosofiuri azrovnebis mravalgvarobis

konteqstSi konfuciuri gavlenis mqone ideaTa

gansxvavebul istoriul mkveTr gamoxatulebebs

Soris; 3)viwro gagebiT konfucianizmis, rogorc

sazogadoebrivi elitis msoflxedvelobasa da

rogorc saimperatoro CineTSi imperiuli batono-

bis ideologias Soris; 4)iseve rogorc konfucia-

nuri eTikis istoriul da dRevandel, faqtobrivad

kvlav qmedebaTa relevantur mkveTr gamoxatule-

bebs Soris Cinuri cxovrebis samyaros elementis

azriT.

konfucianizmi xSirad gaTanabrebulia CineTis

kulturul substratTan. gansakuTrebiT mravali

saxalxo-religiurad da ekonomikur-eTikurad

92

(<<little tradition>>-is azriT) relevanturi normebi

jer kidev ubrundeba imgvar gansxvavebul sulier

gavlenebs Soris arsebul mravalSrovan urTier-

Tobebs, rogoric aris budizmi.

amgvarad kodificirebuli da Sinaarsobrivad

Ria konfucianizmi aqedan asaxavs ekonomikur war-

modgenaTa arsebiT elements mxolod Cinur kul-

turul sivrceSi. Cinuri kulturuli sivrce ki

moicavs Tavad Cinur materiks, taivans, honkongs,

makaos, singapursa da msoflioSi arsebul Cinur

saTvistomoebs, kerZod, pirvel rigSi - samxre-

TaRmosavleT aziasa da amerikaSi. ukve sakmao

xania, rac SeiniSneba Cinuri kulturuli da na-

cionaluri identurobis gaZlierebis tendencia

da aqedan, Sesabamisad aseve didi interesi konfu-

cianizmis, rogorc SeZlebisdagvarad konstituti-

uri elementis mimarT. konfucianuri faseulobe-

bi, praqtikul-ekonomikurad relevanturi pirvel

rigSi sawarmoo marTvis, socialur-ekonomikuri

TviTorganizaciisa da ekonomikuri politikis

sferoebSi xdeba[1].

am batonobis ideologiis pirvelma warmo-

madgenelma, rac mogvianebiT imperiuli konfu-

cianizmis saxiT unda kodificirebuliyo, kong

cim (551-479 qristemde) sakuTari warmodgenebi

samarTliani batonobis Sesaxeb ganaviTara ro-

gorc Tavisi drois cxovrebis pirobaTa anarekli

da gamoxatuleba, romelic xasiaTdeboda kvazi-

feodaluri batonobis sistemis TandaTanobiTi

likvidaciiTa da fuladi meurneobis gaaqtiure-

biT. ekonomikis eTikis kuTxiT Zalzed mniSvnelo-

vani iyo misi moTxovna samarTliani batonobis

Sesaxeb, rac xalxis keTildReobisTvis zrunviT

gamoixateboda. aq, ekonomikur politikaSi Zevs

saxelmwifo paternalizmis sulieri fesvi, romel-

93

ic mag., singapursa da taivanSi dRemde cocxlobs:

maT batonobas legitimurobas sZens is, rom el-

ementaruli cxovrebis(yofiTi) saWiroebebis uz-

runvelyofis Semdeg, isini xalxs <<anaTleben>>

da <<amdidreben>>. Tumca, amave dros kongi axdens

mkacr diferencirebas am batonobis funqcieb-

isa da simdidrisaken individualur ltolvaTa

Soris: rogorc batonTaTvis, aseve msaxurTaT-

vis iTvleba, rom simdidre mxolod maSin aris

moralurad gasakicxi, rodesac samarTalTan da

ritualTan(wes-CveulebebTan) Sesabamis qcevis

normebTan ar aris TanxvedraSi. metic, moraluri

ideali mdgomareobs masSi, rom siRatakeSi myofi

mxiarulad mihyve samarTlian gzas: umaRlesi

moraluri moTxovnebis (Tumca ara yvelasgan gar-

dauvlad Sesasrulebel) sferoSi siRatakis el-

ementebsac ki vnaxulobT, romlebic mogvianebiT

CineTSi arsebuli aseve sxva religiuri nakadeb-

isa Tu mimdinareobebisTvis gaxda Zlier niSan-

doblivi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba motanil iqnes

budizmi (moxetiale Txovara berebi) da daoizmi

sazogadoebis egalitaruli vizionebiT.

konfucianur tradiciaSi Cven kvlav vxvdebiT

fulad urTierTobaTa da moralis sferoTa am

diferencirebas, romelsac safuZveli rasakvirve-

lia jer kidev meng cim (372-289 qristemde) Cauyara,

romelmac SeZlo naTeli diferencirebis moxdena

erTi mxriv, sazogadoebrivi elitisken mimarTul

da meore mxriv, wesieri adamianis mier savalde-

bulod da SesaZleblad misaCnev am eTikur val-

debulebaTa Soris. mravaljer citirebuli, saim-

perio, kaizerul CineTSi arsebuli vaWarTa fenis

normatiuli ukmari Sefaseba xSirad yofila

mcdarad aRqmuli da gagebuli: tradiciul moZ-

RvrebaSi batonoba legitimirdeba batonTa qariz-

94

matuli moraluri xarisxiT, da am azriT wminda

mogebisken ltolvis normatiuli diferencireba

warmoadgens separirebis instruments Zalaufleb-

is mqone elitasa da Zalauflebis qveS myof sa-

zogadoebas Soris. is rom CineTis ukanaskneli

dinastiis ganmavlobaSi ramodenime imperatoris

mier iqna ediqti gamocemuli, romelTa Tanaxmadac

sazogadoebrivi ranJirebis kibeze vaWarTa fenis

gamweseba mudam udables safexurze xdeboda,

winaaRmdegobaSi modioda sazogadoebriv sinamd-

vileSi arsebul vaWarTa fenis did avtoritetTan

da gavlenasTan.

meore mxriv aris mcneba, romelic iTxovs xalx-

is <<gamdidrebas>>, rac mogebisa da keTildReo-

bisaken ltolvis sivrciTi mocemulobiT aixsneba.

eTikuri SefasebisTvis gadamwyveti aris mxolod

is , Tu ramdenad aris es ltolva moralurad da

ritualurad swor qcevebTan dakavSirebuli. es

magaliTad niSnavs imas, rom Sesabisi moxmarebis

garkveuli formebi gaTvaliswinebulia, anu sta-

tusis Sesabamisi qceva aris gamovlenili, Tumca

imavdroulad ekonomiuroba aris SenarCunebuli.

dRemde bevri ucxoeli (biznesis mrewvelobis

magnati)<<business tycoons>> xelmZRvanelobs gamo-

zomili simdidriT, momWirne da mokrZalebuli

cxovrebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ojaxTan erTad

uaRresad mdidrul garemoSi uwevT yofna. person-

aluri simdidre zneobri maxasiaTeblis, mis mor-

alur niSan-TvisebaTa gareSe aris gasakicxi: Tum-

ca amave dros, konfucianuri azrovnebis pirveli

formulirebidan moyolebuli, misi sxva saazrovno

mimarTulebaTagan (mag., rogoricaa sxva adamianebis

mimarT erTnairi yuradRebisa da siyvarulis gam-

ovlenis mo-cziseuli Mo Zi moZRvreba) gamijvnis

gadamwyveti kriteriumia is, rom swori mopyro-

95

bisa da damokidebulebis diferencireba nacnob

da ucnob, axlobel da Soreul adamianebs Soris

ara Tu sasurveli, aramed savaldebuloc ki aris.

maSasadame, umTavresi aqcentis ojaxze gakeTeba da

misi interesebis win dayeneba, ukve naTalad mianiS-

nebs Tavad moralur qmedebaze. aqedan gamomdinare,

nepotizmsa da morals Soris daZabuloba cxovre-

biseul praqtikaSi mudam iyo konfucianuri eTikis

ZiriTadi problema, da es <<axlobel>> adamianTa

mimarT gansakuTrebuli mopyrobis principuli

moraluri legitimacia, dasavluri sazogadoebis

qristeanobiT aRbeWdili eTikur diskursTan mima-

rTebiT, usaTuod warmoadgens maT Soris arsebul

fundamentur gansxvavebas.

konfucianur tradiciaSi xalxis keTildReob-

isTvis saxelmwifo zrunvis arsebiTi elemen-

ti mdgomareobs masSi, rom qonebis (sawarmoo/

produqciis SesaZleblobaTa, magram ara dasav-

luri gagebis absoluturi kerZo sakuTrebis

uflebis azriT) Tanabrad ganawilebis normebsa

da sagadsaxado tvirTis minimizacias eqceva didi

yuradReba. men-czisTan(Meng Zi) es mimarTuli iyo

im ideisken, rom TiToeul ojaxs mieRo <<mudam

samyofi qoneba>>, rasac mogvianebiT praqtikul

politikaSi kvlavac eqneba adgili miwis Tana-

brad ganawilebis saxelmwifo RonisZiebaTa saxiT

(gansakuTrebiT, dinastiaTa axladdafuZnebisa da

misi Tanamdevi mosaxleobis dasaxleba/gansaxleb-

is politikis warmarTvis procesSi).

ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb mimdinare Cinuri

diskusiebis or aTaswleulze meti xnis cocxal

Cveulebebs swored aq aqvs Tavisi fesvi: es aris

erTi mxriv winaaRmdegoba miwis akumulaciis

realur safrTxeTa irgvliv, xolo meore mxriv

dro da dro ganaxlebuli kritika mosaxleobis

96

wesebsmiRma, stiqiur sagadasaxado dabegvrasTan

dakavSirebiT lokalur doneze. am azriT, uka-

naskneli Cingis(Quing)(1644-1911) dinastiis ucxoto-muri batonoba sinamdvileSi asaxavs konfucianur

idealur saxelmwifosTan daaxloebas imdenad,

ramdenadac e.w. <<Suasaukunobrivi ekonomikuri

revoluciidan>> moyolebuli didi mamuli(kar-mi-

damo), (Tumca, samxreT CineTSi ara msxvili miwaTm-

flobelobis saxiT), rogorc msxvili ekonomikuri

erTeuli Cinuri sazogadoebidan iqna gamqrali;

me-17 saukunis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis droidan

dawyebuli saxelmwifom uari Tqva sagadasaxado

registris aqtualizebiT mis gamoyenebaze, rasac

drodadro mosdevda fiskaluri konfliqtebi

mqonebelTa fenebTan, romlebic gadasaxadebis

gadaxdisagan Tavis aridebas cdilobdnen. me-19

saukunis meore naxevarSi rogorc ki SemoRebul

iqna Sida gadasaxadebi(Likin-gadasaxadi) dasavlur

imperializmTan dakavSirebuli finansuri tvir-

Tis Sesamsubuqeblad, mas myis mohyva intensiuri

konfucianuri diskusiebi msgavsi fiskaluri nabi-

jis kanonierebis Sesaxeb.

maSasadame, konfucianizmi rogorc batonobis

moZRvreba xazs usvams saxelmwifo paternalizm-

sa da TviTkmayofilebas. rasakvirvelia, is Tavisi

ganviTarebis gariJraJze konkurenciul pirobebSi

warmoCinda imgvari xedvebiTa da warmodgenebiT,

romlebic saxelmwifos aseve ekonomikur cxovre-

baSi aniWebda dominantur pozicias. legizmi -

pirvel rigSi, CineTis pirveli imperatoris cin

Siuanis(Qin Shihuang) politikis sulieri safuZvle-

biT da Sesabamisad, qristes Sobamde 221 wels Cine-

Tis imperiis dafuZnebiT warmoadgenda mosazrebas

imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo (jer kidev imperiis

dafuZnebamde sxva samTavroebTan konkurenciaSi)

97

ekonomikas (rac maSin jer kidev soflis meur-

neobasTan igivdeboda da misi Tanabari mniSvnelo-

bis mqone cnebas aRniSnavda) masStaburad unda

aregulirebdes, raTa warmoebisa da mosaxleobis

maqsimaluri zrdis miRweva SeZlos. es saxelmwi-

fo intervencionizmi efuZneboda eTikurad konfu-

cianizmis sapirispiro adamianis xatebas. vinaidan

konfucianelTa umetesobas miaCnda, rom adamianis

natura principuladaa sikeTisken midrekili an

sul mcire - keTilad aRzrdisaken. legizmis

ZiriTadi varaudi emyareba mas, rom dasjis SiSiT

cudis mzraxveli adamianic ki kargad iqceva.

orive principi asaxavs kaizeris imperiis droin-

deli ekonomikuri politikis praqtikas, da garda

amisa: saxelmwifo monopolias, bazrebis adminis-

traciasa Tu iZulebiT Sromas fesvi legistur

warmodgenebSi uZevs. songis (Song (960-1129) dinas-tiis mmarTvelobis pirvel periodSi iyo ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis uzarmazari dinamika, romelmac

saxelmwifo intervencionizmis msgavsi formebi

saboloo jamSi praqtikul sazRvrebSi aCvena.

Tvals Tu mivadevnebT xangrZliv istoriul

procesebs, aqamde skicirebuli mudmivebis yuradRe-

biT dakvirvebisas aucileblad SevniSnavT, rom: me-

oce saukunis msoflio politikuri speqtris uT-

valsaCinoesi warmomadgenlis den siaopinis(Deng Xioapings) ekonomikur reformaTa ideologia cal-

saxad aris saxelmwifo paternalizmis, interven-

cionalizmisa da Tmenis nazavi, keTildReobisken

miswrafebis xelSewyobiTa da ganviTarebiT. imave

dros(izoqronulad) yvela Cinur sazogadoebaSi

korufcia aris mudmivad virulenturi Tema, sa-

dac saxelwifos mmarTvelobiTi elitis warmo-

madgenlebi toveben moralurad legitimur gzas

da mogebisken miswrafebasa da nepotizmSi iZire-

98

bian. mxolod politikur-moralur indokrinacias

ZaluZs msgavs codvaddacemaTa Tavidan acileba,

saidanac kvlav, meoce saukuneSi mkveTrad gamoxat-

uli da aqamde arsebuli komunisturi ideologi-

is (relatiuri) mniSvnelobis Seqmnis uwyveti pro-

cesi mimdinarebs: cdiloben maoizmis(Maoismus), rogorc mogebisaken swrafvasa da morals Soris

arsebuli daZabulobis eqstremaluri versiis in-

terpretirebas. Tumca, usaTuod mniSvnelovani da

sayuradReboa, rom Tavad CineTis komunisturma

partiam moaxdina konfucianuri renesansis aqtu-

alizacia da mzardi konfucianuri tradiciis, ro-

gorc Cinuri kulturuli monapovris SenarCuneba,

riTac aseve uzrunvelyo sakuTari hegemoniis le-

gitimacia.

konfucianuri paternalizmi moicavs xalxis

swavla-darigebas. pirvelad, Tumca Zalis gamoy-

enebiT, saxelmwifos es aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia

iwyeba songis drois neokonfucianizmiT, mas Sem-

deg rac qristesSemdgomi pirveli aTaswleuli

xasiaTdeboda indoeTidan budizmis gavrcelebiTa

da daoizmTan urTierTqmedebiT: saxelmwifo da

misi elita aqtiurad cdilobda saxalxo kul-

turis mravali sferos konfucianur normebTan

srul TanxvedraSi moyvanas. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

ramdenadme aseve dgeba sakiTxi yoveldRiur qce-

vaTa eTikuri Sefasebis Sesaxeb. aq, konfucianuri

kanoni, anu ZiriTadi debuleba rCeba srulebiT

ambivalenturi, iZleva ra mcire SeniSvnebsa Tu mi-

TiTebebs <<sargebelisa>> da <<kanonierebis>> da

<<ritualis>> realur urTierTobebze calkeul

SemTxvevaSi.

Cinur konteqstSi, did hanis dinastiis droin-

del istorikos sima cianTan(Sima Qian), romelic

99

rasakvirvelia miekuTvneboda ara konfucianur

skolas, aramed is mxars uWerda <<ara qmedebis>>,

rogorc batonobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis daoistur

pozicias (145-95 qristes Sobamde), vecnobiT mis

pirad mosazrebas ekonomikur interesTa Tavisu-

fali mxardaWeris sasargeblod. sima ganwyobili

iyo imperator vus (Keiser Wu) mier eqspansiurad warmoebuli ekonomikis mzardad moTvinierebis

winaaRmdeg da avrcelebda ganmanTavisuflebel

ekonomikur moZRvrebas, rac mdgomareobda Semdeg-

Si: keTildReobisken miswrafeba, rogorc condition humana, wodebrivi sazRvrebis gareSe: keTildReo-

ba aris ceremoniis(saeklesio wesrigis, ritualeb-

is ) da kanonierebis safuZveli, da ara piriqiT -

(TiTqos) warmateba individualur damsaxurebaTa

Sedegia.

aq, uwinaresad gaismis is ZiriTadi xma, rac Sem-

deg kvlav da kvlav konfucianur tradiciebSi

poulobs gamoZaxils, ramac swored legizmTan

winaaRmdegobiT(antagonizmiT) sxva saazrovno

mimarTulebaTa mravali elementi SeiZina. song-

is dinastiis dros, samxreTis provinciaTa mom-

ravlebul -kvalificiur diskursebSi gamoC-

nda amgvari topoi(berZ. mx. Topos adgili, mr.

Topoi ), romlebic CineTis ekonomikuri simZimis

centrad(arsad) iqcnen. im droidan kvlav iwyes

formireba ganaTlebis(azrovnebis) skolebma, rom-

lebic adamianis sakuTari sxeulze zrunvidan

ayalibebdnen pragmatuli cxovrebis normebsa Tu

standartebs, da romlebic rasakvirvelia sistema-

turad metafizikur Sexedulebebs efuZnebodnen.

magaliTad, minis(Ming) epoqaSi(1368-1644) konfuci-

aneli intuicionistebi van ianmini(Wan Yangming) da van geni(Wang Gen) amtkicebdnen, rom swored is gza SeiZleboda yofiliyo swori, sadac adamianis

100

fizikuri egzistencia daculi da xelSewyobili

iqneboda. am mosazrebas eyrdnoboda magaliTad,

sakuTari Tavis siyvarulidan momdinare sayovel-

Tao kacTmoyvareobis idea urTierTobaTa Sesa-

Zleblobebis Sesaxeb. msgavs SexedulebaTa war-

momadgenlebs gaaCndaT eqsplicituri gaazreba

imis, rom ekonomikuri aqtivoba warmoadgens eTi-

kurad ara mxolod legitimur, aramed pozitiurad

moTxovnil saqmianobas. saxalxo-religiuri Tval-

sazrisiT aq aseve arsebobs mWidro urTierTqmede-

ba daoizmTan, romlis warmodgenebi yvela arsebis

mCqefare sicocxlis Zalaze profanul formaSi

niSnavda, rom individi koncentrirdeba sakuTari

sxeulis keTildReobaze (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT

imgvar eqstremalur survilzec ki, rogoric aris

ukvdavebis Zieba), amitom, gamomdinare aqedan, swori

qmedebac aseve amqveniuria.

CineTis gansxvavebul religiur Tu filosofi-

ur nakadTa urTierTSeRwevadobis produqts war-

moadgens imperator iun cenis(Yongzheng(1722-1736) formulireba: << budizmi gankargavs suls, daoiz-

mi gankargavs sxeuls da konfucianizmi gankargavs

samyaros>>. am Sexedulebebis formaTa simravle

sazogadoebaSi, eTikur normebSi gaxda sicocxlis

sworad warmarTvis pragmatuli moZRvreba.

pragmatuli cxovrebis sibrZnis msgavsi

metafizikuri mistifikaciebisgan damoukideblad,

romlebic songis(Song) droidan Tan sdevs so-

cialur-ekonomikur kataklizmebs, sxva ganaTleb-

is (azrovnebis) skolebis warmomadgenlebic aseve

zrunavdnen, rom yoveldRiur qcevebze eTikuri

normebis propagandiT moexdinaT gavlena. konfu-

cianuri <<ceremonia>> aq xdeba qcevis normeb-

is katalogi, rac aRmzrdelobiTi literaturis,

istoriuli magaliTebisa Tu memorialuri ste-

101

lis xangrZlivi TanmimdevrulobiT gadaecema

mosaxleobas. aq kvlav vxvdebiT Cven im mravlad

citirebul faseulobebs, rogoric aris mcire-

did kmayofileba, TviTkontroli Tu momWirneoba,

romlebic dRemde xSirad aris Cinur ekonomikur

kulturasTan dakavSirebuli. CineTis imperiis

gviandel periodSi[2], sajaro moxsenebebiT so-

flebsa Tu saxelmwifoebrivad inicirebul Tvi-

TorganizaciebSi marTebul qcevaTa normebis qvey-

nis masStabiT saerTo-saxalxo gatanis mcdeloba

arsebobda, da Cven Tanamedrove Cinur soflebSi

aseve vxvdebiT e.w. <<soflis xelSekrulebebs>>,

romlebSic mosaxleobisadmi wayenebuli mor-

aluri moTxovnebi werilobiTaa dafiqsirebuli(

mag., rogoric aris soflis Rarib mcxovrebTa ara-

diskriminacia).

fufunebiT pirad cxovrebaze uaryofis moTxov-

na SeiZleba nawilobriv dRemde vrceldebodes im-

denad, ramdenadac bavSvTa aRzrdis sferoSi kvla-

vac gamoiyeneba Zveli teqstebi, romlebic anbanis

wignis funqcias asrulebs, da romlebic nawilo-

briv gamoCenil konfucianel swavlulTa mier

iyo Tavis droze SeTxzuli. msgavsi damokide-

bulebaa mudmivi samuSao adgilis Sesaxeb arse-

bul gamowvevebTan dakavSirebiTac: konfucianur

faseulobaTa sistemis mixedviT, araferia maszed

ufro saSiSi, vidre es aris usaqmod moxetiale,

romelsac sazogadoebaSi ar gaaCnia myari adg-

ili da saqme. aq Zevs aseve konfucianuri sub-

sidiarulobis principis fesvi, rac individisa

da misi ojaxis bedis Tu ubedobisTvis, sixaru-

lis Tu mwuxarebisTvis nakisr pasuxismgebloba-

Si poulobs gamoxatulebas da kacTmoyvareobis

araviTar sistematur adgils cnobs upirobod.

Cinuri kulturuli sivrcidan wlebis ganmavlob-

102

Si xSirad ismoda kritika evropuli socialuri

saxelwifos misamarTiT, eqspliciduri sayvedure-

biT piradi pasuxismgeblobisa da subsidiarulo-

bis Taobaze Tanamedrove CineTis socialisturi

saxalxo respublikis minimalisturi socialuri

politikis pirobebSi. sabolood aRsaniSnavia

warmatebis norma, Sinagani siwmindis Zveli kon-

fucianuri da siRatakis eTikis warmodgenebi ba-

tonis samsaxurSi (wminda mefis idealuri saxiT)

ewinaaRmdegeba arguments, rom pirovnebis individ-

ualuri srulyofa aseve unda iqnas asaxuli da

gamovleni garegan warmatebebSi.

Tumca Cinur sazogadoebaSi konfucianizmis

gavrcelebis politikam Tavisi intensiuri

gamoxatuleba eWvgareSea, rom ojaxis institut-

Tan hpova. is xelixelCakidebuli midioda ojaxis

ayvavebasTan erTad, rac warmoadgenda ekonomi-

kuri organizaciebis centralur erTobas CineT-

Si: ojaxis cxovrebaSi konfucianuri normebis

gavrcelebiT aseve fuZndeboda ojaxis TviTor-

ganizaciis garkveuli formebi sawarmoTa saxiT.

maSin, rodesac konfucianizmi ojaxs ganixilavda

rogorc sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa ZiriTad

models, iseTi principebi, rogoric aris ierar-

qiuli diferencireba, paternalizmi, jgufuri ori-

entacia, Tu adamianTa <<Sinaurad>> da <<ucxod>>

dayofa gaxda eTikurad universalizirebuli da

aqedan, aseve cxovrebis sxva sferoebze gadamdebi.

amasTan, konfucianizmi mWidrod urTierTqmedebebs

saxalxo-religiur warmodgenebTan ojaxisa da yo-

veldRiurobis mimarTulebiT, romlebic aSkarad

gansxvavebul faseulobaTa sistemebs gadascemen.

ekonomikuri cxovrebis aseve centralur normas

warmoadgens ojaxis xazis dacva. Cinuri winapar-

Ta kulti da ojaxisa da ojaxis xazis religiuri

103

Tayvaniscema - jer kidev uadres <<wina-konfucia-

nuri>> droidanaa cnobili, rac arqeologiurad

sabuTdeba. igi gankuTvnilia gabatonebuli, mbr-

Zanebeli elitisTvis da iTvaliswinebs winapreb-

is mimarT movaleobaTa qonas da STamomavlobaze

zrunvas. amave dros, winaparTa kulti ganekuTvne-

boda im instituciebs, romlebic adreuli kon-

fucianelebis mier iqna mzis Suqze gamotanili

da gavrcelebuli, rogorc cxovrebis warmarTvis

ideali Zvel droSi: ramdenadme, swored am adgi-

las moxda konfucianizmisa da saxalxo religiis

mWidrod SeerTeba-Serwyma. calkeulma msgavsma

garemoebam patriarqaluri xazis ojaxSi gaaCina

Sorsmimavali Sedegebi. iseTi, rogoric aris mag.,

sakuTrebis instutuciasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac

realur samarTal-subieqts ara individi, aramed

ojaxis xazi warmoadgens. magaliTad, valis gas-

tumrebisaTvis, miwa idealur SemTxvevaSi SesaZle-

beli iyo vrcel sanaTesao garemocvaSi gasxvise-

buliyo gamosyidvis uflebiT, raTa ar momxdariyo

uZravi qonebis samudamod ucxo xelSi gadasv-

la da misi sabolood dakargva. songis drois

neokonfucianizma ojaxis es centraluri roli

metafizikurad srulyo, moaxdina ra misi amgvarad

sublimireba, vinaidan wesrigi ojaxSi, rogorc

gasaRebi aRzrdis gziT calkeulis TviTsrulyo-

filebisTvis da sazogadoebis wesrigisTvis ga-

nixileboda rogorc mTlianoba. aq sazogadoebis

wesrigi kvlav imyofeba mWidro urTierTqmedebaSi

kosmosis wesrigTan: aqedan, morali flobs ara

mxolod eTikur, aramed kosmologiur dimensias.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cinuri ojaxi warmodgeba

ara mxolod ekonomikuri safuZvlebidan, aramed

is aseve religiur konteqstSi centralur sazog-

adoebriv formaciad gvevlineba. ojaxis SigniT

104

arsebobs urTierTsolidaruli valdebuleba-

movaleobani, rac gansakuTrebiT Zveli Taobisadmi

axali Taobis mxridan gverdSi dgomasa da Sewev-

naSi gamoixateba. xolo, vinaidan Cinuri ojaxi na-

Tesavebis Ria, farTo ganStoebaTa patriarqaluri

xazis(patrilinear) organizaciul bades SeiZleba

rom warmoadgendes, urTierTobisa da solidaro-

bis normebi sanaTesao kavSirebis (gvareulobaTa

(Lineages)) dayofiT relativirdeba, risi bunebrivi

Tanmdevic aris sxva da sxva Stos mxridan sazoga-

doebrivi gavlenebisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb

arsebuli gansxvavebul poziciaTa aqceptirebisa

da Sesabamisad, gare politikuri koaliciebis Se-

qmnis SesaZleblobebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo konfucian-

izmi didi energiiT uwevda propagandas Tavis

ojaxis normebs, saxalxo religiaSic aseve ar-

sebobda idealuri sazogadoebis sruliad sxva

warmodgenebi. budisturi moZRvrebani da said-

umlo sazogadobrivi ritualebi avrcelebdnen

yvela adamianis Tanasworobisa da solidarul

sazogadoebebSi Tavisufali asociaciebis ideebs,

romlebic ar iyo da dResac ar aris naTesao-

baze dafuZnebuli. aq gadanawilebis eTika Sin-

auruli, saojaxo konteqstidan gamoiricxeba da

gamoiyeneba did jgufebSi. garda amisa, budizma

aseve mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa konfucianuri

ideologiis individualuri xsnis interesebTan

dabalansebis sakiTxSi. zustad asevea daoistu-

ri xsnis moZRvrebasTan dakavSirebiTac, romelic

win wamoswevs iseT faseulobebs, rogoric aris

mag., sxeulis potenciuri ukvdaveba da budizmis

sawinaaRmdegod, aqcents arsebiTad mtkice sxeu-

lebriv bednierebaze akeTebs. daoizmi aseve ufro

did yuradRebas aqcevs egalitarul faseulobaTa

105

warmodgenebs, vidre ierarqiulad moazrovne kon-

fucianizmi, magram amave dros, moTxovnaTa gver-

diT, - rom ojaxi da sazogadoeba unda monawile-

obdes calkeuli adamianis keTildReobaSi, dgas

materialuri bednierebisaken individualuri mis-

wrafebis pozitiuri Sefaseba[3]. aq Cans gviandeli

konficianizmis sazogadoebrivi fesvebi, romlebic

zemoT ukve iyo skicirebuli.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis aris budistu-

ri warmodgenebis kompleqsuri transformacia

bedisweris meqanikisTvis (karmis moZRvreba) <<ga-

dasaxdelebis>> ubiqvitetis, anu yvelganmyofobis

da bedisweris kalkulatoruli gansazRvris war-

modgenebSi. songis droidan moyolebuli CineTSi

fuls gaaCnia centraluri religiuri mniSvnelo-

ba da xdeba adamianTaSorisi urTierTobebis reg-

ulirebis universaluri mediumi, iseve rogorc, -

komunikacia amqveyniur da imqveyniur cxovrebas

Soris. magaliTad, gaCnda warmodgena, rom adamiani

dabadebamde iRebs vals, SeZlebisdagvarad mSven-

ieri sxeulis mosapoveblad; ris Semdegac am va-

lis gadaxda mTeli misi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi

da sikvdilis Semdeg STamomavlebis mier (maT

Soris gadanawilebuli) warmoebs. amitom aris

akumulacia da kalkulatoruli urTierToba yo-

veldRiuri qcevebisTvis maregulirebel princi-

pad qceuli. ara mxolod sakuTari ojaxis, ara-

med aseve sakuTari sulis xsnis samsaxurSi aris

mniSvnelovani qonebis dagroveba <<pirveladi va-

lis>> ukan dabrunebis SesaZleblobisTvis. kac-

TaSoris urTierTobebSi aseve umniSvnelovanes

rols TamaSobs fulis gacema da miReba: social-

uri siaxlove da siSore, da ormxrivi urTierTkav-

Sirebi valTan damokidebulebiTa da saCuqrebis

(upiratesad fuli) nakadTa moculobiTa da in-

106

tensivobiT ganizomeba da xSirad garkveuli saxis

buRaltrul angariSgebasac ki moicavs. urTier-

TobaTa principebi aseve iqna sakuTari bedisweris

angariSianobis(gamoTvlis) ideaze dafuZnebuli:

erT mxares sxva adamianebTan damokidebulebaSi

urTierTobebi mudam <<buRaltrulad>> unda war-

moebdes, meore mxriv ki, - Tavdapirveli budistu-

ri karmis moZRvrebisagan gansxvavebiT - sakuTar

keTildReobaze SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes im

garemoebas, rom awmyoSi mudam aris cud saqmeebTan

SedarebiT karg saqmeTa gadametebisa da siWarbis

miRwevis mcdeloba. daoistur warmodgenebSi ar-

seboben sulebi, romlebic Tvals adeveneben msgavs

qmedebebs da zrunaven valis gadaxdaze.

maSasadame, aq naTeli xdeba, rom [mravaljer

citirebuli], Cinuri kulturis ekonomikurad ori-

entirebuli <<pragmatizmi>> namdvilad flobs

religiur safuZvels, romelsac naklebi konfu-

cianuri da gacilebiT meti daoisturi Ziri(fesvi)

aqvs, rac kvlavac budistur gavlenebTan aris

mWidro kavSirSi. im dros, rodesac konfucian-

izmi, rogorc batonobis moZRvreba aranair eqs-

plicitur simdidris eTikas flobs, saxalxo

religiaSi moipoveba qonebis usasrulo akumu-

laciis motivi: erTi mxriv qoneba Tavad flobs

eTikur Tvisebas da meore mxriv is nawarmoebia

subsituciuri, moralurad swori moqmedebebidan.

amdenad arsebobs warmodgenebi, rom dRevandeli

qoneba dafuZnebulia winaparTa swor moqmedebebze,

xolo cud moqmedebaTa materialuri gamosyidva

ki SesaZlebelia ukve imqveynad moxdes. radgan

qoneba kvlavac mxolod SromiT SeiZleba iqnas

SeZenili, aqedan gamomdinare saqme gvaqvs Cinuri

Sromis eTikis amgvar warmodgenebTan. vinc siR-

aribeSi cxovrobs, is ar unda dakmayofildes am

107

arsebuli mdgomareobiT, aramed bevri Sroma da

Zalisxmeva unda gaswios qonebis dasagroveblad.

vinc simdidreSi cxovrobs, man unda daicvas da

gazardos es simdidre, raTa amiT SeZlos sakuTar

karg bed-iRbalze(bediswera) zrunva. amasTan, aseve

unda aRiniSnos filanTropiac, romelic miekuT-

vneba karg saqmeTa mxares da qonebis RaribTaTvis

ganawilebiT aCens karg qmedebaTa akumulirebis

SesaZleblobas.

radgan mosaxleobis materialurad uzrunvely-

ofili fenebi aseve aRmoCndnen klasikuri saganm-

anaTleblo konceftis gavlenis qveS, aq arsebobda

mWidro damokidebuleba swor qmedebaTa konfucia-

nur warmodgenebTan. amasTan, filanTropia aseve

gaxda socialuri stratifikaciis gamoxatuleba,

vinaidan sazogadoebis elitis TviTvaldebulebas

warmoadgenda lokaluri Temebis samsaxurSi ekis-

raT garkveuli pasuxismgebloba sajaro amocaneb-

is Sesrulebis kuTxiT (mag., rogoric aris hos-

pitalis organizacia). <<sajaro>> da <<kerZo>>

interseTa Soris moraluri daZabuloba soflad

namdvilad ar TamaSobda ukanasknel did rols

wyalTan dakavSirebiT, radgan kompleqsuri hi-

droteqnikur nagebobaTa sistemebis arseboba iT-

valiswinebda sazogadoebis yvela Semadgeneli

jgufis mier miznis morCilebas, sairigacio da

sadrenaJo da wyalsacavi lokaluri Tu global-

uri sistemebis funqcionirebis potencialis

dacvasa da mofrTxilebas. CineTis sazogadoeba-

Si TvalSisacemi ekologiur problemaTa simwire

Sepirobebuli iyo swored <<ZlierTa>> aucilebe-

li moraluri TviTSezRudviT, raTa mag., ar daeS-

vaT mtknari wylis rezervuarebis samelioracio

mizniT gamoyeneba da sxv.

aqedan, Cinur kulturul sivrceSi religiur

108

qcevebs gaaCnia farTo socialur-organizaciuli

da amasTan aseve ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. gansakuTre-

buli aRniSvnis Rirsia taZris mSeneblobis roli

adgilobriv sazogadoebriv erTobaTa organizaci-

isTvis, sadac koleqtiur qmedebaTa organizatore-

bad Tavad lokaluri elitebi Cndebian. taZreb-

is saxiT lokalurma sazogadoebrivma jgufebma

miiRes identurobis damfuZnebeli centrebi, rac

SesaZlebelia, rom Semdgom aseve sxva aqtivobaTa

adgilad iqcnen (mag., iseTi, rogoric aris taZris

bazrobebi da sxv.). vinaidan xSirad daoisturi

ceremoniebi religiur aqtivobaTa centrSi dgas,

arsebobs uSualo samyaroseuli xedvis xidi dao-

istur ritualsa da ekonomikur aqtivobas Soris.

taZari xdeba lokaluri keTildReobis religi-

uri simbolo, radgan is mosaxleobidan Semowiru-

lobiT finansdeba: Tumca imavdroulad status-

Soris arsebuli gansxavavebuloba simbolurad

mainc aqcentirdeba. ase iyo taivanSi, rodesac

omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri ganviTareba ara mzardi

sekularizebiT, aramed piriqiT, taZris mSeneblo-

bis mzardi aqtivobebiT mimdinareobda. CineTis

saxalxo demokratiul respublikaSi religiuri

dResaswaulebi soflad sul ufro metad xdeba

rogorc biznes-ekonomikuri cxovrebis RirsSesan-

iSnavi movlena.

maSasadame, mniSvnelovania konfucianizmsa da

saxalxo religias Soris diferencirebis moxdena,

da swori ar aris, rodesac saxalxo religias, ro-

gorc <<vulgarul konfucianizms>>, mxolod cne-

biTi sistemurobis doneze anTavseben. garkveul-

wilad arsebobs calsaxa uTanxmoeba, rogorc

pirvel rigSi fulis, qonebisa da mogebisaken

ltolvis eTikur valentobas Soris. piriqiT, Cven

SegviZlia visaubroT ufro Cinuri kulturuli

109

sivrcis kompleqsur, Ria da araformalizirebul

religiur sistemaze, romelSic konfucianizms

mainc gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs da udidesi mniS-

vnelobis mqone elements warmoadgens. dabolos,

arsebobda safrTxe, rom am sistemis Sida difer-

encirebas saboloo jamSi SeiZleboda gamoewvia

Ria konfliqtebi, rodesac seqtebi da saidumlo

sazogadoebebi arsebuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg

iyvnen mimarTulni, romlebic imavdroulad aseve

flobdnen swor qcevaTa gansxvavebul warmodgen-

ebs, vidre maT, romlebic Seesabameboda konfucia-

nur normebs.

