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TTL 101

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TTL 101



TTL 101

I n t r o d u c t i o nThe Introduction to Trucking and Logistics course is designed to help you, the warehouse or driver employee learn about the industry, your career opportunities, your federal and state requirements along with understanding the vehicle you will be driving and important safety elements.

The trucking and logistics industry is an exciting place to be right now. The need for drivers is on the rise now and in the future. In this course, you will learn what it takes to be a successful driver and your many career opportunities.

Class OutcomesBy the end of this class, you will be able to:

1. Describe the knowledge and skills necessary to operate a commercial vehicle safely.

2. Understands the logistics industry.

3. Describe the tasks and duties required of an entry-level trucker and warehouse worker.

4. Show the range of skill mastery required by an individual driver.

5. Understands warehouse and loading dock safety.


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I n t r o d u c t i o n sIndividually complete the following questions.

1. Who are you and how long have you been with the company?

2. Why do you want to be in the trucking and logistics industry?

3. What do the brochures and documents tell you about the need for professionals in the trucking and logistics field?

4. What is your current level of experience?

5. What do you want from the class?

6. What will you contribute to the learning process? (Examples include humor, stories, experiences, etc.).


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TTL 101

T r u c k i n g a n d L o g i s t i c s I n d u s t r yThe Trucking and Logistics Industry is an exciting place to be right now. There is a great history that goes along with this industry as well as a great future. The following information outlines four key areas for consideration as a newcomer into this field.

1. History of the Trucking and Logistics Industry

2. Jobs in the Trucking and Logistics Industry

3. Advances in the Trucking and Logistics Industry

4. Your future in the Trucking and Logistics Industry


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History of the T & L Industry

Construction of the nation’s first transcontinental highway, the Lincoln Highway (U.S. 30), started in 1912. It took 20 years to complete the 3385-mile road between New York City and San Francisco. In 1956, the Federal Aid Highway Act was signed into law, authorizing the 41,000-mile National System of interstate and defense highways to be completed by 1972.

In 1986, more than 97% of the interstate highway system was open to traffic as the program entered its 30th year. Currently, there are over 44,700 miles of interstate highways with 132,000 miles of other arteries in the United States.

In the early 1980’s, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) determined that a need existed for technical guidance in the area of truck driver training. In 1985, the FHWA developed the Model Curriculum training for tractor-trailer drivers. This material includes the minimum standards for training for tractor trailer drivers.

The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 was intended to improve highway safety. Its goal was to ensure that drivers of large trucks and buses possess the knowledge and skills necessary to operate these vehicles safely on public highways. This act established the commercial driver’s license (CDL) program and directed the agency to establish minimum Federal standards that states must meet when licensing drivers.

In 1990, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended to FHWA that drivers of specialized vehicles, including multiple-trailer vehicles, receive training in the special handling characteristics and other variables that influence the controllability and maneuverability of these vehicles.

Eighty percent of all U.S. communities rely exclusively on trucks to deliver their products and goods. This means that trucks carry over 70% of all domestic freight tonnage or nearly 11 billion tons annually. There are approximately 3 million truck drivers across the United States.

The trucking industry includes companies engaged in motor freight trucking and warehousing. These include areas such as local and long distance trucking or transfer services, establishments engaged in the storage of farm products, furniture and other household goods, or commercial goods of any kind. This also includes the operation of terminal facilities for handling freight, both with and without maintenance facilities.

Local and long distance trucking without storage


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Local and long distance trucking with storage

Courier and moving services

Farm product warehousing and storage

Refrigerated warehousing and storage

General warehousing and storage

Special warehousing and storage

Terminal and joint terminal maintenance facilities for motor freight transportation

The trucking and warehouse industry is subject to government regulations which ensure safety for everyone. Throughout this class, you will learn the various safety regulations required to be safe. The following terms will also be discussed:

Interstate – if you are crossing state lines or furthering interstate commerce, you are considered to be involved in interstate operations.

Intrastate – if you are not crossing state lines (staying within a state’s borders) and not furthering interstate commerce, you are considered to be involved in intrastate operations.

The Department of Transportation’s (DOT) Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) oversees motor carrier safety. Motor carriers and drivers operating in interstate commerce must comply with the agency’s regulations, commonly referred to as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs).

The following safety rules and standards are clearly outlined by the FMCSR. However, please note that some states vary in its adoption of these regulations so you must also be familiar with your state compliance rules.

Hours of service

Driver qualification

Driver disqualification

Physical qualification

Drug and alcohol testing


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Commercial driver’s license (CDL) standards

Vehicle parts and accessories

Vehicle inspection

The trucking industry is a leader in safety and security. According to the American Trucking Association’s (ATA) 2007 Facts for Drivers, the rate of fatal truck crashes dropped 29% between 1993 and 2003. Between 2004 and 2005, the drop was another 1.7%.

Trucking Organizations

1. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Ensure responsibility for ensuring that America’s roads and highways continue to be the safest and most technologically up-to-date.

2. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), established in 1970, provides education, research, safety standards, and enforcement activity for the purpose of saving lives, preventing injuries and reducing economic costs due to road traffic crashes.

3. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), created in 2000 pursuant to the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999, administers the former MCSR now known as the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR).

4. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)’s Office of Hazardous Materials Safety. To provide DOT a more focused research organization and establish a separate operating administration for pipeline and hazardous materials transportation safety operations.

5. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) focuses on clean air. Current focus is on Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel.

6. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is the federal agency under the Department of Homeland Security responsible for protecting the nation’s transportation system.


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Jobs in the T & L IndustryThe types of jobs in the trucking industry include the following:

Over-the-road drivers (both long and short-haul)

Pick-up and delivery (PUD) drivers

Dispatchers

Warehouse staff

Sales and operations

Safety inspectors and directors

Office and clerical workers

Owner-operators


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Types of Truck Drivers

Long-distance or over-the-road. These drivers operate heavy trucks and drive for long periods of time. Some long-haul drivers travel a few hundred miles and return the same day; others are away from home overnight, or for several days or weeks at a time.

Local. These drivers operate light, medium or heavy trucks and work in route-sales or pick-up-and-delivery operations. These drivers usually make more stops each day and often need sales skills in addition to driving skills.

Specialized trucking. Drivers that drive specialized trucks that handle unusual, oversized or sensitive loads need extra training to operate this equipment. Examples include double or triple trailers, oversize loads and auto carriers.

Hazardous Materials. These drivers also need more extensive training. Drivers need to know about the content of the loads they are hauling, how to handle the loads safely and what to do in an emergency. Drivers who transport hazardous materials must also take a special test when applying for the CDL.

Owner-Operators. An independent driver owns his or her equipment and hauls freight on a contractual basis. It is possible to make a good living as an owner-operator, but like many businesses, the competition is tight and there are many overhead expenses.


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Industry Types

In addition to the types of jobs, there are also varieties of industries that need the type of work you could provide.

Industry Description Type of Jobs Additional Information

Moving and Storage

Packing, loading and unloading household goods.

Storage of household goods.

Pickup, delivery and/or storage of manufactured products, e.g. ATM machines.

Warehouse worker, fork lift driver, packer, loader, driver (local, intrastate and interstate), dispatcher, customer service representative.

Opportunity exists to remain in a position, or broaden skills in different jobs and create a career path.

Product Delivery Loading and unloading trailers at shippers and customers facility.

Local Pickup and Delivery (route) Driver, Hostling, Shuttle Driver, Linehaul


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Advances in the T & L IndustryThere have been many changes in the Trucking and Logistics Industry over the past two decades. These changes have ranged from communication devices, electronics, onboard computers, new designs and aerodynamics (increase fuel-efficiency) in trucks and better roads. The roads of today are mainly well-lit, drain water faster and help to keep drivers awake.

Specific electronic advances include satellites that trace a truck’s location, onboard computers to monitor and record how efficiently a truck is running and EBS (Electronic Braking System – also called brake-by-wire) that helps balance air brakes.

Other future advances you can expect to see:

Lane Departure Warning Systems

UQM hybrid electric propulsion systems

Hybrid vehicles with regenerating brakes

High pressure fuel rail injection

Advanced combustion solutions

Fuel cells (auxiliary power)

Replacement of diesel fuel options

Aerodynamic drag concepts

Reducing auxiliary loads

Lightweight material

Software technology


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Your Future in the T & L IndustryThe future is bright in the Trucking and Logistics Industry. The trucking industry overall employs more people than any other private industry in the United States. As mentioned earlier, there are many front and back office support staff in the industry that ensure supplies and goods move through the system.

According to the American Trucking Association's report, US Truck Driver Shortage: Analysis and Forecasts, the long-haul segment of the trucking industry has a national shortage of 20,000 drivers. It predicts the shortage will increase to 111,000 by the year 2014 given the current demographic trends.

Making things even worse is the HIGH turnover rate reported by large carriers to be as high as 121%. There are currently 1.3 million long-haul truckers out of 3.4 million truckers nationwide. The industry as a whole has experienced a shortage of 195,000 in the first quarter of 2005.

This information alone should give you confidence in your ability to move forward in the trucking and logistics industry.


http://www.thetruckersreport.com/truckernews/ATADriverShortageStudy05%5B1%5D.pdf

http://www.thetruckersreport.com/truckernews/ATADriverShortageStudy05%5B1%5D.pdf

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Oregon Employment Projections

The first table comes from the Oregon Employment Department and highlights the past and future changes expected in the state of Oregon for heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers.

Employment Projections

Region Employment Change % Change Annual Openings

2004 2014

Oregon Statewide

23,143 26,146 3,003 13.0% 717

The second table comes from the Oregon Employment Department and highlights the past and future changes expected in the state of Oregon for light or delivery service truck drivers.

