ipm in wheat. the eu requires ipm by 2014 - what does this mean??? 1.blind chemical control...
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IPM in wheat
The EU requires IPM by 2014 -what does this mean???
1. Blind Chemical control– Schematic and routine treatments
2. Chemical control based on advice– Recommendation given by region often using broad spectrum
pesticides
3. Specific control– Use economic threshold levels. differentiate between pesticides
(including impact on beneficials)
4. Integrated plant protection– Use mainly cultural methods and only limited input of pesticides
5. Integrated agricultural production– Use and exploit all positive factors in the agro-ecosystem
Definition given by IOBC
• Two case studies:– fungicides in cereals
– herbicides in cereals
• National monitoring of diseases
• Data on variety susceptibility
• Data on fungicide efficacy. Need for lots of field trials which support the use of reduced rates
• Implematation of threshold models
Elements in wheat IPM
Need for treatment
No need (45 loc.)
Monitoring network
Susceptible variety Resistant variety
Major thresholds in wheatDisease Examples of threshold in CPO
Eyespot >35% plants attacked at GS 30-32
Mildew >10% plants attacked from GS 29 (S)
>25% plants attacked from GS 29 (R)
No treatments after GS 40
Septoria 4 days with precipitation from GS 32 (S)
5 days with precipitation from GS 37 (R)
Or attack on third leaf from GS 45-60
Brown rust >25% plants attacked (S)
Yellow rust GS 29-60 > 1% plants attacked (S)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
TFI –dose /ha
Dt/
ha
gra
in p
er h
a
Gross yield
Net yield
Control of Septoria in wheat -different input 6 trials from DK
Appropriate and reduced dosages of fungicides
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Total fungicide input (TFI)N
et
yie
ld g
ain
(d
t h
a-1
)
BCD 20 €CD 20 €C 20 €CD 10 €C 10 €BCD 10 €
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Total fungicide input (TFI)
Ne
t yie
ld g
ain
(d
t h
a-1
)
D 20 €CD 20 €D 10 €CD 10 €
Resistant cultivar Susceptible cultivar
A: GS 25-31. B: GS 32-36. C: GS 37-50. D: GS 51-64
Optimal dose depends on cultivar and grain price
TF
I/Rel
ativ
e d
ose
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04
TFI
Dose
Source: Farmstat/Kleffmann/Pesticide statistics
Development of fungicide use in winter wheat
0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.75
0
5
10
15
Dose. l/ha
Net
loss
com
pare
d w
ith o
ptim
um.
dt/h
a
15.0
2.1
9.8
1.1
5.9
0.7
5.3
1.0
8.4
1.5
Source: Danish Agricultural Advisory Service
Summary of 73 Danish field trials on ear treatment in winter wheat
TFI Fungicides
Winter wheat
Spring barley
Official statistics (2005-2007)
0.71 0.34
Target 0.65 0.35
CPO (trial results)
0.7 0.4
Fungicide use stays close to the optimum
• Herbicide performance is affected by many biotic and physicochemical factors such as:– weed flora– growth stage of weeds– crop competitiveness– climatic conditions– application technique– adjuvants– the presence of other pesticides in the spray
solution
Herbicides in cereals
Efficacy profile for 60 weed species
DSS for weed control
DSS for weed control
Treatment Frequency Index
Net
yie
ld lo
ss c
om
par
edw
ith
op
tim
um
do
se. d
t/h
a
Source: Danish Agricultural Advisory Service
Summary of 130 Danish field trials on weed control in spring barley
TFI Fungicides TFI Herbicides
Winter wheat
Spring barley
Winter wheat
Spring barley
Official statistics (2003-2005)
0.71 0.34 1.32 0.99
Target 0.65 0.35 0.95 0.70
CPO potential 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.5
• Why is the current herbicide use in cereals onsiderably higher than the targets?– Because an integrated approach was
not adopted
• Decision-making for weed control is a three step procedure– Consider preventive measures such as
crop rotation or cultivation techniques to reduce the potential losses due to weeds
– Assess the need to apply herbicides (threshold)
– Herbicide choice and dose rate
Monitoring for weeds is difficult and time consuming
Autonomous sprayer with weed sensor. The future?
• Conclusions:– Only integrated pest control approaches
will be sustainable
– Integrated disease and insect control can often be practised without major changes in the cropping practice (1-year perspective) .
– Integrated weed management often requires major changes in cropping practices (multi-year perspective)
Barriers for using thresholds and DSS
”As little as possible. as much as neccessary”
Factors influencing the optimal theoretical pestice need
Spray capacity.No. of hours to spray.
timing
Family. spare time.holidays.
Risk of crop failure Scaling up trials to fields
Problematic areas. limited harvest capacity.
Employees.education.
working hours
Climate changes. unknown factors.
Poor control experiences
Other activities on the farm. animal. job?
Management and available
information
Optimal pesticideuse in DK 1.7-2.3 TFI
Price relations
What do growers want?
• Reliable and robust solutions
• Economically sound solutions
• Simple and easy messages
• A dialogue with advisors
If they should do something else; they need incentives!
Jokers!• Increasing problems with fungicide
resistance• Limitations in available fungicides (DK has
no chlorothalonil, prochloraz)• Registration of ”heavy-loaded fungicides”
triazole mixtures!• Climate changes have been estimated to
increase disease risk and TFI