Download - Introduction to Transportation Infrastructure Systems Planning and Design By Prof. K. V. Krishna Rao
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Introduction to Transportation Introduction to Transportation Infrastructure SystemsInfrastructure SystemsPlanning and DesignPlanning and Design
ByBy
Prof. K. V. Krishna RaoProf. K. V. Krishna Rao
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Transportation SystemTransportation System
A transportation system may be defined as a planned A transportation system may be defined as a planned network of elements or physical components that network of elements or physical components that play different roles in the transportation of goods and play different roles in the transportation of goods and persons from one place to another.persons from one place to another.
The elements or physical components of a transport The elements or physical components of a transport system are referred to as the facilities.system are referred to as the facilities.
A transport system can therefore be considered as A transport system can therefore be considered as consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and control system that permit people and goods to control system that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity.in some desired activity.
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Fixed FacilitiesFixed Facilities
The fixed facilities are the physical components of the The fixed facilities are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitutes the system that are fixed in space and constitutes the network of links and nodes of the transportation network of links and nodes of the transportation system.system.
For example, the links could be roadway segment and For example, the links could be roadway segment and railway track and the nodes could be intersections, railway track and the nodes could be intersections, interchanges, transit terminals, harbours, and airportsinterchanges, transit terminals, harbours, and airports
The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally been within the realm of civil engineering.been within the realm of civil engineering.
The design includes soil and foundation engineering The design includes soil and foundation engineering design, structural engineering design, the design of design, structural engineering design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design, which is drainage systems, and geometric design, which is concerned with the physical proportioning of the concerned with the physical proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities.elements of fixed facilities.
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Flow EntitiesFlow Entities
Flow entities are the units that traverse Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. These include people, the fixed facilities. These include people, vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on.so on.
In the case of a road system, the fixed In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large tractor-trailer bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations.combinations.
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Control SystemControl System The control system consists of vehicular control and flow The control system consists of vehicular control and flow
control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such controls can be manual or automated.controls can be manual or automated.
The proper geometric design of fixed facilities must The proper geometric design of fixed facilities must consider the characteristics of the vehicle and the consider the characteristics of the vehicle and the characteristics of the vehicular control system.characteristics of the vehicular control system.
In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually controlled, these include driver's characteristics, manually controlled, these include driver's characteristics, such as time a driver takes to perceive and react to various such as time a driver takes to perceive and react to various stimuli. In the case of automated systems, similar, but more stimuli. In the case of automated systems, similar, but more precisely definable response times exist as well.precisely definable response times exist as well.
The flow control system consists of the means that permit The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes various types of signing, marking, and system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the underlying rules of operation.signal systems and the underlying rules of operation.
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Mobility & AccessibilityMobility & Accessibility
Mobility refers to the ability to move Mobility refers to the ability to move between different activity sitesbetween different activity sites If a facility could move people and goods very If a facility could move people and goods very
fast then that facility provides very high mobilityfast then that facility provides very high mobility Accessibility refers to the number of activity Accessibility refers to the number of activity
sites connected by the facilitysites connected by the facility If a facility provides connection to large number If a facility provides connection to large number
of residences, commercial places and industrial of residences, commercial places and industrial places then it provides very high accessibilityplaces then it provides very high accessibility
Mobility and accessibility are inversely Mobility and accessibility are inversely related.related.
