sam groce chatham county center nc cooperative · pdf filemethods of control •...
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Sam Groce Chatham County Center
NC Cooperative Extension Service
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Methods of Control
• Mechanical
• Chemical
• Cultural
• IPM
We Control the Weeds: Weeds Don’t Control Us
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Principles of Control • Annuals
– Come back each year from the seed they produce the year before – keep them from reseeding
• Biennials – Take two years to complete life cycle – will bloom
in the second year – control in year one • Perennials
– Grow back each year from their root systems – to control long term must use a product that kills the root not just burns the top
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Growing Season
• Cool Season Plants – Grow best when temperature is under
75oF.
• Warm Season Plants – Grow best when temperature is above
75oF.
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Weeds We See Everyday
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Buttercup • Blooms in early May • Cool season • Perennial weed • Will reseed from
flowers • Control:
– Thicken forage stand – Spray 2 pts. 2,4D in
early April
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Wild Garlic
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Wild Garlic Control
• Perennial • Often confused and called wild onion • Not poisonous but will cause off flavor in
milk and meat • Control chemical – control early spring
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Henbit
• Nuisance Weed • Chokes out grass • Begins growing in
early sring • Takes advantage of
thin forage.
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The Chickweeds
Common Chickweed
Common Chickweed Flower
Mouse-eared Chickweed Flower
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Hedge Mustard
• Grows vegetatively in the spring
• By summer produces a thin wire like seed pod.
• Chemical control before flowering
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Prickly Lettuce • Similar in
appearance to hedge mustard
• Begins growing in late fall
• Control must be prior to flowering
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Shepherd’s Purse
• Very similar to cressy greens.
• Competes with early growing forage.
• Will begin to grow in late fall
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Rabbit Tobacco or Cudweed • Several varieties • Dicot • Winter or summer
annual • Can be biennial • Low fertility, thin
forage
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Dogfennel • Tall, growing
perennial • Highly aromatic when
cut • Easily controlled with
Weedmaster®, Cimmaron® or Grazon®
• Seeds prolifically in the fall
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Curly Dock • Perennial • Deep tap root • Goats are a great
biological control • Digging or spraying
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Yellow Crownbeard
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Yellow Crownbeard • A perennial with showy yellow flowers
that can reach a height of 13 feet. • Considered to be a wildflower when
growing on roadsides. • Control is mainly chemical –
Weedmaster®, Cimarron® or Grazon® • Clipping will reduce population some
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Smartweed • Annual • Tends to grow in
wetter areas. • A minor poisonous
plant. • Major problem is
seed can get in eyes and be a severe irritant.
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Red Root Pigweed &
Spiny Amaranth
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Red Root Pigweed
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Control of Pigweed • Summer annual. • Can be tall growing. • Does not compete well with forage. • Prolific seeder. • To control must keep it from going to
seed. • Clip several times per season. • Chemical control – extreme low rate of
Cimarron® is effective.
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Control of Ragweed
• Summer annual • Has an abundance of pollen that
causes hay fever! • Control is frequent clipping or use of
Weedmaster®, Cimarron® or Grazon®
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Golden Rod • Perennial • Grows by
rhizomes • Blamed for hay
fever, but the culprit is ragweed
• Can be controlled mechanically or chemically
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Horseweed • An annual reaching
a height of 6 ½ feet • Begins in the winter
as a low rosette and grows into the summer to reach its full height.
• Mechanical & chemical
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Common Mullein • Biennial that can
reach up to 7 feet in height.
• Brought to US by the Puritans, who made medicine from it.
• Control mechanical or chemical.
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Musk Thistle • Biennial that can
reach a height of 6 feet.
• Deep taproot • Control is digging or
chemical • Spread is through
seed blowing in wind
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Bull Thistle
• Grows early spring • Biennial • Will spread by
cutting ripened flowers
• Deep taproot • Control is digging or
chemical
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Bitter Sneezeweed
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Cockleburr
Summer annual that produces a conspicuous prickly 'cocklebur' and ranges from 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet in height
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Broomsedge
• No chemical control
• Soil pH or phosphorus level is too low
• Lime or phosphorus must be tilled in
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Dodder
• Parasite
• Cannot chemically control
• If found burn it
• Try not to move or far
• Any stems that break off will spread
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Privet • Woody shrub • Tends to grow in
shady wet areas • Will escape into
pastures • Clipping causes it
branch out. • Chemical only way
to effectively control.