Employment Projections

Region Employment Change % Change Annual Openings

2004 2014

Oregon Statewide

8,737 10,246 1,509 17.3% 242


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C a r e e r P a t h w a yClackamas Community College, in conjunction with many partners in the field, has created a Transportation, Trucking and Logistics Career Pathway tool. This document will help the reader see the many paths and levels that can be achieved across this industry.

Take a few minutes to review this document and discuss with one other person. Record any notes or thoughts about this document below.


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Career Pathway PlanAs you just reviewed, there are many pathways to follow in the Trucking and Logistics Industry. Let us begin looking at the pathway you would like to follow going forward. We will review this document again at the end of this course.

Directional Question Planning Response

1. Where would you like to be in 5 years with the company?

2. What personal and professional benefits will you gain from this pathway?

3. What education classes will you need to take to get there?

4. What else will you need to do to prepare yourself for that position?


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F e d e r a l a n d C D L R e q u i r e m e n t sBecoming a driver requires that you have met, and will meet, certain Federal and State CDL mandates.

A CDL is required when you are operating the following vehicles:

Any single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more)

A trailer with GVWR of more than 10,000 pounds if the gross combination weight rating (GCWR) is 26,0001 pounds or more

A vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver)

Any size vehicle that is used in the transportation of any material that requires hazardous materials placards or any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin in 42 CFR 73

A public mass transit or transportation district vehicle, regardless of size, when used to carry passengers for hire, with the exception of taxi drivers

Any motor home or recreational vehicle that meets the definition above and is used for business purposes


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Three Classes of a CDLThe following table outlines the three CDL classes.

License Requirements

Must be 18 years of age to drive within Oregon or at least 21 years old if driving commercial vehicles in interstate commerce

Must provide evidence of your name, age and identification

Must provide your social security number and one other document to prove your identity

Must present a valid medical certificate and medical waiver (if needed) at the time of issuance and before taking a commercial drive test

If applying for a Haz Mat endorsement, the Federal Transportation Security Administration rules require person to undergo a security background check that includes submission of fingerprints for FBI review

Must be able to speak, read and write English well enough to understand traffic signs and signals in English, to respond to officials and to complete reports and records


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Additional QualificationsMost companies enact other requirements over and above the following federally mandated qualifications.

Age. While many states allow individuals 18 and older to driver trucks within the state, federal regulations require drivers operating across state lines to be at least 21. However, many companies require over-the-road drivers to be older than this (23 or 25).

Physical Condition. The Department of Transportation requires a driver to have a complete physical examination every two years. A driver must not have lost any limbs or have any defect or disease likely to interfere with safe driving. Drivers cannot have diabetes that requires insulin. A driver can get a CDL if they get a federal waiver, which might require additional testing.

Vision. Qualified drivers must have a minimum of 20/40 vision in each eye, with or without corrective lenses and have a 70-degree field of vision in each eye. Drivers cannot be colorblind.

Hearing. All drivers must be capable of hearing a forced whisper in the better ear at not less than five feet, with or without the use of a hearing aid.

Education. All drivers must be able to read and speak English well enough to understand traffic signs, prepare reports and speak with law enforcement authorities and the public.

Safety. Drivers must learn and comply with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations.

Substance Abuse. Drivers are subject to drug and alcohol testing by their employers and by law enforcement officials under four circumstances: pre-employment (drug testing only); post-accident; reasonable suspicion; and random testing. Drivers can have no current clinical diagnosis of alcoholism and must not use any illegal drugs.

Driving Record. A driver must not have been convicted of a felony involving the use of a motor vehicle; a crime involving drugs; driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol; or, hit-and-run driving which resulted in injury or death.

Licensing. Every truck driver must have a valid Commercial Driver's License (CDL) issued by a state. A driver can hold a license from only one state.


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CDL Endorsement Types

Ways to lose your CDL for a year:

Alcohol use

Serious traffic violations

Violation of out of service orders

Railroad highway grade crossing violations

Hazardous materials endorsement background check and disqualifications


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Entry-Level Driver Training RequirementsEmployers must ensure that each entry-level driver has received the training required by this subpart no later than July 20, 2004, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section. Each employer must ensure that each entry-level driver who first began operating a CMV in interstate commerce requiring a CDL between July 20, 2003 and October 18, 2004, has had the required training no later than October 18, 2004.

Applicability. All entry-level drivers who drive in interstate commerce and are subject to the CDL requirements of part 383 of this chapter must comply with the rules of this subpart, except drivers who are subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Transit Administration or who are otherwise exempt under 390.3(f) of this subchapter. Definitions. The definitions in part 383 of this chapter apply to this part except where otherwise specifically noted.

1. Entry-level driver is a driver with less than one year of experience operating a CMV with a CDL in interstate commerce.

2. Entry-level driver training is training the CDL driver receives in driver qualification requirements, hours of service of drivers, driver wellness, and whistle blower protection as appropriate to the entry-level driver’s current position in addition to passing the CDL test.

3. Entry-level driver training requirements. Entry-level driver training must include instruction addressing the following four areas:

Driver qualification requirements. The Federal rules on medical certification, medical examination procedures, general qualifications, responsibilities, and disqualifications based on various offenses, orders and loss of driving privileges.

Hours of service of drivers. The limitations on driving hours, the requirement to be off-duty for a certain period of time, record of duty status preparation and exceptions. Fatigue countermeasures as a means to avoid crashes.

Driver wellness. Basic health maintenance including diet and exercise. The importance of avoiding excessive use of alcohol.

Whistleblower protection. The right of an employee to question the safety practices of an employer without the employee’s risk of losing a job or being subject to reprisals simply fro stating a safety concern.


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W a r e h o u s e a n d V e h i c l e S a f e t yThe most important aspect of being in the trucking and logistics industry is safety. Safety is a key to success as a warehouse employee or driver. In either position, your main function is to continuously look for ways to be safe on the job. Throughout this class, we will focus on specific ways to be safe in all ways.

Safety Requirements for Warehouse and Driver

Warehouse Safety Requirements Driver Safety Requirements1. All warehouse and trucking associates

who routinely work in or visit the warehouse area are required to wear protective footwear which meets or exceeds the ANSI Z41 standard for impact, compression, slip resistance and resisting puncture.

2. Tennis shoes, sandals, hiking boots, deck shoes or other types of casual footwear or waffle-soled shoes are not permitted while performing warehouse or distribution work (unless there is a medical condition to discuss).

3. Wear gloves to protect your hands.

4. Use eye protection such as safety glasses and goggles.

5. Use hearing protection devices.

6. Use protective hardhat.

7. Know where your medical emergency kits are at all times.

8. Follow proper procedures when using equipment in the warehouse.

1. Comply with the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Motor Carrier Safety Rules.

2. Adhere to the posted state speed limits, or at reduced speeds, if conditions require slower speed.

3. In the event of an accident, the driver involved will first attend to the scene, doing everything possible to direct traffic, attend to any injured, protect the company’s equipment and cargo, and then notify the company as quickly as possible. Do not move the company’s equipment from the scene until you receive approval from your supervisor (unless law enforcement personnel tells. you otherwise for traffic clearance).

4. No driver is permitted to consume any alcoholic beverage within 8 hours of going on duty, nor while on duty. Use of illegal drugs is forbidden. If you are taking a prescription drug under a doctor’s orders, notify the company prior to driving. Any violation of the drug/alcohol policy may be grounds for termination.

5. No passengers are allowed in any company vehicle without written permission from an officer of the


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Warehouse Safety Requirements Driver Safety Requirements9. Follow procedures when using a pallet

jack and forklift in the warehouse – use the checklist (parking, starting, in action, positioning, shutting down).

10.Be aware of equipment or unsafe practices around you. Not paying attention to your surroundings can lead to an accident.

11. Incorporate a stretching routine at the start of every shift to prevent injuries while on the job.

12.Ensure you are following safe lifting and turning procedures to avoid strains.

13.Do not use shortcuts when operating any type of equipment.

14.Avoid improper loading and unloading, not being aware of shifting loads and clearances, and not keeping your eyes ahead of your work because it can lead to serious injury from falling objects.

15.Do not be careless with cutting edges, be on the alert for sharp objects, focus on what you are doing and do not be careless with your knife because they can all cause serious cuts.

16.Use your horn properly.

company. The only exception to this rule is in the case of an emergency requiring transportation where no other help is available.

6. The driver is responsible for securing all loads prior to departure. The load should be secured in such a way that prevents damage to our cargo and spilling on the road. The load and the equipment should be checked every two hours while in transit.

7. The driver must prepare a vehicle inspection report at the end of each day that you drive. If you determine items that need repair, particularly safety items, bring these to the attention of the office before you leave.

8. The driver is required to review the previous trip’s vehicle inspection report prior to starting each trip. This review should be done in conjunction with your pre-trip inspection.

9. Drivers are required to report to the company any conviction of traffic laws.

10.Drivers are required to prepare a duty status report for each 24-hour period. They will be prepared in compliance with the FMCSR, and will be turned in at the end of each trip.

11.Drivers are expected to utilize defensive driving skills when operating company equipment, always being considerate of others on the highway. Tailgating, failure to signal, unnecessary lane changes and speeding will not be tolerated.


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Safety Case Scenarios

Review the following case scenarios and identify what safety violations you believe the individuals violated. Identify specific safety actions you believe they should have followed that would have prevented the situations from happening.

Case Scenario Safety Violations Safety Actions

1. You just got to work and missed the pre-shift meeting. You go straight to your area and begin working.

2. You are ready to drive your vehicle to the customer site. The items have been loaded and your buddy tells you everything is secure and ready to go.

3. You get tired of having to wear your goggles non-stop. You decide to take them off when you are working on something other than loading.

4. You are heading to a client site and one of your friends has always wanted to ride in a big rig. Since it is only a 5 mile trip, you let them come along for the fun.