Cinur ekonomikur qcevTa dRevandel saero

cxovrebis praqtikaSi mraval faseulobaTa da

normaTa aRmoCena Tavidan xdeba, romelTac pir-

velad aRweril religiur tradiciebSi gaidges

fesvi, magram jer kidev mxolod sekularizebul

formaSi Cndebian. am adgilas <<konfucianizmi>>,

rogorc ganmartebis nimuSi xSirad aris moxmo-

bili da win wamoweuli. ase rom SeuZlebelia

SeumCneveli darCes is, rom Cinuri sazogadoeba

cinis(Qing) droidan moyolebuli pirvel rigSi

mzardi mobilobiTa da amis kvaldakval, Semdegi

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi krizisuli mdgomare-

obiT xasiaTdeboda. amitom, aqedan mravali faseu-

loba da norma SeiZleba aseve miCneul iqnas ro-

gorc cxovrebis sarke daZabul, socialurad da

geografiulad mobilur sazogadoebaSi, nawilo-

briv aseve Sida kolonizaciis <<Frontier society>>-is[4] azriTac (mag., siCuanisa da taivanis axalSeni

me-18 da me-19 saukuneSi, Tu taipinis(Taiping) ambox-ebis Semdeg gaudaburebuli mxareebis axlad aT-

viseba me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi. amas daerTo

isic, rom dasavlur imperializmTan Sejaxebis

(koliziis) Semdeg saxelmwifom, rogorc wesri-

110

gis Zalam, swrafad dakarga mniSvneloba. isedac

myife samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa kidev ufro

Semcirda da saWiroeba araformalur TviTorgani-

zaciaze kidev ufro gaizarda.

Cinur ekonomikur qcevebSi arsebos zogierTi

centraluri faseuloba, romelic am fonze, reli-

giur determinantebTan (msazRvrel faqtorebTan)

urTierTobis gareSe SeuZlebelia, rom gagebul

iqnas. es pirvel rigSi exeba ndobis simbolikasa

da piradi urTierTobisa da loialurobis did

mniSvnelobas. kompaniis farglebSi mkacrad xdeba

diferencireba naTesavebs, ndobiT aRWurvil pireb-

sa da Cveulebriv dasaqmebulebs (<<axlobeli>>

da <<Soreuli>>) Soris. sando pirebi Rrma loi-

alurobiT arian mesakuTresTan dakavSirebulni,

rac Semdgom garemoebaTa mixedviT TandaTanobiT,

damoukideblobis SeZeniT gadadis grZelvadian

biznes-kooperaciaSi. ndoba es aris qcevis katego-

ria, romelic <<adamianur grZnobaTa>> urTierTo-

biTa da zrunviT aRwevs konkretul gamoxatule-

bas. radgan kompaniis SigniT qcevebi mudam flobs

gansazRvrul ierarqiul dimensias, es sxvaTaSoris

niSnavs mas, rom kompaniis mesakuTre paternalis-

turi aqtebiT (mag., rogoric aris saCuqari Svilis

dabadebis aRsaniSnavad, Tu personaluri krediti

avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi) uzrunvelyofs Tavisi

ndobiT aRWurvili adamianebis loialurobas.

eqstremalur SemTxvevaSi Tavad kompania gvev-

lineba, rogorc moraluri institucia: mesakuTre

pasuxismgebeli xdeba sakuTari TanamSromleb-

is swor qcevebze da warmarTavs aRmzrdelobiT

saqmianobas, Tumca pirvel rigSi Tavad moeTxoveba,

rom swori qcevebiT maTTvis iyos misabaZi. san-

acvlod loialoba aris kompaniis kulturis

umaRlesi faseuloba da Tavisi mniSvnelobiT

111

Crdilavs kompetenciasa da pasuxismgeblobas.

kompaniis yovlismomcvel instituciad gadaqce-

vis tendenciam, gansakuTrebiT socialisturi Cine-

Tis saxalxo respublikaSi didi simwvave SeiZina,

vinaidan e. w. <<erTianoba>> (mag., didi saxelmwifo

sawarmoebi) arsebobis farTo socialuri garan-

tiebisTvis gaxda marTebuli da mis egzistencias

daeqvemdebara; rasakvirvelia, rigi amgvar fenomen-

ebisa, aseve dRevandel sabazro ekonomikis mqone

CineTSic garkveulwilad arsworad aris aRqmuli.

es Seexeba mag., industrializebul soflebs, rom-

lebic momavalSi rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri

korporaciebi, aseve maTi macxovreblebis swor

qcevaTa moralur instanciebad gadaiqcevian.

bazris farglebSi ndoba intensiuri social-

uri interaqciiT iwarmoeba da stabilurdeba (mag.,

es SeiZleba iyos qcevis imgvari forma, rogoricaa

erToblivi banketebi). aqedan, sabazro transaqcie-

bi xSirad CarTulia grZelvadian mtkice social-

ur qselebSi da ara mxolod anonimurad, aramed

fasis meqanizmiT aris struqturirebuli. aq Sei-

Zleba movaxdinoT Semdegi Tezis formulireba:

ekonomikaTa erTianobas(da mis safuZvels) CineT-

Si ara ojaxi, aramed saojaxo kompaniaTa qselebi

qmnis, romelTa Sorisac xangrZlivi drois gan-

mavlobaSi ndobis kavSirebi mtkiced da piruT-

vnelad narCundeba. msgavsi ndoba kvlavac mniS-

vnelovan socialur kapitals warmoadgens sxva

urTierTobebSic: magaliTad, xSirad adgili aqvs

kreditunarianobis Sefasebas daxmarebis potenci-

is gaTvaliswinebiT, rac TiToeuli mewarmisTvis

sakuTari urTierTobebis irgvliv damatebiT mobi-

lizacias niSnavs. swored amiT xdeba ndobis, aseve

rogorc sajaro kategoriis <<saxis>>(imijis) kon-

ceftTan mWidro dakavSireba: calkeuli imyofeba

112

mudmivi wnexis qveS, raTa daicvas da moufrTxldes

sakuTar sazogadoebriv reputacias, rac pirovneb-

is Sesaxeb mimdinare Ria diskusiebis msjelobis

sagans warmoadgens. Cinur socialur-kulturul

sivrceSi Zalzed saintereso aspeqts warmoadgens

<<saxis>> diferencireba ori dimensiis mixedviT.

kerZod, esenia: <<mianci>>(mianzi) da <<lian>>(lian) (sadac es orive sityva qarTulad, iseve rogorc

sxva evropul enebze <<saxed>> iTargneba). maSin

rodesac aq motanili pirveli cneba exeba sa-

zogadoebriv statuss, meoresTan mimarTebiT wina

planze iwevs moraluri da pirovnuli xarisxi,

da saboloo jamSi orive Seicavs ritualisa da

swori qmedebis konfucianur kategoriaTa sedi-

mentebs.

Cinuri ekonomikuri qcevebis dasavlur kolpor-

taJeSi ( frng. kolportage gavrceleba[gadaumowmebeli

ambebis, xmebis da a.S]) did rols TamaSobs war-

modgena, rom Zlier gabatonebulia jgufuri ori-

entacia da rom es aseve motivirebulia konfucia-

nuri normebiT, - rasac emyareba kidec. msgavsi

xedvebi moipoveba aseve faseulobaTa cvilebebT-

an dakavSirebul Cinur samecniero literaturis

zogierT, modernizaciis mimarTulebis Teoriul

narkvevSi, romelic magaliTad <<koleqtivizmi-

dan>> <<individualizmisken>> gardamavali pe-

riodis mdgomareobas konstatirebs. ramdenadac

es cnebebi sakontaqto jgufis naTeli identi-

fikaciiT ar konkretdeba, maT ar SeuZliaT didi

daxmarebis gaweva. magaliTad, ojaxSi(gvarSi), ro-

gorc sakontaqto jgufis mWidro kavSiri pirvel

rigSi ar niSnavs mas, rom nebismieri kompania an

sxva organizacia SeiZleba aseve warmoadgendes

sakontaqto jgufs. piriqiT, Tu kargad davakvird-

ebiT davinaxavT, rom organizaciaTa individua-

113

luri kavSiri ufro sustia da Cndeba kompleqsur

sawarmoTa marTvis Sesabamisi problemebi, rom-

lebic, metad SeuZlebelia saojaxo kompaniebis

saxiT iqnen konstruirebulni. Cinur da iaponur

kompaniebs Soris pirdapiri Sedarebisas es gan-

sxvaveba dRemde rCeba: maSin rodesac idealuri

tipis iaponuri sawarmos, rogorc organizaciis

centrSi dgas TanamSromlis loialoba, Cinuri

kompania mxolod saburvelia namdvil, dominantur

pirad loialobasTan dakavSirebul urTierToba-

Ta Sesaxeb Tavis wevrebs Soris.

jgufuri orientacia rogorc eTikuri kat-

egoria, xSirad mWidrod ukavSirdeba <<bavSvuri

mokrZalebis>> klasikuri konfucianizmis kon-

cepts, rac maSasadame gulisxmobs umcrosis

ufrosze daqvemdebarebis normasa da adamian-

TaSorisi urTierTobebis regulirebas eqsplici-

turi, Zlier diferencirebul statusTa ierarqiiT.

magram am azriT, ara Tu jgufia(gundi) moraluri

kavSiris namdvili mowmoba Tu gamoZaxili, ara-

med - pirovneba maRali statusiT. amitom, aqedan

gamomdinare Cinuri jgufebi xSirad Cndebodnen

individulaur interesTa namdvilad arastabilur

da xSirad mkacri formis davebSi. es gaxlavT is

faqtori, romelic xsnis Tu ratom warmoadgens

Cinur kulturul sivrceSi mcire saojaxo kom-

paniebi ekonomikuri TviTorganizaciis aSkarad

Zlier stabilur formas. dasasruls, aRniSnulis

gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ekonomikur-

eTikur normaTa saTanado adaptaciamde Cinuri

sazogadoebis Semdgomi modernizaciisTvis Tvi-

Torganizaciis es forma (taivanisa da singapuris

saxelmwifo ekonomikuri politikisgan gansxvave-

biT) kidev didxans rCeboda inovaciuri Zalebisa

da kompaniebis zrdis dabrkolebad.

114

rogorc cnobilia, dRes mTeli msoflios

masStabiT SeiniSneba konfucianizmis renesansi,

radgan Cinuri elitis gansazRvruli jgufebi

konfucianizms Cinuri identobis safuZvlad da

arsad ganixilaven. magaliTad, arc Tu mravali

wlis win es ukve gamoCnda singapurSi saskolo

wignebis Sesabamisi gamocemebisa da socialuri

kanonmdeblobis saxiT, romelic bavSvuri mokr-

Zalebis azriT, axal Taobas avaldebulebs Zveli

Taobis gverdSi dgomasa da daxmarebas. saxalxo

religiurma da ara savaldebulo konfucianur-

ma warmodgenebma bunebriv materikze kidev ufro

didi mniSvneloba SeiZina, radgan kacma rom Tqvas

swored amiT daiwyo kidec CineTis vrcel sasof-

lo-agrarul sivrceSi avTenturi modernizaciis

procesi, risi garantic, ekonomikur-eTikurad rel-

evaturi, zemoT Cvens mier naxsenebi sfecifikuri

Cinuri regulireba gaxldaT.

literatura

1. F. Fukuyama, Konfuzius und Marktwirtschaft, München, 1995

2. D. Jonson etc.(Editor), Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, Berkeley, 1985

3. Overmeyer, D. L. etc., Chinese Religions. The State of the Field, Part 2: Living Religious Traditions: Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Islam and Popular Religion., Journal of Asian Studies 54, 1995

4. Frontier Society – Wikipedia., https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Society

115

Tavi 4. iudaizmi

4.1 iudaizmis arsi

iudaizmi ebraelTa religiaa. sityva <<iudaiz-

mi>> momdinareobs berZnuli sityvisgan ioudaismos, romelic Cvens eramde daaxloebiT 100 wliT adre

metyvelebaSi damkvidrebul iqna berZnulenovani

ebraelebis mier sakuTari religiis berZnulis-

agan gansasxvaveblad. iudaizmis saxelwodeba

dakavSirebulia iakobis meoTxe vaJis, iudas sax-

elTan, romlis STamomavlebma, beniaminis STamomav-

lebTan erTad daafuZnes samxreTis iudeas samefo,

dedaqalaqiT ierusalemi. CrdiloeTis israelis

samefos dacemisa da iq mcxovrebi misi tomebis

gabnevis Semdeg, iudeas xalxi (cnobilni rogorc

<<iexudi>>, <<iudevelebi>> an <<ebraelebi>>)

gaxda ebrauli kulturis ZiriTadi matarebeli

da amadve darCa sakuTari samefos ganadgurebis

Semdegac. iudaizmi rogorc religia warmoadgens

ebrauli civilizaciis umniSvnelovanes elements.

is gulisxmobs erTi RmerTis rwmenas da am rw-

menis realur zemoqmedebas cxovrebaze. iudaizmi

aris eTikuri sistemac, romelic moicavs reli-

giur, istoriul, wes-CveulebaTa da nacionalur

elementebs[1].

<<iudaizmis>> cneba TanamedroveobaSi aRniS-

navs or gansxvavebul mniSnvnelobas. erTi mxriv

iudevelur religias da meore mxriv maszed

dafuZnebul, magram religiurad metad aRar

definirebad kulturul-sazogadoebriv fenom-

ens, iudeveli eris Rrma gaazrebiT. sainteresoa

aRiniSnos, rom me-18 saukunemde am gansxvavebas

jer kidev ar hqonda raime realuri mniSvneloba,

116

radgan bibliuri religiis kavSiri xalxTan ara-

nair principul dayofas civilur da sakralur

sazogadoebebad ar iTvaliswinebda[2,gv.395]. iude-

veluri religiis safuZveli aris ebrauli biblia,

Tanaxi(Tanach) da pirvel rigSi Tora(ix. [1],gv.395).

iudaizmi aris yvelaze mcirericxovani msof-

lio religia, romlis mniSvnelobisTvis gadamwy-

vet rols TamaSobs ara am religiis mimdevarTa

ricxovneba, aramed RvTisa da kacs Soris arse-

buli universaluri, intimuri, tribaluri(ingl.

tribalism < tribe tomi, gvari; gvarovnul-tomobri-

vi) da nacionaluri sazRvrebis damangreveli

koncefcia[3,gv.127].

iudaizmSi erT-erT ZiriTad kanonikur wignad

aRiarebulia Tanaxi(bibliis Zveli aRTqma), rom-

lis mniSvnelovan nawils Tora da moses(moSe)

xuTwigneuli warmoadgens. Cv.w.aR. me-3 saukuneSi

iudevel RvTismetyvelTa mier daweril iqna To-

ras komentarebi, romelmac miSnas(kanonis gameo-

reba) saxelwodeba SeiZina. Semdeg Sedgenil iqna

kidev erTi wigni - hemara, romlis daniSnuleba

miSnas Rrmad da safuZvlianad komentireba iyo.

miSna da hemara erTad Seadgens Talmuds. Tora

da Talmudi reglamentireben religiuri ebrael-

ebis yovelmxriv cxovrebas, maT Soris masac, rac

sxva religiebSi Cveulebriv eTikis, moralis, samo-

qalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis sferod miiCneva.

TalmudSi ganasxvaveben galaxas da agadas, rom-

lebic erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. galaxa - es aris

kanoni, romelic exeba religiur, ojaxur, samo-

qalaqo cxovrebas. agada gansazRvravs iudaizmis

sulier sferoebs.

II-VI saukuneebSi, ebraelTa gabnevis Semdeg

mimdinareobs Talmudizmis formireba, rac xa-

siaTdeba iudeuri kultis detaluri sistemati-

117

zaciiTa da normatiuli ritualizaciiT. amave

dros iudaizmSi yalibdeba iseTi moZRvreba, ro-

goric aris kabala, romelSic gverdi evleba ma-

giasa da okultizms. VI-VIII saukuneebSi izrdeba

rabinebis(Zvelebraulidan <<rabi>> - Cemi maswav-

lebeli), rogorc kanonTa ganmmarteblebisa da

iudeuri Temebis xelmZRvanelTa roli. ebraelTa

gabnevam jer Zvel(evropa, azia, afrika), xolo Sem-

deg axal samyaroSi(Crd. amerika), Sedegad moitana

is, rom didi raodenobiT Camoyalibda ebrauli

nacionalur-religiuri Temi. gabnevis(diaspora)

pirobebSi iudaizmma mTavari roli iTamaSa

ebraelobis, rogorc eTnosis TviTgadarCenaSi.

morwmune iudevelis sulSi TanxvedraSi imyofe-

boda nacionaluri da religiuri sawyisebi, xolo

iudaizmidan gasvla niSnavda ebraelobidan gasv-

las, rac mravalsaukunovani korporatiuli yofiT

aRzrdil ebraelTaTvis sikvdils udrida. amitom,

sinagogidan da ebraelobidan gankveTa miiCneoda

yvelaze saSinel sasjelad.

ebraelobisa da iudaizmis istoriaSi axali pe-

riodi dgeba XVIII saukunis bolos. is xasiaTdeba

evropel ebraelTa politikuri gaTavisuflebiT,

rac gamowveuli iyo safrangeTis revoluciiT

(1789) da rasac Tan mohyva iudeur TemTa Suasauku-

nebrivi izolaciis ngreva. mozes mendelsonis da

mis TanamozreTa ZalisxmeviT germaniaSi iSva moZ-

raoba <<haskala>>, romelic iTvaliswinebda mTeli

ebrauli mosaxleobisaTvis axali samarTlebrivi

statusis mopovebas, e.i. maT emansipacias. aRniSul-

ma revoluciam axali sazogadoebrivi situaciis

pirobebSi SesaZlebeli gaxada am miznis miRweva.

aqedanve iwyeba metad araupiratesad, religiurad

gansazRvruli ebrauli cnobierebis aRmocenebac.

maSasadame, es aris dro, rodesac ebraelma erma me-

118

sias mosvlis pasiuri molodinis nacvlad, Tavad

iwyo sakuTar bed-iRbalze zrunva, risi erT-erTi

TvalsaCino magaliTia ebraelobis axal inglisSi

emigracia, sadac ar arsebobda raime SezRudvebi

iudevelTa koloniebisTvis.

amave dros, kerZod XVIII saukuneSi, polo-

neTisa da dasavleT ukrainis ebraelebs So-

ris aRmocenda axali religiuri mimdinareoba

<<xasidizmi>>(Zvelebrauli sityvidan <<xas-

id>> - RvTismosavi). xasidizmi iSva rogorc

opoziciuri moZraoba orTodoqsaluri iu-

daizmis, kerZod rabinatis winaaRmdeg [da ritu-

aluri ganawesisa da akrZalvebis sistemaTa

Sesasusteblad, aseve - iudeuri RvTismsaxurebis

protestantul(<<reformirebul>>) iudaizmTan

dasaaxloeblad]. xasidur TemebSi rabinebis nacv-

lad umaRlesi avtoritetiT cadikebi(<<cadik>>

Zvelebraulad aRniSnavs wmindans), TiTqosda zeb-

unebrivi Zalis mqoneni sargebloben. xasidizmisT-

vis damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi misticizmi da

religiuri egzaltacia.

XIX-is meore naxevris dasawyisSi, Sidaebraul

reformaciul moZraobaTa Sedegad, reformaciul

da konservatiul iudaizmTagan gansxvavebiT vi-

Tardeba iudaizmis araxasiduri, <<neoorTodo-

qsaluri>> forma, romelic 1851 wels mainis frank-

furtSi, rafael hirSis TavkacobiT fuZndeba. am

jgufis Zalzed did gavlenas ganapirobebs misi

xedva rogorc tradiciulad religiur pirad

yofnis, ise amave dros srulad aRiarebuli mo-

qalaqis statusis miRwevis(maT Soris dasavluri

kulturis gaTavisebis) Taobaze. aRniSnuli xed-

vis gadamwyvet faqtors religiasa da kulturas

Soris gamijvna warmoadgens(ix. [2], gv. 407).

XIX saukunis bolodan dasavleT evropis, xolo

119

Semdeg a.S.S.-is ebraeloba moicva (mesianuri id-

eis) sekularizaciisa da (politikuri) emansipaci-

is procesebma. adgili aqvs ebraelTa nacionalur

TviTidentifikacias religiur farglebs miRma[4],

ramac asaxva politikur moZraoba <<sionizmSi>>

hpova da romlis mizansac ara iudaizmis saxecv-

lis qmnadoba, aramed Sidaebrauli didi samoqme-

do Zalebis sxva simaRleze asayvanad, ebraelTa-

gan, politikuri instrumentebiT, damoukidebeli

saarsebo sivrcis Seqna warmoadgenda, romelic

1948 wels israelis saxelmwifos SeqmniT das-

rulda.

dasavleTis xalxebi sul ufro Sordebian

qristeanobas, xolo iudaizmi, am dromde ganride-

buli evropuli civilizaciis sulieri cxovre-

bidan, sulierebasa da kulturaze iwyebs gavlenis

moxdenas (ix. [4], кратко об иудаизме).iudaizms, ufro zustad rabinul iudaizms

gaaCnia ori Tanabari rangis wyaro: werilobi-

Ti moZRvreba(Tora ScheBichtaw) da zepirsityvieri

swavleba(Tora ScheBeAlpe). zepiri swavlebis qveS

gaigeba werilobiTi moZRvrebisagan damoukide-

beli gamocxadeba, romelic sinais mTaze gawy-

vetil jaWvSi mosedan rabi iehuda ha-nasamde(Rabbi Jehuda HaNassi) miSnaSi(Mischna swavleba WeSmariti

<<ganaxlebis>> Sesaxeb) kodificirda. werilo-

biTi kanonis ganmartebebi da Sevsebebi iZlevian

wesebs cxovrebis (TiTqmis) yvela sferosTvis. es-

enia: (1)miwaTmoqmedeba(ebr. <<seraim>>, Seraim), (2)

dResaswauli(ebr. <<moed>>, Moed), (3)qalebi(ebr.

<<naSim>>, Naschim) (4)ziani(qonebrivi)(ebr.

<<nezikin>>, Nesikin), (5)msxverpli(ebr. <<kodaSim>>,

Kodaschim), (6)siwminde(ebr. <<ToharaT>>,Toharat) (ix. [3]. gv. 129), sadac gamoxatulia garkveuli damok-

120

idebuleba zemoT aRniSnul aspeqtebTan dakavS-

irebiT.

literatura

1. Иудаизм.,www.marsiada.ru/360/609/1646.2. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zen-

tralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Innsbruck, 2003.3. Christoph Auffarth, Jutta Bernard, Hubert Mohr(Hrsg.), Re-

ligionen der Welt., Stuttgart, 2006.4. Кратко об иудаизме.,https://azbyka.ru>Чем отличаются

религии>Иудаизм.

121

4.2 iudaizmis socialur-ekonomikuri as-

peqtebi

SeiZleba gamoiyos faqtorTa ori jgufi, rom-

lebic ganapirobebdnen (da ganapirobeben) iu-

daizmis (aseve sxva religiaTa) gavlenas ekonomi-

kur qcevebze: struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi.

struqturul faqtorebs miekuTvneba eTno-

sis organizacia, romelic didwilad religiuri

faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba. ebraelTa, rogorc eT-

no-konfesiuri jgufis magaliTze gansakuTrebiT

cxadad Cans, Tu ramdenad efeqturi SeiZleba iyos

eTnosis mezostruqturis funqcionireba cvale-

badi socialuri garemos adaptaciis pirobebSi.

rogorc cnobilia, iudevelTa Tavdapirveli

ekonomikuri kultura yalibdeboda aRmosavle-

Tis bazrebis TiTqmis imave pirobebSi, rac maTi

mezoblebisa da enobrivad <<monaTesave>>, moma-

vali islamis mimdevari arabebisa. Tumca Semdeg,

2-2,5 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, am eTno-konfesiuri

jgufebis gzebi gaiyara, ramac gavlena iqonia maTi

ekonomikuri kulturis Tanamedrove gansxvavebaze.

mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomareobda masSi, rom ar-

abebma, romlebmac me-7 saukuneSi miiRes islami,

Seqmnes mZlavri civilizacia, romlis fargleb-

Si isini Tavad karnaxobdnen ekonomikuri qcevis

wesebs, (sabazro gacvlis CaTvliT). iudaizmis

mimdevrebi mravali asi wlis ganmavlobaSi cxov-

robdnen diasporebis saxiT, rogorc evropaSi, ise

axlo aRmosavleTSi. inarCunebdnen ra sakuTar

kulturul identobas, sakmaod moqnilad adap-

tirdebodnen Zlier gansxvavebul, erTmaneTisgan

zogjer sakmaod daSorebul bazris wesebTan. es

ki iudevelebs ayenebda arCevanis winaSe sami Sesa-

Zleblobidan: Seucvleli saxiT SeenarCunebinaT

122

ToraSi Cadebuli yvela reglamentacia; daekar-

gaT sakuTari kulturuli identoba da Serwymod-

nen irgvliv myof mosaxleobas; SeenarCunebinaT

identoba da daekavaT gansazRvruli socialur-

kulturuli niSa[1].

pirveli variantis arCeva miiyvanda maT srul

disadaptaciamde evropul sazogadoebaSi. amitom

realizebuli iqna mesame varianti. misi realizaci-

isTvis aucilebeli iyo pirvel rigSi ebraelTa

kompaqturi dasaxlebebi damoukidebel, sakmaod

mozrdil Temebad evropisa Tu aziis qalaqebSi,

rac iudaizmSi wamoyenebuli mravalricxovani

mkacri saritualo moTxovnebiT aixsneboda, da

romelTa darRveva kategoriulad iyo akrZaluli.

sxva xalxebisgan izolacia TavisTavad jer kidev

ver uwyobda xels efeqtur ekonomikur adaptacias.

ekonomikuri warmatebis mniSvnelovan pirobas war-

moadgenda samewarmeo gamocdilebis dagroveba da

ganzogadeba, mis bazaze qcevis saerTo principebis

SemuSaveba da am principebis translacia Temidan

TemSi. es funqcia Tavis Tavze aiRo rabinatma -

Toras da Talmudis mravalma profesionalma in-

terpretatorma. erT-erTi funqcia mdgomareobda

SemdegSi: pasuxi gaecaT morwmuneTa kiTxvebze, Tu

rogor moqceuliyvnen isini gansxvavebul situa-

ciebSi, ise rom SesabamisobaSi yofiliyvnen wminda

wignis daniSnulebebTan(miTiTebebTan). ramdenadac

mravali sakiTxi exeboda sameurneo saqmianobas,

xolo situaciebi, romlebSic vardebodnen Sua

saukuneebis ebraelebi Zlier gansxavdeboda Zvel

dokumentebSi aRwerilTagan, rabinebs uwevdaT

qcevis saerTo wesebis SemuSaveba. am wesebs unda

daekmayofilebina sami moTxovna: pirveli, Sesabam-

isobaSi unda yofiliyo wminda wignis sulTan; me-

ore, moeca (maT Soris ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT)

123

qcevis optimaluri varianti; mesame, aRiarebuli

yofiliyo ara mxolod erT TemSi, aramed yvela

iudevelis, an maTi umravlesobis mier. rabinebi

SuasaukuneebSic ki mxars uWerdnen TemTa Soris

kavSirebs, rac maT Sesabamis kanonTa SemuSaveb-

is miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevdaT. swored

aseT qcevis kanonTa erT-erT umTavres krebuls

warmoadgenda maimonidis naSromi - miSne-Tora.

ekonomikur situaciaTa cvalebadobis kvaldakval,

vaWrebisa da xelosnebis winaSe Cndeboda axal-

axali problemebi. rabinati iZleoda axal komen-

tarebs, Tumca imowmebda(uTiTebda) amasTan gac-

ilebiT Zvel dokumentebs, Toramde, miSne-Toramde

da Talmudamde. amdenad, swored ebraulma eTnosma

SeZlo Seesrulebina sami piroba, rac uzrunvely-

ofda mis stabilurobasa da efeqtur adaptacias.

esenia: --- stabiluri lokaluri subkulture-

bisa da Sesabamisi mezostruqturebis arseboba;

--- efeqturi sainformacio kavSirebi am subkul-

turebs Soris; --- zelokalur sakomunikacio wre-

Ta funqcionireba(rabinati), romelic ayalibebda

kulturul faseulobebs da Semdeg axdenda maT

translirebas eTnosis <<qveda sarTulze>>. amg-

vari meqanizmi iZleoda erTi mxriv kulturuli

identobisa da mezostruqturis SenarCunebis

SesaZleblobas; meore mxriv, ar uSvebda kul-

turis <<gaZvalebas>>, romelic aranakleb saSiSi

iyo mdgradobisTvis, vidre kulturul normaTa

warecxva da aramdgradoba. swored am faqtorebis

SeTavseba(Sexameba) aZlevda (da aZlevs) iudaizmis

normebze dayrdnobil/mindobil saqmian wreebs ga-

darCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas

yvela socialur pirobaSi. Cveulebriv yofiT

enaze es niSnavs, rom jer kidev Suasaukuneebis ev-

ropaSi TiToeuli iudeveli vaWari flobda zust

124

<<instruqcias>>, Tu rogor unda moqceuliyo is

TiTqmis nebismier situaciaSi. Sesabamisad, is dar-

wmunebuli iyo, rom sxva iudeur Tems mikuTvnebul

mis vizavs masaviT esmis TamaSis wesebi da ar

daarRvevs maT. wesebis darRveva niSnavda Temisgan

gakicxvas, rac biznesisTvis usafrTxo namdvilad

ar iyo.

Cven droSi ebraelTa mxolod umniSvnelo

nawili(orTodoqsebi) cxovrobs religiuri Temis

pirobebSi. miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi mniS-

vnelovani Zalisxmeva tardeba lokaluri jgufeb-

is kvlav SeqmnisTvis rogorc israelSi, ise

ebraelTa masobrivi gansaxlebis qveynebSi(a.S.S.,

germania). garda amisa, tradiciuli cxovrebis we-

sis elementebi, kerZod ritualebi, sul ufro far-

To gavrcelebas poulobs maT Soris, romelTac

ar ZaluZT orTodoqsaluri iudaizmisgan dakis-

rebul yvela mkacr SezRudvaTa dacva.

Sinaarsobriv faqtorebs SeiZleba miekuTvnos

religiisgan mocemuli normebi da faseulobe-

bi. wminda sameurneo TvalsazrisiT mTeli am

xangrZlivi epoqisTvis rogorc Cans iudaizmSi

dominirebda meurneobis agraruli forma da mx-

olod qristes Sobidan orasi wlis Semdeg Tanda-

TanobiT iwyeba miwadmoqmedebidan aReb-micemobis

formaze totaluri orientireba. ebraeli eris

momavlisTvis es sakvanZo transformaciis pro-

cesi fokusirdeba maqs veberTan, rodesac is ex-

eba am fenomens <<elinizmis>> TavSi, romelSic

saubaria <<agrarul urTierTobebze>> Talmud-

ur iudaizmSi da <<xalxis uflebaze, romelic

(is-is aris) mxolod axla iwyebs gaxdes movaWre

xalxi>>[2,gv.329]. Tumca es rasakvirvelia ar uary-

ofs im faqts, rom vaWroba da gacvliTi saqmi-

anoba didi xnidan iqca ebraelTa ZiriTad so-

125

cialur niSad, rac mTeli rigi arqeologiuri

da sxva istoriuli wyaroebiT mtkicdeba. kerZod,

jer kidev iudeisa da israelis samefos ebraeli

vaWrebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen xmelT-

aSua zRvis auzis arealis aReb-micemobaSi. es

mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda babilonis

tyveobis Semdeg, xolo mogvianebiT, qristes aqeT

pirveli saukunis devnilobisas. rasakvirvelia es

srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom mTeli ebraeloba mx-

olod vaWrobiT iyo dakavebuli (rasac cxadyofs

zemoT motanili CamonaTvali da rac xazs usvams

im garemoebas, rom ToraSi vaWrobis reglament-

aciis sakiTxebs SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba

eTmoboda), Tumca Temis ekonomikurad/qonebrivad

dawinaurebuli zeda fena, romelic didwilad gan-

sazRvravda eTnosis kulturis formirebis pro-

cess, ar aris sadavo, rom iyo upiratesad movaWre.

eWvgareSea, rom religiam mravalgvari gavlena

iqonia ebraelTa ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedege-

bze; amasTan, es exeba ara mxolod orTodoqs an

konservat iudevelebs, aramed maTac, vinc daSord-

nen kanonis mkacr Tanmimdevrulobas. religiasTan

mWidrod dakavSirebuli garkveuli principebi

Rrmad Sevida ebrauli eTnosis kulturis qso-

vilSi, Tumca isini religiurad dRemde ar aRiqme-

ba. ai zogierTi maTgani:

(1)pirad simdidresTan damokidebuleba.

qristeanobisa da islamisgan gasxvavebiT, iu-

daizmSi simdidre warmoadgens cxovrebis ZiriTad

mizans. amitom iudaizmis wminda wignebSi piradi

gamdidrebisaken miswrafeba ara Tu ar ganisje-

ba, aramed adamianuri naturis erT-erT bunebriv

Tvisebadac ki miiCneva.

(2)ebrauli eTnosis identobis kvlavwarmoeba

diasporaSi.

126

ebrauli mosaxleobis mravalricxovani asim-

ilaciis mcdelobis miuxedavad, rasac aTas-

wleulebis manZilze hqonda adgili, ebraelTa

umetesobam SeZlo identobis SenarCuneba. myari

identobis sapirispiro mxares warmoadgenda is,

rom Sua saukuneebSi da axal droebaSic ki, rabi-

natis mier formulirebuli ekonomikuri qcevis

mravali wesi pirvel rigSi exeboda iudevelTa

Sida religiur sazogadoebas(alia). Sesabamisad,

ar xdeboda yvela am wesis dacva araiudevelebTan

anu goimebTan(ebr. mx. Goi, mrv. Gojim) mimarTebiT.

uaxloes droebaSi, roca iudeuri Temis Caketilo-

ba did wilad warsuls Cabarda, ebraul kultur-

aSi organulad damkvidrebuli ekonomikur ur-

TierTobaTa zogierTi tradiciuli norma, ufro

farTo saqmian wreebSic ki aris dRes daculi da

gaTvaliswinebuli.

ebraelobis ekonomikuri kulturisadmi miZ-

Rvnil veberisa da sombratis Sromebis kiTxvisas,

arcTu iSviaTad Cndeba imis STabeWdileba, rom

am kulturis safuZvels warmoadgenda sabazro-

liberaluri faseulobebi, e.i. mewarmis piradi

Tavisufleba maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis mizniT.

es sarwmunoa mxolod nawilobriv da iq, rac ex-

eba mxolod gare wreebTan urTierTobas. <<ram-

denadac Tora eswrafvis ara mxolod ucodveli

individebis formirebas, aramed wminda eris saman-

Ta dadgenasac, swored Temi warmoadgenda yvela

(lokalur, nacionalur da saerTaSoriso) doneze

normatiuli gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis Zir-

iTad saSualebas(wyaros)>>. <<iudaizmi aris re-

ligia, romelic orientirebulia sazogadoebaze

(communally orientated) da mowodebulia Seqmnas ufro

metad <<qurumTa nacia>> vidre Rrmadmorwmune

individebi. amitom, Temis keTildReoba mis yvela

127

formaSi gacilebiT maRali xarisxiT warmoadgens

religiur da sulier interess, vidre ubralod

kargi moqalaqeoba(good citizenship). iudaizmSi Temis

ekonomikuri interesebi prevalirebs misi calkeu-

li wevris interesebze. kerZod, ganikicxeba klien-

tis motyueba da misTvis usargeblo saqonlisa

Tu momsaxurebis Tavs moxveva (<<aiZulo adamiani

gayidos viri da iyidos mindori, maSin rodesac

mas sWirdeba viris yidva da mindvris gayidva>>.)

mxolod erTmorwmuneTa farglebSi. amgvari wes-

rigi eWvgareSea xels uwyobda Temis identobis

SenarCunebas mudmivad cvalebad pirobebSi, da Se-

sabamisad - ekonomikur adaptacias;

(3)sakuTrebis urTierTobis maregulirebeli

wesi.

igi umetesad aseve ganisazRvreba religiis

<<diskriminaciuli>> xasiaTiT. iudaizmi ar uar-

yofs sazogadoebriv sakuTrebas, Tumca islamis-

gan gansxvavebiT masSi ar arsebobs wesi, romlis

Tanaxmadac bunebrivi resursebi aucileblad sa-

zogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi unda imyofebodes. sain-

teresoa, rom bibliur dros(epoqaSi) iudeasa da

israelSi ar SeiZleboda miwis samudamod gay-

idva. gaicemoda mxolod misi sameurneo gamoyen-

ebis ufleba gasnazRvruli vadiT, rac faqtobri-

vad warmoadgenda kidec arendis formas. iudeuri

samarTlis mniSvnelovani nawili eZRvneboda ker-

Zo sakuTrebis dacvas. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT

isic, rom calkeuli individi srulad ver gankar-

gavs sakuTrebas, radgan marTlmorwmune iudeve-

lis moraluri valdebuleba mdgomareobs masSi,

rom ar gamoiyenos TvistomTa gaWirveba sakuTari

komerciuli miznebisTvis. es exeba mxolod iude-

velebs Soris urTierTobas.