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Major Transportation Major Transportation SystemsSystems
HighwaysHighways RailwaysRailways AirwaysAirways WaterwaysWaterways PipelinePipeline ConveyorConveyor
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PlanningPlanning
“… “… an activity or process that examines an activity or process that examines the potential of future actions to guide a the potential of future actions to guide a situation or system toward a desired situation or system toward a desired direction” (Papacostas & Prevedouros, direction” (Papacostas & Prevedouros, 2001)2001)
Occurs in present but is oriented towards Occurs in present but is oriented towards the futurethe future
PurposePurpose Achieve positive goalsAchieve positive goals Avoid negative consequencesAvoid negative consequences Or bothOr both
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Scope of transportation Scope of transportation planningplanning
All man-made projects should start All man-made projects should start with a planwith a plan
The more significant the project, the The more significant the project, the more intensive and long term the more intensive and long term the planningplanning
For large transportation projects, For large transportation projects, planning starts 20 years before planning starts 20 years before constructionconstruction
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Planning ProcessPlanning ProcessSituation Definition
Problem Definition
Search for Solutions
Analysis of Performance
Evaluation of Alternatives
Choice of Projects
Design & Construct
Feedback
Establishing thePurpose & Need
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Functional Classification ofFunctional Classification ofHighway SystemsHighway Systems
Primary SystemPrimary System ExpresswaysExpressways National Highways (Multilane highways)National Highways (Multilane highways)
Secondary SystemSecondary System State HighwaysState Highways Major District RoadsMajor District Roads
Tertiary SystemTertiary System Other district RoadsOther district Roads Village RoadsVillage Roads
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ExpresswayExpressway
ExpresswayExpressway: is a divided highway facility : is a divided highway facility having two or more lanes in each direction for having two or more lanes in each direction for the exclusive use of traffic, with full control of the exclusive use of traffic, with full control of access and egressaccess and egress
In the highway hierarchy, Expressway is the In the highway hierarchy, Expressway is the only facility that provides complete only facility that provides complete uninterrupted flow.uninterrupted flow.
An Expressway is composed of three An Expressway is composed of three subcomponents: Basic freeway segment, subcomponents: Basic freeway segment, weaving areas, and ramp junctions.weaving areas, and ramp junctions.
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Mumbai – Pune ExpresswayMumbai – Pune Expressway First Expressway in First Expressway in
IndiaIndia Total length 93.75 Total length 93.75
km km A dual, 12.45-m wide A dual, 12.45-m wide
carriageway, Central carriageway, Central median verge 7.6 mmedian verge 7.6 m
2.5-m black-topped 2.5-m black-topped shoulders shoulders
Five twin-tunnels, Five twin-tunnels, and one single-tube and one single-tube tunnel, total length - tunnel, total length - 6,000 m6,000 m
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Mumbai – Pune Mumbai – Pune ExpresswayExpressway
26 Underpasses 26 Underpasses 21 Overpasses 21 Overpasses 6 Major bridges/viaducts 6 Major bridges/viaducts
21 Minor bridges 81 Box/slab culverts 2 Railway over bridges 4 Interchanges
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Multilane HighwaysMultilane Highways
A highway with at least two lanes for the exclusive use of traffic in each direction, with no control or partial control of access, but that may have periodic interruptions to flow at signalized intersections no closer than 3.0 km.
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3640 km4076 km5846 km
National Highways Development Project is aimed at converting the national highways connecting the four metros and the North-South and the East-West corridors into a multilane highway network
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Multilane Highway in a Rural Multilane Highway in a Rural EnvironmentEnvironment
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Multilane Highway in a Multilane Highway in a Suburban EnvironmentSuburban Environment
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Mobility & AccessibilityMobility & Accessibility
Expressways
Multilane Highways
Major District Roads
Other District Roads
Village Roads
Access
Mo
bili
ty State Highways
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Classification of Urban Classification of Urban StreetsStreets
Urban ExpresswaysUrban Expressways Arterial streetsArterial streets Sub Arterial streetsSub Arterial streets Collector streetsCollector streets Local streetsLocal streets
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Arterials and Sub-arterialsArterials and Sub-arterials
Arterial A major surface street with relatively long trips between major points, and with through-trips entering, leaving, and passing through the urban area.
Sub-arterial A signalized street that primarily serves through-traffic and that secondarily provides access to abutting properties, with signal spacing of 3.0 km or less.
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Collectors and LocalsCollectors and Locals
Collector A surface street providing land access and traffic circulation within residential, commercial, and industrial areas. The function of collector street is to collect traffic from local streets and feed it to the arterial and sub-arterial streets or vice-versa
Local Streets These streets provide access to the abutting properties. Unrestricted parking and pedestrian movement is allowed on these streets
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Mobility & AccessibilityMobility & Accessibility
Urban Expressways
Sub arterials
Collectors
Locals
Access
Mo
bili
ty
Arterials
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Level of ServiceLevel of Service A qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a traffic
stream, based on service measures such as speed and travel time, freedom to maneuver, traffic interruptions, comfort, and convenience.