5. You have been working in the warehouse long enough to have learned a few tricks along the way. You decide that it is quicker to follow another process when using your pallet jack and begin to share this process with others.


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C o n t r o l S y s t e m s a n d M a n a g e m e n tThis section focuses on control systems and management of the components on the dashboard and other parts of the vehicle. Review of this section will help you to identify these different parts.

There are a few areas to separate in order for us to fully understand control systems.

1. Engine controls – used to start and shut down the vehicle’s engine. It includes the switch and starter button.

2. Primary controls – includes components such as steering wheel, accelerator pedal, clutch pedal, transmission controls, brake controls, antilock brakes, auxiliary brakes and retarders and interaxle differential lock.

3. Secondary controls – include components that help you see, communicate, adjust climate and comfort controls and ensure safety.

Let us break this down more and review the four dashboard houses:

1. Gauges

2. Warning Lights

3. Switches

4. Controls


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Dashboard ClustersThere are seven types of clusters located on the dashboard. The following table lists these clusters and a brief description.

Cluster Description

1. Engine Cluster Voltmeter – charge condition of the battery Engine oil pressure gauge – tells you the oil pressure in

the engine Engine temperature gauge (including water temperature

gauge which shows the engine cooling system temperature – normal range is between 165-185 degrees Fahrenheit)

Pyrometer – tells you the engine exhaust temperature

2. Unit Temperature Cluster

Temperature gauges for the transmission The forward rear axle differential The rear axle differential

3. Lights Cluster A left and right hand turn signal Lights for high water temperature Low water level Low oil pressure Low air pressure High beam Differential lock Toggle switches, rocker switches, push/pull buttons – for

the headlights, clearance lights, parking lights and fog lights, dome light, emergency flashers, panel lights and working/utility lights

4. Steering Wheel Cluster

Tachometer – shows engine crankshaft revolution and tells you when to shift gears

Speedometer/odometer – shows truck speed in miles per hour and keeps track of the total miles

Ignition switch Hand throttle Cruise control

5. Fuel Cluster Fuel gauge – indicates the fuel level Fuel filter gauge – indicates the condition of the fuel filter


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Cluster Description

6. Brake Cluster Air pressure gauge – tells you how many psi are available in the reservoirs for braking power. Normal pressure is 100 to 120 psi

Low air pressure warning device – warns you when air pressure in the reservoirs is low. Don’t drive a truck with air brakes until the gauge reads at least 100 psi. Stop immediately if it drops below 90 psi

Air brake application gauge – amount of pressure applied to the brakes

Engine air filter gauge – indicates the condition of the air filter

Auxiliary brake or engine retarder – helps the service brakes slow the truck

Trailer air supply valve knob – controls the trailer air supply valve which supplies air to the trailer

Parking brake valve – applies the parking brakes for both the tractor and the trailer

Tractor parking brake valve – applies the tractor parking brakes only

7. Controls Cluster Fifth wheel lock – locks a sliding fifth wheel in position Inter-axle differential Windshield wipers Air conditioning controls


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Cluster Matching WorksheetA = Engine, B = Unit Temperature, C = Lights, D = Steering Wheel, E = Fuel,

F = Brake, G = Controls

Matching Letter Cluster Description

Trailer supply knob

Tractor protection knob

Air suspension

Tachometer

The rear axle differential

Fifth-wheel lock

Low oil pressure

Pyrometer

Engine air filter gauge

Fuel gauge

Low water level

Parking break valve

High beam

Temperature gauges

The forward rear axle differential

Hand throttle

Cruise control

Low air pressure warning device

Ignition switch

Tachometer


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V e h i c l e C o m p o n e n t sNow that you are familiar with the clusters and major system elements, let us review the rest of the vehicle.

Equipment Area

Description

Chassis Frame – the vehicle foundation

Suspension system - springs, including spring shackles, U bolts, helper springs and set pins, air bag suspension and shock absorbers

Driver line; clutch, transmission, drive shaft and universal joints, differential and rear axle

Body and Cab Fenders

Hood

Cab (gauges, hand controls located inside the cab, including the operation of the seat adjustment controls)

Wheels and Tires

Tires (tread, type, stud versus hub piloted, inflation)

Hub, gear oil check areas

Wheels and rims

Lug nuts

Wheel bearings

Axles – connect the wheels to the rest of the vehicle (front and rear)

Under the Hood

Engine

Fuel pump

Fuel lines and injectors

Fuel filters

Air cleaner (intake, exhaust, turbocharger, after cooler and pyrometer)

Clutch, transmission, drive shaft, universal joints, differential

Electrical system, ammeter, voltmeter, voltage regulator, alternator, drive belts and fuse panel areas, battery, lubrication points of front suspension and location of wires


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Equipment Area

Description

Ignition circuit and lighting and accessory circuits

Cooling system, radiator and fill spout, lower and upper hoses and clamps, water pump and belts and drain cock

Lubrication system

Steering Steering column, wheel, shaft, arm

Steering gear box

Pitman arm

Drag link and tie rods

Wheel alignment – caster and camber, toe-in and toe-out

Power steering

Interior of Cab Controls in the cab

Ignition switch and starter button

Clutch pedal and clutch brake operation

Transmission and gear shifting positions

Instruments and air brake warning devices

Oil pressure

Ammeter – rate of charge

Temperature gauge

Tachometer

Dimmer switch

Accelerator pedal

Transmission control levers

Power take-off lever

Air conditioning vents

Brakes Brake pedal

Drum brakes


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Equipment Area

Description

Service brakes

Parking brakes

Emergency brakes

Low air warning devices

Trailer brake hand control valve

Antilock brake system

Air brake system

Emergency Equipment

Emergency warning devices – red reflector box

Fire extinguisher

Fuse panel and spares


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Proper Entry and Exit from CabThe tractor is designed for the comfort of the driver. Improperly climbing in and out of the cab and climbing around the equipment is an injury waiting to happen. It is recommended that drivers use the “Three Point Method” for entering and exiting the cab.

The “Three Point System” recommends drivers have a strong foothold while he or she has a firm handgrip on hand holds or steering wheel with both hands. When entering the cab of a tractor, use all the steps and hand rails. Do not jump up or down from the cab.

Most cabs will be equipped with air ride seats that are designed to add as much comfort as possible to the driver and at the same time, to support the driver during the long miles and hours spent on the road. Make sure you are in a position at all times to control vehicle. To do this, be at the right angle of the steering wheel and the hand controls. The seat is typically equipped with four different control settings that if adjusted properly, will put the driver in a safe and comfortable position.

All tractors come equipped with seatbelts. It is the driver’s responsibility to make sure they are safe and in good working order. They should be checked each day before the vehicle is moved as part of the driver’s vehicle inspection. Any seatbelt found to have a tear or worn area should be replaced

USE YOUR SEAT BELT AT ALL TIMES!!!


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Starting/Stopping the EngineBefore starting the engine, ensure that you have completed your driver’s vehicle inspection. The following lists the steps to starting the engine:

1. Ensure the parking brake(s) is/are set.

2. The “switch key” must always be turned “on” before starting the engine. This is necessary on engines with electric starters so that current will flow to the starting motor. It should be made a matter of driving habit on vehicles with air starts because the key controls the charging circuit. If it is not turned “on,” current ignition switch will not go to the battery and the battery will be discharged. Some vehicles must go through a system check prior to being able to start.

3. Clutch pedal must be depressed to relieve starting motor of transmission drag. This operation is very important in cold weather, and may mean the difference between getting the tractor started or not!

4. Electrical starting motors must not be operated continuously for more than ten seconds at a time. At least forty-five to sixty seconds should pass prior to trying to start an engine that fails to fire up on the first try. This will allow time for the starter to “cool” down.

5. When the engine starts up, driver must not rev up the engine more than 1000 rpms.

6. As soon as the engine has started, the driver should now check all gauges on the dash to ascertain if sufficient oil pressure is showing. Make sure that all dash lights and safety warning buzzers are in full operation.

7. With a manual transmission vehicle, partly engage the clutch before you take your right foot off the brake. Put on the parking brake whenever necessary to keep from rolling back. Release the parking brake when you have applied enough engine power to keep from rolling back.

8. Speed up smoothly and gradually so the vehicle does not jerk. Rough acceleration can cause mechanical damage (such as damaging the coupling).

9. Set parking brake(s).

10.When shutting down the engine, depress the clutch and move the gearshift to neutral. Cool the engine down by letting it idle for a few minutes. Turn the engine off.


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The TransmissionIt is important for you to understand the transmission and is purpose. A transmission transmits the power from the engine to the wheels and does with a wide range of speed.

The essential parts of a heavy truck transmission include:

Multiple countershafts

Compound transmissions

Auxiliary transmissions

Ranges

Splitters

Truck transmissions use compound transmissions, which increase the number of gear ratios and improve engine efficiency. The first compound transmission was the auxiliary transmission.

Range control offers a high and low range of gears under the same shifting pattern Range control is found on nine-speed transmissions, 10 speed transmissions and 13 speed transmissions. The splitter offers overdrive to each of the higher gears and is found in 13 speed transmissions and newer 18 speed transmissions.

There are two elements to understand specifically, force and gear ratio. When a small gear turns a larger gear, a lesser speed is produced. The difference in size between one gear and another gear is called gear ratio and results in faster and slower speeds.

A higher gear ratio of 17:1 will put a truck in low speed

An even ration of 1:1 is idea for highway driving

Advantages of Automatic Transmissions

Disadvantages of Automatic Transmissions


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A n t i - L o c k B r a k i n g S y s t e mAntilock Braking Systems (ABS) is a computerized system that keeps your wheels from locking up during hard brake applications. This is an additional feature that goes along with your normal braking capacity. The system only activities when your wheels are about to lock up. These are required on truck tractors with air brakes built on or after March 1, 1997 and other air brake vehicles (trucks, buses, trailers, and converter dollies built on or after March 1, 1998. In addition, hydraulically braked trucks and buses with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or more built on or after March 1, 1999.

