introduction to transportation infrastructure systems planning and design by prof. k. v. krishna rao

Introduction to Transportation Introduction to Transportation Infrastructure SystemsInfrastructure SystemsPlanning and DesignPlanning and Design

ByBy

Prof. K. V. Krishna RaoProf. K. V. Krishna Rao

Transportation SystemTransportation System

A transportation system may be defined as a planned A transportation system may be defined as a planned network of elements or physical components that network of elements or physical components that play different roles in the transportation of goods and play different roles in the transportation of goods and persons from one place to another.persons from one place to another.

The elements or physical components of a transport The elements or physical components of a transport system are referred to as the facilities.system are referred to as the facilities.

A transport system can therefore be considered as A transport system can therefore be considered as consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and control system that permit people and goods to control system that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity.in some desired activity.

Fixed FacilitiesFixed Facilities

The fixed facilities are the physical components of the The fixed facilities are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitutes the system that are fixed in space and constitutes the network of links and nodes of the transportation network of links and nodes of the transportation system.system.

For example, the links could be roadway segment and For example, the links could be roadway segment and railway track and the nodes could be intersections, railway track and the nodes could be intersections, interchanges, transit terminals, harbours, and airportsinterchanges, transit terminals, harbours, and airports

The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally been within the realm of civil engineering.been within the realm of civil engineering.

The design includes soil and foundation engineering The design includes soil and foundation engineering design, structural engineering design, the design of design, structural engineering design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design, which is drainage systems, and geometric design, which is concerned with the physical proportioning of the concerned with the physical proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities.elements of fixed facilities.

Flow EntitiesFlow Entities

Flow entities are the units that traverse Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. These include people, the fixed facilities. These include people, vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on.so on.

In the case of a road system, the fixed In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large tractor-trailer bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations.combinations.

Control SystemControl System The control system consists of vehicular control and flow The control system consists of vehicular control and flow

control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such controls can be manual or automated.controls can be manual or automated.

The proper geometric design of fixed facilities must The proper geometric design of fixed facilities must consider the characteristics of the vehicle and the consider the characteristics of the vehicle and the characteristics of the vehicular control system.characteristics of the vehicular control system.

In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually controlled, these include driver's characteristics, manually controlled, these include driver's characteristics, such as time a driver takes to perceive and react to various such as time a driver takes to perceive and react to various stimuli. In the case of automated systems, similar, but more stimuli. In the case of automated systems, similar, but more precisely definable response times exist as well.precisely definable response times exist as well.

The flow control system consists of the means that permit The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes various types of signing, marking, and system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the underlying rules of operation.signal systems and the underlying rules of operation.

Mobility & AccessibilityMobility & Accessibility

Mobility refers to the ability to move Mobility refers to the ability to move between different activity sitesbetween different activity sites If a facility could move people and goods very If a facility could move people and goods very

fast then that facility provides very high mobilityfast then that facility provides very high mobility Accessibility refers to the number of activity Accessibility refers to the number of activity

sites connected by the facilitysites connected by the facility If a facility provides connection to large number If a facility provides connection to large number

of residences, commercial places and industrial of residences, commercial places and industrial places then it provides very high accessibilityplaces then it provides very high accessibility

Mobility and accessibility are inversely Mobility and accessibility are inversely related.related.

Major Transportation Major Transportation SystemsSystems

HighwaysHighways RailwaysRailways AirwaysAirways WaterwaysWaterways PipelinePipeline ConveyorConveyor

PlanningPlanning

“… “… an activity or process that examines an activity or process that examines the potential of future actions to guide a the potential of future actions to guide a situation or system toward a desired situation or system toward a desired direction” (Papacostas & Prevedouros, direction” (Papacostas & Prevedouros, 2001)2001)

Occurs in present but is oriented towards Occurs in present but is oriented towards the futurethe future

PurposePurpose Achieve positive goalsAchieve positive goals Avoid negative consequencesAvoid negative consequences Or bothOr both

Scope of transportation Scope of transportation planningplanning

All man-made projects should start All man-made projects should start with a planwith a plan

