IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND IRRIGATED LANDS IN IRRIGATED LANDS IN

TURKEYTURKEY

PART-1

Irrigated Agriculture Irrigated Agriculture

Water managementWater management

Irrigation Role in TurkeyIrrigation Role in Turkey

WATER SCARCITYWATER SCARCITY

IIincreasing of populationincreasing of population..

PPollution ollution of of rreseorceseseorces..

WWater saving opportunities should be ater saving opportunities should be considered within this domain.considered within this domain.

LAND RESLAND RESOUOURCESRCES

Total Land: 77.95 Mha Total Land: 77.95 Mha Agricultural Land: 2Agricultural Land: 28.058.05 Mha (36.5%) Mha (36.5%) IIrrigable rrigable Land: Land: 25.85 Mha25.85 Mha Economically Irrigated Area: 8.5 MhaEconomically Irrigated Area: 8.5 Mha IIrrigated rrigated Area: Area: 4.3 4.3 MMha ha ((16.6% ) 16.6% ) Unirrigated Area: (Unirrigated Area: (83%83%))

WATER RESOURCESWATER RESOURCES

Average Rainfall: 643 mmAverage Rainfall: 643 mm Total Rainfall: 501.0 kmTotal Rainfall: 501.0 km33

TTotal Flow: otal Flow: 186 186 kmkm33

Usable Water Flow: Usable Water Flow: 95 95 kmkm33 Ground Water Potential: Ground Water Potential: 13.66 13.66 kmkm33 TTotal otal AAvailable vailable WWaterater:: 108.66 108.66 kmkm33 Almost 40% of total water resources are used for Almost 40% of total water resources are used for

irrigation and other purposes.irrigation and other purposes. Today, Turkey can not use soil and water resources Today, Turkey can not use soil and water resources

effectively, due to personnel, coordination, political effectively, due to personnel, coordination, political and economics problems.and economics problems.

Total Water from dams is 42 000 Mm3

Urban consumption: 15%,

Industrial: 10%

irrigation: 75%;

Irrigated lands in The Regions developed Irrigated lands in The Regions developed by DSIby DSI

Marmara: Marmara: 199,195 199,195 (8.5%)(8.5%)Aegean : Aegean : 401,501 401,501 (17.2%)(17.2%)Mediterranean: Mediterranean: 540,912 540,912 (23.1%)(23.1%)Southeastern:Southeastern: 189,368189,368 (8.1%)(8.1%)East Anatolia:East Anatolia: 308,346308,346 (13.1%)(13.1%)Black Sea:Black Sea: 153,471153,471 (6.6%)(6.6%)Middle Anatolia:Middle Anatolia: 547,404547,404 (23.4%)(23.4%)

Source: DSI (2001).Source: DSI (2001).

PROBLEMS (During operating stage of systems)

Water losses problems (low system performances)

Environmental problems (Salinity, ground water )

CottonCotton

Cotton is the most important crop for developing industry in Turkey. It can be videly growen in Mediterranean, Eagean, and South-Easts Regions.

Cotton is irrigated by surface methods mainly furrow.

Irrigation efficiencies are to low and water losses are high by deep percolation and run-off.

Evapotranspiration of CottonEvapotranspiration of Cotton Çukurova:Çukurova: Arıklı: 736 mm (MAD=60%)Arıklı: 736 mm (MAD=60%) İncirlik: 823 mm (MAD=40%)İncirlik: 823 mm (MAD=40%) Arpacı: 788 mm (MAD=40%)Arpacı: 788 mm (MAD=40%)

Mutlu Soil Series: 500 mm (BREB)Mutlu Soil Series: 500 mm (BREB) 630 mm (WB)630 mm (WB) Yield (Average): 3000-3500 kg/haYield (Average): 3000-3500 kg/ha

In arid and semi-arid regions, because of In arid and semi-arid regions, because of increasing allocations of water for municipal increasing allocations of water for municipal and industrial use, major changes came about and industrial use, major changes came about in water use under irrigated agriculture. in water use under irrigated agriculture.