You will know if your truck has one because it will have a yellow ABS malfunction lamp on the instrument panel. As a system check on newer vehicles, the malfunction lamp comes on when starting the vehicle for a bulb check and then goes out quickly.

You may or may not be able to stop faster with ABS but you may be able to steer around an obstacle while braking and possibly avoid a skid. Keep in mind the following elements:

Use the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control

Brake the same way

Drive so you never need to use your ABS

The device will not allow you to drive faster, follow more closely or drive less carefully

The device will not compensate for bad brakes or poor brake maintenance


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Jacobs Engine BrakeThe Jacobs Engine Brake is a diesel engine retarder that uses the engine to aid in slowing and controlling the vehicle. When activated, the engine brake alters the operation of the engine’s exhaust valves so that the engine works as a power-absorbing air compressor. This provides a retarding, or slowing, action to the vehicle’s drive wheels, enabling you to have improved vehicle control without using the service brakes. This results in reduced service brake maintenance and lower overall operating costs.

Key information about Jake Brake:

1. A driver can turn the engine brake on and off and select a level of braking (low – two cylinders, medium – four cylinders, and high – six cylinders).

2. Additional controls are activated by the position of the clutch pedal and position of the throttle.

3. Allow the engine to reach full operating temperature before switching on the engine brake (it depends on the free flow of engine oil for operation).

4. When your foot is off the clutch and you remove your foot completely from the throttle, the engine brake is automatically activated.

5. When you apply pressure to the throttle, the Jacobs Engine Brake is deactivated.

6. Be sure to turn off the engine brake dashboard switch when you shut the engine down to prevent the switch from being in the “on” position at engine cold start.

7. Use the lowest possible gear without exceeding the recommended engine speed for engine braking.

8. Do not use the Jacobs Engine Brake when bobtailing or pulling an empty trailer on wet or slippery pavement.


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Types of TrailersDuring this class, our main concentration will be focused on single trailers. However, it is helpful to understand the other types of trailers you may come in contact with going forward. Your company will provide you with specific training on how to maneuver and manage the types of trailers they operate.

Listed below are the types of trailers:

1. A Train Double - this is a traditional trailer and can be hard to back due to several pivot points connecting the trailers

2. B Train Double – again a traditional trailer. Found mostly in the northern states and Canada. Common configuration is flatbeds.

3. C Train Double – this is similar to the A Train Double and is also found mostly in the northern states and Canada as well.

4. Rocky Mountain Double – this configuration is found on most highway systems in the Northwest.

5. Turnpike Double – this trailer type is mainly found on the East Coast Turnpikes.

6. Triple Trailers – only legal in Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota and Utah.

In the following table, we will list what is legal in each state. The left number is the maximum cargo–carrying length measured in feet from the front of the first cargo unit to the rear of the last cargo unit. This distance is not to include length exclusive devices which have been approved by the Secretary of Transportation or by any State. Devices excluded from length determination shall only include items whose function is related to the safe and efficient operation of the semi-trailer or trailer. No device excluded from length determination shall be designed or used for carrying cargo. The right number is the maximum gross weight in thousands of pounds that type of vehicle can carry when operating as an LCV on the Interstate System. For every State where there is a length or weight number in the table that follows, additional information is provided.


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VEHICLE COMBINATIONS SUBJECT TO ISTEA (PUBLIC LAW 102-240)

STATE

Truck tractorand 2 trailing units


Other configuration

Alabama NO NO NOAlaska 95' 110' 83'Arizona 95' 129K 95' 129K (1)Arkansas NO NO NOCalifornia NO NO NOColorado 111' 110K 115.5' 110K 78'Connecticut NO NO NODelaware NO NO NODist of Columbia NO NO NOFlorida 106' (2) NO NOGeorgia NO NO NOHawaii 65' (2) NO NOIdaho 95' 105.5K 95' 105.5K (1)Illinois NO NO NOIndiana 106' 127.4K 104.5' 127.4K 58'Iowa 100' 129K 100' 129K 78'Kansas 109' 120K 109' 120K NOKentucky NO NO NOLouisiana NO NO NOMaine NO NO NOMaryland NO NO NOMassachusetts 104' 127.4K NO NOMichigan 58' 164K NO NOMinnesota NO NO NOMississippi 65' (2) NO NOMissouri 110' 120K 109' 120K NOMontana 93' 137.8K 100' 131.06K (1)Nebraska 95' 95K 95' (2) 68'Nevada 95' 129K 95' 129K 98'New Hampshire NO NO NONew Jersey NO NO NONew Mexico 86.4K (3) NO NONew York 102' 143K NO NONorth Carolina NO NO NONorth Dakota 103' 105K 100' 105.5K 103'


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STATE



Other configuration

Ohio 102' 127.4K 95' 115K NOOklahoma 110' 90K 95' 90K NOOregon 68' 105.5K 96' 105.5K 70' 5"Pennsylvania NO NO NOPuerto Rico NO NO NORhode Island NO NO NOSouth Carolina NO NO NOSouth Dakota 100' 129K 100' 129K (1)Tennessee NO NO NOTexas NO NO NOUtah 95' 129K 95' 129K (1)Vermont NO NO NOVirginia NO NO NOWashington 68' 105.5K NO 68'West Virginia NO NO NOWisconsin NO NO NOWyoming 81' 117K NO (1)

1. State submission includes multiple vehicles in this category – see individual State listing.

2. No maximum weight is established as this vehicle combination is not considered a “Long Combination Vehicle (LCV)” per the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) definition. Florida’s combination is not allowed to operate on the Interstate System, and the combinations for Hawaii, Mississippi and Nebraska are not allowed to exceed 80K gross weight.

3. No maximum cargo-carrying length is established for this combination. Because State law limits each trailing unit to not more than 28.5 feet in length, this combination is allowed to operate on all NN routes under the authority of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982, regardless of actual cargo-carrying length. The maximum weight listed in New Mexico’s maximum allowable gross weight on the Interstate System under the grandfather authority of 23 U.S.C. 127.

4. These dimensions do not apply to the same combinations. The 110-foot length is limited to vehicle entering from Oklahoma, also limited to 90K gross weight. The 120K gross weight is limited to vehicles entering from Kansas, also limited to a cargo-carrying length of 109 feet.


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Trailer Page One


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Trailer Page Two


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V e h i c l e I n s p e c t i o n sVehicle inspections are important because they keep you and others safe on the road. They are required by law and must be performed accurately. A truck that is in good running order is a safe truck. If your vehicle is inspected and a federal and/or state inspector finds it unsafe, they will put your vehicle “out of service.” There are four major types of inspection categories:

1. Pre-trip

2. En-route

3. Post-trip

4. Official roadside inspection

Part 396 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations covers the vehicle inspections required by the Department of Transportation. The laws are guidelines to protect the carrier, the client, the public and YOU, the driver.

The carrier is charged with seeing that vehicles are inspected and accurate records are kept. The driver is responsible for performing the inspection and filling out the reports. This includes a vehicle inspection before and after your run, reporting any repairs and verifying that necessary repairs have been made.


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Pre-Trip Inspection ProcessPrior to leaving for a trip, it is CRITICAL that you complete the following inspection steps. Not following these procedures could result in an accident, mechanical issues and overall trip challenges.

The pre-trip inspection involves a complete circle check inside and outside the tractor and trailer.

Specific areas of routine inspection should include:

Inspection Area

Description

Overview Ensure proper paperwork is available and accurate – logbooks, DVIR, placards, proper documentation

Make sure the vehicle is not leaning to one side Wet spots mean something is leaking Review the last vehicle inspection report

Engine Compartment

Check fluid levels (oil, coolant level in radiator, power steering, windshield washer, automatic transmission)

Hose conditions Check the belts Look for fluid leaks At the battery, check the connections, battery box, fluid

level, look for worn wiring insulation, broken wires and make sure the vent caps are in place

Check the compressor oil supply Suspension system – anything broken or faulty, cracked,

loose or leaking Frame

Inside the Cab Start the engine (make sure parking brake is on and put gearshift in neutral (or park if automatic)

Listen for unusual noises Check all the gauges for normal readings Air pressure should build from 50 to 90 psi within 3 minutes Test all switches and controls and adjust your mirrors Check for cracks Check the steering wheel – setting or excessive play in

steering wheel (defects, missing parts, etc.)


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Inspection Area

Description

Test the horn(s) Check the supply of windshield washer fluid Only stickers and decals required by law should be on the

windshield Properly charged and rated fire extinguisher Three reflective triangles Fuses and other emergency equipment Chains (where winter conditions require) List of emergency phone numbers Accident reporting kit/packet Check seats and seat belts Extra paper towels and window cleaner

Check the Lights

Make sure the headlights and four-ways are working Check both high and low beams Turn on parking, clearance, side marker and identification

lights Check the left and right turn signals Make sure the stop lights and front and rear signals are

working

Walk-Around Inspection

Start at the left front side and move in the front Clean any windows or mirrors along the way Go to the right side, to the back and finally to the left side Tires - Check the tread depth and the tire pressure and

check for tire size and type mixed on the same axle Wheels – check the lug nuts and hub oil level Suspension - check for cracked or broken leaves, and

overall defect issues Markings – proper placarding, license plate visibility and

lights Brakes – brake linings Axles – check for leaks Sliders – make sure the locking pins and locking devices

are in place Air system – listen for leaks, search for the source of leak,

check the condition of hoses, drain air tanks and overall


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Inspection Area

Description

pressure – pump up air system and associated gauges Coupling – inspect the dolly and make sure air and

electrical coupling connections are made properly Fuel tanks – double check fuel level, leaks, frame, hose

couplers Fifth wheel – see that the coupling is secure at the fifth

wheel and inspect the dolly Landing gear – should be up and the handle stowed away Spare tire(s) – if you have one, make sure it is in good

condition and mounted securely Exhaust system – parts are not rubbing against other parts

and check for leaks Steering system – level of power steering fluid, leaks, free

play should be no more than two inches on each side, shake the steering arm, tie rod and drag link at each wheel to see they are not loose

Cargo securement – make sure there are the required number of tie downs for the load, all bindings and chains should be in good condition, check blocking and bracing, cargo seals and tarp must be tied down

Brakes Check the brakes by moving forward in low gear. If the trailer brakes are working and the coupling is secure, they should hold you back

Test the foot brake’s power to stop the truck from moving forward. Test the parking brake and see if it holds as you try to move forward (parking and service)

Check brake pads for signs of wear


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En-Route Inspection ProcessWhile en-route (or in-transit), it is important to check a variety of elements to ensure your trip is smooth and accident free. Malfunctions can happen en-route but with a little prevention, you can avoid such issues.