(4) sesx-Semnaxveli asociaciebi.

128

ebraul TemebSi gavrcelebuli iyo sesx-Semnax-

veli asociaciebi. uprocento sesxis[ebr.<<гемлут xesed>>] ebrauli asociaciebi Cveulebriv fun-

qcionirebda Temis Rarib wevrTa interesebisT-

vis an maTTvis, vinc ara Tavisi braliT aRmoCnda

rTul mdgomareobaSi. amitom, sesxebi Cveulebriv

iyo uprocento. iudaizmSi daSvebulia saqvel-

moqmedo sesxebidan mogebis miReba. Tuki sesxs

saWiroebs Temis SeZlebuli wevri sakuTari bi-

znesis gansaviTareblad, maSin ZalaSi Sedis wesi,

romelic erTmorwmunisTvis procentis gayinvaze

bibliuri akrZalvis formalurad gverdis avlis

SesaZleblobas iZleva (ebr.<<geter iska - ne-

barTva biznesis warmoebaze>>), radrosac sesxis

gamcemi(gamsesxebeli) pirobiTad iTvleba sesxis

amRebis(msesxeblis) biznesis monawiled da aqvs

ufleba mogebis wilze. amgvaria kanonikuri akr-

Zalvis Tavidan acilebis meqanizmi, rac aseve

gamoiyeneba islamSi.

(5)konkurenciis regulireba.

iudaizmSi didi yuradReba eTmoba konkuren-

ciis regulirebas. ekonomikuri qcevis mravali

wesi rogorc islamSi, ise iudaizmSi mimarTuli

iyo konkurenciis negatiuri Sedegebis Sesamsubu-

qeblad bazrebze. aq aseve arsebobda gansxvaveba,

rac bazrebis instituciaSi(organizaciaSi) Ti-

Toeuli religiuri Temis erTobis roliT iyo

Sepirobebuli. musulmanebi xangrZlivi drois man-

Zilze akontrolebdnen bazrebs, romlebSic, sxva

konfesiis warmomadgenlebis gverdiT isini Ta-

vadac vaWrobdnen. amitom, isini naklebad iyvnen

dainteresebulni eTikuri da/an konfesiuri ni-

SniT diskriminciaSi. msgavsi saxis diskrimina-

cia gamoiwvevda ucxoeli vaWrebis CamoSorebas.

maTgan gansxvavebiT, iudevelebi mravali aswleu-

129

lis ganmavlobaSi iZulebulni iyvnen adaptire-

buliyvnen ucxour bazrebTan, romlebSic xSirad

sruliad sxva da sxva wesrigi sufevda. iudaizmSi

sabazro vaWrobis ZiriTadi wesi mimarTuli iyo

pirvel rigSi maszed, rom uzrunveleyoT saku-

Tari qcevis warmateba, da SeZlebisdagvarad dae-

cvaT <<Tavisianebi>> <<ucxoTagan>>. amitom, mag.,

islamSi ar aris wesi, romelic pirdapir SezRu-

davda <<ucxo>> vaWrebis SeRwevas <<sakuTar>>

bazrebze. iudaizmSi ki vxvdebiT piriqiT: ama Tu

im Tems mikuTvnebul vaWrebs da xelosnebs hqon-

daT ufleba ar daeSvaT konkurentebi, Tuki isini

awrmoebdnen da/an yiddnen iseT saqonels, rogori

saqonelic iwarmoeboda da iyideboda Tavad maT

TemSi. <<ucxoSi>> igulisxmeboda ara mxolod

ucxo qveynisani da rjulisani, aramed - iudeve-

li vaWrebic sxva qalaqebidan. es wesi srulad

vrceldeboda iudevel mewarmeebze. im SemTxvevaSi,

roca Temis liderebs SeeZloT zemoqmedeba moex-

dinaT xelisuflebaze (rac Suasaukuneebis evropa-

Si sakmaod xSirad xdeboda), prevenciul RonisZie-

bebs mimarTavdnen sxva aRmsareblobis mewarmeTa

mimarT. sainteresoa, rom iudeur TemebSi wesebi

gansxvavdeboda sefardisa da aSkenazis mixedviT.

es dakavSirebuli iyo masTan, rom aRmosavleTis

bazrebze iudeveli vaWrebi SezRudvebs praqti-

kulad ar ganicdiddnen, maSin rodesac evropul

bazrebze maTi moRvaweoba/saqmianoba mkacrad iyo

reglamentirebuli. swored amitom, aRmosavleT-

Si ar iyo Temis SigniT konkurenciis Sesustebis

saWiroeba, xolo dasavleTSi aseTi saWiroeba ar-

sebobda mTeli Temis gadarCenis interesebisTvis.

konkurenciis regulirebis erT-erT saSuale-

bas warmoadgens safaso politika. da am sferoSi

iudaizmi orientirebulia pirvel rigSi Temis

130

keTildReobaze, vidre <<bazris kanonebsa>> da

<<individualuri mewarmeobis Tavisuflebaze>>.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom rabi-

nati uSvebda specialurad daniSnul oficialur

pirTa mxridan fasebis gakontrolebas pirveladi

moxmarebis saqonelze, rac Seesabameba Talmudis

nebismier versias. cnobili faqtia, rodesac rabi-

nebma uaryves brZeni samuelis(Talmudic Sage Shmuel) argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rom fiqsirebuli

fasebi aris gadaWarbebuli (da zedmeti), ramdena-

dac moTxovna-miwodebis sabazro meqanizmi Tavad

unda uzrunvelyofdes fasebis stabilurobas.

iudaizmSi arsebobs fasis regulirebis rigi

standartuli xerxebi(saSualebebi). mag., miRebulia,

rom saqonlis gadayidvis SemTxvevaSi fasnamati

mis pirvanedel Rirebulebas ar unda aRemate-

bodes 1/6-iT. Tumca ZiriTadi principi mdgomare-

obs ara masSi, raTa dafiqsirdes uryevi wesi, ara-

med masSi, raTa axal pirobebSi SemuSavdes axali

wesebi, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba aliis SenarCu-

nebisa da ayvavebisaken.

(6)Toras Sinaarsi.

Toras Sinaarsma bevrad Seuwyo xeli evropis

ebrauli mosaxleobis ekonomikurad aqtiuri nawi-

lis pasionarulobis formirebas. amasTan dakav-

Sirebulia Toras erT-erT centraluri idea -

ebrauli eTnosis RvTivrCeulobis idea. ebraeli

xalxis erTRmerTobisa da rCeulobis idea did-

wilad gansazRvravs ebraelTa socialuri da

sameurneo saqmianobis Taviseburebebs. swored es

idea aZlevda maT aqtiur qmedebaTa stimuls is-

toriulad kritikul situaciebSi. amasTan dakav-

SirebiT maqs veberi principulad ganasxvavebda

gamdidrebis <<puritanul>> da <<ebraul>> saS-

ualebebs. misi azriT, ebraelebi warmoadgendnen

131

<<avantiuristul>> kapitalizms, xolo puritanebi

- Sromis racionalur organizaciaze dafuZnebul

da xangrZliv perspeqtivaze gaTvlil kapitalizms.

SesaZloa veberis es Sefaseba swori iyo adreul

kapitalizmTan mimarTebiT, da ebraeli vaWrebis

racionalizmi gansxvavdeboda germanel mewarmeTa

racionalizmisgan. Tumca eWvgareSea, rom mTeli

rigi Tviseba aerTianebda adreuli protestanteb-

isa da iudevelTa msoflmxedvelobebs, romelTa-

gan upirveles yovlisa es aris pasionaruloba, e.i.

warmodgena sakuTari gansakuTrebuli rolisa da

RmerTTan urTierTobis sakuTar gansakuTrebul

uflebaTa Sesaxeb.

(7)piradi pasuxismgeblobis gageba.

erT-erTi arsebiTi punqti, riTac gansxvavdebian

iudaizmi da qristeanoba aris warmodgena codvasa

da Surisgebaze. qristeanobisgan gansxvavebiT, iu-

daizmSi RmerTi ar gamoisyidis adamianis codvebs,

da maTi gadaxda xdeba ara imqveynad, aramed amqvey-

nad. nebismieri boroteba adekvaturad unda iqnas

dasjili. swored piradi pasuxismgeblobis prin-

cipiT gaxda SesaZlebeli ebrauli kulturis far-

glebSi formirebuliyo idiSis(ebr.<<ebrauli>>)

gageba menSis[3] [(ebr.<<menC>>, monaTesave german-

uli sityvisa Mensch, human being-is mniSvnelobiT,

rac sityvasityviT <<patiosnebisa da Rirsebis

pirovnebas>> [4]niSnavs)] adamianisa, romlis ndo-

ba srulad SeiZleba biznesSi, qorwilsa Tu so-

cialuri urTierTobis yvela danarCen sferoSi.

TavisTavad, amgvari gagebis gaCena jer kidev ar

niSnavs, rom yvela iudeveli avtomaturad iZens

menSis Tvisebebs; mniSvnelovania is, rom iudaizmSi

wamoyenebul iqna yoveldRiurobis ideali, romel-

ic gansxvavdeboda umetes sxva religiebSi miRe-

bul idealTagan.

132

ebrauli mosaxleobis roli evropuli ekono-

mikis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT kapitalizmis

Camoyalibebis adreul stadiaze ar iyo mxolod

iudaizmis gavleniT Sepirobebuli. ase magali-

Tad, sombartis azriT swored ebraeli vaWrebi

iyenebdnen yvelaze aqtiurad fasian qaRaldebs

finansur operaciebSi. is am faqts miiCnevda ro-

gorc gamogonebas, - motanils ebraelTagan evro-

pis ekonomikur kulturaSi. sxvaTaSoris, <<fa-

siani qaRaldebi>>(romlebic rasakvivrlia ara

ueWvelad qaRaldis, aramed ufro xSirad Tixis

firfitebi, papirusisa Tu pergamentis naWrebi iyo)

ZvelTagan gamoiyeneboda xmelTaSua zRvis auz-

is vaWrobaSi. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTare-

basTan erTad maTi gavrceleba mniSvnelovnad iyo

dakavSirebuli aRniSnul arealSi myof mekob-

reebTan, romlebic xSirad Tavadac eweodnen vaW-

robas. aseT pirobebSi naRdi fulis(e.i. oqro da

vercxli) tareba rasakvirvelia saSiSi iyo. amitom

did upiratesobas iZendnen is jgufebi, romelT-

ac sakuTari agentebi hyavdaT savaWro gzis sxva

da sxva boloSi. fulis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo

<<obligaciis>> wardgenis Semdeg adgilze. vaW-

rebi icnobdnen erTmaneTs da icodnen sakuTari

agentebis piradi beWdebi(damRebi) zRvis orive

mxares. ebraeli vaWrebi, Tavisi <<kontinenturi>>

kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT flobdnen fasiani

qaRaldebis funqcionirebis meqanizms, romlebmac

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes me-17 saukunis ev-

ropul ekonomikaSi, Tumca rasakvirvelia isini

gamoirCeodnen Tavisi antikuri <<winaprebisgan>>.

aq religiis roli gamovlinda masSi, rom fasiani

qaRaldebis ganviTarebis adreul etabze aucile-

beli ndobis xarisxi ebrael vaWrebs Soris iyo

mniSvnelovnad maRali, vidre sxva konfesiis war-

133

momadgenlebs, maT Soris qristeanebs Soris.

iudaizmi sxva religiaTagan gamoirCeva Tana-

bari erTgulebiT rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise Tan-

asworobis mimarT. rogorc Cans maT jer kidev

didi xniT adre uwyodnen, rom Tavisufleba da

Tanasworoba xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba erTurTs.

radgan, rac ufro metia sazogadoebaSi ekonomi-

kuri Tavisufleba, miT ufro aqtiurad izrdeba

masSi uTanasworoba. xolo, rac ufro didia sa-

zogadoebaSi socialuri Tanasworoba, miT ufro

mcirea masSi Tavisufleba(isaia berlini). erTi

mxaris arafriT SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba iwvevs

meore mxaris Seviwroebas/Cagvras. swored amitom

ekideba Tora ase skrupulozurad piradi Tavisu-

flebis kanonebs, radgan ebrael ers kargad axs-

ovs Tu ras niSnavs egviptis monobaSi cxovreba.

gamomdinare aqedan, Tora postulirebs adamianuri

Rirsebis pativiscemis ideas, radgan adamiani RvTis

xatad Seiqmna, da sxva adamianis Rirsebis fexqveS

gaTelviT, Cven SevuracmyofT Semoqmedsac. es aris

umTavresi safuZveli imis, rom ebraul sazogadoe-

baSi, garkveuli socialuri ierarqiis miuxedavad

arasdros uarsebia klasobriv sistemas. sazoga-

doeba Toras kanonebis mixedviT iyo mowyobili.

ebrauli ekonomika emyareba Toradan amoma-

val ramodeni fundamenetur xedvas. pirveli, -

ekonomikis ZiriTad ebraul gagebas warmoadgens

idea piradi finansuri damoukideblobis Sesaxeb.

Tavisuflebis dakargvasa da sxvaTa nebis iZule-

biT morCilebaSi aris raRac usazRvrod damam-

cirebeli adamianisTvis. amitom socialuri Tanas-

woroba ToraSi aris ara formaluri Tanasworoba,

aramed ufro adamianTa unari sakuTari arsebo-

bisaTvis fulis damoukideblad gamomuSavebisa

sakuTarive damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis

134

SenarCunebiT. meore, - adamianis piradi da ekono-

mikuri Tavisufleba ver gaxdeba politikur mo-

laparakebaTa manipulirebis sagani. RvTivboZe-

bulia xelSeuvali ufleba. mesame, - ekonomika

aris da unda darCes zneobriv safuZvlebze da-

myarebul institutad. TorasTvis mniSvnelovania

ara mxolod mSp-s zrdis tempebis, Semosavlebis

donisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxis mSra-

li monacemebi, aramed ekonomikur urTierTobaTa

xarisxi da arsi: adamianTa Tavisufleba; maTi sa-

kuTari Rirsebis SegrZneba; gzebi(wesebi/xerxebi),

romelTa wyalobiTac sistema maT fuladi sax-

srebis gamomuSavebis/mobilizebis da socialuri

problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobas aZlevs[5].

literatura

1. Влияние иудаизма на экономическое поведение., studik.net/vliyanie-iudaizma-nbsp-na-ekonomicheskoe-nbsp-po-vedenie/.

2. Max Weber, Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen [Das antike Judentum], Schriften und Reden 1911-1920. Tübin-gen, 2008.

3. Mensch-Wikipedia., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch.

4. Meriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary.5. Иудаизм.,www.marsiada.ru/360/609/1646.

135

Tavi 5. qristeanoba

5.1 qristeanobis arsi

qristeanobis fesvebi iudaizmSi Zevs. Tavad mis

damaarsebels, ieso nazareTels mSobliuri re-

ligiuri wiaRi arasdros dautevebia da uaryvia.

winaswarmetyvelis msgavsad is qadagebda RvTis

meufebis gardauvali dadgomis Sesaxeb, raSic ima-

vdroulad samsjavro da netareba igulisxmeboda.

iesos miwieri cxovrebis dros, iudaizmis bevr

wreSi mesias, uflis <<cxebulis>>(berZn. qriste)

mosvlis didi molodini arsebobda.

srulebiT ar iyo TavisTavad cxadi, rom iesos

RvTis samefos moZraobidan aRmocendeboda in-

stitucia, romelsac Cven eklesias vuwodebT.

iustine(wminda mowame iustine 100-165 ww., filoso-

fosi, qristeanuli filosofiis fuZemdebeli) qri-

steanobaSi srulyofil filosofias xedavda. me-2

saukuneSi, aRniSnuli didi moZraoba winaswarme-

tyvelebad iwodeboda. mis gverdiT ki aseve arse-

bobda gnozisi(berZ. gnosis - <<codna, Semecneba>>), romelic umaRles Semecnebas eswrafvoda. Tumca

rac ufro didi xdeboda qristeanoba, miT ufro

didi saWiroeba Cndeboda myari instituciebis ar-

sebobisa. rasakvirvelia, dasawyisSi aRmocenda ara

erTianoba, aramed adgilobrvi tradiciebis mrav-

alferovneba[1, gv 106-108].

romis imperiaSi qristeanuli religia Tav-

dapirvelad iudeur seqtad an aseve aRmosav-

lur kultad aRiqmeboda, romlebic imperatoris

dros Zlier iyo gavrcelebuli. TandaTanobiT

viTardeba sazogadoebriv-eklesiuri struqtu-

ra, sadac episkoposebs(berZ. episkopos - <<meT-

valyure, zedamxedveli>>) meTaurebad irCeven,

136

xolo presbiterebs(berZ. presbyteros - <<mRvdeli,

xucesi>>)samwysos sulTa da diakonebs(berZ. dia-konos - <<msaxuri>>) upovarTa msaxurebisTvis ni-

Snaven. asevea sxvadasxva Tanamdeboba/samsaxuri.

adgili aqvs aRmosavleTSi qalTa diakonisebad

kompaqtur(laT. compactus - <<mWidro, SekumSuli>>),

xolo dasavleTSi - mxolod sporadul(berZ. spo-radikos - <<gafantuli>>) ganwesebas. garda amisa,

qristeanul gvian-antikur periodSi viTardeba

mravalricxovani cxovrebis asketuri forma, upir-

velesad ki spontanuri gasvla egviptis udabnosa

da sxva ukacriel adgilas, xolo Semdeg aseve

mzardad - samonastro TemebSi. me-3 saukuneSi

qristeanul RvTismsaxurebas ukve gaaCnda myari

struqturebi sakulto ritualebis aRsasrule-

blad.

daaxloebiT 320 wels aleqsandriaSi gaCaRda

mwvave kamaTi, ramac mravali saukunis ganmavloba-

Si hpova gagrZeleba. didi xnidan Zveli ebrau-

li qristeanoba gaxda marginalizebuli da iwyo

bibliur-elinistur azrovnebaTa sinTezi. amasTan

ieso, rogorc <<Ze RvTisa>> iZens gansakuTre-

bul Tvisebas: RvTis Ze identificirda RvTis

sityasTan, RvTaebriv logosTan. meore saazrov-

no modelis Tanaxmad ki - RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan,

rac ariozTan(berZ. areios; 256-336 ww., erT-erTi

pirveli eresiarqi, arianelobis, igive ariozelo-

bis damaarsebeli me-4 saukunis dasawyisSi) aris

dakavSirebuli da romelmac aleqsandriaSi qad-

agebisas, mamisagan Zis naTlad garCevis mizniT

gamoiyena Semdegi saxis formulireba: <<is RvTis-

gan iSva yvela droze uwin>>, [iseve rogorc] <<is

RvTisgan Seiqmna>>(8,22-31), ramac eklesiis wiaR-

Si didi winaaRmdegoba Sva. 325 wels imperator

konstantine didis mier mowveulma nikeis pirv-

137

elma msoflio saeklesio krebam ariozis swav-

leba mwvaleblobad gamoacxada da sadavo cnebis

<<homoousiosis>> (berZ. homoousios <<erTarsi>>)

moSveliebiT Seqmna mrwamsi, saeklesio dogmad

ki Ze RmerTis mama RmerTTan erTarseboba aRi-

ara, romelic konstantinopolis meore msoflio

saeklesio krebaze sabolood damtkicda.

magram qristologiasTan dakavSirebuli dava

amiT ar dasrulebula: Tu qriste RvTis sworia,

maSin rogor unda iqnas misi adamianuri buneba

axsnili? 431 wels gansjili da gankveTili iqna

nestori, konstantinopolis patriarqi, romelic

amtkicebda, rom mariami ar iyo RvTis mSobeli,

aramed mSobeli kacisa, romelsac mere SeuerT-

da madliT sityva RmrTisa. siriel qristeanTa

didi nawili miemxro mas da Seqmnes <<nestori-

anuli>> eklesia(ix. [1], gv. 109-110). warumatebeli

efesos 431 wlis mesame msoflio saeklesio kre-

bis Semdeg, sadac nestorianelobis sakiTxi ganix-

ileboda, 451 wels mowveuli qalkedonis meoTxe

msoflio saeklesio krebis ganxilvis umTavres

sakiTxs Seadgenda konstantinopoleli arqiman-

dritis - evtiqis swavlebis uaryofa, romelic

amtkicebda, rom qristeSi iyo mxolod erTi, Rv-

Taebrivi buneba da erTi nebisyofa. kacis buneba

da kacis nebisyofa ki CanTqmuli iyo RvTaebriv

bunebasa da nebisyofis miero. aRniSnul swav-

lebis sapirispirod, romelsac monofizitoba

anu erTbunebianoba ewoda, dadgina qristes or-

bunebianoba anu diofizitoba. SeTanxmeba moxda

romsa da konsantinopols(<<axali romi>>) So-

ris. 451 wlis qalkedonis meoTxe saeklesio kre-

bis Semdeg konstantinopolis eklesiis daqveme-

debarebidan monofizituri mrwamsis gamo gavida

<<kopturi>>(egvipturi) eklesia. garda amisa, me-5

138

saukunis Sua periodSi aleqsandriaSi warmoSobi-

li am axali mimdinareobis - monofizitobis

ideaTa erTgulni aseve darCnen aRmosavleTis

eklesiebi siriaSi, palestinasa da somxeTSi. qar-

Tuli eklesia dvinis saeklesio krebaze Caeba

msoflio eklesiaSi mimdinare qristologiur po-

lemikaSi da monofozitebTan Semrigebluri pozi-

cia daikava imperator zenonis <<henotikonis>>(

berZ. henotikon - <<erTobis aqti>>) safuZvelze. VII

saukunidan qarTuli eklesiis mrwamsi ukve di-

ofizituria[2].

330 wlidan romis imperiis dedaqalaqis cen-

tri aRmosavleTiT inacvlebs, rac Zvelsa da axal

roms Soris konkurencias zrdis. qalkedonis

krebam konstantinopols, rogorc imperiis axal

dedaqalaqs, gansakuTrebuli uflebebi mianiWa.

igi romis Tanaswor qalaqad gamoacxada, xolo

konstantinopolis sapatriarqom meore adgili

daikava romis Semdeg[3]. maTi Tanasworad aRi-

arebiT eklesias gauCnda pirveli bzari[4], riTac

faqtobrivad dairRva pentarqiis sistema. am pro-

cesis gagrZelebad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes antio-

qiis eklesiidan kviprosis eklesiisa (431 w.) da

saqarTvelos eklesiis(484)gamoyofa da maTi av-

tokefaliebad cnoba. mogvianebiT, kievis ruseTis

mier qristeanobisa (988 w.) da avtokefaliis(1589

w.) miRebis Semdeg sabolood ruseTma marTlma-

dideblur eklesiaTa diftiqSi V, xolo saqarT-

velosa da kviprosis eklesiebma, Sesabamisad VI

–X adgili daikaves.

mexuTe saukunis dasawyisidan Seiqmna

mdgomareoba, rodesac dasavleTSi romis sax-

iT erTaderTi primaciuli(frg.primatial < laT.

primat arqisaepiskoposo), xolo aRmosavleTSi

tradiciulad konstantinopolis gverdiT kidev

139

sami aRiarebuli centri(aleqsandria, antioqia,

ierusalimi) arsebobda. Sesabamisad aRmocenda

eklesiis ori gansxvavebuli modeli: dasavleTis

centralisturi(monocentruli) erTiani eklesia

da mravali damoukidebeli eklesiis policentru-

li Tanamegobroba(koinonia) aRmosavleTSi.

osmaleTis imperiaSi (balkaneTi, kavkasia) oku-

men patriarqebs eTnarqebis, eTnikur umciresoba-

Ta winamZRolis roli daekisraT, riTac SeiZleba

aixsnas marTlmadideblur eklesiaTa mWidro kav-

Siri erovnul identobasTan. miuxedavad amisa, 1872

wels konstantinopolis sinodma erovnuli prin-

cipi, rogorc eklesiuri identobis kriteriumi(e.w.

filetizmi) dagmo. maSin rodesac, Zveli eklesiuri

tradiciis mixedviT msazRvreli, ara nacionaluri

aramed, piriqiT teritoriuli principi iyo. dRes

konstantinopolis TanamegobrobaSi Semokrebilia

16 damoukidebeli eklesia.

aRmosavleTisgan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTSi pro-

cesebi sruliad sxvagvarad ganviTarda. 800 wels

romSi, papis leo III- is mier frankTa mefis, karlos

didis romaelTa imperatorad kurTxevam eWqveS

daayena konstantinopolis, rogorc romis imperiis

erTaderT memkvidred yofnis sakiTxi. aRniSnulma

koronaciam daaCqara aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs

Soris arsebuli gaucxoebis manamde neli, Tumca

Seuqcevadi procesi. amasTan, Tu aRmosavleTSi sa-

suliero da saero Zalauflebas Soris bizantiis

imperiisgan namemkvidrali <<simfoniis principi>>

moqmedebda, rac Semdeg rigi marTlmadidebeli

qveynebis mxridan ignorirebuli an koreqtire-

buli iqna, dasavleTSi, e.w. investiturul davaSi

adgili hqonda Seurigebel, mZafr konkurencias Za-

lauflebis orive am Zalas Soris. papi grigol

VII ilaSqrebda ra mTavarTagan (e.i. saeroTagan)

140

episkoposad dadgenis praqtikis winaaRmdeg, Riad

acxadebda papis primats mefeTa da imperatorTa

mimarT(Dictatus papae, 1075)[5].qristeanuli istoriis Semdgomi periodi sx-

vadasxva mniSvnelovani procesebiT xasiaTdebo-

da, romelTagan is mainc ori ZiriTadi movleniT

gamoirCa: pirveli, romis eklesiis mTliani sxeul-

idan mowyveta(didi sqizma) da meore, dasavleTis

eklesiis ganyofa(reformacia).

eklesiis gayofa aRmosavleTad da dasavle-

Tad (marTlmadidebloba/kaTolicizmi)

pirveli sqizma aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs

Soris iwyeba papi nikolaus I-is CarTviT kon-

stantinopolis taxtis dasakaveblad warmoebul

saeklesio-politikur davaSi, roca 863 wels rom-

ma taxtidan gadayenebulad gamoacxada aRmosav-

leTis umniSvnelovanesi Teologi, patriarqi fo-

tiosi. 867 wels adgili aqvs kontrRonisZiebas:

konstantinopolis sinodi iRebs papis taxtidan

CamoSorebis dadgenilebas. aRniSnul kamaTSi,

fotiosi dabejiTebiT moiTxovs yuradRebis ga-

maxvilebas saeWvo <<laTinur eresze>>. konstan-

tinopolis (381) saeklesio krebam moaxdina suli-

wmindis Sesaxeb arsebuli muxlis Semdegnairad

formulireba: <<gvwams suliwmindis, mamisagan

gamomavalis, mamasa da ZesTan erTad Tayvanisce-

mulisa da gandidebulis, winaswarmetyvlTagan

gacxadebulis>>. dasavleTSi ki moxda misi aseTi

saxiT miReba: <<gvwams suliwmindis, mamisagan da

Zisagan(filiokve) gamomavalis ...>>. rwmenis aRm-

sareblobis wminda da xelSeuval (sakrosanktul)

teqstSi clilebebis SetaniT Seirya erTobis

simtkice.

daaxloebiT ori saukunis Semdeg dgeba axali

141

gamZafrebuli konfrontaciis xana. konstantinop-

olis patriarqma mixael kerulariosma, laTinuri

tradiciebis, rogorc <<eresis>> winaaRmdeg Zve-

li ganwyoba gaacocxla. amis sapasuxod, 1054 wels,

romis pap leo IX-is despanma, kardinalma humbert

de silva kandidelma siaSi Seitana 90 berZnuli

<<eresi>> da daurTo eklesiisgan gankveTis pa-

piseul bulas RvTismsaxurebis win aia sofiaSi,

rasac konstantinopolis mxridan papis legatebis

eqskomunikacia mohyva. imave 1054 wels sabolood

dairRva aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris ar-

sebuli aTaswlovani erToba, rac 1729 wels rw-

menis gamavrcelebelma kongregaciam orTodoq-

sul saidumloebaSi Tanaziarebis (communicatio in sacris) akrZalviT <<daagvirgvina>>. [Tumca manamde

iyo1439 wlis ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba,

sadac filiokves sakiTxis garda, aseve ganixile-

boda salxineblis, papis primatisa da evqaristi-

is dogmaturi sakiTxebi da romelmac romsa da

konstantinoplos Soris Serigebis mcdelobas

morigi dartyma miayena.] mxolod 1965 wels, pap

pavle VI-is da msoflio patriarq aTinagora I-is

mier erTdroulad romsa da stambolSi gamocx-

adda anaTema gauqmebulad. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris

erTiani ziareba (evqaristiuli kavSiri/erToba)

aRar aRmdgara.

umniSvnelovanesi faqtori, romelic aRmosav-

leTsa da dasavleTs Soris urTierTgagebas ar-

Tulebda, iyo paradigmaTa cvla laTinuri eklesiis

TeologiaSi. patristika Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli

platonistur/neoplatonistur filosofiaSi da

upiratesad liturgiaze orientirdeboda. laT-

inur SuasaukuneebSi ki piriqiT, RvTismetyvelebis

<<skolis>> adgils sqolastika warmoadgenda. is

142

orientirdeboda aristoteleze da misi saazrov-

no kategoriebis daxmarebiT, qristeanuli mrwam-

sis yovlismomcvel sistemaSi racionalur SeRw-

evas cdilobda.

dasavleTis eklesiis gayofa (kaTolicizmi/

protestantizmi)

dasavleTSi jer kidev didi xniT adre

gaisma saeklesio reformisken mowode-

ba. pirveli didi reformaciuli moZraoba

iwyeba klunidan(safrangeTi, 10./11. sauk.). mogvi-

anebiT(11./12. sauk.) cistercielebma( Zisterzienser) da trapistebma(Trappisten) ganaaxles benediqtelTa

saabatos tradiciebi(ix.[1], gv. 114).

me-15 saukunis dasawyisisTvis, bohemiaSi refor-

maciuli moZraobis asparezze gamodis ian husi.

igi eswrafvoda sulieri eklesiis Seqmnas, sad-

ac eklesia saRmrTo werilSi gacxadebul pi-

rvelqristeanul, <<saxarebiseul ubraloebaze>>

iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi mowodebebi exeboda

usamarTlo batonebis mimarT daumorCileblobis

gamarTlebis antifeodalur ideas, riTac aris-

tokratiisa da TviT mefe vaclav IV-is Tavdapir-

veli mowonebis Semdeg, gaugonari guliswyroma

daimsaxura. 1412 wels husi brals sdebs pap ioane

XXIII-s CexeTis samefoSi indulgenciebiT sajaro

vaWrobis Taobaze[6]. ukompromiso brZola aris-

tokratiisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg

1415 wels misi autodafeTi dasrulda.

1517 wels vitenbergidan, martin luTeris Tez-

isebiT codvaTa mitevebis winaaRmdeg, safuZveli

eyreba reformacias germaniaSi. igi eyrdnoba Rv-

Tis madliT adamianis qristeSi rwmeniT gamosyid-

vis ideas[7,gv.333](ix. romaelTa 3.28). luTerisTvis

pavle mociqulis es werili romaelTa mimarT war-

143

moadgens saxarebis kvintensencias. misTvis, <<karg

saqmeTa>> gamo rodi iZens damsaxurebas kaci Rv-

Tis winaSe. <<Sola gratia – sola fide>>(ix.[1], gv. 115): mx-olod madliTa da rwmeniT aRwevs adamiani xsnas

da gamarTlebas. indulgenciis winaaRmdeg mima-

rTuli miseuli xedva, romTan konfrontaciis daw-

yebisa da kaTolikuri eklesiidan misi gankveTis

mizezi xdeba. reformaciis mxardamWerTa Semdgomi

gadamwyveti RonisZieba iyo samonastro cxovrebisa

da samRvdelo celibatis gauqmeba, risi magaliTic

erT-erTma pirvelma Tavad luTerma cisterciel

katarina fon borasTan SeuRlebiT aCvena.

msgavsi reformaciuli moZraoba Seiqmna Svei-

cariaSi adre gardacvlili ulrix cvinglisa da

Jan kalvinis mier. Tavisi <<67 Tezisis>>(1522 w.)

gamoqveynebisTanave, sadac is gadmoscems saekle-

sio da politikuri wyobilebis gardaqnis arss,

cvingli wyvets kavSirs romis papTan da 1523 wl-

idan iwyebs radikaluri reformebis gatarebas

ciurixSi (eklesiebidan wmindaTa nawilebisa da

xatebis mocileba. aseve, CamorTmeuli samonastro

qonebis saqvelmoqmedo da saganmanaTleblo miz-

niT gadacema saero xelisuflebisTvis, romelsac

Tavad eklesiac ki dauqvemdebara).

rac Seexeba kalvins, is reformatorul progra-

mas gadmoscems Tavis mTavar Teologiur naSrom-

Si <<darigebani qristeanul rwmenaSi>>(<<Institutio christiane religionis>>), romelic Cafiqrebulia rogorc

qristeanuli religiis doqtrinis kompendiumi da

romlis ideebic gamoxatulebas yoveli saekle-

sio Temis mxridan rwmenis saqmeSi TviTmarTvelo-

biT sargeblobis, saeklesio marTva-gamgeobis da-

moukideblad organizebisa da sakuTari rwmenis

dacvis formebSi poulobs. kalvinis Tanaxmad,

RvTis madlis miReba TiToeuli adamianis nebi-

144

sgan damoukideblad, dabadebamde garkveulia. ami-

tom, misTvis predestinaciis sakiTxi qristeanobis

arss warmoadgens, rac mas aZlevs sakuTari qri-

steanuli <<humanizmis>> praqticirebis SesaZle-

blobas. misi Teokratiuli diqtaturis dros Je-

nevaSi mravali adamiani (maT Soris migel serveti)

sajarod dawves an qalaqidan gandevnes.

reformaciis procesi inglisSi monarqis, henri

VIII -is nebiT mimdinareobda, romlis mizani ara

ideologiuri, aramed politikuri iyo: eklesi-

is saxelmwifosTvis daqvemdebareba, ramac radi-

kaluri reformebis gatareba ar daisaWiroa. de-

dofal ekaterine aragonelTan gayris delikatur

sakiTxze papis uaris Semdeg, 1534 wlis 3 noembers,

inglisis parlamentis mier gamocemuli suprem-

esis aqtis(ingl. Act of Supremacy umaRlesi xelisu-

flebis dadgenileba) Tanaxmad papi kargavs Tavis

iurisdiqcias inglisze, romlis meTauri xdeba

mefe. mogvianebiT es saxelwodeba icvleba gu-

vernioriT, xolo eklesiis erTaderT meTaurad

qriste cxaddeba. reformaciuli moZraobis ideuri

winamZRoli xdeba kenterberis mTavarepiskoposi

tomas krameri, romlis iniciativiT uqmdeba celi-

bati da monastruli cxovreba, Tumca narCundeba

Zveli saepiskoposo-saeklesio struqtura ( ix. [1],

gv. 117 ), maTSoris: mesa, aRsareba, saeklesio ier-

arqia, aRiareba nebis Tavisuflebisa, samociqulo

memkvidreobiToba da sxv., xdeba saeklesio miwebis

konfiskacia da RvTismsaxurebis warmarTava ing-

lisur enaze. amavdroulad inglissa da Sotlan-

diaSi swrafad vrceldeba kalvinistebis swavleba,

romelTac <<puritanebi>> ewodaT da romelTac

arasakmarisad miaCndaT inglisis eklesiis re-

formebi. Seiqmna realoba, rodesac mefe brZolas

awarmoebs or frontze, <<papistebisa>> da radi-

145

kali puritanebis winaaRmdeg, romelTa Seviwroeba

XVIII saukunemde gagrZelda[8].

literatura

1. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haider/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004.

2. diofizitoba - vikipedia., https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/diofizitoba.

3. qalkedonis saeklesio kreba.,https://ka.wikipedia.org/org/wiki/qalkedoni_saeklesio_kreba.

4. pentarqia da saqarTvelos eklesiis adgili

marTlmadideblur diptiqSi., patriarchate.ge/geo/ekle-sia/…/pentarqia-da-saqartvelos-eklseiis-adgil…

5. Dictatus Papae – Wikipedia., https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatus_Papae.

6. Глава XLIV. Чехия в XIV-XV вв. Польша в XIV-XV вв., historic.ru/books/item/f00/z0000032/st044.shtml.

7. axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi., gadamuSavebu-

li gamocema., bibliis Targmnis instituti., stok-

holmi, 1993.

8. История протестaнтизма., https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ История_протестантизма.