New innovations had to be tested and adapted New innovations had to be tested and adapted to increase effective use of decreasing water to increase effective use of decreasing water allocations for agricultural useallocations for agricultural use..

Yield FunctionsYield Functions

Some Results of Cotton YieldSome Results of Cotton Yield FunctionsFunctions

Experiments on the deficit irrigation of cotton are Experiments on the deficit irrigation of cotton are being considered with different waysbeing considered with different ways::

To To spread spread of of waterwater DeficienciesDeficiencies through through the growing the growing

season: season: o Wetting the diffrent soil depthsWetting the diffrent soil depthso Decreasing irrigation water as control treatmentDecreasing irrigation water as control treatment

o To use different plant-pan coefficientsTo use different plant-pan coefficients

o To use different irrigation intervalsTo use different irrigation intervals

o To use different lateral spacing in drip To use different lateral spacing in drip irrigation irrigation

o To use line source sprinkler irrigation To use line source sprinkler irrigation techniquetechnique

Water stress exposed at the different growth Water stress exposed at the different growth stages:stages:

o To apply omitted irrigation approachTo apply omitted irrigation approach

o To use deficit irrigation method in the sub-To use deficit irrigation method in the sub-growth stage in an individual growth stagegrowth stage in an individual growth stage

Ky = 0.99Seasonal

Ky = 0.76Flowering

andYield formation

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

00.20.40.60.81

1-Et/Etm

1-Y/

Ym

Ky = 0.45 Sprinkle, 5 irr

Ky = 0.72 Sprinkle, first 2 irr.

Ky = 0.86Trickle with 7 days int. Ky = 0.93

Furrow irr.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

00.20.40.60.81

1-Et/Etm

1-Y

/Ym

Baştuğ (1987); Open field experiment,

Surface irrigation,

Growth stages:

Vegetation

Flowering and yield formation

Ripening

Yavuz (1993); Different irrigation methods (furrow, drip, lihe sources sprinkler);

Every method has different levels of irrigation water applications.

Ky = 0.99Seasonal

Ky = 0.76Flow ering

andYield formation

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

00.20.40.60.81

1-Et/Etm

1-Y

/Ym

Ky = 0.45 Sprinkle, 5 irr

Ky = 0.72 Sprinkle, f irst 2 irr.

Ky = 0.86Trickle w ith 7 days int. Ky = 0.93

Furrow irr.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

00.20.40.60.81

1-Et/Etm

1-Y/

Ym

Pistachio Pistachio Problems:Problems:   (1) Low Yield(1) Low Yield      (2)(2) Irregularity of pistachio production Irregularity of pistachio production

(periodicity)(periodicity)    Genetically ControlledGenetically Controlled      Poor Cultural PracticesPoor Cultural Practices      

Pistachio Growing AreaPistachio Growing Area

Water Water

Consumption Consumption

of Pistachioof Pistachio

Şanlıurfa District:Şanlıurfa District:ET:850 mm (20 days ET:850 mm (20 days int.)int.)

ET: 700 mm (30 days ET: 700 mm (30 days int.)int.)

Gaziantep District:Gaziantep District:

ET: 550 mm (IET: 550 mm (If1f1NN33KKpc2pc2))

ET: 400 mm (IET: 400 mm (If2f2NN33KKpc2pc2))

Yield

Şanlıurfa:

3940-1630 kg/ha (20 days int.)

2590-1710 kg/ha (30 days) int.

Gaziantep: 1170 kg/ha (If2N3) 700 kg/ha (Tradit.)