The Oregon Commercial Motor Vehicle, Driver Motor Vehicle Services workbook, there are items you should pay attention to during a trip. These include:

Keep an eye on your gauges for signs of trouble (air, engine, pressure, ammeter, voltmeter)

Use your senses to check for problems (look, listen, smell and feel)

Check certain items when you stop; tires, wheels and rims, brakes, lights and reflectors, brakes and electrical connections to the trailer, trailer coupling devices and cargo securement devices

After you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles, stop and re-check the cargo and securing devices

Re-check after every break you take during your trip


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Post-Trip Inspection ProcessOnce you complete your trip, it is important to ensure your vehicle is in good order for the next trip. A report of the vehicle’s condition must be made at the end of each day’s work and must be signed to certify repairs have been made.

Just as before leaving for your trip, it is important to check the vehicle once your trip is completed. The following lists items to check for during this post-trip inspection.

Area to Inspect Description

Tire Problems Too much or too little air pressure Bad wear. You need at least 4/32 inch tread depth in

every major groove on front tires. You need 2/32 inch on other tires. No fabric should show through the tread or sidewall

Cuts or other damage Tread separation Dual tires that come in contact with each other or parts

of the vehicle Mismatched sizes Radial and bias-ply tires used together Cut or cracked valve stems

Wheel and Rim Problems

Damaged rims Rust around wheel nuts may mean the nuts are loose Missing clamps, spacers, studs or lugs means danger Mismatched, bent or cracked lock rings are dangerous Wheels or rims that have had welding repairs are not

safe

Bad Brake Drums or Shoes

Cracked drums Shoes or pads with oil, grease, or brake fluid on them Shoes worn dangerously thin, missing, or broken

Steering Systems Defects

Missing nuts, bolts, cotter keys or other parts Bent, loose or broken parts such as steering column,

steering gear box or tie rods If power steering equipped, check hoses, pumps and

fluid level – check for leaks Steering wheel play of more than 10 degrees

Suspension Spring hangers that allow movement of axle from proper


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Area to Inspect Description

System Defects position Cracked or broken spring hangers Missing or broken leaves in any leaf spring Broken leaves in a multi-leaf spring or leaves that have

shifted so they might hit a tire or other part Leaking shock absorbers Torque rod or control arm, spring hangers, or other axle

positioning parts that are cracked, damaged or missing Air suspension systems that are damaged and/or

leaking Any loose cracked, broken, or missing frame members

Exhaust System Defects

Loose, broke, or missing exhaust pipes, mufflers, tailpipes or vertical stacks

Loose, broken, or missing mounting brackets, clamps, bolts or nuts

Exhaust system parts rubbing against fuel system parts, tires, or other moving parts of vehicle

Exhaust system parts that are leaking

Emergency Equipment

Fire extinguisher(s) Spare electrical fuses Warning devices – three reflective warning triangles

Lighting Devices and Reflectors

Lights Flashers Mirrors

Ensure you fill out your DVIR accurately!


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Official Roadside InspectionsThe Department of Transportation safety regulations authorize a special agent of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to stop and inspect your vehicle. This could also happen at border crossings or at other types of stops such as weigh stations. Your vehicle can be declared out of service if it fails the inspection. The driver is also subject to inspection at that time. The agent will also check to see if you are keeping your logs up to date.

If you pass the Critical Item Inspection, you will most likely not be subject to another roadside inspection for 90 days.

The Critical Items that will be inspected during this time could include:

Brakes

Tires and wheels

Drawbars

Steering

Fifth wheel

Suspension


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Daily Vehicle Inspection Report FormThe Daily Vehicle Inspection Report (DVIR) Form is a checklist of all the items which must be inspected and which must be in safe operating condition before the vehicle may be driven.

The vehicle inspection report form is often combined in the same book with the driver’s daily log. The report must list any and all problems that could hamper the safe operation of the vehicle in question. It must also identify the motor vehicle and must be signed by the driver. Any report defects must be promptly communicated to the carrier so that it is taken care of immediately.

Important DVIR reminders:

1. DVIR’s are to be completed at the start and end of every day

2. DVIR’s can typically be found between passenger and driver seat

3. The DVIR should be signed off by last driver and current driver indicating whether the vehicle is safe to drive after completing your pre-trip inspection

4. Document defects/damage on DVIR and obtain witness verification from on-duty mechanic or other company employee

5. If vehicle defect has not been repaired by a mechanic and is unsafe to drive, see mechanic on duty

6. If the vehicle is considered “red tag out of service” it is not safe for driving


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Driver’s Vehicle Inspection Report Example


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S h i f t i n g E x e c u t i o nShifting gears is one of the more difficult skills you will learn in becoming a professional driver. The process takes coordination and precise timing. Improper timing or lack of coordination can cause over-revving and gear grinding.

There are 3 shifting controls used in a manual transmission:

1. accelerator – controls the flow of fuel to the engine

2. shifting lever – controls what gear the transmission is in

3. clutch – transfers power from the engine to the transmission

There are three types of gears to learn as well in the transmission:

Sliding Gears

In the sliding gear transmission, different sized gears slide along the output shaft. Only one pair of gears are in mesh at any time.

Sliding Clutch

All the gear sets are in mesh at the same time but only one is working. In the sliding clutch transmission, the gears in the output shaft are floating.

Reverse Idler Shaft Gear

The reverse idler shaft gear allows the truck to reverse.


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Shifting Execution ProcessThere are key process steps to ensure you utilize proper and safe shifting execution. This also includes the proper use of the clutch. According to the Oregon Commercial Motor Vehicle Manual, the following steps should be followed when shifting gears.

Shifting Element Description

Basic Method for Shifting Up

Release accelerator, push in clutch and shift to neutral at the same time

Release clutch Let engine and gears slow down to the rpm required

for the next gear Push in clutch and shift to the higher gear at the

same time Release clutch and press accelerator at the same

time

Using Engine Speed (rpm) to Shift Up

Watch your tachometer, and shift up when your engine reaches the top of the range (some newer vehicles use progressive shift – shift becomes higher as you move up in the gears)

Use Road Speed (mph) to shift Up

Using the speedometer to know when to shift

Basic Procedures for Shifting Down

Release accelerator, push in clutch and shift to neutral at the same time

Release clutch Press accelerator, increase engine and gear speed

to the rpm required in the lower gear Push in clutch and shift to lower gear at the same

time Release clutch and press accelerator at the same

time Use tachometer or speedometer and downshift at

the right rpm or road speed

Remember…skip shifting is an unsafe and controversial process – it can save fuel but must be used with caution – please discuss in your class!


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Hints and Tips for Shifting Before starting down a hill, slow down and shift down to a speed that you

can control without using the brakes hard. They can overheat and lose their braking power

Downshift before starting down the hill. Ensure you are in a low enough gear

Before entering a curve, slow down to a safe speed and downshift to the right gear before entering

Know when you should use your retarders (either exhaust, engine, hydraulic and electric) – in some places, they are not permitted by law because of the noise level so be sure you know how to turn them on and off

Practice the ability to multi-task while shifting (checking mirrors, doing visual searches, etc.)

Avoid riding the clutch – this can cause damage and should never be done!

Be sure to select the proper gear for speed, terrain, turns and highway conditions

If you have a Jake Brake, use them properly

Texas “Two Step”

Follow the Texas “two-step” method for shifting. Only one foot is to be in use at any time. Release the clutch completely before using the accelerator.


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B a c k i n g a n d D o c k i n gThis section focuses on backing and docking. In many cases, you can avoid even having to back into a location, but when you need to …it is important to be prepared and ready for the process. It is also important to know how to park/dock a vehicle in a variety of situations.