146

5.2 qristeanobis socialur-ekonomikuri

aspeqtebi

5.2.1 marTlmadidebloba

maSin rodesac <<ganmanaTleblobam>> faqtobri-

vad qristeanobis dasavlur formaTa transforma-

cia moaxdina, aRmosavleTis qristeanul eklesiebs

me-17 saukunis zRvarze inicirebuli kulturuli

modernizaciis procesebi ar SexebiaT. marTlma-

didebeli eklesiebi Sidareligiuri, legitimuri

ganaTlebis miRma da ganmanaTleblobis tradic-

iebis qristeanul rwmenasTan dapirispirebulo-

bis poziciaze darCnen[1]. Tanamedrove samoqalqo

normebi, rogoric aris avtonomia, TviTgamorkveva

da piradi pasuxismgebloba, romlebic socialur

kavSirTan mimarTebiT aZlierebs individis prin-

cipul damoukideblobas, aRmosavlur eklesiaTa

RvTismosaobis kulturasa da eTikaSi ar, an mx-

olod meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobs. igive ex-

eba kulturul faseulobebsac, romlebic xels

uwyoben cxovrebis aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi stilis

damkvidrebas. RvTis xatebis, rogorc yovlisSem-

Zle, transcendenturi zeciuri mpyrobelis gaaz-

reba, romelic RvTismosavTagan mudmiv gandidebasa

da saRvTo cxovrebaSi maT mudam axal inscenire-

bad liturgiul monawileobas iTxovs, gavle-

nas axdens avtoritetze orientirebul morwmu-

neTa TviTdefiniciebze, romelTaTvisac maTi ara

Tavisufali qmedeba, aramed upirobo morCileba da

erTguleba aris gadamwyveti. Sesaqmes simbolikis

centraluri pozicia liturgiasa da eklesi-

ur dogmatikaSi[2], iseve rogorc masTan dakavS-

irebuli kosmosis <<mTlianobis>> mimarTuleba

147

marTlmadidebluri samyaros xedvas dasavluri

perspeqtiviT aCens statiurs, uistorios. morwmune

aris ara individi, romelsac ZaluZs sakuTari

mes(ego) realizeba, aramed is upiratesad Tavisi,

rogorc qmnilebis damokidebulebiTa da Tavisi

mowodebiT Tematizirdeba, romelic mTelis nawi-

lis saxiT erwymis morwmuneTa socialur erTo-

bas. Sesaqmes Teologiuri midgomidn Tu amovalT,

aRniSnuli erTobis upiratesoba misi calkeuli

wevris mimarT gamomdinareobs RvTisqmnili kos-

mosis harmoniidan, rac mxolod TiToeulis re-

alizebadi gaRmerTebis saRvTo liturgiaSi

monawileobiT (romelic, saRvTo cxovrebaSi re-

aluri monawileobis mistikur praqtikas gulisx-

mobs), RvTiTboZebuli politikuri Zalauflebis

mimarT morCilebiTa, da aseve sazogadoebrivad

misaRebi qcevis formaTa dacvis gziT miiRweva. am

holistikur, sociumze orientirebul saazrovno

sivrceSi Tanamedrove aRmosavleTis samewarmeo

kapitalizmis konstitutiuri elementebi mxolod

negatiuri, damabrkolebeli anu xelisSemSleli

faqtorebia adamianis WeSmariti, religiuri daniS-

nulebis realizebaSi, rac mistikuri TviTabsorb-

ciiT an saRvTo liturgiaSi yofnis gziT Semoq-

medis cxovrebaSi monawileobis miRebas niSnavs.

swrafva individualuri mogebis maqsimizirebi-

sken, calkeulTa brZola sakuTari sabazro San-

sebis optimizaciisTvis, iseve rogorc Tavisufali

konkurencia miiCneva moralurad aralegitimurad.

marTlmadideblobaSi sulier mxares gaaCnia ab-

solituri upiratesoba materialur mxaresTan

SedarebiT. moraluri cnobiereba da ara praqti-

kuli interesi gansazRvravs saqmianobaTa Sinaars.

aq socialur-ekonomikuri msoflmxedveloba ey-

rdnoba marTlmadidebel-qristeanuli sulieri

148

faseulobebis sistemas, romelic ayalibebs meur-

neobriobis sulier-zneobriv kriteriumebsa da

stimulebs. Sromis mniSvnelobas ganapirobebs

ara misi praqtikuli, gare utilitaruli mxareebi,

aramed Sinagani motivaciebi, rogoricaa RvTisa

da moyvasis siyvaruli. simdidre ar warmoad-

gens pirovnebis damsaxurebis mowmobis aRiarebas

RmerTis winaSe. ufro metic, aqcenti keTdeba misi

SeZenis usamarTlo codvili wyaros maRal al-

baTobaze. yovelive es aris marTlmadidebluri

qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis negatiuri da

xelisSemSleli faqtorebi.

marTlmadidebeli Teologebis mier SemuSave-

bul mwir eTikur monaxazebSi adgili ar moiZeb-

neba iseTi cnebebisTvis, rogoricaa procentuli

kalkulacia, angareba, mogebis maqsimizacia da sa-

bazro SesaZleblobebis zusti gaTvla.

maqs veberi Tavisi StudiebisaTvis <<msoflio

religiebis ekonomikis eTika>> gegmavda qriste-

anobis ekonomikuri eTikis Sesaxeb erTi srul-

tomeulis gamocemas, romelSic aseve rusuli da

berZnuli marTlmadidebloba da aRmosavluri

qristeanobis sxva formebi, maTSoris, rusuli se-

qtebic unda yofiliyo mimoxiluli. samwuxarod,

veberma ver SeZlo sakuTari gegmis realizeba,

Tumca Tavisi naSromis sxvadasxva adgilas is

iZleva rig faseul SeniSvnebs aRmosavlur-qris-

teanuli ekonomikis eTikis specifikaTa Taobaze.

adolf fon harnaki Tavis SromebSi, rac Seexeba

qristeanobis aRmosavlur-orTodoqsul forme-

bsa da dasavleTis eklesiebs Soris arsebul

religiur-kulturul gansxvavebebs, aseve eZebda

pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ra wili aqvs rusul-marTlma-

dideblur RvTismetyvelebasa da RvTismoSiSobas

ruseTis, rogorc ekonomikur, ise politikur-kul-

149

turul CamorCenilobaSi[3,gv.157-183]. ukve meoce

saukunis damdegs warmoebul kulturul-samec-

niero debatebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom orTodo-

qsuli Teologia ar ayalibebda socialuri da

ekonomikuri eTikis sakuTar safuZvlebs. swored

amitom, 1945 wels alfred miuler-armaki Seecada

Caswvdomoda ruseTSi dominirebul tradicional-

istur habitussa da marTlmadideblur RvTismo-

SiSobas Soris arsebuli implicituri relevan-

tobis sakiTxs[4]. armakis azriT umTavresi aris

is, rom dasavleTis eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT,

aRmosavleTis eklesia saxelmwifos, Sesabamisad

politikuri Zalauflebis upirobo avtoritetis

afirmaciaSi uars ambobs politikur-socialuri

cxovrebis kategoriul normirebaze. dasavlur

saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi eklesiis organize-

buli monawileobis Tanxmobis sapirispirod, aR-

mosavleTis eklesiis es uari cxovrebis yvela

sferoSi dadgenilia, rac aseve moicavs eklesiis

uars ekonomikur cxovrebaSi religiuri normeb-

is dadgenis Taobaze. magram aq aris sagulisxmo

is garemoeba, rom swored eqsplicituri ekono-

mikis eTikis uaryofiT marTlmadidebeli ekle-

sia iZens mniSvnelovan arapirdapir msazRvrel

Zalas ekonomikuri cxovrebis formirebis pro-

cesSi. aseve, aRmosavluri eklesiis dogmatika

dgas SesaZloa rTulad wasakiTx, magram sruliad

cxadad Sesacnob damokidebulebaSi sameurneo da

ekonomikur pirobebTan, rac aRmosavluri eklesi-

is sxvadasxva mxareSi ganviTarda ( ix.[4] gv. XI).

<<aRmosavleTis eklesiis realuri sociologi-

uri efeqti (mag., kalvinizmTan SedarebiT) gar-

egnulad mcired vlindeba... gamomdinare iqidan,

rom aRmosavleTis eklesia arasdros eswrafvoda

garegan Zalauflebas, misi Sinagani Zalaufleba

150

sakuTar sferoSi miT ufro ganuyofelia. amgvar

urRvev erTianobasTan, romelic saukuneTa man-

Zilze gansazRvravda xalxis spiritualur Zalas,

misi sulieri forma miwieri cxovrebis wesrigi-

saTvis ar SeiZleba Rrma Sedegebis gareSe yo-

filiyo, ramdenadac rTuli ar unda iyos am efeq-

tis gaazreba. eWvgareSea, rom is bevrad daxuruli

da saSuamavloa, vidre religiur ZalTa efeqti

dasavleTSi>>(ix.[4] gv. 345)

veberis, harnakisa da miuler-armakis mier ze-

moaRniSnul sakiTxTa gamokvlevis gagrZelebad

SeiZleba miviCnioT me-20-e saukunis 90-ani wlebis

dasasruls mZlavri geo-politikuri da social-

ur-ekonomikuri ryevebiT provocirebuli <<trans-

formaciis kvlevis>> Sedegad dasavleTSi bolo

xans araerTgzis wamoWrili sakiTxi imis Taobaze,

Tu ratom gaxda ekonomikis eTikis ruseTSi (da

sxva marTlmadideblur qveynebSi, maTSoris saqarT-

veloSi) ganviTareba SeuZlebeli, maSin rodesac

mas globalizaciis krizisul procesebSi SeeZlo

konstruqciuli orientirebis SeTavazeba? cal-

saxa pasuxi am kiTxvaze rasakvirvelia rTulia,

Tumca Teologiuri perspeqtiviT namdvilad Sei-

Zleba imis Tqma, rom qristeanobis yvela aRmosav-

luri formis msazRvrelad rogorc Cans mainc

religiis mistikuridan magiur-sakramentulamde

gaazreba rCeba. am mxriv gamonaklisi arc rusu-

li marTlmadidebeli eklesiaa, romelic ruseTSi

gamudmebiT xels uwyobda rogorc xalxis misti-

kuri RvTismoSiSobis gaZlierebas, ise mis wiaR-

Si aRmocenebuli seqtebis Temur religiurobas.

amgvar midgomaTa ukeT gagebisTvis gvexmareba sa-

suliero pirTa poziciuri raobis gaazreba.

rogorc cnobilia, marTlmadideblobaSi re-

ligiuri TvalsazrisiT beri da beruli cxovreba

151

mRvdelTan da samRvdelo cxovrebasTan SedarebiT

gacilebiT maRla dgas da gacilebiT upirtesad

miiCneva. dasavleTis qristeanobis sapirispirod,

aRmosavleTis qristeanobaSi mistikurad gabrw-

yinebuli, RmerTTan intimur urTierTobaSi myofi

beri warmoadgens WeSmariti qristeanuli cxovre-

bis (vita christiana) nimuSs. is iTvleba kontempla-

tivuri qristeanobis spiritualizmis idealur

warmomadgenlad, romlis mixedviT RvTismoSiSi

wuTisoflisagan Segnebul gandgomasa Tu amqvey-

niur indiferentulobaSi eZiebs sulis simSvides,

rac transcendentur pantokratorTan mxolod

uSualo urTierTobiT SeiZleba iqnas miRweuli.

qristeanuli rwmenis amgvari gaazrebis pri-

mati SeuZlebels xdis racionaluri cxovrebis

formirebas, rac daefuZneboda asketur TviTdisci-

plinas, racionaluri miznis optimalur arCevansa

da ekonomikuri warmatebisaken swrafvas. ara sam-

yaros aqtiuri mowyoba, aramed WvretiTi ganride-

ba wuTisoflisgan, ara asketizmi, aramed mistika,

ara TviTdadgenili cxovrebis racionaluri wesi,

aramed mocemulobis kvietisturi pasiuri miReba

gansazRvravs marTlmadidebluri RvTismoSiSobis

kosmoss. specifikurad orTodoqsuli mistikuri

<<sulis forma>>, <<uSualo transcendentulo-

bis gancda>> Tavidanve Seicavs yvelafer amqvey-

niuris, <<gareganis>> religiuri gaufasurebis

niSnebs da am tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. adamianis

religiuri daniSnulebisTvis, misi amqveyniuri

cxovreba mxolod marginalur rols TamaSobs.

religiuri cxovrebis amgvari forma araTu xels

uwyobs cxovrebis wesis meTodizirebas, aramed

swored rom piriqiT, miwiuri, saero cxovrebis

yvela dimensia religiurad ararelevanturi Cans.

amitom, RmerTTan morwmunis mistikuri uSualobis

152

marad axali liturgiuli inscenirebis pirobebSi,

samwuxarod aRmosavlur qristeanobaSi verc re-

ligiuri Sromis eTikis (rac SromasTan zneobriv

valdebulebaTa da RvTaebrivi mandatis realize-

bas gulisxmobs), da verc samyaros racionaluri

flobisken mimarTuli aqtivisturi habitusis gan-

viTareba gaxda SesaZlebeli.

diax, ukve me-19-e saukuneSi axladaRmocenebu-

li seqtebis warmomadgenlebs, - skopcebs, duxob-

orebsa da malaknebs qristeanuli cxovrebis wr-

matebul nimuSad emcnoT kvietizmi da arsebuli

mocemulobis upirobo miReba, rogorc RmerTTan

da mis mcnebebTan Sinagani kavSiris avTenturi

gamoxatuleba. marTalia, maTTan uaryofil iqna

oficialuri eklesiis religiuri wes-Cveulebebi,

avtoritetze orientirebuli simboluri ena da

xatTayvaniscema, aseve - marTlmadidebeli mRvd-

lis monopolia saidumlo ziarebis gankargvaze,

magram swored am damokidebulebaSi SeiZleba ru-

suli seqtebis orTodoqsuli RvTismoSiSobis

ZiriTad magiur orientaciasTan relatiurobaze

saubari[5,gv.71-94]. samRvdelo Tu sxva institu-

cionaluri Suamavlis gareSe SeeZlo RvTismosavs

SeeZina gadarCenis mtkice rwmena. magram, sakuTar

iniciativaze orientirebuli aqtiuri RvTismosao-

bis praqtikis miuxedavad rusul seqtebSi mainc

ver moxda cxovrebis wesis mniSvnelovani racion-

alizacia. TiToeuli wevris aqtiuri RvTismosao-

bis praqtika Tanmimdevrulobis wamier eqstazSi,

da ara principebze agebul TviTdisciplinire-

bis uwyvet habitusSi konkretizirdeba. amgvarad,

ver iSva asketuri, Sromaze orientirebuli zneo-

bis kanoni, rogoradac is qristeanobis amqveyni-

uri saqmianobis Sesaxeb arsebul reformatoruli

swavlebis gariJraJze ganviTarda. orTodoqsulma,

153

gansakuTrebiT ki rusul-orTodoqsuli seqtebis

RvTismoSiSobam xeli Seuwyo tradicionalistu-

ri ekonomikuri mentalitetis konservacias.

mxolod me-20-e saukunis ekumenur moZraoba-

Si marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi TandaTanobiT

iZulebuli Seiqmnen SeeniSnaT socialur-eTikuri

debatebi dasavleTis protestantul eklesiebsa

Tu romaul kaTolicizmSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

saerTaSoriso saeklesio organoebis ( german. Gre-mien) mier warmoebul eTikur diskursebs morwmun-

eTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesis gansazRvrisT-

vis ara aqvs mniSvneloba, isini mainc asaxaven

dominirebul eklesiaTa realur, oficialur fa-

seulobaTa orientirebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic,

rom did msoflio ekumenur konferenciebsa Tu

ekumenuri sabWos komitetebis muSaobis donezec

orTodoqsuli eklesiebis es ganwyobebi mxolod

marginalurad ganviTarebuli socialuri eTikis

mkveTrad tradicionalisturi orientirebiT xasi-

aTdeba. mxolod mciredma, upiratesad ki Tesalon-

ikis universitetis berZnuli marTlmadideblobis

Teologebma SeZles dasavluri socialuri eTikis

zogierTi impulsis konstruqciuli miReba. Tumca,

aseve berZeni eTikosi georg manTcaridisi xazgas-

miT aRniSnavs Rrma winaaRmdegobas Tanamedroveo-

bis <<individualistur da evdonomistur suls>>,

konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli kapitalizmiT deter-

minirebul sazogadoebasa da <<orTodoqsuli

eklesiis koinobitur suls>> Soris[6].

komunistur qveynebSi, marTlmadidebluri

eklesiebi nawilobriv Sida tradiciebis gamo,

nawilobriv ki gare politikuri wnexis Sedegad

eweodnen socialur-romantikuli Seferilobis

antikapitalistur propagandas, da <<msoflio

meurneobis>> mimarT inarCunebdnen mZlavr reduq-

154

cionistul Sexedulebas, romelSic upiratesad

aSS-Si Sobili transnacionaluri korporaciebi

moiazreboda, romlebic yvela globalur social

problemebze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni da miiCneod-

nen borotebis agentebad. maTi Zlier nacionalis-

turi orientirebi pirvel rigSi transnacionalis-

turi korporaciebis aqtivobaTa Sesaxeb safrTxis

aRqmas uwyobda xels. maT msgavsad, aseve arakomu-

nisturi qveynebis marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi

dasavluri Tavisufali bazris fundamenturi kri-

tikis fonze mesame da meoTxe samyaros gaRaribe-

baSi mTavar mizezs <<msoflio meurneobis sis-

temaSi>> xedavdnen da miaCndaT, rom is warmoebis

saxelmwifo kontroliTa da saqonelgacvlis

diriJoruli, intervencionistuli regulirebiT

unda yofiliyo warmodgenili.

eklesiaTa elita mTeli am xnis ganmavloba-

Si Tanmimdevrulad misdevda Zvel minimalistur

eklesiologias, rom eklesias, rogorc dominire-

bul institucias sazogadoebriv ganwyobaTa

miuxedavad Tavidan aeridebina konfliqti poli-

tikur xelisuflebasTan da yofiliyo masTan

loialur damokidebulebaSi, ramac gamoxatuleba

hpova maRal saeklesio pirTa mxridan komunistur

reJimTan TanamSromlobis TviTkritikuli ana-

lizisa da aseve sazogadoebrivi transformaci-

is procesebSi mdgari politikur da ekonomikur

moTxovnaTa konstruqciuli aRqmis simwireSi. ru-

sul-orTodoqsuli eklesiis funqcionerTa didi

umravlesoba uaryofda im politikur jgufebs,

romlebic mxars uWerdnen Tanmimdevrul demokra-

tizaciasa da sabazro ekonomikis reformis kurss

da aZlierebdnen pirvel rigSi im Zalebs, romlebic

dramatul da krizisul politikur-socialur

problemaTa daZlevas etaturi, administraciuli

155

marTvis formiT cdilobdnen. <<wminda ruseTi-

sadmi>> Tavisi nacionalur-religiuri rwmeniT

isini zrunavdnen pauSaluri antikapitalizmis

Semdgom retorikaze, riTac problemur samsaxurs

uwevdnen sakuTar sazogadoebas. 1989 wlidan isini

xels uwyobdnen ekonomikuri tradicionalizmisa

da gegmiur-ekonomikuri araefeqtianobis konserva-

cias, saswrafo adaptaciis da reformis procesTa

blokirebas, iluziisa da realobis uarmyofeli

mentalitetis formirebas, riTac mniSvnelovani

pasuxismgebloba itvirTes Semdgom ganviTare-

bul dramatul finansur-ekonomikur krizisTa

arsebobaze. qveynis saxalxo meurneoba msoflio

bazrebze sul ufro ganicdida marginalizacias,

Zlierdeboda difuziuri SiSi <<globalizaci-

isadmi>> da Rrma undobloba moqmedi transna-

cionaluri finansuri institutebis, maTSoris

upirvelesad msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondis mimarT. rusuli marTlmadide-

bluri eklesiuri elitis mwirma mzaobam kari

gaeRoT dasavluri ganmanaTleblobis tradicieb-

isTvis da axali eTikuri orientirebi individu-

aluri avtonomiisa da racionaluri cxovrebis

wesis gaZlierebis sasargeblod ganeviTarebinaT,

isini aqcia mniSvnelovan partniorad da bunebriv

mokavSired memarcxene komunistebiT dawyebuli

da rusuli nacionalistebiT damTavrebuli yvela

im politikuri jgufisTvis, romlebic abrkolebd-

nen da ebrZnodnen moqmedi samarTlebrivi saxelm-

wifo instituciebiT dasazRrul Tavisufali da

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT

gardauvali transformaciis procesTa warmarT-

vas. rom ara krizisTa daZlevis avtoritarul-

diriJoruli, gegmiur-ekonomikuri strategiebis

politikuri favoritizmi, globalizaciis pro-

156

cesebisadmi Tanamdevi rusuli ekonomikis drama-

tuli vardnis masStabi mniSvnelovnad iqneboda

Semcirebuli.

gviani oTxmoci-oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis rev-

oluciur cvlilebaTa procesebis Sedegad, raSic

komunizmis, rogorc gabatonebuli ideologiis

legitimurobis swrafi degradacia da ssrk-is im-

polzia igulisxmeba, sajaro instituciebze meti

sandoobisa da Seudareblad didi avtoritetis

zrdis paralelurad (rasac ganapirobebda erTi

mxriv bolSevikuri terori samRvdeloebisa da

morwmuneTa mimarT, iseve rogorc mravali sasuli-

ero piris STambeWdavi martviloba, xolo meore

mxriv didsa Tu mcire erebSi stigmatizirebuli

marTlmadideblobis erovnul identurobasTan

gaigivebis koleqtiuri aRqma) deklarirebuli

sekularizaciis pirobebSi forsirebulad mox-

da ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis (da ara

mxolod misi) totaluri integracia saxelmwi-

fosTan. faqtobrivad is iqca politikuri Zalau-

flebis Semadgenel nawilad. swored amitom, is

saukunis meoTxedis Semdegac samwuxarod uwinde-

burad agrZelebs avtoritaruli politikuri wes-

rigis konceptebis mfarvelobas da mravali saxiT

monawileobs mafiozuri semikapitalizmis ko-

rufciul struqturebSi, romlebic monopoliaTa

warmoqmniT, patronaJiT, gadasaxadebisagan Tavis

aridebiTa da korufciiT xasiaTdebian. igi Tavisi

Sesaqmes Teologiis avtoritaruli ZiriTadi ori-

entiris safuZvelze aseve yvela ekonomikur sak-

iTxs kvlavac Zlieri saxelmwifos intervenciis

WrilSi ganixilavs da misi sruliad tradiciul-

mistikuri RvTismoSiSobis kulturis Sesabamisad

ar aviTarebs samyaros aqtiuri formirebisa da

pasuxismgeblobis eToss.

157

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT

calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRmosavleTis

qristeanobis rusulma formam, iseve rogorc sxva

avtokefalurma marTlmadideblurma eklesiebma

dRemde ver an ar SeZles ekonomikis eTikis ganvi-

Tareba, romelic Tanamedrove aRmosavluri mwar-

moebluri kapitalizmis specifikuri ekonomikuri

racionalobisa da sawarmoo ZalTa adekvaturi

iqneboda, da ar gaaZlierebda upiratesad tradi-

cionalistur ekonomikur Tvalsazrisebs.

literatura

1). Felmy, K. C.; Kretschmar, G.; von Lilienfeld, F.; Rend-torff, T.; Roepke, C. J. (Hrsg.): Kirchen im Kontext unterschiedli-cher Kulturen. Auf dem Weg ins dritte Jahrtausend., Göttingen, 1991.

2). Felmy, K. C.: Orthodoxe Theologie. Eine Einfuehrung., Darmstadt, 1990.

3). Harnack, A.: Der Geist der morgaendlaendischen Kirche im Unterschied von der abendlaendischen (Sitzungsberichte der koeniglich-preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Ber-lin), Berlin, 1913.

4). Müller-Armack, A.:Religion und Wirtschaft. Geistesge-schichtliche Hintergruende unserer europaeischen Lebensform., Stuttgart, 1959.

5). Buss, A.: Die Wirtschaftsethik des russisch-orthodoxen Christentums., Heidelberg, 1989.

6). Publikationen – Orthodoxe Theologie – LMU München. www.orththeol.uni-muenchen.de.

158

5.2.2 kaTolicizmi

ekonomikis kapitalisturi transformaciis

umZimes krizisul procesebSi evropis kaToli-

kur qveynebs wamyvani roli ar uTamaSiaT. meoce

saukunis sakmao periodamdec ki mravali kaTo-

likuri qveyana xasiaTdeboda ganviTarebis mniS-

vnelovani CamorCenilobiT. am CamorCenilobis

mentalur, Sesabamisad qronikul mizezTa Soris,

ukve me-18 saukuneSi miniSneba kaTolikur RvTis-

mosaobaze keTdeboda. protestant morwmuneTagan

gansxvavebiT, romlebic am droisTvis ukve iyvnen

garkveul damoukidebel pirovnebebad social-

izirebulni, romlebic seriozulad moekidnen ga-

naTlebas, rogorc maTi qristeanad myofobis in-

tegralur moments da daikaves samyaros qmediTi

gardaqmnis RvTiT miniWebuli uflebis cxovreba-

Si realizebis aqtiuri pozicia, am drois kaTo-

likebi xasiaTdebodnen Zlier ritualizirebuli

da jadosnuri(saswaulebrivi) ganmartebebisken

midrekili RvTismosaobis kulturiT, sakuTari

energiebis(Zalebis) wuTisoflisgan ganridebiTa

da imqveyniuri cxovrebisken mimarTviT (swrafviT).

mravali sadResaswaulo dRe, piligrimoba, yovel-

dRiuri RvTismsaxurebani, iseve rogorc kaToli-

kuri eklesiisTvis niSandoblivi mravali sulieri

varjiSebi is faqtorebia, romlebic protestanteb-

isgan gansxvavebiT, Zalzed mcire dros utovebda

kaTolikebs nayofieri saqmianobisTvis. bavari-

eli ganmanaTlebeli iohan ickStati kiTxvaze

<<ratom aris protestantuli qveynebis keTil-

dReoba gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre kaTolikuri

qveynebis?>>, 1772 wels scems Semdeg pasuxs: << amis

saTave aris religia, romelic iwvevs did gansx-

vavebas keTildReobaTa Soris... kviris garda

159

maT[protestantebs] Zalzed mcire sadResaswaulo

dReebi aqvT da maSasadame, aseve mcire mocdenebi.

samuSao dReebSi TiToeuli locvas warmoTqvams

sakuTar saxlSi. locvis gansakuTrebuli formiT

aRsruleba maT ar ician. Sesabamisad, isini axal-

gazrdobis adreuli wlebidan sadResaswaulo

dReebSi miCveulni arian Sromas da ara uqmad

yofnas>>[1]. kaTolikebis ekonomikur-kulturuli

<<CamorCenilobis>> axsnis bevri nimuSi, romelic

ganviTarda me-18 saukuneSi, rasakvirvelia asaxavs

mxolod Zvel konfesionalur crurwmenebs, rom-

lebic gviandel me-16 saukuneSi warmoebul kon-

fesionalur polemikaSi rekonstruirda. cnebebi

da simboloebi, romlebSic kaTolikebi da prot-

estantebi TavianTi Sesabamisi konfesionaluri

identobis gamo warmoaCendnen konfesiaTa Soris

gansxvavebebs, mudam iyvnen sakuTar tradiciaTa

normatiuli saxelmZRvanelo mosazrebebiT gansaz-

Rvrulni. msgavsi Sefaseba aseve didwilad kaTo-

likebis ekonomikuri tradicionalizmis faseul

analizad aris miCneuli ara mxolod protestanti,

aramed meTvramete saukunis kaTolike avtorebis

mier gamoqveynebul kvlevebSic[2]. Tumca, msgavsi

analizi aseve iZleva SesamCnevi sensibelobis

Secnobis SesaZleblobas, kaTolikuri RvTismosa-

obis Semdgomi ekonomikur-eTikuri gamoxatvis

formebTan mimarTebiTac. protestantizmis sxva da

sxva formaTagan gansxvavebiT, kaTolikuri RvTis-

mosaoba upiratesad eklesiis instituciaze foku-

sirdeba, romelic morwmuneTa cxovrebis warmarT-

vis yvela dimensiisTvis sakuTari avtoritetuli

orientiris kompetenciaze acxadebs pretenzias.

is kaTolikuri liturgiis siuxveSi aris ritu-

alizirebuli da sazogadoebrivze orientirebu-

li. wmindanTa TayvaniscemaSi, mraval liturgi-

160

ul CveulebaSi, procesiebSi, evqaristiis rogorc

msxverplis axsnasa (evqaristiis msxverplis sax-

iT ganmartebasa) da mRvdlis (sasuliero piris)

Tanamdebobrivi qarizmis xazgasmaSi, is rCeba im

elementebiT aRbeWdili, romlebic gonis racion-

alurobis miRebas SeuZlebels an ukeTes SemTx-

vevaSi SezRuduls xdis; wyalobis <<misteriis>>

xazgasmiT xdeba aseve Teologiur refleqsiaSi

misi gamoxatva. garda amisa, kaTolikuri eTikuri

gadmocemebisTvis tipiuria gansxvavebis is fig-

urebi, romlebic araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod

ara-kaTolike kritikosebis, aramed gavleniani ka-

Tolike moralis Teologebis mier orsafexurova-

ni eTikis azriT iqna gagebuli. asketizmi upirate-

sad wuTisoflisgan distancirebul, monastrebSi

mcxovrebi berebisTvis, iseve rogorc kaTolike

sasuliero pirebisTvis aris moqmedi da tipiuri,

romlebic eqskluziur (oficialur) msaxurebiT

qarizmas floben. maRali cnebiTi racionaluro-

bis miuxedavad, riTac moralis Teologiis ka-

Tolikuri tradiciebi da akademiuri social-

uri moZRvrebani xasiaTdeba, mag., rogoric aris

bunebriv-samarTlebrivi universaluri, gonismieri

Sesaqmes eTosisa Tu Toma aqvinelis eTikaSi aris-

toteleseuli saTnoebis moZRvrebis dakavSireba

qristeanul-avgustineul(avgustinur) Sexedule-

bebTan[3, Korff 1987, 389], kaTolikuri RvTismosaoba

wesisamebr Seicavs yoveldRiur-praqtikul yo-

faSi bevrad nakleb racionalizebad potencials,

vidre sityvasTan dakavSirebuli, protestantizmis

(gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropuli da Crdilo

amerikuli reformirebuli protestantizmis) ume-

tesad Zlier inteleqtualuri da asketuri RvTis-

mosaoba.

kaTolikuri Teologia da RvTismosaoba Tavis

161

moralur konkreciebSi Cndeba rogorc kom-

pleqsuri, pluraluri fenomenebi. romis kaTe-

dris integratiul sadireqtivo kompetenciebisa

da eklesiis instituciis mravalgvari mcdelobis

miuxedavad, moexdinaT morwmuneTa cxovrebis far-

To formiT normireba da eklesiis, rogorc mor-

aluri Tu profetuli saguSago dawesebulebis

aRqmiT moewyoT romaul-kaTolikuri principebis

mixedviT saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi wesrigi,

wuTisofliuri perspeqtiviT moicavs divergen-

tul kaTolicizmebis (kaTolikur SexedulebaTa)

farTo speqtrs. swored ekonomikur habitusSi

aris SesaZlebeli gansxvavebul poziciaTa farTo

speqtrze dakvirveba. amasTan mTlianobaSi rasak-

virvelia cxadad ikveTeba struqturis elementi:

kaTolike moralis Teologebisa da social-

eTikosebis didi umravlesoba me-20 saukunis sak-

mao periodamde rCeboda rogorc politikuri, ise

ekonomikuri liberalizmis ZiriTad normatiul

mosazrebaTa mimarT uaryofiTad an skeptikurad

ganwyobili.

ekonomikur moqmedebaTa sakiTxebi ukve Sua-

saukuneebis eklesiis wamyvan TeologTa siqvelis

eTikebSi TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols. morw-

muneTa yuradRebam vita active-s ekonomikuri dimen-siisken, rasakvirvelia ramdenadme Seamcira vita contemplativa-sadmi Rrma pativiscema. monastruli

sazogadoebis maRalma Sidaeklesiurma wonam da

sasuliero pirTa mtkice poziciam amasTanave sab-

olood Seuwyo xeli mas, rom wuTisoflisgan

sulierad motivirebuli zurgSeqceva, WeSmariti

qristeanuli cxovrebis warmarTvis idealamde

iqna amaRlebuli. ordenis sazogadoebaTa sasuli-

ero pirebsa da wevrTaTvis specialur profesiul

eTikaSi wuTisoflisgan religiuri gandgoma da

162

vita contemplative, romelic yovelgvari amqveyniuris

uaryofiT, WeSmariti, maradiuli xsnis sikeTisken

miiswrafvis, qristeanuli srulyofilebis adgi-

lad gardaiqmna. orsafexurovani eTikis mixedviT,

romelic oficialuri qarizmiT aRWurvil sa-

suliero pirebsa da ordenis arCeul wevrTaT-

vis iTxovs maRal zneobriv perfeqcias da pre-

tenzias acxadebs rogorc yoveli qristeanisTvis,

ise saeroTaTvis (sasulieri wodebis armqone

pirTaTvis), amqveyniuri samsaxuri Tu profesiis

aqtiuri Sesruleba amis sapirispirod, qriste-

anuli cxovrebis warmarTvis moralurad ukmar

Sefasebad konceptad interpretirdeba. miuxeda-

vad sulieri elitis vita contemplativa-s am aSkara saTnoebiT-eTikuri wesrigis proeqtisa/eskizisa,

eklesiuri xalxis vita activa-sTan mimarTebiT Sua-

saukuneebis siqvelis eTikebSi moipoveba adamianis

ekonomikuri qcevebis aseve mravalricxovani nor-

mirebebi. Teologiuri gadmocema ekonomikur sak-

iTxebTan mimarTebiT aris uxvi da diferencire-

buli, magram aseve winaaRmdegobrivi, rogorc es

xSirad Cans. Tumca, eTikuri traqtatebis mravali

avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs maszed, rom eTika,

romelic dadebiTad Seafasebda sagareo vaWrobiT

(komerciiT) an fulis gasesxebiT miRebul mogebas,

ar iqna SemuSavebuli. rom Cveulebriv SesaZle-

beli iyo egoizmis aseve ganmarteba, rac rogorc

wesi ar ganixileboda. ufro metad wina planze

iyo wamoweuli sakiTxi, Sesrulebuli SromiTi

saqmianobidan miRebuli saqonlis samarTliani

fasisa Tu samarTliani xelfasis Sesaxeb. Tumca

aqve sainteresoa isic, rom aseve gviandeli Sua-

saukuneebidan cnobilia ramodenime TvalsaCino

magaliTi imisa, rom Teolog mkvlevarebs sagareo

vaWrobis mzardi kulturul-praqtikuli relevan-

163

tobis gamo, hqondaT survili vaWarTa klasisT-

vis SeemuSavebinaT sakuTari, maTTvis gankuTvni-

li profesiuli eTikis safuZvlebi, romelSic

mkacri angariSianoba, maTematikurad transpar-

entuli buRalteria da zusti mogeba-wagebis

kalkulacia pozitiurad Sefasdeboda. klasikur

kulturul-samecniero kontroversebTan kavSirSi

Tanamedrove kapitalisturi miznis racionaluro-

bis sulis SesaZlo ebrauli Tu damtkicebuli

protestantuli fesvebis Sesaxeb, verner sombrati

Tavis farTo moculobis naSromSi <<Tanamedrove

kapitalizmi>>, ukve 1902 wels mianiSnebda maszed,

rom mkacri racionaluri ekonomikis principebi

upirvelesad ara qristeanTa <<saero profesiis>>

reformatoruli pativiscemis gamo, aramed ukve

gviandeli Sua saukuneebis profesiul eTikebSi

vaWarTa klasisTvis iqna SemuSavebuli.[4] adreuli,

zusti mogeba-wagebis kalkulaciisa da angariS-

gebis inovaciuri meTodebis Sesaxeb buRalteria-

Si, sombartma sxvaTa Soris miniSneba gaakeTa 1202

wlisTvis gamoCenil leonardo pizanos naSromze

<<Liber Abbaci>>. maTematikosma luka paCiolim pir-

velad 1494 wels gamocemul TxzulebaSi <<Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita>> mog-vca orgvari buRalteriis pirveli dawvrilebiTi

mecnieruli asaxva, sadac is ekonomikur racion-

alurobasa da angariSianobaze dafuZnebiT miRe-

bul mogebas araorazrovnad afasebda, rogorc

vaWrobis warmatebas profesiul-specifikur saT-

noebaSi. garda amisa, axali kulturul-istoriuli

kvleviT, romelic Seexeba toskanuri renesansis

qalaqebSi sazogado sargebelze orientirebul

<<samoqalaqo humanizmis>> aspeqts, xelmisawvdo-

mi gaxda mtkicebulebaTa farTo speqtri, kerZod

zemo italiis cnobil vaWrebs sakuTar ekonomikur

164

warmatebebeSi surdaT daenaxaT agreTve RvTaebri-

vi mowyalebis niSani da ekonomikuri aqtivobebi

aseve aexsnaT rogorc active vita christiana-sTan dakav-

Sirebuli (Baron 1968). amitom, Tanamedrove miz-

nis racionalurobis calmxrivi protestantuli

deduqciis sapirispirod, vilhelm korfma xazi

gausva Semdeg garemoebas, rom: <<Tanamedrove ada-

mianis racionalurze orientirebuli sawarmoo

Sromis eTosi srulebiT ar warmoadgens prot-

estantizmis eqskluziur nayofs>>(ix.[3], Korff 1993, 167). amasTan, rasakvirvelia, amiT ar xdeba saka-

maTo is, rom vita contemplative-s monastruli pativis-

cemisadmi principuli Teologiuri kritika, iseve

rogorc uari nebismieri orsafexurovani eTikis

misamarTiT, rac arasasuliero pirTa mimarT sam-

RvdeloTa fenis privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi

yofniT gamoixateba, pirvelad luTeris mier iqna

formulirebuli. pirvelad swored vitenbergul

reformaciaSi SemuSavda qristeanis saero profe-

sia, rogorc misi (qristeanis) WeSmariti RvTismsax-

urebis srulyofili paradigma, romlis arsic vita active-s, Sesabamisad wuTisoflis qmediTi gardaqm-

nis gardauvali saWiroebis danaxvis mowodebasa

da mis SecnobaSi mdgomareobda. romaul-kaToli-

kuri tradiciisTvis, amis sapirispirod rCeboda

elementaruli, pirveladi daZabuloba erTi mxriv

wuTisoflisgan monastruli distancirebis speci-

fikuri pativiscemis da sasuliero pirTa sruly-

ofili cxovrebis warmarTvasa da meore mxriv ar-

asrulyofilad miCneul arasasuliero pirTa vita christiana-s Soris.