Experimental Orchard

WP2 and WP3 WORK PACKAGES (P7) of DIMAS WP2 and WP3 WORK PACKAGES (P7) of DIMAS onon

COTTON AND PISTCHIO RESPONSE UNDER DIFFERENT COTTON AND PISTCHIO RESPONSE UNDER DIFFERENT FERTIGATION AND IRRIGATION PRACTICES IN THE FERTIGATION AND IRRIGATION PRACTICES IN THE

MEDITERRANEAN AND SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA REGIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN AND SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA REGIONS IN TURKEYTURKEY

PART-2

Subjects or objectives of project:

(1) Development of simulation model for deficit irrigation (DI) design and yield and biomass prediction in limited water and nitrogen conditions for cotton and pistachio; (2) Generation of recommendations for deficit irrigation to farmers and water managers that have limited water and nitrogen resources and will reduce water and nitrogen amount for irrigation; (3) Examine the most appropriate irrigation/fertigation practices of pistachio orchards and cotton fields.(4) Introduce the new irrigation technology consisting of trickle irrigation system and fertigation techniques in Southeast Region of Turkey.

COTTON:COTTON:

Treatments and Experimental DesignTreatments and Experimental Design Irrigation: Line source sprinkler

Water Level: I3 (FI, Full irrigation)

Water level: I2 (DI-1, mild stress)

Water level: I1 (DI-2, moderate stress)

Irrigation : 40% level of AW in 120 cm depth (or 10-15 days interval)

Nitrogen : At the owing time and at the first irrigation

Nitrogen Level: N0: 0 kg/ha, N1: 100 kg/ha, N2: 150 kg/ha, N3: 200 kg/ha.

Basal fertilizers: 80 kg/ha phosphorous and 40 kg/ha potash during the sowing time.

IV. Block

I. Block

II. Block

III. Block

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF COTTON

PISTACHIO: TreatmentsPISTACHIO: Treatments Irrigation intervalsIrrigation intervals::

IIf1f1==3-43-4 days; I days; If2f2==77 day dayss

Pan CoefficientsPan Coefficients::

KpcKpc11=0.60; Kpc=0.60; Kpc22=0.90 =0.90

Nitrogen ConcentrationsNitrogen Concentrations::

NNtt==traditionaltraditional; N; N11==2020 mg/Lmg/L; N; N22==40 mg/L40 mg/LPhosphorus, Phosphorus, 15 mg/L15 mg/L and potassium, and potassium, 1100 mg/Lmg/L

Nt: 500 g nitrogen, 400g potash and 500 g phosphorus per tree Nt: 500 g nitrogen, 400g potash and 500 g phosphorus per tree

        

EExperimental Designxperimental Design::

Split-Split; three Replication, 8 to 10 trees in Split-Split; three Replication, 8 to 10 trees in every plots. every plots.

EExperimental Designxperimental Design::

Split-Split; three ReplicationSplit-Split; three Replication

Main Plot: Nitrogen concentrationMain Plot: Nitrogen concentration

Sub-plot: Irrigation IntervalSub-plot: Irrigation Interval

Sub-sub (mini) Plot: Pan CoefficientSub-sub (mini) Plot: Pan Coefficient

3-4 Days

7 Days

N2

Measurements and ObservationsMeasurements and Observations

Climatic Data (daily measurements):Climatic Data (daily measurements):

For ETFor ET00 calculation, Rainfall calculation, Rainfall

Soil Profile Charesteristics:Soil Profile Charesteristics:Depth, Texture, Water holding capacity, Depth, Texture, Water holding capacity,

Change of soil water content during crop Change of soil water content during crop growing growing period for each crop, period for each crop,

Crop:Crop: Yield and yield components, heigth, LAI, cower, Yield and yield components, heigth, LAI, cower, biomass, LWP, nitrogen content of tissue, etc. biomass, LWP, nitrogen content of tissue, etc.

Turkish TeamTurkish Team RRııza Kanber za Kanber ((CoordinatorCoordinator)) Mustafa Mustafa ÜnlüÜnlü Yusuf AydinYusuf Aydin Ayzin KüdenAyzin Küden Özgül GörmüşÖzgül Görmüş Servet TekinServet Tekin D. Levent KoD. Levent Koçç Abdullah YamanAbdullah Yaman