Common Causes of Backing Accidents

Backing unnecessarily

Blind areas

Vehicle design

Infrequent backing practice

Inadequate mental preparation for backing

Inadequate information during backing

Not checking the area being backed into before beginning the backing process

Not using your mirrors

Not keeping your right foot poised over the brake pedals


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Safe Backing Principles Plan your route to avoid backing, if possible Turn your 4-way flashers on Honk your horn Start in the proper position Use helper whenever possible Make the move slowly and cautiously Position your equipment so you will back the shortest distance Avoid backing from the blind side, if possible Walk around your equipment to make certain you have enough room to

back safely Look for objects such as water hydrants, stationary objects, rocks, holes,

etc Continuously use both mirrors If you have to back a long distance, stop part way, get out and check for

other objects in the path If you have swing-open doors, open them slightly and cautiously in case

high stacked freight falls from the trailer Secure doors to the side of the trailer so they will not swing loose or

unfasten If pedestrians are in the vicinity behind your vehicle at any time, stop and

warn them and ask them to remain clear Check building overhangs, overhead doors, projecting fire escapes, etc. Remember snow and ice buildup can affect clearance Ease back to dock slowly Park your vehicle, set the parking brake, turn the power off, and put the

transmission in the lowest forward gear. Then place a chock block at the rear wheels if at a dock

If you should pass an address you are looking for, do not back up while looking in your rear view mirror. Get out and look before backing

Always analyze your situation fully Create standardized hand and arm signals with your team – if they are not

already in place Pull up and start over when necessary Perform serpentine backing slowly and using idle speed


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ASC Process

A Approach

S Set-Up

C Completion


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Backing StepsBacking and Docking Step

Process

1. Backing and Docking

Back the tractor so it is out of line with the trailer. This starts the trailer going back in a curve

To follow the trailer, reverse the steering angle of the tractor

As the trailer moves backwards, the tractor will follow it Straighten the tractor 50/50 rule Use mirrors when docking Chock tires when docking Use spotter when needed

2. Pre-Positioning for a Straight Back

Pre-positioning is the position into which you place your rig before you begin backing

The straight back position is easiest and safest Stop, get out, and inspect the area Pull ahead and as the tractor passes the hole, steer hard

away from the hole Steer back into line with the hole Pull ahead until tractor and trailer are straight and line up

with the hole You will be able to see it in both mirrors Line up the truck directly in front of what you want to back

up to Use your horn and four ways Use a spotter

3. Pre-Positioning on the Clear Side

The clear side pre-position is backing from a position which lets you have a clear view in your left rear view mirror of the space you want to back into

Stop, get out and inspect the area Pull ahead and steer away from the space When the tractor is at a 45-degree angle to the space,

straighten the wheels and pull ahead until the tractor and trailer are in line and the trailer is pointing at the space.

You will be able to see the space in your left mirror Start backing and turn the steering wheel to the right to


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Backing and Docking Step

Process

position the tractor Once the trailer is curving towards the space, turn the

steering wheel to the left and let the tractor follow the trailer into the space

When the trailer is in line with the space, turn the steering wheel even more to the left to straighten the tractor with the trailer and continue backing

Idle only Take your time Use your horn

4. Pre-Positioning on the Blind Side

The blind side pre-position makes it more difficult to see the area you are backing into

Get help This is the most difficult position – if possible, find another

way Use a spotter Stop, get out and inspect the area Pull ahead and steer away from the space When the tractor is at a 45-degree angle to the space,

straighten the wheels and pull ahead until the tractor and trailer are in line and the trailer is pointing at the space. You will be able to see the space in your right mirror

Start backing. Turn the steering wheel to the left to jack the tractor. Once the trailer is curving towards the space, turn the steering wheel to the right and let the tractor follow the trailer into the space

When the trailer is in line with the space, turn the steering wheel even more to the right to straighten the tractor with the trailer and continue backing

5. Docking Steps to proper docking procedure include inspecting the area, pre-positioning the rig, open the trailer doors and operate at idle speed only

Back up close to the dock Inspect the area behind the trailer and estimate the

remaining distance Back until the trailer touches the dock


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Backing and Docking Step

Process

6. Parallel Parking

Parallel parking a rig is a difficult maneuver, each rig will turn differently because of the different wheelbases

Pull forward until the trailer is fully past the vehicle parked in front of the selected spot

Manage space on right Check the traffic Use cones and 4 ways and park in street so paralled park

is avoided Turn your steering wheel to the left so your tractor directs

the trailer to the right toward the open space When the trailer is pointing into the space, straighten the

tractor by turning the steering wheel to the right Continue backing When the middle of your tractor is at the rear of the

vehicle in front, your right rear trailer wheels should be about three feet from the curb

Continue the right turn so that the tractor directs the trailer to the left

When your tractor will clear the front vehicle, turn the steering wheel to the left

When in doubt, get out!


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Stopping and ParkingBelow are hints and tips for safe stopping and parking.

1. Stopping or parking on the open highway shall be avoided whenever possible. Stopping on the shoulder of a high-speed, limited access highway is particularly dangerous and is usually prohibited by law except in an emergency.

2. If necessary to park on the highway, driver shall pull his unit as far to the right as he can, completely off of the traveled portion of the road.

3. Whenever it is necessary to park outside of city limits, set out emergency warning signals in accordance with the Department of Transportation regulations, unless the unit is at least five feet away from the nearest part of the main traveled roadway. Set out emergency warning signals in built-up areas whenever their use will promote the safety and convenience of other highway users.

4. When parking, apply the parking brake and put the transmission in the lowest forward gear (or reverse) after shutting down the engine. If driving a vehicle with a two-speed or three-speed axle, set in low range. Never use the trailer hand-valve or tractor protection valve to hold a parked unit.

5. When parking, do not leave the engine running unless the temperature is below freezing, or the engine is required for the operation of auxiliary equipment.

6. If curb is available, turn the front wheels toward the curb when parking on the level or headed downhill. If headed uphill, turn the front wheels away from the curb or position so that the drive wheels hooks against the curb.

7. Avoid parking on steep grades. If such parking is unavoidable, it may be necessary to block one or more wheels to prevent a rollaway.


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S t e e r i n gThis section is about the steering system and how it enables the driver to change direction and get around corners. There are several components of the steering system to be understood along with understanding steering geometry.

Steering Component

Description

Steering wheel

Secured to the steering column by a nut Turning motion continues through the U-joint to the steering

shaft Continues through another U-joint to the steering gear box Steering gear box changes the rotating motion of the

steering column to the axles Connected to the steering gear box is a lever called the

Pitman arm The drag link joins the Pitman arm to the steering axle The steering axle carries a load like other axles but also

steers the truck

Steering axle Steering axle is made up of the steering arm, steering knuckles with a kingpin, spindles and a tie rod arm and tie rod

Steering arm Steering arm is connected to the steering knuckle which lets the wheels turn left or right

The tie rod holds both wheels in the same position The kingpin in the steering knuckle allows each wheel to

have its own pivot pointManual – manual steering system multiplies your turning effort at the steering wheel column and the turning motion of the steering column is reduced at the wheels.

Power – power steering systems are easier to use and rely on hydraulic pressure to work.

Hold the steering wheel firmly with both hands. Your hands should be on opposite sides of the wheel. If you hit a curb or a pothole, the wheel could pull away from your hands unless you have a firm hold.


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Alignment Section ElementsAlignment Section

Description

Toe In Toe Out Toe in means the distance between the toes of the tires is less than the distance between the heels of those tires

Toe out means the distance between the toes of the tires is greater than the distance between the heels of those tires

If your vehicle is aligned with too much toe in or toe out, it will be hard to steer and will also cause the tires to wear rapidly

Camber (Proper and Improper)

Camber is the position of the top of the tire When there is zero camber, the top of the tire sits

directly over the bottom of the tire When there is positive camber, the tire leans slightly

away from the body of the truck When there is negative camber, the tire leans toward

the body of the truck The degree of camber is the degree of the angle

between zero camber and how far the tire is in positive or negative camber

Improper camber causes road shocks, uneven wear and steering wander

Too much camber wears away tread on the outside edge of the tire and too little camber will cause the inside edge to be smooth

Steering wander occurs when a tractor pulls to one side on a flat road and uneven camber causes steering wander

Uneven camber is caused by using different sized tires, improperly inflated tires or unevenly worn tires

Improper cambering can also be caused by worn steering knuckles, knuckle pins that are not in correct position, worn kingpin bushings or bent axles

Caster Caster is the position of the tire in relation to the steering knuckle

Positive caster causes the steering wheel to return to a straight-ahead position after you turn a corner


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Alignment Section

Description

Caster makes the front wheels more stable Zero or too much negative caster causes the front to

shimmy and wander at low speeds Uneven positive caster will cause the vehicle to pull

toward the side that has the least caster Incorrect caster will not affect tire wear so you cannot

rely on tire appearance to reveal incorrect caster

Turning Radius Turning radius is the size of the circle, or turning angle, the tractor makes while turning around and determines the maneuverability of the vehicle

It is the number of degrees to the right or left that the front wheels can be turned from a straight-ahead position

Set-Back Front Axle

To allow for the set-back axles on conventional tractors, design changes were made to the hood, the steering linkage, the front suspension mounts and the front bumper

The set-back front axle greatly improves maneuverability

Steering Geometry Steering geometry refers to how your truck responds to its steering system and all angles of alignment (toe in, toe out, camber, caster)

Improper Alignment

Difficulty steering or straightening out from a turn Increased road shock and shimmying Front end instability Chattering noise in the power steering Saw tooth, feathered edge or unusual inside or outside

tread wear


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Hints and Tips for Steering

Know the vehicle

Plan in advance

Allow for off-tracking (rear wheels do not follow the same track as the front wheels when moving through a turn or curve)

Watch your mirrors

The sharper the turn, the slower the vehicle should be moving

Maintain a proper speed control

Shift into the correct gear before the turn and complete the turn in the same gear

Pull further into intersection than a smaller vehicle in order to avoid hitting a curb

Turn from as far right as possible

Get about 1/2 of the rig past the corner before beginning the turn

Accelerate slightly to smooth out the turn

Check mirrors constantly

Watch for vehicles in the area

Use outside lane when there is more than one lane

On curves, keep the vehicle close to the center of the road without crossing the center line for a right traveling curve

When approaching a left traveling curve, keep the front of the vehicle as close to the outer edge of the road as possible.


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C o u p l i n g a n d U n c o u p l i n gThis section is about pre-coupling, horizontal and vertical alignment and coupling and uncoupling procedures. The focus will also be to discuss common problems associated with coupling and uncoupling and possible solutions.

Knowing how to couple and uncouple correctly is a basic to safe operation of vehicles. Doing this improperly could be very dangerous.