The more significant the project, the The more significant the project, the more intensive and long term the more intensive and long term the planningplanning

For large transportation projects, For large transportation projects, planning starts 20 years before planning starts 20 years before constructionconstruction

Planning ProcessPlanning ProcessSituation Definition

Problem Definition

Search for Solutions

Analysis of Performance

Evaluation of Alternatives

Choice of Projects

Design & Construct

Feedback

Establishing thePurpose & Need

Functional Classification ofFunctional Classification ofHighway SystemsHighway Systems

Primary SystemPrimary System ExpresswaysExpressways National Highways (Multilane highways)National Highways (Multilane highways)

Secondary SystemSecondary System State HighwaysState Highways Major District RoadsMajor District Roads

Tertiary SystemTertiary System Other district RoadsOther district Roads Village RoadsVillage Roads

ExpresswayExpressway

ExpresswayExpressway: is a divided highway facility : is a divided highway facility having two or more lanes in each direction for having two or more lanes in each direction for the exclusive use of traffic, with full control of the exclusive use of traffic, with full control of access and egressaccess and egress

In the highway hierarchy, Expressway is the In the highway hierarchy, Expressway is the only facility that provides complete only facility that provides complete uninterrupted flow.uninterrupted flow.

An Expressway is composed of three An Expressway is composed of three subcomponents: Basic freeway segment, subcomponents: Basic freeway segment, weaving areas, and ramp junctions.weaving areas, and ramp junctions.

Mumbai – Pune ExpresswayMumbai – Pune Expressway First Expressway in First Expressway in

IndiaIndia Total length 93.75 Total length 93.75

km km A dual, 12.45-m wide A dual, 12.45-m wide

carriageway, Central carriageway, Central median verge 7.6 mmedian verge 7.6 m

2.5-m black-topped 2.5-m black-topped shoulders shoulders

Five twin-tunnels, Five twin-tunnels, and one single-tube and one single-tube tunnel, total length - tunnel, total length - 6,000 m6,000 m

Mumbai – Pune Mumbai – Pune ExpresswayExpressway

26 Underpasses 26 Underpasses 21 Overpasses 21 Overpasses 6 Major bridges/viaducts 6 Major bridges/viaducts

21 Minor bridges 81 Box/slab culverts 2 Railway over bridges 4 Interchanges

Multilane HighwaysMultilane Highways

A highway with at least two lanes for the exclusive use of traffic in each direction, with no control or partial control of access, but that may have periodic interruptions to flow at signalized intersections no closer than 3.0 km.

3640 km4076 km5846 km

National Highways Development Project is aimed at converting the national highways connecting the four metros and the North-South and the East-West corridors into a multilane highway network

Multilane Highway in a Rural Multilane Highway in a Rural EnvironmentEnvironment

Multilane Highway in a Multilane Highway in a Suburban EnvironmentSuburban Environment


Expressways

Multilane Highways

Major District Roads

Other District Roads

Village Roads

Access

Mo

bili

ty State Highways

Classification of Urban Classification of Urban StreetsStreets

Urban ExpresswaysUrban Expressways Arterial streetsArterial streets Sub Arterial streetsSub Arterial streets Collector streetsCollector streets Local streetsLocal streets

Arterials and Sub-arterialsArterials and Sub-arterials

Arterial A major surface street with relatively long trips between major points, and with through-trips entering, leaving, and passing through the urban area.

Sub-arterial A signalized street that primarily serves through-traffic and that secondarily provides access to abutting properties, with signal spacing of 3.0 km or less.

Collectors and LocalsCollectors and Locals

Collector A surface street providing land access and traffic circulation within residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The function of collector street is to collect traffic from local streets and feed it to the arterial and sub-arterial streets or vice-versa

Local Streets These streets provide access to the abutting properties. Unrestricted parking and pedestrian movement is allowed on these streets


Urban Expressways

Sub arterials

Collectors

Locals

Access

Mo

bili

ty

Arterials

Level of ServiceLevel of Service A qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic

stream, based on service measures such as speed and travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, comfort, and convenience.