Zveli korporaciul-feodaluri sazogadoebis

eroziasa da Tanamedrove samoqalaqo sazogadoeb-

is epoqalur formirebaze, me-19 saukunis adreul

wlebSi, kaTolike inteleqtualebma farTo so-

165

cialuri Teoriis CamoyalibebiT moaxdines erT-

gvari reagireba, rac bevri gansxvavebis miuxe-

davad calkeul SemTxvevebSi emsaxureboda maT

interesebs, romlebic Zveli korporatiuli kav-

Sirebidan gamocalkevebul, <<atomisturad>> da-

nawevrebuli individebis xelaxal eqspropria-

cias axdenda. axlad aRmocenebuli industriuli

proletariatis gaRatakeba, maTi pauperizacia

korporaciaTa(firmebis) restituciiT an axali

asociaciebis Seqmnis gziT unda daZleuliyo, rom-

lebSic Tavisuflad darCenili adamianebi kvlav

<<srulad>> SekavSirdebodnen. kaTolikuri so-

cialuri filosofiis gavlenianma warmomadgen-

lebma adam miulerma da franc fon baaderma,

adam smitiT gansazRvruli (da formirebuli)

germanuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis intensi-

uri kritikiT Camoayalibes <<korporatiul-kon-

servatiuli xasiaTis antiliberaluri, organuli

sazogadoebrivi moZRvreba>>(Langer 1998, 50), ramac liberalur-kapitalistur konkurenciaze damyare-

buli ekonomikisa da komunitarianuli ekonomi-

kuri formis miznis dadgena-gansazRvraSi Rrma

gavlena iqonia damoukidebeli, TviTmyofadi kaTo-

likuri socialuri moZRvrebis warmoSobasa da

mis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. kapitalizmis ganxor-

cieleba, rogoradac mis detalur Cvenebas Seecada

miuleri, axdens cxovrebis yvela sferos tenden-

ciur komercializacias, safrTxes uqmnis adami-

anebs Soris yvela urTierTobis ganxorcielebas,

xleCs sazogadoebas antagonisturad ganwyobil,

erTmaneTTan mebrZol klasebad, anadgurebs Seury-

vnel zneobas, iseve rogorc - sazogadoebis in-

stituciebs da emuqreba saxelmwifos, dakavdes mx-

olod industriis (mrewvelobis) funqciiT. Tavis

<<seriozul, mZime omSi (saxelmwifo)ekonomikuri

166

anglomanebis winaaRmdeg>>[5] ( Müller, Brief an Friedrich von Gentz vom 22 Februar 1810, in: Baxa 1966, 527f.) adam miuleri ganmartavda, rom adam smitma <<mTeli

saxelmwifo gadasca industrias>>, <<radgan is

yvela saqmianobas profesiad, yvela gaweul sam-

saxurs ki daqiravebul Sromad gardaqmnis, rad-

gan is sazogadoebis mxolod erT formas scnobs,

kerZod - bazars>>. sazogadoebis Tanamedrove

dayofa saxelmwifod da sazogadoebad, romelic

miulers axali droebis umTavres borotebad mi-

aCnia, surda organologiurad nafiqri korpora-

tiul-profesiuli sazogadoebiT daeZlia, romel-

Sic yvela institucia eklesiis CaTvliT erT

sxeuls warmoadgens. fulis abstraqtuli hegemo-

niisa da yvela sazogadoerbiv urTierTobaTa mon-

etarizaciis sapirispirod, man wamoayena xalxis

sxeulis(Volkskörper) yvela nawils(wevrs) Soris

mWodro daZmuri kavSiris idea, rasac eklesiis uni-

versalobis pirispir, yovelTvis aseve elementa-

ruli sulieri erTobiT unda moecva sxva da sxva

sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi. is gamo-

dioda Tavisufali vaWrobis winaaRmdeg. sakuTari

socialur-romantikuli Zmobis paTosiT SeZles

miulerma da sxva kaTolike adreulma konserva-

torebma socialur da gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur-

eTikuri saxis debatebi kaTolicizmSi mudmivad,

maT Soris Cvens TanamedroveobaSic rom yofil-

iyo warmodgenili. maT miaCndaT, rom kaTolikur

eklesias Seswevda Zala misi Sesaqmes Teologiuri,

Sesabamisad bunebriv-samarTlebrivi Sexedulebis

safuZvelze wuTisoflis(samyaros) qmnili sinam-

dvilis ZiriTad struqturaSi burJuaziul-lib-

eraluri konkurenciul kapitalizmsa(Sesabamisad

<<individualizmsa>>) da proletariul

socializms(Sesabamisad <<koleqtivizms>>) Soris

167

eCvenebinaT sakuTari anu alternatiuli mesame

gza. xolo amis Semdeg, kaTolike social-eTikos-

Ta SromebSi <<eklesiis socialuri moZRvreba>>

didi xnis manZilze liberalizmsa da socializms

Soris avtonomiuri mesame gzis saxiT xasiaTde-

boda da aseve politikuri kaTolicizmis partie-

bi germaniaSi cdilobdnen sakuTari socialur-

politikur koncefciaTa centris profilirebas

Tanabari manZiliT(ekvidistanciiT) rogorc lib-

eralebTan ise socialistebTan mimarTebiT, 1987

wels gamocxadebul enciklikaSi <<Sollicitudo rei so-cialis>> vatikanma rogorc Seusabamo da usargeblo,

uaryo <<mesame gzis>> metaforika, raTa amiT kaTo-

likuri socialuri principebis gansakuTrebulo-

bis demonstrireba moexdina. enciklikis - <<Popu-lorum progressio>>-s meoce wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT

iqna aq ganmartebuli : eklesiis socialuri moZ-

Rvreba ar aris <<mesame gza>> liberalur kapi-

talizmsa da marqsistul koleqtivizms Soris da

aseve, - nakleb radikaluri gadawyvetebis SesaZlo

alternativa: is ufro metad TviTmyofadia. is

aseve ar aris ideologia, aramed is aris sazoga-

doebasa da saerTaSoriso doneze, adamianuri eg-

zistenciis kompleqsuri realobis Sesaxeb gulm-

odgine refleqsiis Sedegebis zusti formulireba,

rwmenisa da eklesiur tradiciaTa TvalsazrisiT.

Tumca me-19 da me-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis

mTlianobaSi SeiZleba dadgindes, rom kaTolike

social-eTikosTa didi umravlesoba liberalur

ekonomikasa da misi socialisturi kritikis miRma

swored specifikurad kaTolikur da masSi mesame

gzas eZebda.

kaTolcizmis wiaRSi arsebuli mravalmxrivi

winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, vatikanma warmoadgina

bazris moderatuli aRiareba da socialur-in-

168

stitucionaluri dasazRvruloba. gasuli sauku-

nis pirvel naxevarSi, kerZod, 1931 wels gamoce-

mul enciklikaSi <<Quadrogesimo anno>>, vatikanma

aRiara kerZo sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze,

iseve rogorc sawarmoo konkurenciuli ekonomi-

ka, rogorc ekonomikuri progresis piroba. Tumca

aseve uaryo liberaluri Sexeduleba imis Tao-

baze, rom sabazro ekonomika sakuTar socialur-

regulatorul principebs Tavad atarebs. <<ram-

denadac mcirea SesaZlebloba klasTa Soris

dapirispirebulobis safuZvelze humanur sazoga-

doebaTa erTobis dafuZnebisa, imdenadve mcired

SeuZlia Tavisufali konkurenciis miReba ekono-

mikis samarTlian wesrigs>>(Quadragesimo anno, Nr. 88). magram am postulirebuli wesrigis(sistemis)

daxasiaTebisas enciklika rCeba erTgvarad bundo-

vani. kapitalizmis detalur kritikas upirispird-

eba moTxovnili CarCo-wesrigis(sistemis) mxolod

mokle ganusazRvreli(gaurkveveli) aRwera. ekono-

mikis postkapitalisturi idealuri wesrigi <<so-

cialuri samarTlianobiTa da socialuri siyvaru-

liT>> unda iqnas gansazRvruli(Quadragesimo anno, Nr. 88). <<pirovnuli Rirsebis>> sakuTrebis

uflebasTan principuli SekavSirebis miuxedavad,

moTxovnil iqna sakuTrebis deprivatizacia, Sesa-

bamisad, misi gankerZoeba, sadac kerZomesakuTreTa

xelSi koncentrirebuli, sakuTrebasTan <<gada-

jaWvuli zeWarbi Zalaufleba>> <<sazoadoebri-

vi sikeTis safrTxis gareSe>> gadacemas gaxdida

SeuZlebels. amave dros, eklesiis mxridan kapital-

izmis kritika, marqsistuli mSromelTa moZraobis

antikapitalizmisgan radikalurad iqna gamijnu-

li. institucionalur-Teoriulad socialurTan

dakavSirebuli Tavisuflebis kaTolikuri gza

e.w. <<ordines>-Si, Sesabamisad profesiebSi poulobs

169

konkretizacias. yvela socialuri reformis mi-

zani unda iyos profesiuli da sawarmoo(samuSao

Zalis) sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, romelSic moR-

vawe TiToeuli adamiani Tavis profesiaSi(ordo)

gaacnobierebs saerTo sikeTisadmi sakuTar val-

debulebas yvelas mimarT. es koncepti asaxavs

oficialuri socialuri moZRvrebis intimur siax-

loves savaraudod mTel saSualo klasTan.

am epoqis ekonomikur-eTikuri diskusia kaToli-

cizmSi mTlianad problematuri tendenciiT xa-

siaTdeba: <<socialuri mSvidobisa>> da <<soli-

daruli ganawilebis>> interesis gaTvaliswinebiT,

socialuri saxelmwifo unda gansazRvruliyo ro-

gorc amave CarC-wesrigis subieqti, romelsac unda

moexdina bazris dinamiuri Zalebis SezRudva da

maTi kanalizireba.

mxolod ramodenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg, io-

ane XXIII-is mier namcneb enciklikaSi <<Master et Magistra>> pirvelad moxda, rodesac relatiurad

statiuri, wesrigis mafiqsirebeli suraTi sazoga-

doebisa, Seicvala sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dam-

akmayofilebeli aRwerilobiT. aseve, vatikanis II

konciliumma Tavis pastoralur konstituciaSi

<<Gaudium et spes>>, sazogadoebis <<wesrigis>> mem-kvidreobiT miRebuli cneba <<sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebiT>> Caancvla, rogorc ki ekonomikur zr-

daSi socialuri progresis gadamwyveti piroba

SeniSna. aRniSnulma konciliumma aCvena garkveu-

li sirTuleebi gansakuTrebuli racionaluro-

biT, Sesabamisad sakuTari logikiT gansazRvruli

subsistemebis konstruqciuli aRqmis Tvalsaz-

risiT, rac ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoe-

brivi ganviTarebis, e.i. aCqarebuli socialuri

diferencirebisa da calkeuli pirovnebis mzardi

avtonomizaciis tendenciebs: <<ekonomika>> aRwer-

170

il iqna rogorc Taviseburi saxeobis <<kulturis

sagnobrivi sfero>>, romelic, wminda ekonomikuri

perspeqtiviT, rogorc warmoebisa da mogebis Seqm-

nis adgili arasakmarisad daxasiaTda. ekonomika

unda emsaxurebodes <<yvela adamians>> da ro-

gorc TiToeuli sxva <<kulturis sfero>>, unda

emorCilebodes zneobriv kanons. es ufro metad

tradicionalisturi aRwera Seesabameba mas, rom

sawarmo kvlav ganisazRvra rogorc <<pirovnebeb-

is kavSiri>>, romelSic TiToeul monawiles aqvs

ufleba, miaRwios sakuTari unarebisa da faseu-

lobebis ganviTarebas.

pirveli socialuri enciklikis <<Renum No-varum>>(1891) saiubileo asi wlisTavze gamoce-

mul axal socialur enciklikaSi <<Centesimus An-nus>>(1991) socialisturi gegmiuri ekonomikebis

kraxis fonze moxda axali ekonomikur-politi-

kuri da ekonomikur-eTikuri gamowvevebis Tema-

tizireba. aq <<Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika>>

Sefasebul iqna rogorc adamianur saWiroebaTa

dakmayofilebis aqamde yvelaze efeqturi siste-

ma. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom is arsebuli

ekonomikuri wesrigis sakmaod mkacri SefasebiTac

gamoirCeva: <<dasavleTis keTildReobis mqone sa-

zogadoebebi xels uwyoben cxovrebis yalbi sti-

lis damkvidrebas, rac hedonizmiT, konsumizmiTa

da aseve mraval yalb saWiroebaTa zedapiruli

dakmayofilebiT xasiaTdeba. amitom <<sazoga-

doebis ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis

uzrunvelsayofad>> saWiroa, rom sazogadoebrivi

ZalebiTa <<da Sesabamisi formiT saxelmwifosgan

iqnas bazari gakontrolebuli>>(Centesimus annus, Nr. 35,2).

1998 wels, msoflio mSvidobis dRes, papi ioane

pavle II gamovida sayovelTao mowodebiT - <<glo-

171

balizacia solidarobaSi, globalizacia gami-

jvnis gareSe>>. ramdenadac saxalxo ekonomikaTa

globaluri qveynebSorisi konkurenciis epoqaSi

nacionaluri saxelmwifo, rogorc bonum commun-is institucionaluri reprezentatori ver Sedga,

amjerad pontifikusi iZulebuli Seiqmna, rom day-

rdnoboda saerTaSoriso organizaciebis politi-

kur Zalas, romlebsac bazarSi CareviT xeli unda

SeewyoT <<saerTo sikeTisTvis>> da Sesabamisad,

xeli unda SeeSalaT sustebis Semdgomi margin-

alizaciisTvis. <<imisaTvis, rom globalizaciis

gzaze miRweul iqnes samarTliani sazogadoeba da

stabiluri mSvidoba samyaroSi, saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciebis gadaudebel valdebulebas warmoad-

gens sakuTari wvlilis Setana pasuxismgeblobis

cnobierebis amaRlebis saqmeSi saerTo sikeTisT-

vis ... globalizacia dakavSirebuli unda iyos

solidarobasTan. amitom, unda moxdes gansakuTre-

buli resursebis winanswar gamoZebna im qveynebis

dasaxmareblad, romelTac sakuTari ZalebiT ar

SeuZliaT adaptirdnen msoflio bazarTan, da rom

maT unda mieceT SesaZlebloba sakuTari, dRevan-

deli araxelsayreli mdgomareobis dasaZlevad

... WeSmarit <<erTa ojaxidan>> aravin unda iq-

nas gamoricxuli>>...(ioane pavle II., citirebulia:

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Nr.1., 2 ianvari, 1995). unda aRiniSnos Semdegi garemoeba: <<WeSmari-

tad solidaruli sazogadoebis>> vizioni <<Se-

ZlebulTadmi>> rekomendirebuli <<ganawileb-

is mzaobiTa>> da <<martivi cxovrebis wesiT>>

unda realizirdes. (zogadsakacobrio) saerTo

sikeTis cneba ki safrTxes uqmnis bazris monawi-

leTa konkurenciul interesTa legitimur mrav-

algvarobas, rac bazris antagonisturi ZiriTadi

struqturis sibrtyeze, maRali urTierTsapirisp-

172

iro survilebisa da moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT

bazris umetes aqtiorTa mxridan arasasurvelad

aRiqmeba. <<RvTis qmnili sikeTis samarTliani

ganawilebis>> formula imdenadve bundovanad

rCeba, ramdenadac transnacionaluri institucieb-

is struqtura, romelTac didwilad SezRudes

erovnuli saxelwifoebis ufleba saerTo sikeTis

ganawilebis politikuri realizebis Tvalsaz-

risiT. aqedan gamomdinare, me-20 saukunis miwuruls

kaTolicizmSi jer kidev rCeba analitikuri defi-

citi Tavisufali bazrebis ganviTarebis dinamikis

aRqmaSi da eklesiuri sociluri moZRvrebis Sina-

gani winaaRmdegoba - globalizaciis krizisebis

Secnobis kuTxiT. rogorc Cans, nacionalur sax-

elmwifoTa mniSvnelobis mzardi dakargvis Sesax-

eb arsebuli Tezis empiriuli kritika kaToli-

kuri eklesiis sazogadoebiv sityvaSi, amdroisTvis

jer kidev ar aris cxadad gacnobierebuli saxiT

warmodgenili. institucinalistebis gavleniT

eklesia darwmunebulia masSi, rom gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciasa da sxva transnacionalur

organizaciebsa Tu instituciebs SeuZliaT poli-

tikuri marTvis instrumentebis Seqmna, romlebsac

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi umniSvnelovanesi

wevri qveynebis (rogoric aris mag., a.S.S. da Ci-

neTi) winaaRmdeg aamoqmedeben da rom, maT aseve

ekonomikuri procesebis aCqarebuli dinamikis

mSvidobismyofeli (socialurad Tavsebadi/mis-

aRebi) SezRudva da kanalizireba ZaluZT. kaTo-

likuri eklesia iTxovs mTeli msoflios masSta-

biT Zlier instituciaTa struqturas, Tumca maT

politikur legitimaciasa da socialur-politi-

kur intervenciaTa kompetenciebs tovebs gaurkvev-

lad. kerZo sameurno interseTa daubrkolebeli

dominantoba msoflio doneze da aqedan miRebuli

173

calkeuli saxelmwifos politikur moqmedebaTa

saTamaSo sivrcis SezRudva ekonomikuri da so-

cialuri moqmedebebisTvis aCens sayovelTao sav-

aldebulo erTiani CarCo-wesrigis Seqmnis saSur

da gadaudebel saWiroebas.

ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis manZilze adgili

aqvs kaTolikuri socialuri eTikisa da liber-

aluri ekonomikis paradigmaTa urTierTdaaxloe-

bas, raSic ganuzomlad didi wvlili kaTolike

social-eTikosebs aqvT Setanili. kerZod, Tviso-

brivi dapirispirebulobis miuxedavad, maT dasaS-

vebad scnes am or paradigmul mocemulobas Soris

SesaZlo urTierTTavsebadoba, rac Semdegnairad

aixsneba: uaxlesi liberaluri ekonomikis me-

Todologouri individualizmis diferencirebul,

maSasadame, aseve kritikul recefcias SeuZlia

Cadges eklesiuri socialuri moZRvrebis samsax-

urSi im kuTxiT, rom misi(e.i. eklesiis) namemkvidra-

li iseTi normatiuli principebi, rogoric aris

samarTlianoba, saerTo sikeTe, subsidiaruloba

da pirovnebis Rirseba racionalurad rekonstru-

irebad da ekonomikurad misaReb (plausiblur)

formaSi gamosaxos. amgvarad warmoebuli/mimdin-

are eklesiuri socialuri eTikis kategoriuli

transformacia aZlierebs saeklesio instituciis

Sansebs, rom zeTisxilis mTaze naqadagebma Zmobis

eTosma samarTlianobis Semdegi postulatebiT

mZlavri gavlena iqonios globalizaciis aqtu-

alur debatebsa da msoflio sabazro procesebis

transnacionaluri normatiuli bazis Camoyalibe-

baze.

literatura

1. J. A. von Ickstatt, Wohlstand der Länder (Taschenbu-ch), Vero Verlag, 2016 [Untersuchung der Frage: Warum ist der

174

Wohlstand der protestantischen Länder sogar viel grösser als der catholischen ?, Salzburg und Freisingen, 1772, 7f].

2. F. W. Graf., Kulturbedeutung des Protestantismus., The-ologische Realenzyklopädie 27, Berlin, 1997

3. W. Korff, Thomas von Aquin und die Neuzeit., Beck-mann, J. P. u.a. (Hrsg.): Philosophie des Mittelalters. Entwick-lungslinien und Paradigmen., Hamburg, 1987; W. Korff, Christli-cher Glaube als Quelle konkreter Moral., Honnefelder, L (Hrsg.): Sittliche Lebensform und praktische Vernunft, Paderborn u.a., 1993

4. W. Sombart, Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-sys-tematische Darstellung gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, Band 1-3, München (Er-stveröffentlichung Leipzig 1902, 378ff).

5. J. Baxa (Hrsg.), Adam Müllers Lebenszeugnisse, Band 1, München-Paderbon-Wien, 1966

175

5.2.3 protestantizmi

kulturologiis umTavres Temebs Soris sapatio

adgils ikavebs protestantizmis mniSvnelobis sak-

iTxi, rac Tanamedrove dasavluri(oqcidentaluri)

sawarmoo kapitalizmis aRmocenebasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom dRem-

de arsebuli, kontroversulad ganxiluli klasi-

kuri pasuxebi aRniSnul fenomenTan mimarTebiT

didwilad gacemul iqna meoce saukunis dasaw-

yisidan. verner sombartma moaxdina Zalzed Zve-

li argumentaciis nimuSis reformulireba da

aRorZinebis(renesansis) epoqis vaWarTa klasis ax-

ali maTematikis gverdiT <<ebrauli sulis>>, ro-

gorc am asketur ekonomikur xedvaTa gadamwyveti

wyaros identificireba, romlebic kapitalizmis

aRmocenebisa da ganxorcielebis pirobad iqna da-

naxuli[1]. Tavis saqveynod cnobil TxzulebaSi

<<protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli>>

(1904/05), maqs veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda/upirispird-

eboda sxva, inovaciur-genetikur konstruqcias.

luTeranobasa da kalvinizms Soris eTikuri gan-

sxvavebis Sesaxeb me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi karl

bernhard hundeshagenisa da maTias Snekenbergeris

mier dawerili Studiebis kvaldakval, maqs veberma

ganaviTara orive mTavari protestantuli koncef-

ciis ekonomikuri eTikis diferencirebuli xedva.

qristeanis <<amqveyniuri mowodebis>> martin lu-

Teris konceptis dawvrilebiT analizSi man daas-

abuTa, rom vitenbergulma reformaciam kaToli-

kur-Suasaukunoebriv gadmocemebTan(tradiciebTn)

SedarebiT moaxdina adamianuri Sromis gadafase-

ba da xelaxla, misi uaRresad maRali da Tan-

mimdevruli Teologiuri Sefaseba mogvca. maSin

rodesac kaTolicizmis moZRvrebis RvTaebriv

176

mowodebas(vocation) wuTisoflisgan distancire-

ba da rwmeniT ganrideba warmoadgenda, luTerma

wamoayena religiurad saTno da RvTivmosawo-

ni wuTisoflis qmediTi gaTaviseba-dauflebisa

da misi Semdgomi gardaqmnis revoluciuri idea,

rac TiToeuli morwmunis mxridan religiuri

energiebis(Zalebis) amqveyniuri saqmianobisken

mimarTvaSi mdgomareobda da rac saboloo jamSi

maTTvis iqneboda jildos momtani.

luTeriseuli es <<wuTisofliuri

RvTismosaoba>>(goeTe) Seicavda morwmuneTa Zli-

er, individze mimarTul TviTaRqmas da xels uwyo-

bda aqtiur, warmatebaze orientirebuli cxovrebis

wesis damkvidrebas. es gaxldaT veberis Tvals-

azrisi, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi im rigiduli,

asketuri disciplinirebis wyaro, romelsac is ka-

pitalizmis xelSemwyobi habitusis gadamwyvet men-

talur mizezad miiCnevda. piriqiT, Tanmimdevruli

<<Sida wuTisofliuri asketizmi>> Tavdapirve-

lad mxolod kalvinis mier Camoyalibebuli re-

formirebuli protestantizmisa da gansakuTrebiT

puritanizmis swavlebas warmoadgenda. gasaocar

da momxibvlel argumentaciaSi veberi cdilobda

puritanuli RvTismosaobis literaturis saSu-

alebiT eCvenebina, rom ormagi predestinaciis

moZRvrebidan gamomdinare, reformirebul RvTis-

mosavTa elementaruli arasaimedooba sakuTari

mowyale mdgomareobis Sesaxeb xels uwyobda

mkacrad asketuri, survilTa(instiqti/impulsi) ma-

kontrolebeli da kapitalis akumulaciaze mima-

rTuli habitusis gansakuTrebiT Zlier fsiqikur

stimulebs. radgan ekonomikuri warmateba iTvle-

boda RvTiTgamorCeulobis gansakuTrebul niS-

nad, puritan morwmuneTa yvela religiuri energia

mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom fufunebiTi moxmare-

177

bisa da am wuTisoflis siameTa miRebis nacvlad,

gamomuSavebuli kapitali ganaxlebuli, gazrdili

kapitalis akumulaciisken miemarTaT.

ukve Tanamedrove diskusiebSi gaxda sakamaTo

empiriuli sarwmunooba aseve ernst troelCis

mier warmodgenili Tezisa, genetikuri urTierT-

kavSiris Sesaxeb, SidawuTisofliur protestan-

tul asketizmsa da <<protestantizmis suls>>

Soris. aseve veberis kritikosebis mier moxda misi

argumentaciis xuT centralur winapirobad day-

ofa:

a) dasavluri(oqcidentaluri) sawarmoo ka-

pitalizmi Tavis sawyis fazaSi imyofeba Cveul,

Sesabamisad mentalur pirobebze damokidebul

mdgomareobaSi; is gulisxmobs aqtiuri adamianis

tips, romelic muyaiTi SromisunarianobiT, sur-

vilTa daTmeniTa da asketizmiT, riskis mzaobiTa

da optimizaciis unarianobiT, e.i. ekonomikuri San-

sebis racionaluri kalkulaciiT, Sesabamisad an-

gariSianobiT gamoirCeva.

b) qristeanis miwieri profesiis Sesaxeb arsebu-

li reformatoruli moZRvreba dasuli iqna amqvey-

niuri saqmianobis mniSvnelovan gadafasebaze da mem-

kvidreobiT miRebuli/gadacemuli(tradirebuli)

eklesiuri siRatakis idealis sapirispirod war-

moadgens sakuTari SromiT miRweuli keTildReo-

bis eTikurad pozitiuri kvalificirebis SesaZle-

blobas.

g) protestantebisTvis profanobam, amqveyniuro-

bam religiuri TvalsazrisiT SeiZina SromiTi xa-

siaTi. ase rom moxda religiuri energiebis upi-

ratesad wuTisoflis formirebaze mimarTva.

d) reformatorulma libertas christiana, namemkvidra-li qristeanuli normebis Tanamedrove samo-

qalaqo normebTan mWidro SeerTebiT Sva Sromis

178

eTosi(profesiuli eTika); SesaZlebeli gaxda

samoqalaqo avtonomiis protestantuli tradice-

bidan legitimacia da pirovnulobisTvis specifi-

kurad samoqalaqo mimarTulebis imgvar siqveleTa

konkretika, rogoric aris damoukidebloba, TviT-

disciplina, obieqturoba, sibejiTe, aRmavlobaze

orientireba da ganaTleba.

e) aRniSnuli faqtorebis safuZvelze protes-

tantul samyaroebsa(romlebSic xdeba SidawuTi-

sofliuri asketizmis gadacema) da adreul

dasavlur(oqcidentalur) sawarmoo kapitalizms

Soris arsebobs <<istoriuli arCeviTi naTesao-

ba>>.

aRniSvnis Rirsia Semdegi faqti: Tavad veberi-

sa da troelCis kritikosebic ki ar uaryofdnen,

rom evropis mravali kaTolikuri mxridanac ki

mewarmeebi upiratesad Tu mniSvnelovnad xSir-

ad protestantuli wiaRidan(wridan) iyven. aseTi

mZlavri protestantuli dominantoba <<mewarmis

pirovnulobis>> ganaTlebasa da rekrutirebaSi

gamokvleul iqna upirvelesad frangTa, iseve ro-

gorc kolnis, qvemo rainis, ruris auzisa da ba-

variis, gansakuTrebiT ki frankebisa da bavarieli

Svabebis(augsburgi) magaliTze arsebul gviandel

kvlevebSi[2].

troelCisa da veberis argumentaciebi ikvebe-

bodnen luTeranebsa da kalvinistebs Soris arse-

bul Sida protestantul-konfesiur gansxvavebaTa

dramatizirebiT. isini luTeranobaSi xedavdnen

protestantizmis jer kidev kaTolikur for-

mas, romelSic morwmuneT SemorCenili hqondaT

<<asketizmis mkacri skola>> da wuTisoflis

mistiuri datevebis gza - xsnili. Tavdapirvelad

puritanul seqtebSi moxda am umkacresi TviT-

179

disciplinirebis habitusis Camoyalibeba, ramac

gamovlineba adrekapitalisturi drois mewarmis

rogorc gabedul, ise pasuximgeblobis SegnebiT

moqmedebaSi hpova Tanabrad. mxolod reformire-

bul protestantul formebSi, gansakuTrebiT

a.S.S.-Si, bazarze warmatebiT moRvawe damoukidebe-

li mewarme iqna warmatebuli qristeanis modelis

rangSi amaRlebuli.

germanul da skandinaviur luTeranobaSi eTi-

kuri interesi upiratesad iyo mimarTuli poli-

tikur sazogadoebaze da naklebad - calkeul

pirovnebaze, rogorc ekonomikur aqtiorze. Tavad

martin luTerma warmoadgina tradicionaluri

ekonomikuri gageba, kanonikuri procentis akr-

Zalvis mxardaWeriTa da upiratesad ekonomikis

agrarul da xelosnur formaTa mfarvelobiT.

adrekapitalisturi drois bankirebs, mewarmeT da

wvril vaWrebs maTive saqmianobiT ganixilavda

uaryofiTad da axasiaTebda rogorc sixarbis/an-

garebis da moyvasis siyvarulis mcnebis bibli-

urad akrZaluli relativirebis(fardobiTobis)

warmomadgenlebad. maSin rodesac is upovari

moyvasis mimarT usazRvro sikeTes, cxovrebis

warmarTvaSi ubraloebas, yvela saxis moxmarebi-

sas TavSekavebas, SeZenis SezRudvasa da SedarebiT

martiv cxovrebis elmentarul saWiroebaTa dak-

mayofielebis formebs moiTxovda, misTvis ucnobi

iyo adreklasobrivi renesansis msxvili(sabiTumo)

vaWrobis samyaro da upirobo, usazRvro SeZenis

habitusi. luTeri politikur xelisuflebas da-

bejiTebiT mouwodebda, rom sazogadoebrivi mSvi-

dobisa da <<ubralo kacis>> gulisTvis adreka-

pitalisturi mewarmis warmoebisa da gasaRebis

miswrafeba SeezRuda. es ekonomikuri tradicion-

alizmi Zalzed Zlier gansazRvravda aseve Zveli

180

luTeranuli orTodoqsiis TeologTa bunebriv-

samarTlebrivad koncipirebul monaxazs, romlis

ganyenebuloba/abstraqtuloba Zlier xasiaTde-

boda aristoteluri tradiciis melanqtonis re-

cefciiT. Zvelma luTeranma Teologebma daapro-

eqtes erTobasa da kavSirze orientirebuli e.w.

sami donis eTika da politikur xelisuflebaSi

xedavdnen saerTo sikeTis RvTivboZebul garan-

tias yvelasTvis. gviandeli me-18 da adreuli me-19

saukuneebis ormagi politikuri da ekonomikuri

revoluciis Semdeg luTeranma eTikosebma Seadg-

ines upiratesi socialuri saxelmwifos Teoria da

uaryves liberaluri konkurenciuli kapitalizmi

mravalmxriv varirebuli argumentiT, rom Tavisu-

fali bazari SeiZleboda mxolod egocentruli

codvis brZolis adgili yofiliyo, romelic yalb

dasavlur, wmindad formalur da individualis-

turad Cafiqrebul Tavisuflebis gagebas damor-

Cileboda.

germanuli luTeranuli socialuri eTika, misi

sawyisi periodidan adreul me-19 saukuneSi Zlier

xasiaTdeboda social-paternalisturi antikapi-

talizmiT, romelic moralur motivebsa da argu-

mentirebul ZiriTad nimuSebSi avlenda mravalg-

var struqturul afinitets romaul-kaTolikur

socialur moZRvrebasTan. Tumca ekonomikur mec-

nierebaSi warmoebuli aqtualuri, globalizacia-

sTan dakavSirebuli debatebis gaTvaliswinebiT

erTi mniSvnelovani gansaxvaveba uTuod imsax-

urebs yuradRebas. protestantuli socialuri

eTika xSirad moklebuli iyo Zlier Teologiur,

bunebriv-samarTlebriv fundamentsa da gamomsax-

velobiT dasabuTebas. magram, miuxedavad amisa,

romaul-kaTolikuri socialuri moZRvrebisgan

gansxvavebiT man SeZlo aSkara, mWidro kavSirebis

181

damyareba pozitiur kulturologiebTan da Tan-

amedrove nacionalur ekonomiasTan. ukve kameral-

izmisa da merkantelizmis epoqaSi ekonomikuri Te-

oriis formireba upiratesad protestantebis mier

ganxorcielda. ekonomikuri Teoriis formirebis

protestantuli kvali da gavlena protestant Te-

ologebs uadvilebda mravalmxrivi, dialogisTvis

saWiro kontaqtebis damyarebas im drois wamyvan

ekonomistebTan. msgavsi intensiuri urTierTobebi

ukve arsebobda fridrix d.e. Slaiermaxersa da

nacionaluri ekonomiis Sotlandiel klasikoss

adam smits Soris. garda amisa, liberaluri kul-

turuli protestantizmis mrvali Teologi ecno-

boda germaneli liberali ekonomistebis Srome-

bs. saxelganTqmulma luTeranma social-eTikosma

aleqsander fon oetingenma, romelmac 1868 wels

daamkvidra <<socialuri eTikis>> cneba, martin

fon naTuziusma da rainhold zeebergma luTe-

ran ekonomistebTan, vilhelm roSerTan da karl

knisTan Zalze mWidro urTierTobiT, Camoayalibes

da ganaviTares social-konservatiuli wesrigis

konceftebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv cdilobdnen

Teolog eTikosebTan kontaqtiT SeeZinaT eTi-

kuri saazrovno formebi nacionaluri ekonomiis

<<istoriul-eTikuri>> dasabuTebisTvis. swored

am interdisciplinaruli ZiriTadi orientiris

safuZvelze protestantul eTikas ufro metad

gaaCnda Zlieri, realisturi ZiriTadi (damaxasi-

aTebeli) niSan-Tviseba, vidre romaul-kaTolikur

socialur moZRvrebas. vita activa, Seabamisad qris-teanis miwieri profesia religiurad yovelTvis

ufro didad fasdeboda, vidre vita contemplative. luTeran Teologebs didi wvlili aqvT Setani-

li germanuli socialuri saxelmwifosa da mogvi-

anebiT, socialuri sabazro ekonomikis daarsebasa

182

da mis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. Tavisi substanciuri,

komunitaruli Tavisuflebis gagebis safuZvelze

dayrdnobiT maT moaxdines calkeuli pirovnebis

Tavisufali ekonomikuri moRvaweobis sazRvrebis

mkveTri formulireba. Tumca rasakvirvelia maT

SeeZloT, rom mxolod RmerTTan kavSirSi da sa-

kuTar sindisTan avtonomiurad myofi pirovnebis

protestantuli ideali(nimuSi) momavlis mflo-

beli burJuaziuli mewarmis tipiT daekonkrete-

binaT. magram, me-19 da me-20 saukunis luTeranma

eTikosebma dasazRvres mewarmis samoqmedo sivrce,

maSin rodesac maT mravalgvari <<socialuri

valdebuleba>> sakuTari ojaxis, firmis mesa-

kuTreTa Tu koleqtivis mimarT ZalaSi myofad

aqcies da gaxades savldebulod Sesasrulebeli.

mudmivad hqonda adgili burJuaziul-liberalur

kulturul faseulobaTa social-konservati-

ul faseulobebTan relativerebas. luTeranebis

ekonomikuri ideali upiratesad iyo ara kapital-

isti mewarme, aramed - amxanagobaSi gaerTianebuli

wvrili vaWari. amis naTelsayofad Zalzed niSan-

dobliv nimuSs warmoadgens aseve me-20 saukunis

ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli kritika birJebis, saaqcio

sazogadoebebisa da spekulaciuri(savaWro) firme-

bis misamarTiT, iseve rogorc polemika e.w. <<fu-

lis momWrelTan>>(Couponschneider) dakavSirebiT.