Review the following table. Decide if the step is a coupling or uncoupling step and determine the proper order.

C or U Order Coupling and Uncoupling Steps

Unlock fifth wheel

Release parking brakes

Inspect areas and chock wheels

Position rig

Connect the electrical cord and check air lines

Check connection for security (tug twice)

Check that the locking lever is in the “lock” position

Lower the landing gear

Check to make sure the safety latch is in place

Back slowly

Stow the handle for transit

Pull tractor forward

Disconnect air/electrical lines


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5LL – Landing Gear, Lights and Fifth Wheel5LL and LL5 is a simple procedure or routine taken when coupling and uncoupling a trailer. There are steps to be taken each time coupling and uncoupling in the yard or on the street.

5LL Step Description

Fifth Wheel Tug twice on the fifth wheel.

Get out and check to make sure the release handle is in the locked position.

Check to make sure the safety latch is in place.

Go behind the tractor and under the trailer and check to make sure the jaws are closed around the “King Pin.”

Lights Attach the Emergency Line (Red) to the trailer.

Attach the Light Cord to the trailer.

Attach the Service Line (Blue) to the trailer.

Landing Gear

Raise the landing gear as high as it will go.

Check to make sure that the other leg also rose up.

Stow the handle for transit.

Note: Process developed by Roadway

Additional Coupling Hints and Tips

Check and adjust mirrors Check trailer numbers to ensure match of specific trailer to paperwork Stop when the rear of the tractor is about five feet from the front of the

trailer when working on horizontal alignment Approach the trailer from the right with horizontal alignment When making the connection be sure to connect the air supply lines

and charge the trailer air supply Check the connection by pulling forward slowly – the tractor should not

move Connect the single electrical supply cable (pigtail) to the trailer Deal with tandems, as necessary


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LL5 – Landing Gear, Lights, Fifth Wheel

LL5 Step Description

Landing Gear

Lower the landing gear, stopping one (1) inch from the ground.

Insure the other leg also lowers down. Do not stow the handle instead, let it hang down.

Lights Remove or unhook the Service Line and stow the line. Make sure to place the line in a location where dirt and water cannot enter the line.

Remove or unhook the Light Cord and stow the cord. Make sure to place the line in a location where dirt and water cannot enter the cord.

Remove or unhook the Emergency Line and stow the line. Make sure to place the line in a location where dirt and water cannot enter the line.

Fifth Wheel Place both feet and legs beside the tires, not in front of the tires. Reach under the trailer and grab the release handle with your dominant hand. Move the safety latch with your finger and using your legs as a lever, pull out the release handle.

Get back into the tractor and slowly pull out from under the trailer, stopping as soon as the trailer drops off of the fifth wheel. Wait a few seconds to make sure the landing gear will hold the trailer up, before pulling out from under the trailer fully.

In the rare occasions, you will find that the release handle will not come out easily. Get back into the tractor and slowly back under the trailer further. Make sure the brakes on the trailer are set and the brakes on the tractor are released. When you feel the resistance from the trailer, set the brakes and turn off the engine. Exit the tractor and try again with releasing the fifth wheel.

Note: Process developed by Roadway


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Additional Uncoupling Hints and Tips

Set the parking brakes first

Disengage the fifth wheel locking mechanism

Disconnect the air supply lines and electrical cable from the trailer

Complete all paperwork as necessary

Consider chocking before coupling/uncoupling depending on surrounds. Warning triangles, cones, etc. depending on traffic – reflective vests

Do not jerk on the handle. Not jerking on the handle will minimize stresses on the shoulder

Using the 5th wheel puller is encouraged so as not to injure yourself


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Key Safety Issues for Coupling and UncouplingWhen coupling and uncoupling, there are several safety issues to keep in mind while performing the process steps.

Inspect the area for safety hazards

Chock the trailer tires at the rear and remember to remove the wheel clock

Check the inflation of your tires

Look for worn hoses or loose connections in the air system

Make sure lights are working

Do not cut corners

GO SLOW


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V i s u a l S e a r c hVisual search is about seeing the big picture on the road. It means using your eyes to establish the picture all around you (front, back, side and center). The Smith System of training calls this looking with a 360 circle of constant awareness.

By constantly performing a visual search, you will be aware of any dangerous situations development and be better able to take steps to avoid accidents.

What should you be paying attention to in order to avoid blind spots and “no-see” zones?

Look around every 2 seconds

Scan ahead of the truck


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Hints and Tips for Visual Search Scan ahead the distance the vehicle would travel in about 12 to 15

seconds (at lower speeds, that is about one block, at highway speeds, that is about a quarter of a mile)

Position the truck properly in the lane

Watch the road surface

Don’t lock your eyes on the road in front

Scanning must include the sides and back, above and signs of the road and vehicle

Position both plane and convex mirrors so the plane mirrors reflect the trailer body and the convex mirrors show part of the trailer

Keep track of who is on the road with you

Look for vehicles coming onto the highway, into your lane or turning

Watch for brake lights from slowing vehicles

Make regular checks of your mirrors to be aware of traffic and your vehicle position and vehicle parts (if you are carrying open material)

When changing lanes, turning, merging and making tight maneuvers – do not rely solely on your mirrors, check to the sides as well

When you use your mirrors while driving on the road, check quickly, look back and forth between the mirror and the road ahead

Use a regular pattern, mirror check every 5-8 seconds

Check instrument panel frequently

Recognize and adjust for blind spots and no-see zones

Make sure you are behind the other vehicle at least 6-8 seconds

Avoid diverting attention from the path ahead

Use Conversational driving method


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V e h i c l e C o m m u n i c a t i o nWhen traveling on the road, you will have the opportunity to communicate with a variety of vehicles along the way. During this process of communication, it will be important for you to ensure your communication is professional. You are a representative of the company and how you communicate, is part of our branding and marketing.

The following lists the different types of communications you will perform (effectively is the key):

Signaling

Changing lanes

Intent to slow, turn or stop

Using flashers – both brakes and headlights

Misuse of horn

Paying attention to others around you

Reactions


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Hints and Tips for Communication Intent to change lanes by signaling not less than 100 feet in advance of

any lane changes

Intent to slow, turn or stop by using the emergency flashers to alert others that you are moving slowly or that you will be slowing

Intent to stop by flashing your brake lights

Identify truck presence by flashing your headlights

Remember that the turn signal in a truck does not automatically snap off when a turn is completed

Turn off the turn signals when you are not making a turn

Do not misuse the horn

Pay attention to the communication of others – professional and non-professional drivers

Be prepared to react to each situation

When turning, signal early, signal continuously and don’t forget to cancel the signal when complete

Never stop suddenly, gradually stop and use your flashers or turn signals well in advance - use emergency flashers if necessary and legal for that state when needed

Never signal others to pass

If absolutely needed, tap the horn lightly when you are about to pass them (if legal for that state) this will ensure they see you (at night, flash your lights if needed)

Turn on your headlights at dawn, dusk, in rain or snow to make yourself easier to see and ensure you are using your low beams


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Communication SituationsIdentify effective communication strategies the driver should use to be safe and respectful on the road.

1. You are traveling down the road and another vehicle cuts in front of you. How should you communicate with this person?

2. You realize you need to pull off the road, how should you signal to other vehicles?

3. You are having some engine trouble and need to slow down. How should you alert other drivers?

4. You see a person behind you wants to pass. You notice the road is clear ahead for at least ½ mile. What should you do to help this person pass you?


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S p e e d a n d S p a c e M a n a g e m e n tManaging your speed and your space is a critical aspect of safety on the road. Many accidents occur because this is not done properly. This section will discuss the keys to success for speed and space management along with specific requirements to follow.

Speed and Space Management Element

Description

Stopping distance Braking distance plus driver response time is equal to the stopping distance.

How long and how far it will take your vehicle to stop safely is called the braking distance.

Driver response time is the amount of time it takes you to see a situation and react to it.

Road surface Pay special attention when driving on bad roads (narrow roads, bumpy roads with potholes, soft shoulder, etc.). Adjust your driving to the specific road conditions. Lookout for potholes, bumps and soft shoulders. Allow time and space to slow down or change lanes to avoid bad spots in the road.

Bad road conditions demand slower speeds of travel. Friction and traction problems get worse at faster

speeds. In wet weather, and at fast enough speeds, tires will

hydroplane. Snow and ice reduce traction. Lock in the inter-axle

differential for better traction.

Shape of the road Slow enough before entering curves so you don’t have to brake.

You may lose speed while going uphill. Downshift and use the right lane when traveling uphill. You will pick up speed going downhill. Downshift before starting down or use the auxiliary

brake. Don’t fan the brakes.

Speed Speed shall never be faster than a rate consistent with existing speed laws, road, traffic and weather conditions. Posted speed limits on the open highway


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Description

and in towns and cities must be obeyed. Your speed should be based on how far ahead you

can see and how long it would take to see the danger and respond.

Adjust your speed for curves in the road – slow to a safe speed before entering.

Be careful of your speed in roadway work zones.

Visibility At night and when fog and other conditions restrict visibility, speed shall be reduced to a point that will enable the driver to stop within the distance he or she can see ahead.

Speed shall be reduced when rain, snow, ice or similar conditions reduce traction or visibility. Never forget that posted speed limits apply only when conditions are favorable.

Flow of traffic The ramp used to enter a freeway gives you time both to build up to highway speed and to find an opening into which to merge.

Slow when exiting a freeway. Flash your brake lights and use the turn signal.

Space ahead On the open highway, maintain a four (4) second following distance to avoid bothering other drivers and to leave room for safe stopping in case of an emergency. Never follow another vehicle closely in an effort to force the driver to speed up or change lanes.