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Greenbrier
• Perennial vine • Climber • Hard to control • Roundup???
– Others???
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Coral Berry
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The Nasty Poisonous Weeds
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Hemp Dogbane
• Poisonous to Cattle • In early stages looks
similar to Milkweed • Hard to control
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Milkweed • Perennial • Grows from a deep
rhizome • Secretes a milky
substance when broken.
• Young plant is more poisonous than older plant.
• Treat similar to Hemp Dogbane
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Jimsonweed (Loco Weed)
• Annual • Deep taproot • Seeds prolifically • 0.06 – 0.09% of body weight is fatal –
also dangerous in dried condition
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Poke Berry • Shoots, leaves, and
berries are poisonous
• Dangerous in spring summer and fall
• Severe gastrointestinal irritation after two hours
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Solanum sp.
Horsenettle Black Nightshade
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Horsenettle & Black Nightshade
• Leaves and especially unripe fruit are dangerous
• Death from respiratory paralysis
• Grows spring, summer, and fall
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Bracken Fern
• Found in damp, shady areas
• Beautiful native fern
• Toxic to livestock
• Causes Thyroid problems
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Perilla Mint
• Entire plant is dangerous
• Available spring to fall
• Respiratory distress, lowered head, nasal discharge
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Chinese Lantern
• Perennial with thick fleshy rhizomes
• Grown ornamentally • Dangerous, but
rarely eaten
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Weedy Grasses • There are no herbicides to control
weedy grasses in forages. • Strategies –
– Manage for the preferred species – Watch grazing heights – As weedy grasses grow, keep them clipped
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Know What You Are Controlling
• Great ID Websites – http://ipm.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm – http://ceres.cals.ncsu.edu/wetland/poisonousplants/ – http://www-aes.tamu.edu/mary/Wdid.htm
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Goats as Biological Control • Browsing habit makes them effective on
woody plants. • Will eat many herbaceous weeds also.
– Good guardian animals for other livestock – i.e. plants poisonous to other livestock will not affect goats.
• Watch out for nitrates in some weeds during drought.
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The Strategies • Soil Test
– Lime and fertilize according to the soil test report
• Plant New Forages – Choice of several new varieties
• Bromegrasses - Matua, Lakota • Bermuda – Wrangler, Cheyenne • Clover – Will, Tripoli, Kopu II
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The Strategies • Decide what is important
– If you have a severe weed problem, but have native clovers in your pastures, you may want to sacrifice the clover to get rid of the weeds and then replant the clover
• Make a plan, then follow through
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The Selective Herbicides • 2,4-D
– Good for annual broadleaves, not good on perennials
• Weedmaster – Combination 2,4-D and Banvel
• Cimarron – May stunt (seed head suppression) of fescue if
used in the early spring. • Grazon
– Combination of 2,4-D and Picloram – has a residual effect
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• Remedy® – Triclopyr ester – Crossbow addition of 2,4-
D • Surmount®
– Picloram & fluroxypyr • Redeem R&P®
– Triclopyr & clopyralid • Curtail®
– 2,4-D & clopyralid • Forefront®
– Aminopyralid & 2,4-D – controls about like Grazon® - more expensive, but not restricted use
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A Scenario • March
– Use 2,4-D to control buttercup, chickweed, etc.
• June – Use Grazon for control of perennial weeds
• August – Use Weedmaster or Cimmaron to clean up
pigweed that is not being controlled from early summer Grazon treatment
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A Potential Problem • 2,4-D
– May not want to make 3 applications of 2,4-D in a growing season. Check label.
• Resistance – By making multiple applications of the
same product resistance may start to develop in some plants
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Persistence of Grazon®
Grazon® applied 09/18/01, picture taken 05/05/02
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Woody Plant Control
• Crossbow/Remedy – Both are triclopyr products
• Tank mixing with Grazon will increase effectiveness on certain weed problems
• May need to use with an oil for stump control
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The Before Picture
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Remedy Fence Line Treatment
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Residual Effects of Remedy on Privet???
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Remedy/ Grazon Combo Fence Line Treatment
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The End!