Urban Street Level of Service
(source: HCM- 2000)
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Typical Cross section of a Typical Cross section of a HighwayHighway
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Highway DesignHighway Design
Geometric DesignGeometric Design Design of Fill/Cut SectionDesign of Fill/Cut Section Pavement DesignPavement Design Drainage DesignDrainage Design
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Geometric DesignGeometric Design
Geometric DesignGeometric Design Design of vertical and horizontal alignment of Design of vertical and horizontal alignment of
the highwaythe highway Preparation of PlanPreparation of Plan
Shows the horizontal alignment – straight sections, Shows the horizontal alignment – straight sections, horizontal curves, width of carriageway, shoulders, horizontal curves, width of carriageway, shoulders, side drains, right of way, etc. side drains, right of way, etc.
Preparation of ProfilePreparation of Profile Shows vertical alignment – grade line, vertical curves, Shows vertical alignment – grade line, vertical curves,
high flood level, etc.high flood level, etc. Cross sectionsCross sections
Show the camber, side slopes, area of fill/cut, etc.Show the camber, side slopes, area of fill/cut, etc.
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Cross SectionsCross Sections
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Pavement DesignPavement Design
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Layers in Flexible PavementLayers in Flexible Pavement
Asphalt Surface CourseAsphalt Surface Course
Asphalt Binder CourseAsphalt Binder Course
Unbound baseUnbound base
Granular SubbaseGranular Subbase
Compacted SubgradeCompacted Subgrade
Natural SubgradeNatural Subgrade
Interface Treatments
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Mechanistic Method of Pavement Design
Assume Pavement Configuration
Compute Pavement ResponsesUsing Structural Models
Compute AllowableNumber of Repetitions of
Standard Axle Using Distress Models
Find Expected Number ofRepetitions of Standard Axle on
Design Lane from Traffic Analysis
Satisfactory?
Final Design
Yes
No
Input•Material Properties•Axle Load
•Failure Criteria•Reliability
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Characterisation of LayersCharacterisation of Layers
EE44, , 44, h, h44
EE66, , 66, h, h6 6 = =
EE55, , 55, h, h55
EE33, , 33, h, h33
EE22, , 22, h, h22
Wheel Load, p
E1, 1, h1
Using Layer Theory the Stresses, Strains and Deflections at any Point in any Layer can be Computed
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Axle ConfigurationsAxle Configurations
Single Axle With Single Wheel
(Legal Axle Load = 6t)
Single Axle With Dual Wheel
(Legal Axle Load = 10t)
Tandem Axle
(Legal Axle Load = 18t)
Tridem Axle
(Legal Axle Load = 24t)
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2 Axle Truck – 16t
3 Axle Truck – 24t
Truck ConfigurationTruck Configuration
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4 Axle Semi Articulated – 34t
4 Axle Articulated
Truck ConfigurationTruck Configuration
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5 Axle Truck – 40t
LCV
Truck ConfigurationTruck Configuration
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Standard AxleStandard Axle
Single axle with dual wheels carrying Single axle with dual wheels carrying a load of 80 kN (8 tonnes) is defined a load of 80 kN (8 tonnes) is defined as standard axleas standard axle
80 kN
Standard Axle
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Vehicle Damage Factor Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF)(VDF) Instead of converting each axle pass into Instead of converting each axle pass into
equivalent standard axle passes, It will equivalent standard axle passes, It will be convenient to convert one truck pass be convenient to convert one truck pass into equivalent standard axle passes.into equivalent standard axle passes.
The factor that converts the number of The factor that converts the number of trucks into equivalent standard axle trucks into equivalent standard axle repetitions is termed as vehicle damage repetitions is termed as vehicle damage factor or truck factorfactor or truck factor
Therefore, Vehicle damage factor is the Therefore, Vehicle damage factor is the number of standard axles per truck.number of standard axles per truck.
