is and ss reviewer

8/3/2019 Is and SS Reviewer

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IS ReviewerI'll share nalang this IS reviewer I got. (not mine, just sharing it)(somewhat direct copypaste)All Credits to Mycan Cabuco!!!

Conversion of Units

1) Fraction Label Method or Dimensional Analysis

20 000 g x 1 kg = 200 000 kg10^2 g

*remember to keep the number of SigFigs.

Scientific Method

1) State the PROBLEM

2) Gathering INFORMATION

3) Formulate HYPOTHESIS

4) Identify the VARIABLES

5) Design an EXPERIMENT

6) EXPERIMENTATION

7) Collect DATA

8) Analyze DATA

9) Make CONCLUSION

Stating Problems:

Ex:

Question: Why do cattails grow only in swampy places?

(^Problem's too big -- needs to be smaller.)

Question: What factors influence the growth of cattails that make it suitable to grow in swampy places?

(^Smaller and more specific problem which is oke.)

Variables

- something that varies or changes in situation

1) Manipulated Variables (MV) or Independent Variable-variables that are deliberately changed

2) Responding Variable (RV) or Dependent Variable

- variables may change as a result of the changes of the MV

3) Controlled or Constant Variable (CV)

- variables that is kept constant throughout the experiment

Hypothesis

- an educated guess

- a tentative answer to a problem

- must be testable

Operational Definition (OD)

- describes how to measure a variable

Example:

Q: What is the effect of pennicilin in the growth of bread mold?

MV - amount of pennicilin

OD - amount of pennicilin in mg at the start

RV - growth of bread mold in mm^2

OD - growth of bread mold measured in mm^2 area

CV - kind of bread



Constructing Hypothesis

Sample problem #1: What affects how fast a person can run a 100 m dash?

1) Think of the factors that may affect the result.

- about the object

- lung capacity of the person

- length of the legs- about the measurement of (something I wasn't able to copy, sorry)

- terrain of the track

2) Pick one and think of a possible outcome.

Sample Hypothesis: The longer the legs of a person, the slower he runs.

Conclusion: The longer the legs of a runner, the faster he runs. (Hypothesis was rejected)

Sample Problem #2: What made an object fall faster in a liquid?

Sample Hypothesis: The bigger the object, the higher it flies.

^This is a wrong hypothesis -- not related to the problem.

Sample Problem #3: WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE GROWTH OF THE BEAN PLANT?

A. Object1) Age of bean plant

2) Number of fruits

Hypothesis: If the bean plant is older, then it is taller in height.

MV: age of plant (the plants used will have different ages)

OD: age of plant in months

RV: height of bean plant

OD: height in cm

CV: place where plants are observed

OD: somewhere where plants will get equal water and sunlight

B. Environment

1) amount of water in area

2) amount of sunlight in area

Hypothesis: If the bean plant gets more water, then it will grow healthier.

MV: amount of water

OD: amount of water in mL

RV: the growth/height of bean plant

OD: heigh grown since first watered in cm

CV: kind of plant

OD: bean

Designing an Investigation

- consider these four questions

1) How was the manipulated variables operationally defined?

2) How was the responding variables operationally defined?3) What were the variables that were controlled?

4) What values of the MV were selected for the investigation?

(This was the homework given by Ma'am [I THINK], to make our own design. I'm just gonna share my answer.)

Hypothesis: The greater the surface area of the liquid exposed to the air, the faster evaporation will occur.

Design: Pour 100 mL of water at room temperature into each of the five aluminum pans that are 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 in an

open room. Measure the volume of water remaining in each after two hours have passed.

OD of MV: area exposed measured in cm^2

OD of RV: rate of evaporation - volume of water remaining



Constant: water beginning - 100 mL, room temperature, aluminum pans, open room

Collecting Data

1) Collect all possible data from the population

2) Sampling technique - get a number from a certain area and multiply it by the number of areas there are

3) Estimate - guess the number of population

Interpreting a Graph

A. With straight lines

1. Tell what happens in RV as the MV changes / tell what happens in the MV as the RV changes

B. With curved lines

1. State in two sentences.

2. Tell what happens to RV as MV changes up to a certain value where it suddenly changes.

3. Tell what happens beyond that value.

4. Use modiefies that wouuld differentiate the two curves.

ECOSYSTEM

- composition

> community*which consists of population

* which consists of organism

- interaction between

> biotic factors - producers, consumers, decomposers, niche, habitat, eco-relationship, adaptation

> abiotic factors - chemical and physical factors

- needs energy

> sunlight

- undergoes changes

> evolution

> population dynamics

> ecological succession

Ecosystem - interaction between living and non-living components

Ecology - the study of interactions between living and non-living organisms

Organism

- anything that has life and is classified into species

- needs nutrients

- move

- react to stimuli

- grow

- reproduce

- made of cells

Indications of Life:

1) needs

2) moves

3) grows

4) reproduces its own kind

Biosphere - the sum of all ecosystems and has 3 parts, namely:

