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Rourke ch. 6

authoritarianism A type of restrictive governmental system where people are under the rule of an individual, suchas a dictator or king, or a group, such as a party or military junta.

bilateral diplomacy Negotiations between two countries.

Coercive diplomacy The use of threats or force as a diplomatic tactic.

democratic peace

theory

The assertion that as more countries become democratic, the likelihood that they will enter into

conflict with one another decreases

democratizeddiplomacy

The current trend in diplomacy where diplomats are drawn from a wider segment of society,

making them more representative of their nations.

instrumental theory ofgovernment.

The notion that the purpose of political units and their governments is to benefit the people who

established them and that the continued legitimate existence of these organizations rests on

whether and how well they perform their tasks.

multilateral diplomacy Negotiations among three or more countries.

multilateralism Taking important international actions, especially those using military force, within the

framework of a multilateral organization such as the United Nations.

parliamentarydiplomacy

Debate and voting in international organizations to settle diplomatic issues.

power capacity The sum of a country's power assets that determine its potential for exercising international

power.

public diplomacy A process of creating an overall international image that enhances your ability to achieve

diplomatic success.

relative power Power measured in comparison with the power of other international actors.

theocracy A political system that is organized, governed, and defined by spiritual leaders and their

religious beliefs.

two-level game theory The concept that in order to arrive at satisfactory international agreements, a country's diplomats

actually have to deal with (at one level) the other country's negotiators and (at the other level)

legislators, interest groups, and other domestic forces at home.

unilateralism Occurs when a single country, perhaps leading a small coalition of other countries, takes animportant international action, such as using force, without the approval of an IGO.

will to power The willingness of a country to use its power capacity to influence global events.

zero-sum game A contest in which gains by one player can only be achieved by equal losses for other

players. See Non-zero-sum game.

State

1. Sovereignty2. Territory3. Population4. Diplomatic recognition5. Internal organization6. Domestic support

Authoritarian Government

- Theocracy: rule by spiritual leaders

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- Monarchism: God had granted kings the divine right to govern- Communism: dictatorship of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie during a transitional socialist period

between capitalism and communism

- Fascismo Rejecting rationality and relying on emotion to governo Believing in the superiority of some groups and the inferiority of otherso Subjugating countries of inferior peopleo Rejecting individual rights in favor of a corporatist view that people are workers in the state o Demanding that economic activity support the corporatist stateo Viewing the state as a living thingo Believing that the individuals highest expression is in the peopleo Believing that the highest expression of the individual is in the leader, who rules as a totalitarian

dictator

Democratic Government

- Political rights (voting freely and frequently for competitive candidates)- Civil liberties (freedom of expression and association and equality before the law)

Foreign policy: not just international goals that a country has, but how countries use their national capabilities to achievethose goals

Statecraft: term often used to encapsulate how a country applies its national capabilities to achieve its foreign policy goals

Soft Power: the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example

Hard Power: easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result

Non-zero-sum: if an actor can gain power without the power of other actors being diminished

Power capacity: potential for exercising international power

Will to power: the willingness of a country to use its power capacity to influence global events

Shimko Ch. 3

anarchy The absence of a central governmental or political authority

balance ofpower theory

Predicts that the pursuit of security by nations tends to result in the creation of balances of power on a

systemic level. This is often accompanied by the prediction that war is less likely when power is

balanced because no nation can be confident of winning a war (and, thus, no nation is tempted to

initiate one).

balance of

threat theory

Predicts that nations align against whichever nation is seen as posing the greatest threat, not necessarily

against the powerful nation.bandwagoning When less powerful actors align with (rather than against) the most powerful ones. Inconsistent with

balance of power theory, which predicts that nations will align against (and hence balance) the mostpowerful nation.

collective

security

A system in which states renounce the use of force to settle disputes and also agree to band together

against states that resort to the use of force. In such a system, the threat of collective response by all

states deters the use of force by individual states. Collective security was the initial goal of the League

of Nations.

degree of power In power preponderance theory, refers to a states position in the international power hierarchythat is

whether it is a great power, a middle-range power, or a weak state.

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degree of

satisfaction

In power preponderance theory, the extent to which a state is essentially satisfied or dissatisfied with

the existing international order.

European

Union

A regional intergovernmental organization of European states designed to promote greater trade and

economic integration. Those who founded its precursors hoped that economic cooperation and

prosperity would lead to greater political cooperation and a reduction in the conflict and competition

that had marked European politics before World War II.

hegemonic

stability theory

Argues that nations tend to align on the basis of intereststhose that are satisfied with the status quo as

opposed to those that are dissatisfied. Peace and stability are more likely when there is a greatimbalance of power in favor of the status quo statesthat is, when there is a preponderance of power in

support of the existing order.

power Influence over the behavior of others and the ability to prevail in conflict

power politics A perspective portraying international relations as inevitably a realm of conflict and competition for

power among states.

security

communityA group of nations among whom exists the prevailing and widely accepted expectation of nonviolence.

security

dilemma

The problem nations face when the actions taken to make one nation feel more secure inevitably make

other nations feel less secure

self-help The necessity for actors to make provisions for their own security in the absence of any centralauthority to protect them from potential threats

Peace through Strength?

No Alternative to Power Politics

- Anarchy Leads to Power Politics- A national system is not one of self-help, the international system is- Self-help: the necessity for actors to make provisions for their own security in the absence of any central

authority to protect them from potential threats- Security Dilemma: states must be aware of how their security measures will be viewed by others and

nations have to worry about the capabilities and intentions of other states

Power Politics 1: The Balance of Power

Power Politics 2: Balance of Threat Theory

Power Politics 3: Preponderance Theory

The Common Vision of Power Politics

Alternatives to Power Politics

- World Government- Collective Security- Security Amidst Anarchy