Tumca saukunis mijnaze (axali aswleulis dasaw-

yisi) calkeul social-liberal TeologTan da

aseve evangelur-socialur kongresTan arsebobda

<<Tanamedrove industrializmis>> konstruqci-

uli Sefasebisa da ekonomikis funqcionirebis

maneris (principuli aRiarebis pirobiT) social-

uri reformis konstruirebis mcdeloba. magram,

mZlavri antikapitalisturi Sidaeklesiuri dis-

kusiisTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda Tavisufali

183

saeklesio-sazogadoebrivi konferencia, kultu-

rul-protestantuli evangelur-socialuri kon-

gresis konservatiuli kontraqcia da protestant

social-konservatorta saerTo ekonomikuri kon-

cefciebi da <<qristeanuli socializmi>>. me-

20 saukunis 20-ani da 30-ani wlebis luTeranul

eklesiur protestantizmSi konkurenciuli ka-

pitalizmi iTvleboda rogorc <<dasavluri>>,

iseve rogorc Tanamedroveobis yvela ubedurebis

wyarod. Tumca sakuTar antiliberalur ZiriTad

orientaciasa da safrTxis qveS myofi TiToeli

pirovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi (elementaruli)

saerTo sikeTisa da kapitalizmis socialur-sax-

elmwifoebrivi moTvinierebis konceptis politi-

kuri realizebis saqmeSi <<konservatiuli kul-

turis luTeranebma>> umniSvnelovanesi wvlili

Seitanes. maTi struqturul-Tanamedrove anti-

modernuloba vlindeba swored masSi, rom isini

damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebuls Soris korporatiu-

lad institucionalizirebuli kompromisis germa-

niisTvis ZiriTadi modelis eTikur legitimacias

axdendnen da monawileobas iRebdnen socialuri

saxelmwifos instituciaTa wesrigis politikur

realizebasa da formirebaSi, romelic umweoT (sa-

zogadoebis gaWirvebul fenas) sTavazobda mrval-

gvar dacvasa Tu mxardaWeras. axali aRTqmiseuli

Zmobis eTosis ZiriTadi impulsebi im formiT iqna

aq miRebuli, rom [saTnoebasTan dakavSirebuli]

calkeul pirTa socialuri pretenziebi mxolod

[saTnoeba/siqvelis Sesaxeb] saxelmwifos mimarT

iqna wayenebuli. socialuri principebis Tanmim-

devruli institucionalizaciis aseve am poli-

tikaSi vlindeba konservatiuli kulturis lu-

TeranTa specifikuri siaxlisadmi kritikulobis

axali tendencia.

184

antikapitalisturi kulturis kritikis seman-

tika aseve gvxvdeba jer kidev 1945 wlis Semdgom

gamoTqmul mraval eklesiur mosazrebaSi. civi-

lizaciis kritikis debatebi safrTxisSemcveli

<<amerikanizaciis>> Sesaxeb ormocdaaTiani da

samociani wlebis protstantizmisTvis aCvenebs,

rom eklesiur funqcionalur elitaSi kvlavac

inergeboda Rrma undobloba Tanamedrove sabaz-

ro ekonomkis dinamikis mimarT. keinzianizmisa da

renesansis liberaluri Teoriis negatiuri Se-

degebis Sesaxeb warmoebul debatebSi, mravali

eklesiuri deklaraciis saxiT kvlavac gaismoda

mowodeba optimaluri CarCo-wesrigis Taobaze.

neoliberalur ekonomikaze argumentirebuli

msjelobis nacvlad isev adgili hqonda egoizmis,

mkacri konkurenciisa da konsumerizmis mxolod

Zveli moraluri uaryofis reinscenirebas axa-

li ekologiuri argumentebiT. SedarebiT gvian,

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi oficialu-

rad iqna gacxadebuli liberalur-saparlamento

demokratiisa da aseve <<socialuri sabazro

ekonomikis>>, rogorc eTikuri Tanapasuximgeblo-

bis wesrigis modelis eklesiis mxridan oficial-

uri aRiareba da miReba.

protestantizmis yovel suraTs ganekuTvneba

miniSneba mis did Sinagan mravalgvarobaze. swored

ekonomikur-eTikur perspeqtivaSi warmodgeba

protestantizmis saxeobebi rogorc pluraluri

struqtura, romlebic swrafi cvlilebebiTa da

mravalgvari Sinagani diferencirebiT aRiniSneba.

protestantizmi aris bevrad ufro meti da sxva,

vidre evangelisturi eklesia, da akademiur (mec-

nier) TeologTa ekonomikur-eTikuri konceptebi

Tu eklesiis memorandumebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar warmoadgens protestanti ekonomikuri biurg-

185

eris konfesiur-sfecifikuri Rirebulebebis ori-

entirebiT aRbeWdil habitussa Tu <<ekonomikur

stils>>. amitom Cndeba sxvagvarad protestan-

tizmsa da modernis kapitalizms Soris arsebuli

urTierTobebi socialur- Tu kulturul-istori-

ulad informirebul, vidre wmindad eklesiur-is-

toriul Tu Teologiur-istoriul perspeqtivaSi.

dasavleT evropul qveynebSi, pirvel rigSi ki did

britaneTsa da a.S.S.-Si Zlieri burJuazia kapital-

izmis legitimacias yovelTvis protestantuli

tradiciebidan axdenda. Tavis cnebiT safuZvlebsa

Tu eTikur dimensiebSi klasikuri liberaluri

ekonomika gaiazreba rogorc protestantuli

tradiciis memkvidre da axali warmomadgeneli.

Tanamedrove kapitalisti mewarmis tipisTvis iseTi

centarluri kulturis normebi da fsiqikuri ori-

entaciebi, rogoric aris mogebisaken ltolva, self interest-is gadamwyveti(gadaWriTi) aRqma, brZolis

mzaoba, angariSianoba da TviTdisciplina[3,gv.689],

gansakuTrebiT a.S.S.-Si eklesiis kaTedraze Sei-

Zleboda protestantul siqveleTa formaSi gar-

dasaxuliyo.

amis sapirispirod, luTeranul germaniaSi menta-

luri daSoreba eklesiuri protestantizmis war-

momadgenlebsa da burJuaziul elitas Soris iyo

aSkarad didi. magram, religiur-liberaluri sa-

ganmanaTleblo da kulturuli protestantizmis

formaSi ekonomikur-burJuaziuli da saganm-

anaTleblo-burJuaziuli funqcionaluri(moqmedi)

elitebi protestantuli tradiciebiT rCeboda

gamorCeuli. saganmanaTleblo protestantizms

is(ev.eklesia) miiCnevda rogorc qristeanobis

modernul, liberalur d burJuaziul formas, ma-

Sin rodesac kaTolicizms moZvelebul, feoda-

lur-wodebriv <<SuasaukuneebTan>> akavSirebda.

186

mravali biurgeri liberaluri ganmanaTleblo-

biT protestantizmSi xedavda qristeanul rwmen-

ebsa da individualuri pirovnulobis formirebis

harmoniul dakavSirebas. aq miiCneoda TviTga-

momrkvevi, principulobiT naxelmZRvanebi cxovre-

bis wesi, rogorc qristeanulad legitimuri. is

aseve yovelTvis moicavda Sromis eToss, romel-

Sic warmatebuli individebis piradi pasuxismge-

bloba dakavSirebuli iyo saerTo sikeTesTan da

socialur usafrTxoebasTan, iseve rogorc konk-

retuli pasuxismgebloba - moyvasTan.

istoriuli siaxlove kulturul protestan-

tizmsa da burJuazias Soris saWiroebs kultu-

rul normaTa ganmartebas, riTac isini jer aris-

tokratias, xolo mogvianebiT ki industriul

proletariats gaemijnen. biurgerebs surdaT, rom

gansakuTrebulad gamrje, disciplinirebuli ada-

mianebi yofiliyvnen. ara socialuri mdgomareoba,

warmomavloba an sqesi, aramed mxolod individ-

ualuri saqmianoba undo yofiliyo gadamwyveti

sakuTari adgilis dasakaveblad sazogadoeba-

Si. <<biurgerul, zeciur faseulobebs>>[4,gv.333]

ganekuTvneboda iseTi centraluri <<myari mna-

Tobebi>>, rogoric aris SromiTi aqtiuroba,

valdebulebaTa gacnobiereba da momWirneoba. war-

matebaze orientirebul cxovrebis wess ganekuT-

vneboda racionaluri TviTkontroli, ltolvaTa

moTokva, wesrigis siyvaruli da mWidro kavSiri

TviTarCeul moralur principebTan. SromiTad

aqtiuri, moralurad disciplinirebuli cxovre-

bis wesi moiTxovda marTebulobasa da specialur,

profesiul kompetenciebs. amitom, rogorc ide-

aluri norma da kulturuli praqtika, burJuazia

mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli pirovnebis TviTga-

naTlebis ideasTan. xolo aRzrdisa da kulturu-

187

li teqnikis dauflebis iqiT, biurgerebs marTebdaT

avtonomiur individebad Camoyalibebuliyvnen. isi-

ni metad aRar unda gahyolodnen brmad eklesiis

msgavsi instituciis tradiciebsa Tu formebs, ara-

med mxolod sakuTari racionaluri mosazrebebiT

exelmZRvanelaT. amitom, biurgeruli cxovrebis we-

sisTvis niSandoblivi iyo sul mcire codnis SeZe-

na, iseve rogorc sakuTar Tavze uwyvetad muSaoba.

biurgerebi imyofebodnen maTmierve dawesebuli

wnexis qveS, rac Sepirobebuli iyo Semdegi mosaz-

rebiT: <<ezrunaT>> <<mxurvale mondomebiT>>. av-

tonomiis es koncepti kvlavac Seicavda moTxov-

nas, romelic mdgomareobda sakuTari ekonomikuri

interesebis TviTdefinirebis SesaZleblobasa da

ekonomikuri miznis racionalitetis saSualebiT

realizebaSi. rac ufro meti hqonda warmateba ka-

pitlizms rogorc <<Tanamedroveobis bedis msaz-

Rvrel Zalas>>[5](Ernst Troeltsch), miT ufro naklebad

rCeboda kapitalisturi habitusi kvlav religi-

ur legitimaciaze damokidebuli. amrigad, reli-

giuri eTika da kapitlisturi ekonomikis stili

emijnebian erTurTs ara mxolod gabatonebuli

eklesiuri socialuri eTikis tradicionalizmis,

aramed aseve kapitalisturi habitusis imanentu-

ri, funqcionalur-specifikuri, mzardi racion-

alizaciis gamoc. kulturalisturi cvlileba

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, linguistic turn kulturo-

logiaSi da ekonomikis eTikis aqtualizacia ten-

denciis Sesabamisad avtonomiruri disciplinis

saxiT, samocdaaTiani wlebidan kvlav mgrZnobi-

ares xdis ekonomikuri racionalitetis kultu-

rul wanamZRvrebs. amasTan aSkara gaxda: swored

swraf ekonomikur cvlilebaTa dros aris Sesa-

Zlebeli qristeanobis konkretuli moralisTvis

konstitutiuri samarTlianobis impulsis saTana-

188

dod miReba mxolod maSin, rodesac socialuri

principebi martooden mowodebis garda, efeqtur

CarCo-wesrigSi institucionalizirdeba. amasTan

dakavSirebiT protestantuli eklesiisTvis iTv-

leba, rom: globalizaciis gamowvevebi SeiZleba

imave masStabSi iqnas aRqmuli da gadamuSavebuli,

romelSic eklesia da misi socialuri eTikose-

bi aRweven (neo-)liberalur ekonomikaSi miRebul

STabeWdilebaTa bazrebis funqcionirebis forme-

bSi namemkvidral samarTlianobis moTxovnaTa ga-

dacemas.

moralizebadi globalizaciis kritikis sa-

pirispirod romlis formulirebasac amJamad

axdens mravali eklesiuri funqcioneri da Teolo-

gi, mzard, mniSvnelovan protestantul jgufebsa

da moZraobebSi SeiZleba ekonomikuri mentalite-

tis SemCneva, romlis konstitutiuri aRqmis Sesa-

Zleblobas aCqarebul globalizaciasTan dakav-

Sirebuli Sansebi iZleva. ukve Cveni saukunis

dasawyisis amerikul diskusiebSi miniSneba keTde-

ba maszed, rom swored konservatiul-protestan-

tuli jgufebisa Tu seqtebis wevrebi aviTarebd-

nen Zalzed bevr kapitalistur biznes-ideas da

aaqtiurebdnen maT individualizirebul arCeviT

rwmenebs, rogorc siZlieris wyaros ekonomikuri

warmatebisken ltolvisa da samewarmeo riskebis

aRebis mzadyofnisaTvis.

literatura

1. W. Sombart, Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben, München, 1922.

2. J. Hashagen, Der rheinische Protestantismus und die En-twicklung der rheinischen Kultur., Essen, 1924; A. Müller-Ar-mack, Das Jahrhundert ohne Gott. Zur Kultursoziologie unserer

189

Zeit., Münster, 1948.3. W. Sombart, Der kapitalistische Unternehmer. Archiv für

Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 29, 1909.4. M. Hettling, S. L. Hoffmann, Der bürgerliche Wertehim-

mel. Zum Problem individueller Lebensführung im 19. Jahrhun-dert., Geschichte und Gesellschaft 23, 1997.

5. E. Troeltsch, Die Soziallehren der christlichen Kirchen und Gruppen, (Gesammelte Schriften Band 1), Tübingen, 1912.

190

6. islami

6.1 islamis arsi

islami qristeanobasTan axlo dgas, Tumca amave-

dros is misgan daSorebulic aris. bevri msgavs-

ebis (monoTeizmi, bibliuri tradicia, iesos winas-

warmetyvelad aRiareba, eTikis principebi, RvTis

mistikuri Ziebis zogierTi Tavisebureba da sxv.)

miuxedavad, qristeanobisa da islamis savaldebu-

lo swavlebani sakvanZo sakiTxebSi ewinaaRmdege-

ba erTmaneTs: qristeanuli rwmenis mxriv es aris

triniteti anu sameba, ieso qristes RvTaebrioba

da gamosyidvis(xsnis) aqti; xolo islamuri rw-

menis mxriv - totaluri moTxovniT muhamedis uka-

nasknel winaswarmetyvelad aRiareba[1] (gv. 132).

islamis centraluri principi, romelic ro-

gorc misi dogmatikas, ise nebismier (kerZo Tu

sajaro) qmedebaTa orientirs ayalibebs, aris

tauhidi(tauhid), alahis erTianobisa da erTader-

Tobis principi: la ilaha illa llah - <<ara ars RmerTi

Tvinier alahisa>>(Sahada Schahada)[2]; RmerTi <<er-

TaderTia>>[3](yurani Qur’an 112,1) da <<araferia

misi msgavsi>>(yurani 42,11). yuranSi RvTis erTad-

erTobis xazgasmiT islami emijneba ara mxolod

winaislamuri arabebis poliTeizms, aramed aseve

qristeanuli rwmenis aspeqtebsac (triniteti da

iesos RvTis Zeoba).

islamSi RmerTi gaiazreba rogorc Semoqmedi,

da amave dros rogorc sakuTar qmnilze mzrun-

veli. msgavsi damokidebuleba warmoadgens is-

lamuri religiis fundaments. yurani, grZel Tu

mokle himnebSi refleqtirebs Sesaqmes bibliur

gadmocemas. is aris Semoqmedi <<cisa da miwisa

da rac maT Soris myofobs>>(46.3). man Seqmna kaci

191

Tavis xalifad. aq, Semoqmedi RmerTi maradiuli

qmnadobiT xasiaTdeba. <<yoveli dRea misi sazru-

navi>>(55,29; 2,255). RvTis WeSmariti Semoqmedi saxe,

misi Semoqmedi sityviT aris gacxadebuli(16.40;

Sdr. 2,117). amitom aris kaci xmobili, iyos madlieri

da daufiqrdes mraval <<niSans>>(aia aya, mr. aiat ayat), romelic mas SesaqmeSi xvdeba, rac garkveul

racionalur elementTan aris kavSirSi. Tumca Rv-

Tis mzrunveloba aseve moicavs adamianis bedis

gansazRvris, misi providenciis aspeqtsac(57.22).

garda amisa, is SeiZleba iyos aseve msajuli,

romelic Tavis qmnilT uxmobs piradi pasuxismge-

blobisken da simarTliT gansjis maT maTive rw-

menisa da saqmis mixdviT. samsjavros saaTis Sesaxeb

gafrTxileba wiTel xazad gasdevs yurans(53,57-58).

predestinaciuli gamonaTqvamebi(2,6-7; 6,39; 7,186)

da nebis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli msgavsi

gamoxatulebebi(40,17; 4,79) yuranSi moulodneli

siaxloviT xasiaTdeba.

islamis warmoSobis istoria saTaves iRebs wi-

naislamur kulturul sivrceSi warmodgenili

misi religiurad pluraluri struqturebiTa da

mravalferovani transkulturaciuli procese-

biT. arabuli sazogadoebis es gansxvavebuli pro-

cesebi, formebi da struqturebi winaswarmetyvel

muhamedSi(570-632) erTaderTi da dasrulebuli

saxiT koncentrirdeba. mas ukavSirdeba <<axa-

li siwmidis gancdis kristalizacia>>[4, 1966:29],

romelic yovlismomcveli gziT umorCilebs re-

ligiuri xedvasa da Sefasebas qmnadi yofierebis

yvela aspeqtsa da process.

40 wlis asakSi muhamedma ganicada raRac img-

vari, ramac mTeli arsebiT SeZra da Tavis xalxs

rogorc<<RvTis mociqulma>>(rasulu llahi ra-sulu llahi) uxmo. man (muhamedma) aiRo Tavisi garemos

192

tradiciaTa mravalferovneba, winaislamuri ara-

bebis samarTlebrivi warmodgenebi da sakulto

praqtikebi, ebraul-qristeanul azrTa siuxve da

Seqmna axali da unikaluri [5,gv.46]. ummaSi, sadac

winaswarmetyvelis irgvliv xdeba Tavmoyra, miiRe-

ba am axali siwmindis gancdis forma, da masSi

axal gamocdilebaTa da axal struqturaTa gansx-

vavebuli saxiT SekavSireba mimdinareobs.

meqaSi is qadagebs erTiani da erTaderTi

RmerTis(allah Allah), kacTa Semoqmedis, mzrunveli-

sa da msajulis Sesaxeb. meqas mcxovreblebis mama-

Ta poliTeistur rwmenas upirispirebs bibliur

mamaTa <<abraamis, isaakisa da iakobis>> rwmenas.

am gziT is principulad <<adasturebs>> bibliur

tradiciebTan siaxloves, rasac meqaelTa mxridan

mis mimarT mkacri represiebi mosdevs.

622 wels muhamedi tovebs meqas da gadadis

winaswarmetyvelis qalaqad wodebul medinaSi.

axali politikuri wesrigi, romelsac is medina-

Si amyarebs, e.w. <<medinas Temis wesrigSi>> xdeba

sacnobi, rac metad aRar aris sisxliT naTesao-

baze dafuZnebuli, aramed erTiani da erTader-

Ti RmerTis, alahis saerTo rwmenas emyareba. sx-

vadasxva tomidan da gvaridan dgeba muslimTa

<<Temi>>(umma), riTac ummas, Sesabamisad islamis

universaluri mimarTuleba fuZndeba. winaswarme-

tyvelsa (Tavisi mmimdevrebiT) da meqas macxovre-

blebs (maTTan dakavSirebuli tomebiT) Soris

warmoebuli mravali samxedro Setakebis Semdeg,

arabuli naxevarkunZuli islamis niSis qveS er-

Tiandeba.

winaswarmetyvelis mimdevrebis mier didi kul-

turuli sivrcis - siria-palestinis, egviptis,

Crdilo afrikis, espaneTis, sparseTis, indoeTisa

da transoqsaniis(transoxania) dapyrobiT Seiqmna im-

193

gvari winapiroba, rodesac Semdgom saukuneebSi

SesaZlebeli gaxda islamuri kulturis, rogorc

arabul, Sesabamisad semitur, berZnul-elinis-

tur, sparsul da Turqul kulturaTa sinTezis

kristalizeba.

ara mxolod RvTaebrivi wesrigisa da mulsimuri

Temis samarTliani xelmZRvanelobis uzrunvelmy-

ofeli kanonieri memkvidris, anu monacvlis(xalifa

chalifa) mizeziT, aramed aseve islamuri sazogadoe-

briobis koncefciis gamoc moxda ummas, or did

jgufad (interpretaciis mimarTulebebi) daSla,

romlebic Tanamedrove islamis Semadgeneli mxa-

reebs warmoadgens. esenia: sunitoba xalifatiT(

xalifa/imami) da Siitoba imamatiT(imami).

Siitebis azriT muhamedma ali, Tavisi siZe da

biZaSvili daasaxela memkvidred. SiitTa argu-

mentaciaSi ara mxolod <<winaswarmetyvelis

ojaxTan>> geneologiuri siaxlove TamaSobs

gadamwyvet rols, aramed aseve sulieri memkv-

idreoba, rac alis muhamedisgan uSualod ergo.

maTgan gansxvavebiT, sunitebi gahyvnen sunituri

xalifatis mmarTvelTa omaianTa dinastias, (cen-

tri damasko, 661-750 ww.) da Semdeg - abasidebis

dinastias(centri baRdadi, 750-1258 ww.), romelTa

batonobisas, arabuli da araarbuli muslimebis

Tanasworobis safuZvelze moxda universalur-

islamuri azrovnebis formireba. sazogadoebrio-

bis Semdgomi ganviTarebiTvis gadamwyveti iyo is,

rom abasid imam-xalifas marTebda Tavisi saero

da sasuliero Zalauflebis gadacema, romelsac

Siitebisagan gansxvavebiT irCevdnen mTeli Temis

formaluri Tanxmobis safuZvelze. male erTiani

imperia daiSala damoukidebel regionalur im-

periebad da Sesabamisad moxda islamuri samya-

ros dasavlur(arabuli) da aRmosavlur(sparsul)

194

kulturul wreebad gamijvnac.

tradicionaluri sunituri Zalebis Siitebze

da maT racionalur Teologiasa da filosofi-

aze (romelic arabulad berZnul-elinisturi mem-

kvidreobis Targmanis Sedegad aRmocenda) gamar-

jvebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo selCukianTa epoqis

dasawyisi(1058), vinaidan sulTanati sunitizmis

mxardamWerad gamodioda. garegani gamoxatuleba

iyo madrasa, Teologiur-iuridiuli umaRlesi

saswavlebeli(Sdr. Hillinbrand, V, 1119-1144). me-10 sauku-

nis dasasrulidan sufiuri ordenis aRmocenebiT

sufisturma moZraobam Tavisi umaRlesi social-

uri da politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. aRniS-

nuli ordenebi cvlis politikurd dauZlurebul

xalifats, romlebic Tavadac mihyvebian sunitur

tradiciebs. radgan aseve samarTlismcodnenic

SemouerTdnen sufiebs, kavSiri damyarda sufiur

ordenebsa da samarTlis skolebs Soris marTl-

morwmuneobis SeswavlisaTvis [6,gv.426]. axlo aR-

mosavleTSi monRoluri Tavdasxmebis Sedegebma

(1258 wels baRdadi iqna ganadgurebuli) negati-

uri, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damangreveli gamoxat-

uleba hpova ara mxolod socialur-ekonomikuri

mimarTulebiT, aramed agreTve sulieri kulturis

moRvaweobis TvalsazrisiTac. sabolood, Tavad

monRolebic aRiareben islams. abasianTa saxali-

fo ki, rogorc <<xalifatis aCrdili>> arsebobas

mamluqTa kairoSi, xolo Semdeg osmanebTan agr-

Zelebs. osmanTa(osmalebi) imperiaSi me-16 sauku-

nidan Cndeba marTlmorwmuneoba, romelic ara mx-

olod SariaT-islamiT, aramed aseve sufizmiTa da

wmindanTa kultiT xasiaTdeba. es gamoxatuleba

dResac principulad aRniSnavs xalxis RvTismosa-

obas. indoeTidan samxreT-aRmosavleT aziisken

da Crdilo afrikidan saharas gavliT samxreT

195

afrikaSi, vaWrebTan erTad islamis mSvidobian

gavrcelebaSi monawileobas sufiuri ordenebic

iRebdnen. sunizmis sapirispirod, sadac yuradReba

xsnis kanonis dacvaze maxvildeba, SiizmSi Tayva-

niscemis centrSi imyofeba imami, rogorc RmerTsa

da kacs Soris Suamavali.

me-18 saukunidan aRmocenda sxva da sxva funda-

mentalisturi ganmaaxlebeli moZraoba, romelTa

mizanic <<religiis gabatonebuli, degradi-

rebuli formis Tavdapirveli, wminda islamiT

Canacvleba>>(ix. [4], Insbruck, gv. 438-439) iyo. metad aRar unda yofiliyo samarTlis skolis Sexed-

ulebaTa imitacia(Taqlidi taqlid) savaldebu-

lo, aramed piriqiT, misgan damoukideblad unda

warmoebuliyo ganmartebebi(idStihadi idschtihad) yuranidan da sunadan(sunna). samarTlis skolebi

pirvelad me-9 saukuneSi Camoyalibda da ar gane-

kuTvneboda islamis adreul Temebs. igive exeba

saxalxo islamis gansxvavebul ritualebsa da

praqtikebs, rogoric aris magaliTad, wmindan-

Ta Tayvaniscema an sulis(jini dschinn) rwmena. am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili ganmaaxlebeli(novatori)

iyo muhamed ibn abd al-vahabi(+ 1792), romelic sau-

dis arabeTis samarTlis tradicias misdevda. erT

dros ase maRla mdgari islamuri kulturis dace-

ma auTenturi islamidan gadaxeviT aixsneba, rac

garkveulwilad kolonializmis epoqidn moyole-

buli, islamuri samyaros dasavleTTan daZabuli

urTierTobebiT iyo Sepirobebuli, sadac evropis

mzardi politikuri da kulturuli gavlena mus-

limur identobas uqmnida safrTxes. amitom, mus-

limebma iwyes sakuTari kulturuli identobis

dacva, raSic isini xsnas wminda pirvelislamisken

mibrunebaSi xedavdnen.

aseve, me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan muslimi

196

moazrovneni moiTxovdnen ijtihadis(idschtihad) aR-srulebas, raTa islami axal, Tanamedrove pirobebs

morgeboda, riTac naCvenebi unda yofiliyo is-

lamis mzaoba cvlilebebisa da ganviTarebisTvis.

ase magaliTad, muhamed abduhi (+ 1905) cdilobda

daemtkicebina, rom islami da goneba, islami da mec-

niereba, islami da Tanamedrove civilizacia erT-

maneTs ar gamoricxavs. me-20 da 21-e saukune aRiniS-

neba islamuri saxelmwifosaTvis(<<politikuri

islami>>/islamizmi/fundamentalizmi) brZoliT,

romelic religiisa da politikis erTianobas

ganasaxierebs masSemdeg, rac 1924 wels aTaTur-

qis mier xalifati iqna gauqmebuli. ara mxolod

ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri da sazogadoebrivi

TvalsazrisiT, mZlavrma vesternizaciam muslimTa

kidev ufro didi gaucxoeba gamoiwvia: nacion-

alizmsa da socializms mosalodneli warmate-

bebi ar mohyolia. yvela socialur-ekonomikuri

problemis gadasaWrelad importirebul dasav-

lur ideologiebs, islamuri saxelmwifosa da is-

lamuri sazogadoebis koncepti daupirispirda(ix.

[4], Insbruck, gv.439).

literatura

1. Religionen und Kulturen der Erde., Anton Grabner-Haider/Karl Prenner (Hrsg.), Darmstadt, 2004.

2. Schahada – Lexikon der Religionen., religion.orf.art/lexikon/stories/2535874/.

3. The Qur’an (Oxford World’s Classics), A new translation by M. A. S. Abdel Haleem., Oxford University Press, Oxford – New York, 2015.

4. Handbuch Religionswissenschaft: Religionen und ihre zentralen Themen (Hrsg. Von Johann Figl), Insbruck, 2003; G. E. von Grunebaum, Der Islam in seiner Klassischen Epoche 622-

197

1258. Artemis Verlag, Stuttgart.5. G. Endreß, The circle of al-Kindi., G. Endreß/R. Kruck

(Hgg): The ancient Tradition in Christian and Islamic Hellenism: Studies on the transmission of Greek philosophy and sciences dedicated to H. J. Drossaart Lulofs. Leiden 1997.

6. T. Nagel, Staat und Glaubensgemeinschaft im Islam., Bd. I, Von den Anfängen bis ins 13. Jahrhundert. Zürich – München, 1981.

198

6.2 islamis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi

Tanamedrove ekonomikis globalizacia aris

saerTaSoriso Sromis ganawilebis zrdasTan da

gansazRvrul teritoriebs Soris konkurenciaTa

intensifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli. saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis sawarmoo procesi aris gamxdari

kompleqsuri, da anonimuri bazrebi totalurad

koncentrirdebian mTeli msoflios masStabiT ar-

sebuli mwiri bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebaze.

mesame samyaros TiToeul qveyanaSi, romelTac

kari gauxsnes globalizaciis process, ekonomi-

kuri zrdis dinamika Cans maRali da sainvesticio

mdgomareoba - mimzidveli. da piriqiT, sagrZno-

blad iklo im qveynebis Semosavlebma, romlebmac

ar gaakeTes is, rom ganeviTarebinaT Sida poten-

ciali, Tu moezidaT ucxoeli investorebi.

erTi mxriv religias am kuTxiT SeuZlia glo-

balizaciis procesis Sesafaseblad garkveuli

safuZvlebis Camoyalibeba. xolo meore mxriv, re-

ligias ZaluZs individualuri, sazogadoebrivi da

politikuri qcevis formebi da instituciebi Se-

qmnas, rac TiToeul qveyanas globalizaciis pro-

cesSi warmatebuli monawileobis miRebis Sesa-

Zleblobas miscems. samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos

islamis mxridan bolo dros arsebuli ekonomi-

kuri pasiurobisa da politikuri radikalurobis

xelSewyobis aSkarad gamokveTili tendenciebi

(rom aRaraferi vTqvaT ufro eqstremalur gam-

ovlinebebzec), riTac aRniSnuli religia, swra-

fad progresirebadi globalizaciis pirobebSi,

swored rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-

van xelisSemSlel, Semaferxebel faqtorad iqca.

muslimTa mxridan islamuri faseulobebis

moxmobiTa da maTze dayrdnobiT xSirad gaismis

199

kritika saerTaSoriso bazrebis monopolizaciis,

meryevi an nedleulze daweuli msoflio sabazro

fasebis, gacvliT kursebze spekulaciuri kapi-

talis moZraobis gavlenisa Tu Rarib da mdidar

qveynebs Soris gazrdili napralis Sesaxeb.

Tumca meore mxares aseve arseboben globalur

ekonomikaSi integraciis muslimi momxreebi, rom-

lebic orientirdebian ganviTarebis xelSemwyob

impulsebze da sakuTar pozicias agreTve isla-

mur faseulobaTa warmodgenebiT amarTleben[1].

globalizaciis (utyuari Tu saTuo) Sedegebis

Sefaseba orive SemTxvevaSi emyareba kvalifici-

ur argumentebs, romlebic mravali wlebis ganma-

vlobaSi mimdinare sayovelTao ekonomikuri dis-

kusiebidan aris cnobili da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

maT araviTari specifikuri islamuri Sinaarsi da

datvirTva ar gaaCniaT. muslim swavlul-mecnier-

Ta amgvari damokidebuleba sakiTxis pozitiuri

mxarisadmi erTgvar Terapiul SeTavazebas war-

moadgens im muslimi kritikosebisTvis, romleb-

sac dRemde miaCniaT, rom diagnostikuri mcdari

ganviTareba im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tavidan ac-

ilebuli, Tuki isini gahyvebodnen saerTaSoriso

islamur ekonomikur principebs da musulmanur

qveynebSi Semotanili iqneboda islamuri wesri-

gi. amgvari poziciis sakadrisad Sesafaseblad,

pirvel rigSi gasarkvevia Tu rodis aris Sesa-

Zlebeli <<islamur>> principebze, wesrigsa da

sistemebze saubari. mxolod amis Semdeg (reprezen-

taciul, warmodgenil magaliTze) aris SesaZle-

beli maTi (relatiuri)mniSvnelobis mixedviT

mesame samyaros musulmanur qveynebSi arsebuli

Tanamedrove ekonomikaTa ganviTarebis mdgomare-

obisa da realuri tendenciebis Sesaxeb Sinaar-

sobrivi msjelobebis warmarTva. unda aRiniSnos,

200

rom islamuri ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba jer

kidev istoriuli ganviTarebis adreul fazaSi

yalibdeba da wminda mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT

iZens sistemur formas. masTan mimarTebaSi sain-

teresoa islamuri ekonomikis eTikis ori,- indi-

vidualuri da socialuri eTikis aspeqti. pirve-

lis, anu individualuri eTikis sferoSi arsebobs

mniSvnelovani Tanxmoba calkeulTa swori qce-

vebis wesebis Taobaze, maSin rodesac, socialuri

eTikis sferoSi, arsebiTi, nawilobrivi wesrigis

formirebis ZiriTadi problemebis irgvliv, Zlier

kontroversuli diskusiebi mimdinareobs[2]. mus-

limi Teoretikosebisa da praqtikosebis pasuxebma

globalizaciis axal gamowvevebze aqamde ara Tu

poziciaTa konvergencias, aramed ufro metad maT

Semdgom diferencirebas Seuwyo xeli. islamis

(relatiuri) mniSvnelobis mixedviT, musulmanuri

qveynebis ekonomikebis erTian globalur ekono-

mikur sivrceSi integraciasTan da mis Semdgom

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT, es garkveulwilad

arTulebs calsaxa pasuxis gacemas da xsnis, Tu

ratom aris masTan kavSirSi myofi Semdgomi kv-

levebi naklebad deskrifciuli da referirebadi,

vidre interpretirebadi da zogierT adgilas ki,

aseve - spekulaciuri.

islami ganisazRvreba rogorc farTo mso-

flmxedveloba, romelic ara mxolod imqveyniuri

cxovrebisken aris mimarTluli, aramed aseve moi-

cavs amqveyniuri yoveldRiuri cxovrebis rCeva-

darigebebsa da wesebs. mas surs mtkice, Tanmim-

devruli pasuxebi gasces adamianuri egzistenciis

yvela kiTxvaze. es rasakvirvelia aseve gulisx-

mobs ekonomikis sferosac. ekonomikis eTikisa Tu

ekonomikuri wesrigis(sistemis) islamuri aspeqti

arsebiTad mkveTrad definirdeba wesebisa da nor-

201

mebis specifikuri legitimaciis procedurebze,

vidre maT Sinaarsze. moqmedebis arsi mdgomare-

obs masSi, rom wesebis legitimacia individualur,

sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo qmedebaTaTvis,

agreTve rogorc instituciaTa formebisTvis unda

warmoebdes islamis pirveladi samarTlebriv da

SemecnebiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT. es wyaroebia

yurani da suna(Sunna).yurani miiCneva RvTis sityvier gamocxadebad da

mas gaaCnia udidesi avtoriteti. ramdenadac is

Seicavs araorazrovan debulebebsa(werilebs) da

wesebs, morwmune muslimebs evalebaT maTi mtkiced

dacva. gamocxadeba yvela adamianisTvis miCneulia

regionaluri Tu istoriuli SezRudvebis gareSe.

morwmuneTa, Sesabamisad adamianTa Soris urTi-

erTdamokidebulebis Taobaze yuranSi moiZebneba

mxolod mcire konkretuli da calsaxa mowmobe-

bi; Warbobs normatiuli orientirebi, romelTa

formireba da gamoyeneba sivrciT da droiT gare-

moebebzea damokidebuli.

normatiuli orientirebis formirebisTvis suna

iZleva daskvniT, gadamwyvet miTiTebebs; is aris

winaswarmetyvel muhamedis ganmartebaTa, saqmeTa

da gacnobierebuli umoqmedobis krebuli, romel-

ic rogorc RvTis gzavnilis avTenturi inter-

pretatori yuranidan axdens damowmebas. amitom,

winaswarmetyvelTa qcevebi gzismkvlevis mniS-

vnelobis mqonea yvela Semdgomi TaobisTvis. isla-

muri moZRvrebis mixedviT, aqedan gamomdinareobs

is, rom muhameds, vidre misi drois sxva adamianebs,

ukeT SeeZlo yuranis orientirebis Tanaxmad mo-

qmedeba, wesebis SemuSaveba da ganaCenis gamotana.

axal SemTxvevaTa gadasawyvetad, romlebic manamde

winaswarmetyvelTa mier ar iyo ganxiluli, maTSi

garkveva ukve ara mxolod yuraniT, aramed RvTis

202

wminda winaswarmetyvelTa interpretaciebiTa da

aplikaciebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli. teqstis eg-

zegezas gverdiT Semodis analogia, rogorc cen-

traluri meTodi, romlis daxmarebiTac yuranis

normatiuli orientirebi axal SemTxvevaTaTvis

gamoiyeneba da Sesabamisad, TavisTavad Secvlili

cxovrebis garemoebebs eTanadeba.