1) Lithosphere

2) Hydrosphere



3) Atmosphere

Population - group of organisms of same species interacting with one another at a certain time in a certain place

Community - different populations of different species interacting at a certain time at a certain area

Habitat - place where organisms normally live

- provides the resources needed by the organisms

*resources = food, shelter, protection, air, water, temperature, humidity, area, light

Classifications of Organisms According to How They Get Food For Energy Use:

1) Producers - manufacture their own food with the help of energy usually sunlight

* Plants - are food source for terrestrial organisms

* Photosynthesis - process of producing food with sunlight

* For Aquatic Organisms - plankton, kelp, algae, seaweeds, diatoms

* Chemosynthesis - process of producing food with the help of other source of energy

2) Consumers - feed on producers and/or consumers

a. Herbivore - feed on plants only

b. Carnivore - feed on meat onlyc. Omnivore - feed on both plants and meat

3) Decomposers - break down complex matter into simpler ones before consuming them as food

ex: mushrooms, molds, worms

4) Scavengers - feed on dead organisms

ex: janitor fish, squid, octopus

Food Chain

- the sequence of organisms where one is the source of food for the other

- shows the transfer of energy from one organism to the next in the sequence

- has this order most of the time:

producer --> consumer --> secondary consumer --> tertiary consumer

producer --> herbivore --> carnivore or omnivore --> top carnivore or omnivore

* ideally maximum of (10% or 15%, not sure which) energy transfer

Pyramid of Energy - graphical representation of transfer of energy in a food chain

3rd consumer level 4th tropic level

2nd consumer level 3rd tropic level

1st consumer level 2nd tropic level

producer --> 1st tropic level

Food Web - complex food chain

Ecological Pyramid - graphic representation of organisms in each tropic level of the food chain

1) Pyramid of Energy - energy transfer

2) Pyramid of Biomass - mass of organism3) Pyramid of Numbers - number of the organism

Ecological Relationships

1) Predation

- one hunts the other for food

- predater = hunter

prey = food of the hunter

- organism level

> prey is harmed or even killed



- population level

> preys benefit the realtionship

a. Controls the population (death rate balances with birth rate)

b. Ensures the availability or resources

c. Improves the genetic stock of the populaton

How? Predators eat the weak and old. What is left are the able-bodied, thus, they reproduce better offspring. The

principle of Natural Selection through survival of the fittest, elimination of the unfit2) Competition

- competes for resources

3) Symbiosis

- relationships that exist among oganisms that live very near each other

3) Mutualism

- both benefit

ex:

butterfly + flowers

bacteria + humans

4) Communalism

- one benefits, other is unaffected

ex:

remora fish + shark epiphytes + trees

dentist bird + crocodile

5) Parasitism

- one benefits; other is harmed

- parasite = benefit

host = harmed

ex:

man + mosquito

Adaptation

- changes in behavior and physiological characteristic that make them better suited for survival through the process of

Natural Selection

To what or whom do they adapt to?

1) Adaptation to Predators - how to adapt to your predator

- by running fast: deer, rabbit

- by producing repulsive odors: skunk, stinkbugs, mustard plant

- by camouflage: fawn, fish, flounder

- by stingers: wasp, sea anemone, nettle plants

- by thorns: roses, porcupine fish, hedgehog

- by something Ma'am told us to find out: seventeen-year cicadas, century bamboo plants

- by coming in large groups: musk, oxens, bees, ants

2) Adaptation to Prey - how to adapt to your prey

- by speed: cheetah to gazelle

- by long sticky tongue: anteater to ants3) Adaptation to Competition

- hummingbird

- sunflower, mesquite, purple sage, streptomyus, penicilium

4) Adaptation to Symbiosis

Types of Adaptation

1) Behavioral

- migration, aggression, warbler, resource partitioning, symbiosis

2) Physiological



- more of body functioning

3) Structural

Ecological Rhythm

- any pattern that occurs over and over again

- causes

1) earth's rotation2) earth's revolution

3) moon's revolution

Classification of Organisms according to Daily Rhythm

1) Diurnal - active during daytime

2) Nocturnal - actvie during nighttime

3) Crepuscular - active during dawn and twilight

Niche

- role or organism in the ecosystem

- includes habitats, nutrients, other roles

- never have identical niche for long

Principle of Natural Selection

- survial of the fittest, elimination of the unfit

Abiotic Factors

- nonliving components in an ecosystem

1) Physical factors

a. sunlight and shade

b. temperature

c. average precipitation and timing

d. wind - moving air

e. altitude - height from sea level

f. latitude - distance from equator

g. frequency of fire

h. nature of soil

2) Chemical Factors

a. supply of water

b. air in soil

c. supply of plant nutrients

d. kind of toxic materials

e. salinity

f. level of dissolved oxygen

g. acidity



Ancient Philippines

Overview

1. Prehispanic source materials available in studying Philippines history

2. Philippine Archeology

3. Medieval Chinese accounts

4. Comparison of Philippine languages and alphabets

1. Philippine Archaeology

1. Dispute in existence of land bridges

2. No evidence of large carnivore in country

3. Animals migrated through swimming/ island hopping

4. Man migrated through boat

5. Based on most recent discovery, oldest artifact of living organisms are from 67000 BC in Callao man in Callao cave done by