Urban Street Level of Service

(source: HCM- 2000)

Typical Cross section of a Typical Cross section of a HighwayHighway

Highway DesignHighway Design

Geometric DesignGeometric Design Design of Fill/Cut SectionDesign of Fill/Cut Section Pavement DesignPavement Design Drainage DesignDrainage Design

Geometric DesignGeometric Design

Geometric DesignGeometric Design Design of vertical and horizontal alignment of Design of vertical and horizontal alignment of

the highwaythe highway Preparation of PlanPreparation of Plan

Shows the horizontal alignment – straight sections, Shows the horizontal alignment – straight sections, horizontal curves, width of carriageway, shoulders, horizontal curves, width of carriageway, shoulders, side drains, right of way, etc. side drains, right of way, etc.

Preparation of ProfilePreparation of Profile Shows vertical alignment – grade line, vertical curves, Shows vertical alignment – grade line, vertical curves,

high flood level, etc.high flood level, etc. Cross sectionsCross sections

Show the camber, side slopes, area of fill/cut, etc.Show the camber, side slopes, area of fill/cut, etc.

Cross SectionsCross Sections

Pavement DesignPavement Design

Layers in Flexible PavementLayers in Flexible Pavement

Asphalt Surface CourseAsphalt Surface Course

Asphalt Binder CourseAsphalt Binder Course

Unbound baseUnbound base

Granular SubbaseGranular Subbase

Compacted SubgradeCompacted Subgrade

Natural SubgradeNatural Subgrade

Interface Treatments

Mechanistic Method of Pavement Design

Assume Pavement Configuration

Compute Pavement ResponsesUsing Structural Models

Compute AllowableNumber of Repetitions of

Standard Axle Using Distress Models

Find Expected Number ofRepetitions of Standard Axle on

Design Lane from Traffic Analysis

Satisfactory?

Final Design

Yes

No

Input•Material Properties•Axle Load

•Failure Criteria•Reliability

Characterisation of LayersCharacterisation of Layers

EE44, , 44, h, h44

EE66, , 66, h, h6 6 = =

EE55, , 55, h, h55

EE33, , 33, h, h33

EE22, , 22, h, h22

Wheel Load, p

E1, 1, h1

Using Layer Theory the Stresses, Strains and Deflections at any Point in any Layer can be Computed

Axle ConfigurationsAxle Configurations

Single Axle With Single Wheel

(Legal Axle Load = 6t)

Single Axle With Dual Wheel


Tandem Axle


Tridem Axle


2 Axle Truck – 16t


Truck ConfigurationTruck Configuration

4 Axle Semi Articulated – 34t

4 Axle Articulated



LCV


Standard AxleStandard Axle

Single axle with dual wheels carrying Single axle with dual wheels carrying a load of 80 kN (8 tonnes) is defined a load of 80 kN (8 tonnes) is defined as standard axleas standard axle

80 kN

Standard Axle

Vehicle Damage Factor Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF)(VDF) Instead of converting each axle pass into Instead of converting each axle pass into

equivalent standard axle passes, It will equivalent standard axle passes, It will be convenient to convert one truck pass be convenient to convert one truck pass into equivalent standard axle passes.into equivalent standard axle passes.

The factor that converts the number of The factor that converts the number of trucks into equivalent standard axle trucks into equivalent standard axle repetitions is termed as vehicle damage repetitions is termed as vehicle damage factor or truck factorfactor or truck factor

Therefore, Vehicle damage factor is the Therefore, Vehicle damage factor is the number of standard axles per truck.number of standard axles per truck.

Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning

Situation DefinitionSituation Definition Inventory of existing facilitiesInventory of existing facilities Current conditions and issuesCurrent conditions and issues

Congestion, very high travel time, very high Congestion, very high travel time, very high road user costsroad user costs

Identification of other planning studiesIdentification of other planning studies Earlier plans at National, regional and local Earlier plans at National, regional and local

level to arrive at a solution level to arrive at a solution


Problem DefinitionProblem Definition After understanding the present After understanding the present

problems the problem could be defined problems the problem could be defined asas

To achieve reasonable journey speeds, To achieve reasonable journey speeds, vehicle operation costs, comfort and vehicle operation costs, comfort and convenience for travel between the four convenience for travel between the four metros metros


Search for SolutionsSearch for Solutions Develop alternative concepts and Develop alternative concepts and

solutions to reasonably satisfy the future solutions to reasonably satisfy the future needs considering their impact on needs considering their impact on environment, safety , economy and environment, safety , economy and fiscal resources of the areafiscal resources of the area

Examination of alternative alignments Examination of alternative alignments and development concepts is essential and development concepts is essential for the proper identification of viable for the proper identification of viable alternativesalternatives


Analysis of PerformanceAnalysis of Performance Demand forecastingDemand forecasting

Demand forecasting includes determination of daily Demand forecasting includes determination of daily volume of different classes of vehicles.volume of different classes of vehicles.

The forecast must also give the traffic volume during The forecast must also give the traffic volume during the busiest hour of the daythe busiest hour of the day

If the facility is tolled a relation between the volume If the facility is tolled a relation between the volume levels and the toll levels should be establishedlevels and the toll levels should be established

Analysis of the interaction between demand Analysis of the interaction between demand and capacity of the facilityand capacity of the facility

Use performance measures to shortlist the Use performance measures to shortlist the alternativesalternatives

Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning Evaluation of Alternatives – Economic FeasibilityEvaluation of Alternatives – Economic Feasibility

Conduct economic evaluation for the short-listed Conduct economic evaluation for the short-listed alternativesalternatives

Each of the alternative may be compared with the do Each of the alternative may be compared with the do nothing alternativenothing alternative

The benefits and cost for all the alternatives need to be The benefits and cost for all the alternatives need to be worked outworked out

Benefits include savings in travel time, reduction in Benefits include savings in travel time, reduction in operating cost, reduction in accidents, etc.operating cost, reduction in accidents, etc.

Cost include capital cost of construction, maintenance Cost include capital cost of construction, maintenance cost, environmental costs, etc.cost, environmental costs, etc.

Economic Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is worked out for Economic Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is worked out for all the alternativesall the alternatives

The alternatives can be ranked based on this IRRThe alternatives can be ranked based on this IRR IRR is that interest rate at which the Net Present Value IRR is that interest rate at which the Net Present Value

of the Project is zero.of the Project is zero.

Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning Evaluation of Alternatives – Financial FeasibilityEvaluation of Alternatives – Financial Feasibility

Financial feasibility analysis is conducted in the hands of Financial feasibility analysis is conducted in the hands of the sponsorthe sponsor

If the project is completely funded by the government, If the project is completely funded by the government, the sponsor is The Governmentthe sponsor is The Government

If the project is being implemented under public private If the project is being implemented under public private participation or purely by private agencies, then the participation or purely by private agencies, then the sponsor is the concerned private agency sponsor is the concerned private agency

A Financial Internal Rate of Return is worked out for A Financial Internal Rate of Return is worked out for each alternative by computing the cash flows in the each alternative by computing the cash flows in the hands of the sponsorhands of the sponsor

This financial analysis is also used to arrive at the best This financial analysis is also used to arrive at the best financial strategy for the projectfinancial strategy for the project

Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact Assessment

The environmental impact of alternative The environmental impact of alternative concepts and recommended solutions must be concepts and recommended solutions must be considered and incorporated into the cost considered and incorporated into the cost effectiveness analysiseffectiveness analysis

The following impacts should be studied and a The following impacts should be studied and a proper environment management plan proper environment management plan mitigating the impacts should be preparedmitigating the impacts should be prepared

TrafficTraffic PollutionPollution NoiseNoise EcologicalEcological SocialSocial


Choice of project and ImplementationChoice of project and Implementation Prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for

the selected alternativethe selected alternative DPR includes all the technical design DPR includes all the technical design

details, schedules for implementation, details, schedules for implementation, sources of revenue for the implementation sources of revenue for the implementation of various phases of the proposed projectof various phases of the proposed project

Construction, Maintenance and Construction, Maintenance and OperationOperation