gansakuTrebiT im sakiTxebis sferoSi, romlebic

exeba dasavleTis qveynebis socialur eTikas, uSu-

alo Sexedulebebi metad aRar kmara dRes, raTa

yuranis Suqze xdebodes Sefasebadi axali (tipis)

fenomenebis (mag., aqciebi da birJebi, profesiuli

kavSirebi da saerTo gadawyvetilebaSi monawile-

obis miRebis uflebebi, socialuri dazRvevebi da

saxelmwifo janmrTelobis sistemebi, regional-

izmi da globalizacia da a.S.) yvela SefasebiT

relevantur dimensiaTa gageba. amasTan, saWiroa

Rrma specialuri codna kompleqsur sistemaTa

Sesaxeb, risi molodinis qonac tradiciulad ga-

naTlebuli islamis Teologebisa Tu samarTalm-

codneTa mxridan SeuZlebelia. maTi Teologiuri

da meTodologiuri (istoriuli da lingvisturis

CaTvliT) eqspertiza Sevsebul unda iqnas ekono-

mikur da socialur mecnierebaTa codniT. isla-

muri ekonomikis eTika SeuZlebelia rom kidev

didxans arsebobdes, rogorc tradiciuli moZ-

Rvrebis wrfivi ganaxleba, radgan dRes, ise ro-

gorc adreul saukuneebSi, saWiroa mniSvnelovani

farTo Teoriuli codnis bazisi.

tradiciulma samarTlis eqspertebma (pirvel

rigSi muslimi inteleqtualebis TvalSi) dakarg-

es avtoriteti ara mxolod kompleqsuri ekono-

mikebisa da sazogadoebebis dasazRvrul gagebaTa

gamo, aramed aseve imitom, rom maT mier isalmuri

samarTlis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da diferen-

203

cirebisTvis upiratesad gamoyenebuli analogiis

meTodi dinamiur sistemebSi arRvevs koncefciur

sazRvrebs. is rac adre islamuri msoflmxed-

velobis konsistencias uzrunvelyofda, ukve dRes

kontroversebisa da konfliqtebis maprovocireb-

lis funqcias asrulebs. mowesrigebul da mo-

sawesrigebel SemTxvevebs Soris rac ufro meti

arsebobs gansxvaveba, miT ufro meti analogieb-

is konstruireba aris SesaZlebeli da dasaSvebi

aseve sapirispirod. mravalferovneba Zlierde-

ba miT, rom analogiaTa dasakvnebisTvis xSirad

warmodgenebis qona aucilebelia instrumentTa

efeqtebis, instituciebis funqcionirebaTa maner-

isa Tu moqmedebaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

kompleqsur did sazogadoebebSi mxolod Teoriu-

li codnis bazisze SeiZleba iqnas formirebuli.

swored amitom, obieqturobisTvis Zalzed mniS-

vnelovania, rom konkretuli samoqmedo rCevebisa

Tu calkeul SemTxvevaTa gadawyvetilebebis gan-

sasxvaveblad yuranis msgavsi adgilebidan gamoi-

yenebodes orive, rogorc analogiis meTodika, ise

Teoriuli foni, radgan yovelTvis unda iqnas gaT-

valiswinebuli gansakuTrebuli garemoebani.

konkretul SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba SeiZle-

ba miiRebodes Tanazomvadi wesebis moxmobis gziT,

romlebic konkretuli calkeuli SemTxvevisagan

damoukideblad Rirebulia. Tumca amgvari meta-

wesebi aiReba ara uSualod yuranidan da sunadan,

aramed SeiZleba rom isini wyaroTa interpretaci-

is Sedegs warmoadgenden. garemoebaTa gaTval-

iswinebiT sxva da sxva muslimma swavlulma da

inteleqtualma msgavsi interpretaciebis safuZv-

elze da analogiebisa Tu istoriuli magaliTeb-

is moxmobiT ganaviTara farTo logikuri ekono-

mikur-eTikuri sistemebi da ekonomikuri wesrigis

204

modelebi. meTodur struqturaSi es msgavsi pro-

eqtebi ukve praqtikul formirebisas Zlier naT-

lad gansxvavdebian da ase rom, tradiciuli me-

Todologiis sazRvrebi aSkara xdeba.

axal problemaTa gadawyveta ar aris warsu-

liT predeterminirebuli. dasavlel damkvirve-

blebs marTebT daemSvidobon monoliTuri is-

lamuri msoflmxedvelobis ideas, maSin rodesac

mulsimma inteleqtualebma unda uaryon Semecne-

biT-Teoriuli da normatiuli absoluturobis

pretenziebi: radgan analogiis meTodi araviTar

calsaxa, mkafio (sakiTxis) gadawyvetebs ar uSvebs,

mignebuli gadawyvetebi SeiZleba mxolod droe-

biT iqnas vargisad miCneuli da nebismieri saWi-

roebis SemTxvevaSi axali rezultatebi da ar-

gumentebi naTlad gadaxedili da gadamowmebuli.

es aris kritikuli racionalizmis pozicia, rac

uTuod imsaxurebs yuradRebas.

islami amqveyniuri cxovrebisTvis iZleva poz-

itiur faseulobaTa sistemas zogadad da SromiT

cxovrebaSi monawileobisTvis gansakuTrebiT. is-

lamuri ekonomikis eTika Tavis SinaarsSi indi-

vidualuri eTikis sferos mimarTulebiT avlens

Tanxvedras dasavlur-qristeanul warmodgenebT-

an[3.gv.349]. sakuTari saqmianoba (e.i. fizikuri da

gonebrivi Sroma) aris mniSvnelovani safuZveli

materialuri qonebisa da simdidris legitimuri

SeZenisTvis. arc individualuri adamianuri un-

arebi da arc bunebrivi resursebi gamouyeneblad,

usargeblod ar unda imyofebodes da resursebis

uyairaTod gaflangva an maTdami zerele damok-

idebuleba ar unda xdebodes. kanonierad SeZeni-

li simdidriT adgili ar unda hqondes sakuTar

amqveyniur saWiroebaTa maqsimalur dakmayofile-

205

bas: fufunebis sagnebis moxmareba aris akrZaluli,

islami mouwodebs zomierebisken da (arsebuli)

Warbi sazogadoebrivi moxmareba miiCneva (kanon-

zomierad da) damsaxurebulad. Raribebs gaaCniaT

yuranSi dasabuTebuli da institucionalurad

uzrunvelyofili ufleba sazogadoebis mxridan

solidaruli daxmarebis miRebis Taobaze. rad-

gan alahma am qveynis sikeTe yvela adamians uboZa

gansakargavad, Semosavlebisa da qonebis uTanabro

gadanawileba ar unda gaxdes Zalian didi, sxva

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos marTebs Careva da Ses-

worebebis Setana masSi.

adamians, rogorc RmerTis warmomadgenels

dedamiwaze, RvTis mier qmnilis mxolod sarge-

blobis ufleba gaaaCnia. man ar unda gaanad-

guros is, mudam unda iyos sakuTar qmedebebze

pasuximgebeli da iTvaliswinebdes momaval Tao-

baTa samarTlian moTxovnebs, rac araganaxlebadi

resursebis (wiaRiseulis, aseve wylis) mofrTx-

ilebasa da garemos dacvaze zrunvas gulisxmobs.

islamuri samarTali aRiarebs kerZo sakuTrebis

uflebas warmoebis saSualebebze. nacionalizacia

da saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis marTava dasaSve-

bia mxolod gamonaklis situaciebSi. warmoebis

faqtorebi, miwa da kapitali mxolod SromiT xdeba

produqtiuli, amitom Semosavlebis miReba mxolod

maTi flobiT ar unda xdebodes. dafinansebis, sai-

jaro Tu sxva saxis xelSekrulebebi, mwarmoebel

faqtorTa gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli Semosav-

lebi da riskebi, romlebic monawileebis irgv-

liv erTiandeba, unda akmayofilebdnen garkveul

samarTlianobis kriteriumebs. ikrZaleba imgvar

saqmianobaTa(praqtikebi) da moqmedebaTa formebi,

romlebic asocialur da sxva damazianebel, sa-

frTxis Semcvel Sedegebs ukavSirdeba. saidanac

206

sxvaTa Soris gamomdinareobs, rom bazrebze unda

batonobdes konkurencia da monopolizaciebi ki

unda iqnas paralizebuli. garda amisa, yvela saxis

transaqcia aris akrZaluli, romlebic ukavSird-

eba erTi mxaris mogebas da meore mxaris wagebas.

aseTi SeiZleba iyos azartuli TamaSebi, latarea,

spekulaciuri garigebebi da sxv.

sakiTxavia, gansazRvraven Tu ara islamuri

ekonomikis eTikis principebi muslimTa faqto-

briv qcevebs, da Tu gansazRvraven maSin ramdenad,

radgan axlo aRmosavleTis islamur saxelmwifo-

Ta ekonomikuri CamorCenilobaTa ganmapirobebel

faqtorebad SeiZleba dasaxeldes mag., investicieb-

isadmi mtrulad ganwyobili ijarasTan dakavS-

irebuli sagadasaxado sistema osmanuri imperi-

is gviandel fazaSi da evropuli kolonialuri

droidan moyolebuli rentasTan dakavSirebuli

kapitalisturi struqturebis kvlav (Semdgomi)

arseboba. islamuri religiis mxridan ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtorTa Soris

rasakvirvelia aseve unda aRiniSnos procentis

akrZalva, rasac misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,

vfiqrobT, rom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda

daeTmos.

procentis akrZalvis magaliTi vargisia erTi

mxriv meTodur da konceptualur problemaTa

demonstrirebisTvis, romlebic dRes <<islamuri

gadawyvetilebebis>> definiciasTan dganan kom-

pleqsurad da globalurad gadajWvul msof-

lioSi. meore mxriv, bolo wlebSi aSkara gaxda

globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesis kvaldakval

dasavleTis intensiuri gavlenebi ekonomikur qve-

sistemebsa Tu cxovrebis sferoebze, romlebSic

islamuri sistemis mxardamWerTa azriT, islamur

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT unda moxdes qcevis for-

207

maTa da instituciaTa gansakuTrebuli zomiT

legitimacia, Tumca risi realizebac yovelTvis

rTuli da safuZvliani kontroversebis sagans

warmoadgens.

yurani morwmuneTaTvis krZalavda

mevaxSeobas(riba)[4]. uprocento finansuri sis-

temis mxardamWerTaTvis am cnebiT nagulisxmevia

ara mxolod qristes aqeT me-7-e saukunis arabeTSi

gavrcelebuli mevaxSeobis praqtika, aramed nebi-

smieri procenti arsebuli sasesxo SeTanxmebasa

Tu xelSekrulebasTan. ribas akrZalvis mkacri

interpretaciis mxardamWerebic ki ver uaryofen

kapitalis potenciur produqtiulobas. Tumca

isini mianiSneben winaswarmetyvelis dros vaWarTa

Soris arsebuli didi erToblivi proeqtebis

dafinansebis Cveulebriv tipze, rac dRevandeli

gadasaxedidan SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc sa-

kuTari kapitalis droebiTi, Sesabamisad proeqt-

Tan dakavSirebuli asigneba mogebis an wagebis

winaswarSeTanxmebuli wiliT. islamuri finan-

suri sistemis mxardamWerebi masSi xedaven pro-

centis momtani fuladi sesxebis WeSmaritad uSu-

alo da aRmatebul alternativas, da maT surT,

rom aqcionerul(sapaio) principze damyarebuli

amgvar kapitaldabandebaTa teqnika SeZlebisdag-

varad yvela finansur transaqciaTa safuZvlad

aqcion. sxvaTa Soris, amis gasamarTleblad miniS-

nebas akeTeben maszed, rom aqcioneruli(sapaio)

dafinasebis dros riskebi da Sansebi samarTli-

anad unda gadanawildes investorTa da same-

warmeo saqmianobiT dakavebul partniorebs Soris:

moqmedi mewarme Tavisufldeba, radgan investori

zaralis riskebs masTan erTad swevs, maSin rode-

sac, procentuli sesxis dros investori araviTar

risks ar swevs da zaralis anazRaureba mxolod

208

da mxolod mewarmis mier unda iqnas nakisri.

Tumca muslimi ekonomistebis mier propagan-

direbuli ideali, mxolod mogeba-zaralis Tana-

monawileobaze damyarebuli finansuri sistemis

Sesaxeb, mniSvnelovani eTikuri da funqcionaluri

problemebiT aris damZimebuli. ase magaliTad,

mcire meanabreni romlebic bankebSi Semnaxvel

angariSebze(depozitebze) awarmoeben fulad Sena-

tanebs, maT bankebi vaWarTa msgavsad moepyrobian:

ramdenadac isini ndobas ucxadeben bankebs, isini

maTTan erTad iyofen rogorc bankebis mogebas, ise

wagebas. maTi anabrebis substancia samarTlebri-

vad ar aris garantirebuli. Tumca, vaWarTagan

gansxvavebiT mcire meanabreebs praqtikulad ar-

aviTari SesaZlebloba aqvT kontroli ganaxor-

cielon bankebis mier maTi fulis gamoyenebasTan

mimarTebiT, rac bunebrivia, rom eWvis gaCenis mniS-

vnelovani sababi SeiZleba gaxdes riskebisa da

Sansebis ganawilebis patiosnebasTan dakavSire-

biT.

islamuri sabanko saqmis Teoretikosebi xangr-

Zlivi drois ganmavlobaSi uaryofdnen, rom maT

mier propagandirebuli mogeba-zaralis Tana-

monawileobis bazisze dafuZnebuli dafinanseb-

is gverdiT, aseve islamuri samarTlis mixedviT

dasaSvebi dafinansebis (sxva) formebi SeiZleba

yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, romlebsac ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis msgavsi Sedegebi gaaCni-

aT, rogorc Cvens mier ukve naxseneb procentul

sesxebs: Tumca dauSvebelia, rom banki kompaniaze

gascemdes procentul fulad sesxebs, romliTac

es ukanaskneli SeiZenda manqana-danadgarebsa Tu

mza nawarms maT mier gamosaSvebi produqciis kom-

leqtaciisTvis, magram samarTlebrivad ar aris

sakamaTo, Tu banki kompanias gauyidis am manqana-

209

danadgarebsa da mza nawarms; garda amisa, mogviane-

biT kompaniisgan bankSi gadasaxdeli fasi, bankis

mier gacemuli jamur Rirebulebaze metia. ekono-

mikurad fasTa sxvaoba Seesabameba moziduli ka-

pitalis Semosavlidan miRebul procents, magram

samarTlebrivad ar arsebobs aranairi sasesxo

xelSekruleba da banki iRebs ara akrZalul pro-

cents, aramed aRwevs dasaSveb mogebas savaWro

firmidan. dafinansebis es teqnika myari fuladi

namatiT, islamur bankebSi Zalzed farTod aris

gavrcelebuli.

marTalia islamuri sabanko saqmis[5] Teor-

etikosebi akritikeben arsebul bankebs savaWro

firmebis dafinansebiTi praqtikis gamo, radgan

isini amiT aSkarad uxveven idealisken mimava-

li gzidan. magram maT ar SeuZliaT aCvenon, am

gavrcelebuli praqtikis dauSvebloba, maT mier

calsaxa upiratesobis gamovlenisa Tu sayovel-

Taod, pirvelxarisxovnad aRiarebuli normatiuli

orientirebis darRvevis mizeziT. Tumca, rodesac

mimdinare sabanko praqtika garkveuli perspeqtive-

bidan arasasurvelia, magram ara dauSvebeli, Sei-

Zleba vivaraudoT, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi

is mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSebs: TiTqmis yvela

islamurma bankma unda SeinarCunos da daamtki-

cos safinanso sistemaSi sasesxo procentze

bazirebul da konvencionalur bankebze Tavisi

upiratesoba. sxvaTa Soris, islamur bankebs Seu-

ZliaT Seamciron saSemosavlo riskebi, dazogon

sakontrolo(sazedamxedvelo) xarjebi da marti-

vad gadaWran depozitebisa(fuladi Senatanebi) da

dafinansebebis drosTan dakavSirebuli kongru-

enciis problemebi. rodesac es asea da amasTan,

rodesac mewarmeTa ara umniSvnelo nawils ain-

teresebs mogeba, vidre moraluri principebis pa-

210

tiviscema, kumulacia swored rom Zalzed cud

riskebs warmoadgens bankebTan, romlebic mogebisa

da zaralis Tanamonawileobis principis ufar-

Toes gamoyenebaze zrunaven; ar aris gamoricxu-

li: kompaniebi sarisko proeqtebiT mzad iyvnen am

proeqtebis Tanmxlebi riskebi gaunawilon bankebs,

maSin rodesac firmebi gansakuTrebuli mogebis

miRebis molodinebiT arCeven dafinansebisTvis

Cveulebriv myari(fiqsirebuli) Tanxa gadaixadon

da damatebiTi mogeba TavisTvis daitovon. es Sesa-

Zloa mivides iqamde, rom grZelvadian perspeqti-

vaSi moralurad mosawoni qcevebi bankebisTvis ar

iyos Rirebuli da moralur aqtiorebs mouwioT

ekonomikuri negativis miReba da masTan Segueba.

eTika da samarTali msgavs sistemaSi Cans aSkarad

ar aris kompatibluri(Tanaarsebadi). rogorc Cans,

mogeba-zaralis Tanamonawileobis modelis mxar-

damWerebi translireben koncepts, romelic ekono-

mikuri aqtiorebis mkveTrad gamokveTili social-

uri kontroliT misaRebia mcire jgufebisTvis,

xolo miuRebeli da arasaimedo didi jgufebi-

sTvis, romlebSic moqmedebebi anonimuri bazrebis

Sesaxeb koordinirdeba.

(Tana)monawileobasa Tu gazrdil dafinanse-

baze dafuZnebuli sabanko sistemis teqnikur-kon-

cefcionaluri mTavari problema mdgomareobs

masSi, rom orive xelSekrulebis tipi uSualod

ar gamodgeba bankebs Soris arsebul saldoTa da-

sabalanseblad: konvencionalur(tradicionalur)

sistemaSi bankebs SeuZliaT sakuTar gankargule-

bebSi myofi saSualebebis, romelTaTvisac mokle

droisTvis(axlo momavalSi) aranairi mimzidveli

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT, - xelsayre-

li, rentabeluri proeqtebis mqone bankebisTvis

gadacema: da piriqiT, bankebs SeuZliaT mokleva-

211

dian likvidobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleni

sxva bankebis kreditebiT daZlion. bankebs So-

ris arsebuli moklevadiani likvidobis trans-

ferebis mimarTuleba da moculoba procentiT

regulirdeba. muslimi ekonomistebi da sabanko

saqmis praqtikosebi transaqciaTa am saxeobis

mniSvnelobas islamuri finansuri sistemis efeq-

tianobisTvis mTlianad, da calkeuli finansuri

instituciis rentabelobisTvis, didi drois gan-

mavlobaSi arasaTanadod afasebdnen. TandaTano-

biT es Seicvala, rodesac mas islamuri bankebis

mxridan adgili hqonda rogorc procentiT de-

terminirebul ekonomikebSi(mag., egvipte, iordania,

bahreini, TurqeTi, malaizia), aseve islamizire-

bul sistemebSi(gansakuTrebiT pakistani da ira-

ni), raSic Teoriul diskusiebTan erTad pirvel

rigSi praqtikul gamocdilebaTa damsaxurebaa.

rogorc Cans Zalzed Zneli aRmoCnda moklevadi-

ani likvidobis menejmentis instrumentTan, Sesa-

bamisad uprocento fulis bazarTan dakavSire-

biT bankis praqtikosebis survilTa asruleba.

radgan es bankTaSoris likvidobis moklevadian

transmisias Seexeba, erTi mxriv gamoricxavs dafi-

nasebis teqnikaTa pirdapir gamoyenebas, romlebic

realuri aqtivis (farTo moxmarebis saqonlis/sa-

gnebisa da warmoebis saSualebaTa) Sesaxeb savaW-

ro da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebs emyareba. meore

mxriv likvidobis moTxovnadi bankis mogebaSi (Tu

zaralSi) monawileoba aseve ar aris damajerebe-

li gadawyvetileba, radgan is jer pirvelad mniS-

vnelovani droiTi CamorCenebiT ganisazRvreba da

moklevadiani likvidobis transmisiis efeqturi

fasi mxolod Semdeg SeiZleba iqnas dadgenili.

praqtika daiwyo imis sapasuxod, rom ganeviTare-

binaT relatiurad rTuli finansuri struqturebi

212

(fondebiT, e.i. saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebiTa da

savaWaro serTifikatebiT), raTa <<islamuri>> baz-

ris procentis akrZalvis formaluri, Sesabamisad

samarTlebrivi dacviT SeeqmnaT moklevadiani fa-

siani likvidobis daTmobebi bankebs Soris, rac

funqcionalur fulad bazrebze procentis baziss

unda Seesabamebodes, anu unda iyos misi ekvivalenti.

yuradRebas imsaxurebs is, rom wlebis win sakmao

moculobiT konvencionaluri arabuli da dasav-

luri bankebi monawileobdnen uprocento fuladi

bazrebis konstruqciis ganviTarebaSi, romleb-

sac am saqmianobiT (maT Soris uprocento ganyo-

filebebis anu islamuri Svilobilebis dafuZne-

biT) da sazogadod sakuTari myofobiT bazrebze,

surdaT islamuri qveynebis gaZliereba da mzar-

dad progresirebad e.w. Submarket-ze(gansazRvruli

produqciis jgufisa da momsaxurebis saxeobis

bazari) monawileobis miRebineba. konvecionaluri

bankebisTvis islamis (relatiuri) mniSvneloba

maTi globalizaciis strategiebis farglebSi

mdgomareobs masSi, rom riba-akrZalva gansazRvravs

aSkara lukretivul(momgebian;xelsayrel) bazris

segments. piriqiT, isini konfrontireben(xels uS-

lian) islamur bankebs globaluri konkurenci-

iT da awarmoeben efeqtur wnexs uprocentod mo-

muSave safinanso instituciebis mimarT. islamur

bankebs ar SeuZliaT am wnexis acileba, ramdena-

dac maT marTebT imis gaTvaliswineba, rom mus-

limur qveynebSi Znelad arsebobs mudam <<seku-

larulze>> orientirebul xelisuflebaTagan

sanqcirebuli privilegiebi da proteqciebi. ami-

tom, islamuri bankebis umetesoba mihyveba kooper-

aciisa da akomodaciis strategiebs, raTa isinic

aseve dabrundnen (sakuTar Tu sxa bankebisgan Se-

moTavazebul) fuladi bazris konstruqciaSi ma-

213

Tive likvidobis menejmentisTvis.

islamuri ekonomikis sistemur-konstituirebad

sferoSi adgili aqvs konvencionaluri da islam-

uri bankebis instrumentTa Soris momaval ekonomi-

kur daaxloebas; gansxvavebebi jer kidev arsebobs

retorikaSi, Sesabamisad klienturasTan damokide-

bulebasa da nawilobriv, formalurad uprocento

safondo da saserTifikato modelebis rTul

samarTlebriv konstruqciebSi. ase mowyobil da

momarTul islamur sabanko sistemebs, - gansa-

kuTrebiT spekulaciuri transaqciebis miuxeda-

vad, - SeuZliaT praqtikulad msgavsi sawarmoebis

erTnairi komerciuli pirobebiT dafinanseba da

teqnikuri efeqtianobis asamaRleblad, konven-

cionaluri sistemis msgavsad, isini ekonomokuri

ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT metad aRarc xelSem-

wyobi da arc xelSemSleli faqtoris rols iTa-

maSeben. amdenad, Tu islami ekonomikur institu-

ciaTa sferoSi <<samarTlebriv wvrilmanebamde>>

reducirdeba, is ar iTamaSebs substanciur rols

globalizaciis procesSi. msgavsi tendencia savs-

ebiT imsaxurebs dakvirvebas, romelic aseve mus-

limi iuristebis mxridan aris garantirebuli

da fuladi bazrebis konstruqciis Sesabamisi

analogiisTvis - koncipirebuli.

Tumca es ganviTareba mravalricxovani muslimi

ekonomistebisa da ideologebis kritikis sagans

warmoadgens, romlebic pirvel rigSi distribuci-

uli wesebis mixedviT islamis SezRudvebs <<baz-

ris wminda efeqtianobis>> winaaRmdeg, miiCneven

kanonierad da ekonomikuri gavlenis struqtureb-

sa da ganawilebis urTierToebebs gvaxseneben.

isini miuTiTeben maszed, rom ara mxolod isla-

muri samyaros qveynebs Soris arsebobs keTil-

dReobis mkveTri gansxvaveba, aramed aseve umetes

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qveynebSi. isini ekonomikis Semdgom ganviTarebas

xedaven islamuri qveynebis saerTo resursebis op-

timalur realizaciaSi Sida moxmarebisTvis (e.i.

regionalizacia globalizaciis nacvlad). maTi

survilia specialurad islamuri sabanko sis-

temis imgvarad mowyoba, rom is arsebuli elitis

miRma xels uwyobdes moqmed mewarmeebsa da loka-

luri ekonomikebis ganviTarebis uwyvet process.

amgvari pozicia SeiZleba <<islamis suliTac>>

ki iqnas gamarTlebuli da aseve kompatibeluria

ekonomikur-eTikuri principebiT. es ar aris pirve-

ladi wyaroebis erTaderTi SesaZlo interpreta-

cia. pirveladi(damwyebi) kontroversebis dasasru-

lis prognozireba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, radgan

analogiis tradiciuli meTodi islamuri samarT-

lis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis Tavis zRvars aR-

wevs. Tanamedrove racionaluri argumentebisken

mZlavri Semobruneba, Sesabamisad istoriuli

magaliTebisgan mkveTri gamijvna-gaTavisufleba

warmoadgens gardauval Seuqcevad process, rasac

ukve Tavad tradicionaluri saxelisuflo Tu sxva

gavleniani struqturebic aRar ayeneben eWvqveS.

imis mixedviT, Tu romeli mimarTuleba hpovebs

warmatebas da miaRwevs aRiarebas, mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs islamis (relatiur) mniSvnelobas

da mis gansxvavebulobas ekonomikis globali-

zaciisTvis. mas (islams) SeuZlia dasavluri baz-

ris racionalitetis gzis mosaZebnad/mosamzade-

blad gadadgas Semdgomi qmediTi nabijebi, an

gamoiwvios politikuri kontr-moZraoba, romelic

anti-dasavlur procesebSi trnansformirdeba. ra-

sakvirvelia, ukanaskneli aris ufro politikur

ZalTa balansis, vidre sxva ZiriTad faseulobaTa

gamoxatuleba.

im pirobebSi, rodesac mravalsaukunovani me-

215

Todologiis SenarCuneba iZleva instrumentebis

ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, romelic aseve is-

lamur safinanso instituciebs, Sesabamisad safi-

nanso sistemebs rTavs globalizaciis procesSi

monawileobis nebas, islamur wyaroTa <<Tanamed-

rove>> interpretatorebi, romlebic jiutad dga-

nan mogeba-zaralis monawileobis konceptebze, Se-

Zlebisdagvarad abrkoleben islamur ekonomikaTa

modernizirebis procesebs, da es xdeba swored

maSin, roca maTi modelebi avlens funqcionalur

deficits da awarmoebs arastabilurobas. amis

Taobaze SesaZlebeli iqneboda racionaluri dis-

putebis gamarTva, raSic monawileobas aseve mi-

iRebdnen dasavleli mecnierebi da riTac sakuTar

wvlils Seitandnen Tanamedrove mecnierebebis in-

teleqtualur globalizaciaSi.

literatura

1. A. Ahmad, K. R. Awan (Editor), Lectures on Islamic Economics, Jeddah., 1992.

2. M. A. Haneef, Contempory Islamic Economic Thought, Petaling Jaya, 1995.

3. A. Ghanie Ghaussy, Die islamische Wirtschaftsethik und Wirtschaftslehre, Jahrbuch für Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. 34, H. 3, Lucius and LuciusVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, 1983.

4. Das Zinsverbot ‘Riba’ im Islamic Banking – Islamic Banking Blog., islamicbankingblog.de/das-zinsverbot-riba-im-islamic-banking/.

5. S. Al-Harran, Leading Issues in Islamic Banking and Fi-nance, Petaling Jaya., 1995.

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b o l o T q m a

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis msoflio bazre-bze aRmocendeba maRali konkurenciuli wnexi. globalurad qceul kapitalizmis pirobebSi, kom-paniis kompaniasTan konkurenciis nacvlad, meto-qeoba mimdinareobs sxvadasxva nacionalur ekono-mikebs Soris. es niSnavs rogorc sistemaTa gare, ise calkeuli kompaniis SigniT mimdinare urTierTo-bebs: winaaRmdegobebi interesTa Soris mZafrdeba da ekonomikurad Zlierebsa da sustebs Soris ar-sebuli CamorCena izrdeba. aCqarebuli globali-zaciis pirobebSi yvela ekonomikuri aqtiori aR-moCnda mkacri wnexis qveS, an morgeboda msoflio bazrebis racionalitets, an mieRo mzardad margin-aluri bazris pozicia. globalizacia Tavazobs Sansebs codnis safuZvlebis(Know-haw) universal-izaciisTvis, rac aqamde didwilad mxolod mowi-nave, Tumca xSirad institucionalurad sklero-zul dasavlur industriul sazogadoebebSi iyo SemorCenili, da rac biznes-urTierTobebisTvis iZleva gadaadgilebis meti Tavisuflebis Sesa-Zleblobas. rodesac aziuri <<vefxvi>>-sazog-adoebebi, rogoricaa honkongi, taivani, singapuri da malaizia, aseve laTinuri amerikis axali in-dustriuli qveynebi ukve sakmao xania rac mim-wodeblebis saxiT Cndebian msoflio bazrebze da maTi xarjebis upiratesobis safuZvelze dasav-leTis klasikur industriul sazogadoebebTan mimarTebiT, uwinaresad ki mZime mrewvelobaSi floben garkveul preferenciebs, swored es aris Sansebis egalizaciisken gadadgmuli pirveli na-biji samarTlian msoflio ekonomikur wesrigSi, romelic gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTiani wle-bidan dawyebuli, didi eklesiebisa da sxva reli-giuri sazogadoebebis mier warmoebul social-

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ur-eTikur debatebSi yovelTvis aqtualur da moTxovnad sakiTxs warmoadgens.

globalizacia xels uwyobs xelovnurad, pro-teqcionisturi kanonmdeblobiT gamowveuli saqonelgacvlisa da kapitalis moZraobis SezRud-vaTa demontaJs, elitur komunikaciaTa denacion-alizacias da tradiciulad, TnamedroveobasTan Tavsebadi kompetenciebis SeZenis SesaZleblobebs moklebuli socialuri jgufebisTvis iZleva kvalifikaciis miRebis mravalgvar saSualebas. is axal aqtiorebs, mag., teqnikur inteligencias mesame samyarosa da axal industriul qveynebSi uxsnis bazrebTan wvdomis karebs, romelic Zveli industriuli sazogadoebebisa da proteqcional-isturi barierebis wyalobiT maTTvis aqamde daxu-ruli iyo. magram, is aseve gamoricxavs konkuren-ciis uunaro mimwodeblebis Semdgom warmatebul monawileobas bazrebze. is moqmedebs bazris Ti-Toeuli xdomilebis msgavsad, saqonlisa da momsax-urebis zogierTi mimwodeblisTvis inkluziurad, sxvebisTvis - eqskluziurad. sabazro ekono-mikis logika efuZneba mas, rom axali sakomunika-cio teqnologiebiT mzardi mobiluri kapitali cdilobs ipovos iafi warmoebis faqtorebi. ami-tom, globalizacia bevr Zvel industriul sazog-adoebaSi iwvevs samuSao adgilebis ganadgurebas, radgan isini relatiurad maRali sagadasaxado qvotebiTa da xarjebiT socialuri saxelmwifos transferisTvis sakmaod Zviria gamxdari, da aqam-de relatiurad marginalur sazogadoebebSi xels uwyobs axali saSualo fenis mniSvnelovan sam-uSao adgilTa Seqmnasa da gaZlierebas. globali-zacia am sazogadoebebSi aseve xels uwyobs gaum-jobesebuli sajaro infrastruqturaTa Seqmnas, mag., transportisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi, da wvlili Seaqvs saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-

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bebis gafarToebisa da ganaTlebis standartis am-aRlebis saqmeSi. amasTan iTvleba: erTis mogeba yovelTvis meoris wagebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. globalizacia ar aris amdenad <<usamarTlo>>, radgan axal aqtiorebs bazrebis gaxsnilobis xarisxis mixedviT gaaCniaT axali Sansebi. ma-gram, bazrebis globaluri konkurenciisa da ka-pitalizmis formebs Soris metoqeobis pirobebSi Zvel aqtiorebs mxolod maSin SeeZlebaT darCnen konkurentunarianebad, Tu maT axal konkurenci-ul pirobebTan da Sinagan ganaxlebebTan uwyveti Seguebis unari eqnebaT. gansakuTrebiT saerTo keTildReobaze orientirebuli tipis kapitalis-tur-industriul sazogadoebebs globalizaciis procesebi aiZulebs maTi socialur-saxelmwifoe-briv instituciaTa struqturis yovlismomcveli reformebis gatarebas. es procesebi axdens Sromis bazris axal dramatul dezorganizacias da ga-naTlebul, funqciur, moqmed elitasa da im jgufebs Soris socialur daZabulobaTa radikalur gamw-vavebas, romlebsac mwiri ganaTlebis gamo metad aRar gaaCniaT wvdoma globalurad qceul Sromis bazrebTan. amitom, politikurad memarcxene orien-taciis mqone globalizaciis procesis kritiko-sebi germaniaSi saubroben e.w. damdeg << Fünftel-Gesellschaft>>-is Sesaxeb, romelSic namemkvidrali socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi ZiriTadi konsensusi aris miviwyebuli. isini germanuli <<socialuri sabazro ekonomikis>> tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT SeniSnaven: <<globalizaciis reformatoruli simptomia respublikis dauwereli sazoadoebrivi xelSekruleba, romelic zemodan qvemoT gadan-awilebis gziT icavs socialuri uTanasworobis sazRvrebs>>[1,gv.16].

aseve, neoliberaluri ekonomikis Zalzed gav-leniani inteleqtuali kritikosi safrangeTSi

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pier bordie <<globalizaciis miTosis>> Sede-gebs evropuli socialuri saxelmwifosTvis mi-iCnevs damRupvelad. misi azriT <<is welfare state-is monapovris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi metoqis iaraRia>>[2,gv.43]. krizisis sxva analitikosebi, romlebic <<wminda kapitalizmisTvis>> damaxasi-aTebel socialuri saxelmwifos konceptebze amax-vileben yuradRebas, miuTiTeben imis sapirispirod, rom ara globalizaciis procesebiT nawarmoebi gare wnexi axdens raime gavlenas masze, aramed pirvel rigSi Sida sazogadoebrivi cvlileba-Ta procesebi da gansakuTrebiT, swrafad mzardi struqturuli umuSevroba iwvevs memkvidreobiT miRebuli socialuri saxelmwifo instituciebis erozias. <<globalizacia arasaimedo SromiTi urTierTobisTvis ki ar aris pasuxismgebeli, ara-med piriqiT: Cveni sakuTari midrekileba Sromis samyaros Secvlisaken, globalizacias srulad ux-snis saWiro sivrces da imisTvis agebs is pasuxs, rom Tavi Seircxvina>>[3,gv.15]. igive analitiko-sebi aseve miuTiTeben maszec, rom gamZafrebuli msoflio konkurencia, nacionalur-saxelmwifoe-brivad organizebul saxalxo meurneobebs, Sesa-bamisad kapitalizmis gansxvavebul tipebs Soris iwvevs aqamde ucnob socialur daZabulobasa da ganxeTqilebebs.

globalizaciis procesebi aiZulebs Zvel in-dustriul sazogadoebebs arsebiTi cvlile-bebisken da memkvidreobiT miRebul instituci-ur struqturaTa farTo reformebisaken. isini droTa ganmavlobaSi gardaiqmnebian informaciis, ganaTlebisa da codnis sazogadoebebad, sadac socialuri Sansebi da Semosavlebi mkeTrad difer-encirebuli profesiuli kompetenciebiT ganisaz-Rvreba. aseT sazogadoebebSi individs moeTxoveba ukiduresad maRali fleqsibeloba. moTxovnaTa

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profilebis, maRal mobilobaTa mzaobis, life long learning-is unarianobisa da mmarTvelobiTi da sa-warmoo struqturebis Rrma gardaqmnis swrafi, ma-gram gangrZobadi cvlilebebi iTxovs <<fleqsibe-luri adamianis>>[4] axal tips, romelic rogorc <<TviTmewarme>>, nawilobriv Zveli kapitalistu-ri mewarmis Tvisebebs, nawilobriv ki permanentu-li sarevizio mzadyofnis msgavs axal Rirsebebs saWiroebs. amave dros, OECD-is codnis sazogadoe-bebSi bevri adamiani kvlav socialur aqtivobaTa miRma aRmoCnda, radgan isini moklebulni arian sazogadoebrivi aRmasvlisTvis aucilebel ga-naTlebis kompeteneciebs, xolo Zveli warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoTa martivi samuSaoebi, globaluri out-sourcing-Si iafi muSaxelis qveyneb-Si eqsportirdeba, maSinac ki, Tu am codnis sazog-adoebebSi marginalizebuli jgufebi SedarebiT dabal anazRaurebasa da Sesabamisad bevrad ufro dabal socialur standarts iReben. eklesiebisT-vis da sxva religiuri sazogadoebebisTvis es sa-zogadoebebi warmoadgens did gamowvevebs. Tuki isini, qristeanuli Zmobis eTosis azriTa da maTi socialur-eTikuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad Zli-eris sustTan mimarTebaSi kvlav aRiareben soli-darobis valdebulebebs da surT socialur-sax-elmwifoebrivi ZiriTadi ideebis wminda modelis dacva, maSin maT aucileblad unda miiRon axali instituciuri wesrigis ZiebaSi monawileoba, sa-dac Zveli socialuri saxelmwifos msgavsad erTi mxriv, bazari Zalzed mcired regulirdeba da iz-Rudeba (mxolod ase SeiZlia wminda kapitalizmi globalurad kvlav konkurentunariani gaxdes Tu darCes) da meore mxriv, realurad marginalize-bul jgufebs SesTavazon dacva da mxardaWera. amasTan, eklesiebs uwindelze metad da Zlier mar-TebT koncentrirdnen amocanaze, romelic sazoga-