Armand Mijares of UP diliman. (Tabon man in Tabon cave at 47000 BC)

6. Dating methods

- Uranium dating method (Callao man in Callao cave)

- Carbon 14

- Chinese porcelains

Song Dynasty (960 - 1279)

Yuan Dynasty (1279 -1368)

Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644)

- Stratification and Association

- Thermoluminescence

1. Inferences on the discovered fossils and artifacts:

- Philippines experienced stone, metal, and pottery age

- Paleoliths were widely distributed

- Trade with neighboring nations

- Potteries and porcelains for graves

- Burial rights

1. Medieval Chinese accounts

- Wang Ta Yuan – Tao I Chi Lueh

- Chao Ju Kua – Chu Fan Chi

1. Comparisson

1. Came from Austronesian / Malay-Polynesian

2. Loans: Sanskrit, Chinese, Malay

3. 2 theories

- Language convergence

- Innovation



1. Periods

1. Paleolithic period (800,000-5,000)

1. Callao Man

2. Tabon Man

3. Samar: Stone flake tools

4. Duyong cave: Stone blade tools

5. Flake tools

6. Pebble-cobble tools

7. Stone flake tools

8. Family

9. Band

10. Tribe

1. Neolithic period (5000-2500)1. Masbate: Potsherds

2. Manunggul burial jar

3. Angono petroglyphs

4. Shell ornaments

5. Tribe

6. Chiefdom

7. Shell and stone adzes

1. Metal age (500-500)

1. Bronze socketed adze and mould

2. Anthromorphic pots

3. Butuan boat

4. Butuan Ivory seal

5. Gold death mask

6. Manunggul iron

1. Age of contact and trade (500-1600)

1. Mt. Province: stone tools and iron

2. Negros Oriental: houspost holes and hearthplaces

3. Novaliches: Song Ware

2. ISLAM 3. -means surrender to Allah

4. -followers are MUSLIM (those who submit to Allah’s Will)

5. 6. Jihad – holy war / struggle with one’s personal weaknesses

7. Sharia – divine law

8. Qur’an – book of law (114 chapters)

9. 10. Ummah – Muslim Community



11. 2 Groups:

12. -Sunni – anyone can lead the Ummah

13. Founder: Abu Bakr (first caliph)

14. -Shi’ites – only people in the bloodline of Muhammad can lead the Ummah

15. Founder: Ali (cousin of Muhammad)

16. 17. 18. MUHAMMAD

19. -born 570 in Mecca to a family of Quraish (controls Kabah)

20. -died 632

21. -Parents: Abdullah Ibn Muttalib, Amina Bint Wahb

22. -Wife: Kadijah

23. -Uncle: Abu Talib

24. 25. TIMELINE

26. 622: Hegira (start of Islamic Calendar) – Muhammad left for Medina

27. 630: Mecca surrendered

28. 711: crossing of the strait of Gibraltar

29. 732: Battle of Tours

30. 1380: Islam in the Philippines31. 32. FIVE PILLARS

33. -shahada – proclamation of faith

34. - La ilaha ilalla Muhammad rasu lullah

35. -salah – prayer

36. -zakat – almsgiving

37. -sawm – fasting (ramadan)

38. -Hajj – pilgrimage to mecca

39. 40. ISLAMIC CALENDAR

41. -according to the moon

42. 1. Muharram

43. 2. Safar

44. 3. Rabia Awal

45. 4. Rabia Thani

46. 5. Jumaada Awal

47. 6. Jumaada Thani

48. 7. Rajab

49. 8. Sha’ban

50. 9. Ramadan

51. 10. Shawwal

52. 11. Dul-Qi’dh

53. 12. Dul-Hijjah

54. 55.

*No Jihad during 1,7,11,12.

56. 57. IMPORTANT DATES

58. -hijrah (new year)

59. -ramadan (9th month)

60. -id-al fitir (end of ramadan)

61. -id al adha (start of ramadan)

62. -hajj

63. 64. Karim-Ul Makdum – Islam in Southern Philippines



65. Sayyid Abu Bakr – established Sulu Sultanate

66. - not to be confused with the First Caliph (Abu Bakr)

67. Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan – Islam in Maguindanao

68. 69. Folk Islam - Islam integrated into Philippine Culture through trade and intermarriage

70. -13th century

71. 72. INDIGENOUS SOURCES:

73. -Kirim

74. -Jawi

75. 76. ISLAM ISSUES IN THE PHILIPPINES:

77. -Jabidah Massacre

78. -MILF

79. -Bangsamoro

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