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning
Situation DefinitionSituation Definition Inventory of existing facilitiesInventory of existing facilities Current conditions and issuesCurrent conditions and issues
Congestion, very high travel time, very high Congestion, very high travel time, very high road user costsroad user costs
Identification of other planning studiesIdentification of other planning studies Earlier plans at National, regional and local Earlier plans at National, regional and local
level to arrive at a solution level to arrive at a solution
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning
Problem DefinitionProblem Definition After understanding the present After understanding the present
problems the problem could be defined problems the problem could be defined asas
To achieve reasonable journey speeds, To achieve reasonable journey speeds, vehicle operation costs, comfort and vehicle operation costs, comfort and convenience for travel between the four convenience for travel between the four metros metros
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning
Search for SolutionsSearch for Solutions Develop alternative concepts and Develop alternative concepts and
solutions to reasonably satisfy the future solutions to reasonably satisfy the future needs considering their impact on needs considering their impact on environment, safety , economy and environment, safety , economy and fiscal resources of the areafiscal resources of the area
Examination of alternative alignments Examination of alternative alignments and development concepts is essential and development concepts is essential for the proper identification of viable for the proper identification of viable alternativesalternatives
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning
Analysis of PerformanceAnalysis of Performance Demand forecastingDemand forecasting
Demand forecasting includes determination of daily Demand forecasting includes determination of daily volume of different classes of vehicles.volume of different classes of vehicles.
The forecast must also give the traffic volume during The forecast must also give the traffic volume during the busiest hour of the daythe busiest hour of the day
If the facility is tolled a relation between the volume If the facility is tolled a relation between the volume levels and the toll levels should be establishedlevels and the toll levels should be established
Analysis of the interaction between demand Analysis of the interaction between demand and capacity of the facilityand capacity of the facility
Use performance measures to shortlist the Use performance measures to shortlist the alternativesalternatives
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning Evaluation of Alternatives – Economic FeasibilityEvaluation of Alternatives – Economic Feasibility
Conduct economic evaluation for the short-listed Conduct economic evaluation for the short-listed alternativesalternatives
Each of the alternative may be compared with the do Each of the alternative may be compared with the do nothing alternativenothing alternative
The benefits and cost for all the alternatives need to be The benefits and cost for all the alternatives need to be worked outworked out
Benefits include savings in travel time, reduction in Benefits include savings in travel time, reduction in operating cost, reduction in accidents, etc.operating cost, reduction in accidents, etc.
Cost include capital cost of construction, maintenance Cost include capital cost of construction, maintenance cost, environmental costs, etc.cost, environmental costs, etc.
Economic Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is worked out for Economic Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is worked out for all the alternativesall the alternatives
The alternatives can be ranked based on this IRRThe alternatives can be ranked based on this IRR IRR is that interest rate at which the Net Present Value IRR is that interest rate at which the Net Present Value
of the Project is zero.of the Project is zero.
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning Evaluation of Alternatives – Financial FeasibilityEvaluation of Alternatives – Financial Feasibility
Financial feasibility analysis is conducted in the hands of Financial feasibility analysis is conducted in the hands of the sponsorthe sponsor
If the project is completely funded by the government, If the project is completely funded by the government, the sponsor is The Governmentthe sponsor is The Government
If the project is being implemented under public private If the project is being implemented under public private participation or purely by private agencies, then the participation or purely by private agencies, then the sponsor is the concerned private agency sponsor is the concerned private agency
A Financial Internal Rate of Return is worked out for A Financial Internal Rate of Return is worked out for each alternative by computing the cash flows in the each alternative by computing the cash flows in the hands of the sponsorhands of the sponsor
This financial analysis is also used to arrive at the best This financial analysis is also used to arrive at the best financial strategy for the projectfinancial strategy for the project
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning Environmental Impact AssessmentEnvironmental Impact Assessment
The environmental impact of alternative The environmental impact of alternative concepts and recommended solutions must be concepts and recommended solutions must be considered and incorporated into the cost considered and incorporated into the cost effectiveness analysiseffectiveness analysis
The following impacts should be studied and a The following impacts should be studied and a proper environment management plan proper environment management plan mitigating the impacts should be preparedmitigating the impacts should be prepared
TrafficTraffic PollutionPollution NoiseNoise EcologicalEcological SocialSocial
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Steps in Highway PlanningSteps in Highway Planning
Choice of project and ImplementationChoice of project and Implementation Prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for Prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for
the selected alternativethe selected alternative DPR includes all the technical design DPR includes all the technical design
details, schedules for implementation, details, schedules for implementation, sources of revenue for the implementation sources of revenue for the implementation of various phases of the proposed projectof various phases of the proposed project
Construction, Maintenance and Construction, Maintenance and OperationOperation