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doebis memkvidreobiT miRebuli <<socialuri kap-italis>> mofrTxilebasa da zrdaSi mdgomareobs. sazogadoebis <<socialuri kapitalis>> irgvliv warmoebul axal debatebSi kvlav da kvlav esmeba xazi mas, rom sazogadoeba Tu socialuri jgufi mxolod maSin rCeba swavlis unariani da SeuZlia reformebis procesTa organizeba da politikuri mowyoba, rodesac am sazogadoebisa Tu socialur jgufTa wevrebs gaaCniaT elementaruli ndoba interaqciaSi myof partniorTa mimarT da aseve SeuZliaT maTi ndobis mopovebac. religiuri enebi, romlebic cxovrebis ZiriTad struqturaTa el-ementarul saimedobas warmoadgenen simbolurad, asaxaven amgvari ndobis formirebis mniSvnelovan, savaldebulo mediums.

diskusia ekonomikuri globalizaciisa da religiuri cvlilebebis procesTa Soris urTi-erTdamokidebulebisa da konfliqtis Taobaze ukanasknel wlebSi pirvel rigSi koncentrir-da sakiTxze, Tu aziuri crony capitalism-is swrafad miRweul did warmatebas ramdenad Seuwyo xeli konfucianizmiT aRbeWdilma ekonomikurma eTikam. Teoretikosebma konfucianur tradiciebSi dain-axes efeqtianobis uzrunvelmyofeli <<spirit of chi-nese capitalism >>[5] ( Sdr. Redding 1990) da amasTan mimarTebiT frensis fukoiama mianiSnebda konfu-cianizmiT aRbeWdili CineTis socialuri kapi-talis, rogorc swrafi kapitalisturi revolu-ciisTvis gadamwyvet pirobaze CineTis samxreT metropoliebSi. <<qveynis socialuri kapitaliT ,,aRWurva“ gadamwyveti iqneboda misive ekonomi-kuri struqturisTvis da aseve, qveynis mdgomare-obisTvis msoflio kapitalisturi Sromis ganawilebaSi. socialuri kapitali efuZneba ara-racionalur Cveulebebs da saTaves iRebs iseTi ,,iracionaluri“ fenomenebidan, rogoric aris sx-

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vadasxva religia da tradiciuli eTika. rogorc Cans, es warmoadgens saWiro winapirobas Tanamed-rove ekonomikuri da politikuri instituciebis funqcionirebisTvis>>[6,gv.381]. maSin, sakiTxi re-ligiurad dasabuTebuli <<Cinuri kapitalizmis sulis>> Taobaze SeiZleba dazustebul iqnas ro-gorc sakiTxi konfucianizmis specifikuri Sanseb-is Sesaxeb, rac gulisxmobs ekonomikur aqtiorTa Soris ndobis Seqmnasa Tu mxardaWeras elementa-ruli kulturuli fundamentis uzrunvelsayofad, romelic yvela interaqciaSi bazrebze yovelTvis unda iqnas navaraudebi/daSvebuli.

es aseve analogiorad iTvleba sxva religiurad axsnadi kulturebiTvisac. ruseTisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva qveynebis SesaZlo kapital-istur take off-Tan mimarTebiT ukanasknel wlebSi intensiuri gaxda Zieba puritanuli, mxolod sa-kuTari profesiiT(saqmiT) dainteresebuli ad-aminis orTodoqsul-qristeanul variantTan da Sesabamisad, kapitalizmTan Tavsebadi ekonomikuri habitusis religiur SemxeblobasTan mimarTebiT. xsnis WeSmaritebis orTodoqsul-qristeanul konceptebSi, Sesabamisad RvTiur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul morwmuneTa realuri monawileobis warmodgenebSi imgvar elementTa povnis imedi, rom-lebic ekonomikurad relevantur wuTisofliur, amqveyniur asketizms uwyobs xels, rasakvirvelia dRemde uimedod rCeba. amasTan, samwuxarod or-Todoqsuli morwmuneobis kulturas TiTqmis ar Seaqvs wvlili elementaruli socialuri ndobis waxaliseba/mxardaWerisa da ,,socialuri kapital-is“ zrdis kuTxiT. sul mcire dasavlur anali-tikosTa warmodgeniT orTodoqsuli qristeanoba asaxavs qristeanul gadmocemaTa formas, romelic ufro arsebulis ekonomikur tradicionalizmsa da kvietistur mimReblobas axalisebs, vidre - in-

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ovaciur mzaobasa da samewarmeo racionalitets.dasasruls, kamaTma islamuri ganmanaTleblo-

bis, islamuri sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri mod-ernizirebisa da gadasavlurobis, iseve rogorc fundamentalisturi reislamisizirebis revolu-ciaTa Sesaxeb aseve moaxdina provocireba sakiTx-isa, - religiuri tradiciebis reformulirebiT xom ar yalibdeba kapitalizmis adekvaturi ekono-mikuri habitusis specifikuri islamuri forma? es debatebi islamis rolze (ufro zustad: is-lamur tradiciaTa gansxvavebul mkafio gamox-atvebze) ekonomikuri globalizaciis procesebSi, gasuli saukunis oTxmociani wlebidan moyole-buli Zalzed diferencirebulad warimarTa, ramac gansxvavebul islamur kulturul sivrceTa So-ris gansxvavebuli analitikuri asaxva hpova erTi mxriv, dasavluri kapitalis SeRwevisa da gavlenis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli fundamental-isturi mobilizaciis moZraobebis dafiqsirebis da meore mxriv, islamur umciresobaTa mniSvnelo-vani nawilis warmatebul kapitalisturi trans-formaciis procesebSi aRmosavleT aziur vefxve-bad wodebul sxvadasxva saxelwifos magaliTze. wina aRmosavleTisa da Crdilo afrikis islam-istur-fundamentalistur saprotesto moZrao-bebTan mimarTebiT mravalma dasavlelma anali-tikosma moaxdina imgvari Tezis formulireba, rom <<islami>> tradiciuli procentis akrZalvis da SariaTTan kavSiris wyalobiT yofiliyo gardau-vali modernizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili da darCeniliyo ekonomikis winakapitalistur tradi-cionalur formebTan dakavSirebuli, - aRmoCnda miuRweveli. mixedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli islamuri fundamentalizmebi, Teologiuri mima-rTulebis rogorc politikur-kulturuli ise modernul-antimodernuli reaqciebi dominanti

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tradiciuli sazogadoebebis kulturul gadasav-lurebasa da kapitalistur transformaciaze Sei-Zleba iqnas gagebuli, isini garedan momavali mod-ernizaciis Sokze upiratesad tramvulad, mkveTri gamijvniT, tradiciuli WeSmaritebis revitalize-biTa da religiuri identurobis reprezentaciebis mkacri formebiT reagireben. es ZiriTadad Seexeba aziuri qveynebis im islamur sazogadoebebs, sa-dac mkafiod sacnobia upiartesad modernizaciis procesiT wagebuli fenis, rogoric aris bazris movaWreTa, wvrili maRaziebisa da saxelosnoebis mflobelTa, Tu urbanul cetrebSi samuSaos Zeb-nis gamo sakuTari sacxovreblis iZulebiT damto-vi da maTgan umetesi, e. w. Slums-Si anu uRaribesTa kvartlebSi sabralod mcxovrebi an araform-alur seqtorSi ukmari Semosavlebis maZiebelTa umZimesi socialuri Sedegebi. magram, bolo drois kulturul-samecniero mimarTulebis islamis kv-levebma dasavleT evropis qveynebis islamur, isve rogorc aRmosavleT aziis gansxvavebul sazoga-doebebTan mimarTebiT uwinaresad aCvena, rom is-lamuri tradiciebis mimdevari axali saSualo fenis garkveuli jgufebi aseve zrunaven imazec, rom dakavdnen aqtualuri Sromis eTikisa da ka-pitalizmis sulis formirebiT. rogorc sfeci-fikuri islamuri sabanko saqmis Sesaxeb warmoe-bul diskusiebSi[7], aseve aziaSi swrafad mzardi axali religiuri moZraobebis Taobaze mimdinare debatebSi[8] da samxreTaziuli <<plural societies>>[9](analitikuri konceftisTvis Sdr. Furnivall 1980:86-96) progresirebadi pluralizebisas TvalsaCino gaxda kapitalizmTan TanxvedraSi myofi islam-uri identurobis axali formebi sazogadoebis ekonomikurad mZlavr, maRalefqtian axal saSualo fenaSi. religia am adamianebs urbanuli cxovre-bis sivrceSi da axal yofiT pirobebSi arsebobis

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mravalgvar riskebTan mimarTebiT sTavazobs fsi-qikur usafrTxoebasa da socialur sayrdens.

religiasa da kapitalistur globalizacias Soris SesaZlo urTierTzemoqmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebul yvela am debatebSi cxadi gaxda: glo-balizaciasTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebebis is kapitalisturi transformacia, romelic am drom-de mxolod kapitalizmis zRvarze iyo gaazrebuli, Tavis mxriv aseve gadamwyvet zemoqmedebas axdens Tavissave religiur sazogadoebebze. moderni-zaciis konfliqtebi umetesad asaxvas poulobs religiuri sazogadoebebis Sinagan diferencire-basa da religiuri cxovrebis samyaroTa plural-izebaSi. maSasadame, tipologiurad danaxuli fun-damentalizmis speqtri erTi mxriv warmoadgens mimarTulebas, romelSic religiuri tradicia yvela dasavluris sapirispirod upirobo iden-turobis gamoxatuleba-mtkicebulobiT da misgan gamijvnis sasargeblod aris reformulirebuli, xolo meore mxriv - imgvar midgomas, sadac ad-gili aqvs religiuri gadmocemebis gardaqmnasa da ganaxlebas, romlebic axal saSualo Tu gabur-Juaziebul jgufebs maT kapitalisturad trans-formirebul cxovrebis samyaroSi sTavazoben cxovrebis warmarTvis Tanabar Sansebs, religiuri cvlilebis sinkretizmebsa da konversiis pro-cesebs. amasTan zogadad iTvleba: religiuri sim-boluri enebi umetesad saocrad maRali xarisxis fleqsibelobiT xasiaTdebian. Zveli konvenciebis miuxedavad maTi wminda teqstebis interpretacieb-Si isini Seicavs gacilebiT met modernizaciis farul potencials, vidre dasavleli inteleqtu-alebis perspeqtivebSi xdeboda maTi aRqma. e. w. ori-entalizmis debatebma niSandoblivad aCvena, rom mravali dasavluri mosazreba islamuri axsnadi kulturebis savaraudo konstitutiuri CamorCenis

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Taobaze, upiratesad mxolod Zveli oqcidenta-luri aRqmis perspqtivaTa refleqss warmoadgens (Osterhammel 1988). maSasadame, fundamentalistur-revoluciuri islamuri sazogadoebis gverdiT, is-lamuri ganmanaTleblobidan iSva missave wiaRidan endogenizirebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi. aRmosavleT aziaSi ekonomikurad warmatebuli is-lamuri jgufebis mentalitetisa da ekonomikuri habitusis mecnierulma Seswavlam aCvena Semdegi: zemoT aRniSnulma jgufebma samociani wlebidan SeZles istoriul mocemulobaSi unikaluri da yvelasagan gamorCeuli, dramatulad sustad ganvi-Tarebuli Rataki sazogadoebebidan[10](Myrdal 1968; deutsche Kurzfassung: Asiatisches Drama, 1973 ) keTildReo-bis mqone relatiurad mdidari saSualo fenis Seqmna, rasac isini upiratesad uarze, asketizmze, simtkicesa da cxovrebis racionalurad warmarT-vaze damyarebul struqturulad puritanuli yofis wess unda umadlodnen. aRmosavleTis azi-ur vefxvebad wodebuli saxelmwifoebis ekono-mikuri saswaulis Sesaxeb momzadebul sakuTar moxsenebaSi 1993 wels msoflio banki Seecada daesabuTebina, rom samocdaaTiani wlebidan wli-uri 7% da oTxmociani wlebidan wliuri 9% sas-waulebrivad qmediT zrdis maRal tempebs pir-vel rigSi ganapirobebda axali saSualo fenebis Sromis maRali motivacia, Tavdadebuli Sroma, intensiuri ganswavla, miznobrivi danazogebi da sxva jgufTa wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, mzadyofna uarze(World Bank 1993)[11]. oTxi wlis Semdeg aziuri ganviTarebis bankis mier es analizi specialurad iqna damowmebuli da miniSneba gakeTebuli reli-giuri tradiciebis maRal Semoqmed Zalaze, msgav-si Sromis eTikis formirebisTvis(Asian Development Bank 1997)[12]. amasTan, am kuTxiT sainteresoa ara mxolod konfucianizmi da islamuri tradicie-

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bi, aramed aseve qristeanobis axali qarizmatuli formaciebi. yvela am SemTxvevaSi, spiritualurad reformirebuli religiuri tradiciebi pirvel rigSi emsaxureboda gaburJuebuli anu saSualo socialuri fenis Zvel qvelobaTa (rogoric aris disciplina, muyaiToba da ganviTareba-aRmasvlaze orientireba) dajildoebas da amave dros - sol-idarobis arsebul qselTa mofrTxilebasa Tu axlis Seqmnas, raTa amiT SesaZlebeli yofili-yo ekonomikur modernizaciasTan dakavSirebuli maRali socialuri xarjebisa da misi Sedege-biT gamowveuli simZimis sul mcire, nawilobriv mainc daZleva. cvlilebebis gasaazreblad, inter-pretaciis maTTvis SeTavazebiT isini kisrulobd-nen erTgvari Suamavlis funqcias da maTi, xSirad Zlier intensiurad praqticirebuli religiuri rwmenebis, zemoT aRniSnul faseulobebTan Sekav-Sirebas. <<aziuri saswauli>>[13] aseve unda umad-lodes memkvidreobiT miRebuli religiis ganax-lebasa da transformacias.

e.w. <<protestantuli budizmic>>[14] sanimuSod reprezentirebs religiuri gadmocemebis spir-itualuri ganaxlebisa da kulturuli sinTezis Sedegad miRebuli imavdroulad samoqalaqo-bur-Juaziuli Sromis eTikis Semdgar ganviTarebas. protestantuli normebis sinkretuli adaptaci-iT aris memkvidreobiT miRebuli wuTisoflsagan gandgomisa da amqveyniuri cxovrebis uarmyofeli budisturi tendenciebi ugulvebelyofili. yove-live zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZle-ba iTqvas, rom TiToeuli socialuri jgufi Zli-erdeba Tavis identobaSi, romelic pirvel rigSi konstruqciulad reagirebs kapitalistur bazris racionalitetTan Seguebis gare zewolebze da cdilobs axal bazrebze damkvidrebas.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis <<socialuri ka-

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pitalis>> Sesaxeb mimdinare amerikul debateb-Si[15] mravaljer iqna miTiTebuli maszed, rom religia gadamwyveti mediumia adamianTa Soris saimedoobisa da ndobis struqturaTa Sesaqmne-lad. ndoba aZlierebs adamianebis samoqalaqo engaJements(valdebuleba/aqtivoba), xels uwyobs socialuri qselis Seqmnas da saSualebas aZlevT maT ganaxorcielon sazogadoebrivi winsvlis aqtiuri TviT-menejmenti, ris sailustraciod yovelTvis saxeldeboda da saxeldeba iaponiis ekonomikuri warmatebisa da aRmosavleT aziis vefxvebad wodebuli saxelmwifoTa eqstremalu-rad swrafi kapitalisturi e.w. take off brwyinva-le magaliTebi. religiuri tradiciebi da gansa-kuTrebiT konfucianizmi, maTi xsnis sikeTeTa da <<network kapitalism>>-is kulturuli faseulobebis safuZvelze Zlier xels uwyobda maRali sabazro dinamikis arsebobas, rac mWidrod iyo dakavSire-buli modernizaciis Tanamdevi krizisebis gamanei-tralebel, Tumca erTgvarad SezRudul socialur, ganskuTrebiT ki ojaxur struqturebTan. sinamd-vileSi konfucianuri faseulobebi SesaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda imisTvis, rom patriarqaluri ojax-uri klanebisgan Semdgar kapitalistur kompaniebs efunqcioniraT Seuferxeblad da amave dros kom-paniebSi warmoebuliyo TanamSromlebis Zalzed maRali loialurobis xarisxi. risi gamoZaxilic iyo is, rom xSirad socialur xarjebs kompaniebis nacvlad Tavad am kompaniis TanamSromlebi fara-vdnen.

sxva formiT es aseve exeba iaponuri warmoebis kulturas[16]. konfucianizmma tradiciulad ga-naviTara piradi pasuxismgeblobis eTika sazoga-doebaSi. kargi adamiani movale iyo bejiTi swavl-iTa da mkacri ganwmendis gziT gamoemuSavebina da srulyofili gaexada gulwrfelobis, erTgulebis,

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sibrZnis, moyvasis siyvarulis, patiosnebis, wesi-erebisa da TviTdisciplinis msgavsi qvelobani. kapitalizmis martivi formis sargeblobisTvis es eTosi Tavidanve ayalibebda xelosnebisa Tu msgavsi socialuri wris mizanswrafuli xalxis samyaros[17]), romelSic ojaxebi Tu ojaxuri gaer-Tianebebi dRemde gadamwyvet organizaciul er-Tobas warmoadgenen. aziuri <<network capitalism>>-is dramatulma krizisma amave dros cxadi gaxada konfucianelobiT inspirirebuli Tu legiti-mirebuli ekonomikuri habitusis didi Crdilo-vani mxareebi (aziuri krizisis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa analizisTvis).[18] CineTSi kasaciuri saCivari konfucianur faseulobebze didwilad emsaxureba mxolod avtoritaruli batonobis stabilurobas[19,gv.425-448].

konfucianuri qvelobaniT Zlierdeba swored rom SemakavSirebeli struqturebi, iqmneba brwyinvale Sromis eTika da yalibdeba dagrovebis(danazogis) norma, romlebic dasavluri perspeqtiviT umagal-iToa. aseve, aziur vefxvebad wodebul qveynebSi sazogadoebebis ukiduresad swrafi kapitali-zaciis ( e.i. xelfasis mimRebTa wilis zrdis), da TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi eqvsidan aT pro-centamde ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis wyalo-biT SesaZlebeli gaxda memkvidreobiT miRebuli siRatakis problemis sazogadod daZleva da adreul Tu indoeTisa da bangladeSis msgavs sa-zogadoebTan SedarebiT relatiurad SeZlebuli saSualo fenis axal formaciaTa Seqmna. Tumca, vefxv-sazogadoebebs nawilobriv daemuqraT axali socialuri dayofani Tu danawevrebi, radgan gan-viTarebis sawyis fazaSi aSkara iyo Semosavleb-isa da qonebis nawilobriv politikurad prob-lematuri koncentracia mxolod Zalzed mcire ojaxebisa Tu klanebis xelSi, maTi politikuri

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kultura didwilad kvlav mianiSnebda mxolod diqtaturebis ganviTarebaze, sadac adamianis el-ementaruli uflebebi iyo ugulvebelyofili, da maTi uswrafesi ekonomikuri bumis Tanamdevi gax-ldaT misgan gamowveuli mZime ekologiuri prob-lemebi, romelTa pozitiuri gadaWrac sakmaod did materialur da humanur xarjebTan aRmoCn-da dakavSirebuli. ekonomikurma krizisma aCvena konfucianuri ekonomikis eTikis simyife: ojaxur struqturebs ara mxolod socialuri probleme-bis daZlevis SesaZlebloba hqondaT, aramed mis paralelurad warimarTa klanuri ekonomikisa da korufciis institucionalizaciis Seuqceva-di procesi. maT aseve warmatebiT moaxerxes dae-faraT brutaluri, ulmobeli eqspluatacia da xeli SeewyoT uZraobisTvis. isini mfarvelobas uwevdnen gamofituli sawarmoo struqturebis konservacias da axalisebdnen moraluri riskis politikas, e.i. ekonomikurad iracionalur, Tavisu-fal bazrebze ganuxorcielebel zRvargadasul davalianebasa da sakmaod sarisko kreditTa gace-mas. efeqturi bazrebisTvis aucilebeli informa-ciebis transparentulobis arseboba e.w. <<network capitalism>>-is pirobebSi ufro metad iyo blokire-buli vidre nebismieri zewolisgan Tavisufali da mxardaWerili. <<aziuri krizisi>> xasiaTdeboda elementaruli struqturuli deficitiT CarCo wesrigis formirebisas. umetesad samarTlebri-vi instituciebis gverdiT adgili hqonda gansa-kuTrebiT korporaciuli xelisuflebis (corporate governance) struqturebis rudimentul ganviTare-bas. sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda efeqturi instituciebi finansuri seqtoris sazedamxedvelod da buRal-truli angariSgebisa da auditoruli momsaxure-bis organizaciebi, romlebic gamWvirvalobisa da informaciis saimedoobisTvis izrunebdnen.

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ekonomikis anglo-amerikul modelSi es swored rom piriqiT aris, ramdenadac instituciis sax-iT did wilad aq yvelgan moqmedebs SeuzRudavi Ria konkurencia, romelic TiToeul aqtiors ai-Zulebs maRali transparentulobisken, riTac is amave dros maT problemis mignebisa da gadaWris saukeTeso SesaZleblobas sTavazobs. rasakvirve-lia, anglo-amerikuli modeli moklebulia far-Tod SesaZlebeli deregulirebuli konkurenciu-li kapitalizmis bevr komunitarul struqturas, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneboda yoveli ada-mianis Semokreba, romelTac faqtobrivad metad aRar gaaCniaT bazrebTan wvdoma. Sromis bazrebis Tanmimdevruli deregulireba wminda modelTan mimarTebiT xels uwyobs mravali tradiciulad marginalizirebuli jgufis bazarze warmateba-realizebas. magram, mraval xelmocarulTagans SeuZlia mxolod relatiurad aramdgrad, upi-ratesad religiuri sazogadoebebisa da eklesieb-isgan Semdgar mcire zomis saqvelmoqmedo qseleb-Si integrireba. amitom, anglo-amerikuli modelis kritikuli diagnozis Tanaxmad, gasuli saukunis samocdaaTiani wlebis neoliberaluri revolu-ciis Semdeg saWiroa Seiqmnas socialuri Tan-asworobis axali Sualeduri organizaciebi. e.w. <<Thatcherist Revolution>>[20,gv. 279-297] da ekonomikis institucionaluri matricis transformaciis Semdeg, ramac upiratesad moZvelebuli social-uri saxelmwifo instituciebis gamanadgureblis, bazrebis deregulirebisa da socialuri konsen-susis dafuZnebul formaTa mrRvevlis funqcia Seasrula[21], neo-keinzianizmis Teoretikosebi, ro-gorebic arian pier bordie, jon gelbreiti, an-toni gidensi, riCard miunxi, iurgen habermasi da ulrix beki Seecadnen moeZebnaT <<mesame gza>>, kvlav SeeqmnaT axali CarCo-wesrigi, romelSic

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efeqturi Sualeduri instituciebi Seasrulebd-nen SemakavSirebeli Zalis rols da xels Seu-wyobdnen <<solidaruli sazogadoebis>> Seqmnis process[22](ix. Boourdieu 1998; Galbraith 1998; Giddens 1998; Habermas 1998; Münch 1998; Beck 1998; Bühl 1998; Tichz 1998). amasTan neoliberaluri ekono-mikis fundamenturi Sexedulebebi SenarCunebul iqna im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT mosazrebeSi xaz-gasmulia individebis Zalzed maRali pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis roli maTi socialuri uzrunve-lyofis kuTxiT da sadac, socialuri integraciis mimarTulebiT saxelmwifoze bevrad aqtiur pozi-cias misgan damoukidebeli Suamavali organiza-ciebi ikavebs. socialuri samarTlianobis norma-tiuli principebis gamokveTaSi TvalsaCino xdeba wminda modelis impulsebi, riTac axali <<mesame gzis>> mravali es eskizi germanuli social-uri saxelmwifo tradiciebis Zlier kritikuli xedviT xasiaTdeba: gasuli saukunis evropuli ekonomikuri integraciis TvalsazrisiT da misiT gaaqtiurebulma debatebma saerTo evropuli so-cialuri CarCo-wesrigis[23] Sesaxeb, gansakuTre-biT zustad aCvena germanuli modelis etaturi ZiriTadi orientiris sazRvrebi da sisusteni[24]. gamomdinare iqidan, rom sakiTxi dResac ar kar-gavs Tavis aqtualobas dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, umweoTa da daxmarebis msaWiroebel pirTa so-cialuri usafrTxoebis dacvisa da socialuri integraciisTvis aucilebelia yuradRebis gamax-vileba e.w. <<non profit-Sektors>>-is tipis organiza-ciebis gaZlierebis mxriv[25].

msoflioSi mimdinare aqtualuri debatebi sami Tu oTxi kapitalizmis formaTa Taobaze, arsebi-Tad aris orientirebuli Semdegi konceptualuri sakiTxis irgvliv: globalizaciis Semdgom pro-cesebSi bolos da bolos formirdeba Tu ara

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kapitalizmis erTiani, unificirebuli ( Tavisi maRali sabazro efeqtianobidan gamomdinare, Sesa-Zloa gansakuTrebiT warmatebul anglo-amerikul formaze dafuZnebuli ) ekonomikuri modeli, Tu momavali, Semdgomi diferencirebis wyalobiT, ka-pitalizmis kulturuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebuli nimuSebiT iqneba warmodgenili. amasTan dakavSirebiT mecnier-ekonomistebSi dRem-de ar arsebobs erTiani, Sejererebuli mosazreba da gamomdinare aqedan, maTi pasuxebi aris Zlier kontroversuli. erTi mxriv isini mianiSneben te-qnologiurad Sepirobebuli unificirebis wnexze, rogoric aris mag., globaluri kompiuterizacia da msoflio sainformacio qselis kidev ufro Semdgomi gafarToebiT miRebuli zemoqmedebis efeqti. meore mxriv, isini xazgasmiT aRniSnaven mas, rom adamianebi da sistemebi problemebze Zlier gansxvavebuli gadaWris strategiebiT rea-gireben da swored krizisul situaciebSi <<rw-menaTa kulisebidan>> Zalzed Zlier imarTebiam, romlebic mudam religiur-kulturuli niSniT arian kodirebulni. rac ufro meti mecnier-ekon-omisti miuTiTebs ekonomikuri racionalitetisa da Tu implicituri normatiuli aqsiomis kul-turuli wanamZRvrebis Sesaxeb savaraudod miz-nobriv-racionalurad marTul wminda sabazro procesebSi, miT ufro gadaixrebian isini imgvari prognozisken, rom kapitalisturi globalizaciis Semdgomi ganviTareba axali diferencirebis Zvre-biTa da kapitalizmis kulturulad divergentuli formebis momzadebiT SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes[26]( Sdr. Berger/Dore 1997; Crouch/Streeck 1997; Bernholz da sxv. 1998 ).

miuxedavad imisa, rom religiaTmcodneebsa da ekonomikis/biznesis eTikosebs ar ZaluZT am davis gadaWra, maT mainc SeuZliaT wamoayenon hipoTeza

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kacobriobis maRaldiferencirebul religiur samyarosTan mimarTebiT: kulturul-samecniero mimarTulebiT informirebuli religiis kvlevis perspeqtivaSi, religiisa da kulturis kvleva me-tyvelebs im savaraudo niSnebze, rom teqnikuri da ekonomikuri konvergenciis procesebi aseve mudam iqneba kulturuli diferencirebis axali Zvre-bis Tanamdevi. ekonomikuri miznis racionalite-tis gaZlierebuli ganxorcieleba, religiurad motivirebuli da artikulirebuli sapirispiro reaqciebiT, yovelTvis winaaRmdegobrivad ukavS-irdeba adamianis mosalodnel farTo funqcion-alizacias. bazris racionalitetisa da mkacri konkurenciis eqspansiis kvaldakval, bazris saz-Rvrebi sul ufro da ufro cnobili xdeba. amasTan, globalizaciis procesebis mzardi aCqareba sac-naurs xdis yvela im religiuri sazogadoebis Za-las, romlebic moiTxoven rogorc transnacion-aluri struqturebis mSenebloba-ganviTarebasTan mimarTebiT garkveul regulireba-normirebas, ise bazris dinamikis SezRudva-reglamentirebas. axal-ma debatebma e. w. <<new institutionalism>>-is Sesaxeb ekonomikaSi damajereblad gamoaCina is, rom msgav-si wesebi da wesrigis struqturebi TiTqosda ara TavisTavad, wmindad bazris sakuTari dinamikidan iwarmoeba, aramed ekonomikuri procesebis efeq-turobis gulisTvis saWiroebs transsazRvriTi politikuri konsensusis formirebas, bazrebisa da instituciebis usafrTxo funqcionirebis uz-runvelsayofad iTxovs wesebis dadgenas SesaZlo qonfliqtebis mSvidobiani gadaWrisTvis[27] (Sdr. Terberg 1994; Reuter 1994; Pluemper 1996; Boyer/Drachen 1996; Holingsworth/Boyer 1997).

teqnologiuri, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri kon-vergenciis procesebi da kapitalistur modern-izaciasTan umetesad dakavSirebuli, Tanamdevi

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maRali socialur-kulturuli xarjebi garkveul sazogadoebriv jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki morw-mune adamianebTan wuTisoflisgan ganridebis ten-dencias uwyobs xels, rac amqveyniuri cxovrebidan religiuri distancirebis Zvel formaTa revital-izebas iwvevs. religiur simbolur enebSi modern-izaciis paTologiebisTvis rac ufro meti aqcen-ti gakeTdeba (SesaZlo zrunviTa da warmoebiT) sensibelobis mimarT, miT ufro mimzidveli gaxde-bian saTanado religiuri sazogadoebebi martivi <<Sesaqmes konformuli>> cxovrebis stiliTa da ganviTarebis konceptebis mxardaWeriT, romelSic <<community culture>>-is tradiciebis azriT, mar-ginalizebuli jgufebis <<empowerment>>-s aqvs mxardaWera. amasTan, mniSvnelobas da wonas iZenen Zveli religiuri eTikis ierarqiuli formebi, romelTa Tanaxmad <<religiuri virtuozebisa>> Tu sasuliero Tanamdebobis pirTa mxridan mkac-ri moraluri (TviT)aRzrda-ganaTleba aris mosa-lodneli kapitalistur samyarosTan mravalgvar kompromisze wasul <<SecdomilTa>> mimarT. rac ufro Cqardeba drois mdinareba da globaluri kapitalizmi axdens Zveli kulturuli tradic-iebisa da instituciebis danaRmvas, miT ufro won-vadi da mniSvnelovani xdeba kulturebi dakargu-lis mogonebebiT, romlebic enebsa da ritualebSi kvlav cocxloben Zveli religiebis simboluri kapitalis saxiT.

sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan ganirCevian ara mxolod maTi religiuri tradiciebisa da xsnis sikeTeTa SinaarsiT, aramed aseve sazogadoebriv jgufTa morwmuneobis xarisxiT. sustad ganviTare-bul qveynebSi Sesabamisi religiuri tradiciis ekonomikuri eTika gacilebiT did rols TamaSobs, vidre OECD-is codnis sazogadoebebSi. religiebi, romlebic TiTqosda kultivireben racionaluri

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TviTkontrolis puritanul habituss, sakuTar sa-zogadoebebSi SesaZloa aZlierebdnen kapital-istur take off-is Zalebis mxardaWerasa da stim-ulirebas, maSin rodesac wmindad wuTisoflis damtevebel religiur ZalebTan mimarTebiT maTi mxridan blokirebas hqondes adgili. Zlier gansx-vavebuli evropuli sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis gza da a.S.S.-is religiis istoria aCvenebs, rom religiuri tradiciebi aseve ganviTarebuli ka-pitalizmis pirobebSic inarCuneben mniSvnelovan gavlenas CarCo-wesrigTa formirebaze. marTalia, religiuri axsnadi sistemebis pluralizaciiT eklesiebis gavlena bazarsa da socialur, Sesa-bamisad politikur instituciaTa urTierTobis Taobaze arsebul sajaro debatebSi bazris dina-mikis SezRudvis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT SesaZle-belia iyos sakmaod sagrZnobi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, isini gverds ver auvlen memkvidreobiT miRebuli qristeanuli Zmobis eTosis mocemul kavSirSi kv-lavac bazriT nawarmoebi Semosavlebis da San-sebis ganawilebis socialur valdebulebebsa da koreqturebs. Zveli industriuli sazogadoebebis codnisa da ganaTlebis sazogadoebebad gardaqm-nis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT marTebT sakuTari re-ligiuri interpretaciis arsis SeTavazebisa da eTikuri konceptebis uwindelze ufro Zlier ko-municireba verbalur aliteraciebSi, romlebic Zvel religiur tradiciebsa da mraval axal dag-rovil codnas Soris arsebuli Zlier farTod kognituri intervalis daZlevas xdian SesaZle-bels. maT, iseve rogorc sxva religiuri sazog-adoebebis warmomadgenlebma unda ganaviTaron eTika, romelic kapitalisturi eqspansiis dRemde arsebul, konstruqciul, keTildReobis mxardamWer efeqtebze metad iZleva umweoTa zrunvis garkveviT Sexsenebis aRqmis SesaZleblobas. sabolood, glo-

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balizaciis Seuqcevad procesebSi religiis Se-sustebis nacvlad, ekonomikuri damokidebulebis zewoliT adgili aqvs misi formis cvlilebas. ramdenadac, aseve globaluri kapitalizmis krea-tiul inovaciur agentebsa da <<fleqsibelur adamianebs>> kvlavac dasWirdebaT WeSmaritebis faruli konteqstebi da simbolur enebze damok-idebuli darCeba yvela miznis racionaliteti, romlebSic maT Tanamedrove cxovrebis mzardi gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebis, mravali axali mobilobis riskebisa da adamianis mudmivi, dro-ismiRmieri elementaruli, arsebuli cxovrebiseu-li STabeWdilebebis Sedegad miRebuli ZiriTadi daskvnebis, tkivilisa da siyvarulis, dabadebisa da gardacvalebis gamocdilebaTa axsna SeeZlebaT. amasTan dakavSirebiT marTebuli iqneba aRiniS-nos, rom globaluri kapitalizmis samyaro war-moadgens aseve mraval mcire sasicocxlo garemos, romlebic, erTi mxriv ekonomikur SezRudvebsa da siZneleebs, xolo meore mxriv adamianebis TviTin-terpretaciebsa da dauokebel survilTa Soris arsebuli gadauWreli winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaT-deba da yovel gansakuTrebul formaSi amgvarad aris gansazRvruli.

vercerTi religia Tu religiuri eTika Se-Zlebs daemorCilos globaluri kapitalisturi miznis racionalitetis batonobas. religiebi kv-lavac darCebian gansxvavebuli aRqmisa da kri-tikis Zalebad. Tumca isini Tavis mxriv kvlavac moaxdenen mravalgvar gavlenas ekonomikis mzar-dad Zlier, dinamiur Zalebze.

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tavi 1. induizmi1.1 induizmis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.2 induizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Tavi 2. budizmi2.1 budizmis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.2 budizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Tavi 3. konfucianizmi da Cinuri religia3.1 konfucianizmis/daoizmis arsi . . . . . . . . 803.2 konfucianizmis/daoizmis socialur- ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Tavi 4. iudaizmi4.1 iudaizmis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154.2 iudaizmis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Tavi 5. qristeanoba5.1 qristeanobis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.2 qristeanobis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.2.1 marTlmadidebloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.2.2 kaTolicizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585.2.3 protestantizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Tavi 6. islami6.1 islamis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906.2 islamis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

boloTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

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Vasil Khizanishvili

World religions and economics(Retrospection in context of the religions-economic ethics)

The present textbook <<world religions and economics>> is the novelty and the first inter-disciplinary research to this direction in Cau-casus, which was performed at the Universities of Freiburg and Tübin-gen under the patronage of Prof. Bernhard Uhde and Prof. Hermann Lichtenberger and by KAAD financing.

In the work presented in relation to dominant confession are dis-cussed and analyzed in a different cultural-geographical areas existent motives and forms of the economic behaviors, which gives the oppor-tunity to better explain and understand the nature of the national and transnational economic approaches.

The above-mentioned book is destined for the students and Profes-sors . It is also important for middle and general education.

Major Editor : Prof. Elguja Meqvabishvili (Tbilisi State University)Editors : Prof. Hermann Lichtenberger (Universität Tübingen) Prof. Bernhard Uhde (Universität Freiburg)Reviewers: Assist. Prof. Maia Burdiashvili (Telavi State Univerity) Assoc. Prof. Loid Karchava (Caucasus International University)

The textbook was published by Mr. Zurab Feiqrishvili financial supporting.