Increase following distances when roads are slippery due to rain, snow, ice, loose dirt, mud, or the like. These conditions increase stopping distances three (3) to twelve (12) times.

On two lane roads, always follow at a distance that will permit a faster driver to pass and return to the right lane easily.

At 40 mph, allow one second for every 10 feet of your vehicle’s length.

Space behind and side

Judge distances of other vehicles behind you. Leave a bigger following distance in front, if you are

being tailgated. Keep a cushion on one side of your vehicle. Stay to the right.


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Description

Don’t speed up.

Space above and below the truck

Leave space above and below your vehicle to clear hazards.

Make sure you can get safely over a grade crossing or under an overpass.

Stay centered in a lane. Do not assume the heights posted at bridges and

overpasses are correct. Re-paving or packed snow may have reduced the clearances.

Be careful of tilting issues.

Space for traffic gaps

Trucks need a bigger gap of space. The gap should be the distance between two vehicles other than your own.

Traffic gaps are needed when passing, merging, crossing or entering traffic or at a railroad crossing.

Try to be in areas where there are no other vehicles around to avoid unsafe issues.

Provide even more space when dealing with inclement weather conditions.

Giving space to others

There is no situation in which any driver automatically has the right away!

Look for communication from other professional and non-professional drivers.

You are at risk of hindering traffic if you fail to communicate effectively.

Right of Way Never attempt to exercise the right of way; always let the other driver go first. Above all, never use the size of your vehicle to assert your right of way.

Keep to the right except when overtaking slow-moving vehicles or when getting into position to make a left turn. Compliance with this rule is mandatory on multi-lane highways and freeways and on one-way streets, unless otherwise posted.

Be ready to yield to drivers who may dash out in front of you from side streets, interchange ramps, private and public driveways or similar places.

When entering main thoroughfares from side streets, alleys, driveways, garages, terminal yards or buildings, a full stop shall be made before entering upon any


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Description

crosswalk. Emergency vehicles; such as fire trucks, police cars, and ambulances always have the right of way when giving warning by means of a siren or warning lights. Pull as far to the right as possible and stop until they have passed.

Never break a funeral procession. Military convoys in close formation have the right of

way.

Passing Passing will be attempted only where it is legal to do so and when the driver has adequate clear space to complete the pass without racing and without personal risk, or creating hazardous conditions for others.

Signals shall be given to indicate change of lane, both when pulling out to pass and when returning to the right-hand lane. The required signal is given for at least 100 feet before any actual change of lanes.

The giving of a signal is only an indication of intention. It does not give right of way privilege or any guarantee that the driver can change lanes safely.

Size up the whole situation before passing. Return to the right-hand lane as soon as you can and

do so safely. Never be too quick to pass a driver who is having

mechanical trouble, who may be lost or uncertain of the way, or whose actions are otherwise erratic. Under these conditions, the use of the horn is clearly indicated before you get too close.

On two-lane roads, never attempt to pass when approaching the top of a hill, a curve, an intersection, a side road, bridge, railroad crossing, or any other place you do not have a clear view of the road ahead.

Standing buses and streetcars will be passed in accordance with legal traffic regulations.

Be alert for school buses and be ready to make a safe stop if necessary.

Do not attempt to pass more than one vehicle at a time.

On multiple-lane highways, take care not to pass under conditions that will cause you to block faster traffic overtaking from the rear. Do not attempt to pass


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Description

unless you can go at least five miles per hour faster than the slower traffic in the same directions. Use only the two right-hand lanes unless otherwise posted, or when making a legally permitted left turn.

Being Passed When being passed by another vehicle, drivers shall keep well to the right and, if necessary, reduce speed to facilitate safe passing. Never speed up to prevent another driver from passing.

Do not signal the driver of an overtaking vehicle that it is safe to pass. This practice is prohibited by the regulations of the Department of Transportation.

Be alert for the driver who tries to pass in an unsafe place. Don’t try to block him.

At night, dim your lights after being passed to avoid creating objectionable flare in the other driver’s mirror.

Meeting Other Vehicle

Always keep to the extreme right when meeting any oncoming vehicle. At night, dim your headlights when within 500 feet of an oncoming driver regardless of any action he or she may take.

If you see a vehicle approaching on your side of the road, slow down; pull as far to the right as safely possible, and stop. Never, under any circumstances, pull to the left in an attempt to avoid an oncoming vehicle in your lane.

Ticket penalties: losing license, suspensions, loss of job


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Speed and Space Management TipsSpace in front of you

One of the best ways to manage your speed and the space around your rig is to make sure you always have enough stopping distance

When conditions are good, make your following distance at least one second for every ten feet of your rig

Add another one second if you are traveling over 40 mph

If road conditions or visibility are poor, add at least another one second to your following distance

Your speed also affects how your rig will handle on curves

The higher your center of gravity, the more likely your rig will tip over during a turn, and the more you need to slow down

Managing the space behind you

Keep an eye on your mirrors Stay in the right lane If you encounter a tailgater, keep your cool. Don’t invite

problems you can easily avoid If you encounter a tailgater, don’t speed up If you encounter a tailgater, gradually slow down to

encourage the driver who is tailgating to pass you If you encounter a tailgater, don’t make any quick

changes and avoid playing games Don’t be a tailgater yourself

Managing the space beside you

Keep your vehicle centered and steady Don’t travel with the pack Drive your own trip Find an open spot or adjust your speed so you are not in

the other vehicles’ blind spots Plan ahead for your own safe space If you are alert and careful, chances are you will make it

home safely

Above and below your rig

Know the dimensions of your rig Don’t rely on posted heights on overpasses and bridges Be aware of all potential overhead obstructions such as

wires, trees and signs Be aware of road debris, unpaved surfaces and railroad


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tracks when managing the space below your rig, especially if you have got a heavy load

Make sure you have enough space on all sides of your rig

Manage All Aspects of Your Speed & Space Management

Keep your speed within safe limits Stay aware of the hazards that affect the space around

you Remember that weather, road conditions and traffic

affect the safest speed to travel Your rig needs the extra safety cushion that allows you

time and space to maneuver or stop when you need to Have a plan B ready at all times!

*Information adapted from work by J.J. Keller & Associates

Other things to be cautious about with space management

Be careful around parked vehicles

Be careful when you see pedestrians and bicyclists

Watch out for people who are distracted

Be careful around children

Watch for people talking to one another, they are usually not paying attention

Be careful around roadway workers

Be careful around crashes and disabled vehicles

Be careful around confused and slow drivers

Watch out for drivers in a hurry or those that are impaired


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Stopping Distance ChartMiles per hour

How far the rig will travel in one second (feet)

Driver reaction distance (feet)

Vehicle braking distance (feet)

Total stopping distance (feet)

15 22 17 29 46

30 44 33 115 148

45 66 50 260 310

50 73 55 320 375

55 81 61 390 451

*Information from Oregon Commercial Motor Vehicle Handbook

Based on this information, stopping distance can equal just a few seconds. Example; at 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes, it can take a heavy vehicle about 390 feet to stop which is approximately 4 ½ seconds.

The heavier the vehicle, the more work the brakes must do to stop and the more heat they absorb. The brakes, tires, springs and shock absorbers are designed to work best when the vehicle is fully loaded. When your truck is empty, you will need more stopping distance due to less traction.


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N i g h t O p e r a t i o n sDriving at night requires a different set of principles and strategies. The following table outlines some of these tips to ensure you are safe when driving at night.

The Vehicle Make sure your rig is ready for night driving Headlights should be clean and properly Low beams illuminate about 250 feet ahead High beams illuminate about 350 to 500 ahead If headlights are dirty, this distance is cut in half Marker lights, clearance lights, taillights, identifications

lights and reflectors must also be in good shape Dirt on mirrors or windshield can cause dangerous and

distracting glare Keep the cab ventilated

The Road The lack of light is your biggest road hazard at night Do not overdrive your ability to see. Slow down on hills

and around curves or on unfamiliar roads Allow extra room to stop – automatically increase your

following distance Other drivers present a nighttime hazard Be extra alert in the early morning hours when bars are

closing Allow a safe margin away from drivers who may be drunk

or otherwise impaired Watch for animals, especially in wooded areas or roads

lined with tall grass Scan for reflections for animal’s eyes and shadows to the

sides Know that street lights can cause visibility problems Some roadways do not have lights There is a greater possibility of drinking drivers at night so

be alert

The Driver Be aware of your visual limitations at night You can’t see as well to sides Your eyes have a difficult time adjusting to the changes

from light to dark, and vice versa


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Wearing sunglasses during the daytime reduces eye strain, which helps you see better at night

When approaching oncoming glare, avert your eyes to the right side of the road to prevent temporary blindness

Keep prescription glasses clean to minimize glare Avoid fatigue. Park your rig in a safe spot and rest if you

feel drowsy Driving when you are tired puts you and everyone else on

the road at unnecessary risk (stop every two hours to rest and move around)

Know your route Avoid large amounts of food Stay away from alcohol for at least eight hours before

driving Keep your eyes moving

Other Tips Make sure you have enough time to stop within the distance you can see by your headlights

Increase your following distance by at least one second; more if weather or road conditions are bad

Drive defensively. Anticipate potential situations that could lead to an incident or crash

Continually scan around you Signal every turn, lane change or stop, so other drivers

have time to react Slow down around corners because your headlights are

aimed straight ahead Use your high beams when it is safe and legal Dim to low beams between 500 and 1,000 feet of an

oncoming vehicle Don’t play high beam tag with oncoming vehicles…it is

dangerous and stupid Limit the light inside the cab. Adjust the brightness of

instrument lights, and don’t turn on the dome light unless necessary

Keep your cab cool and comfortable to help prevent fatigue

*Information adapted from work by J.J. Keller & Associates


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E x t r e m e D r i v i n g C o n d i t i o n sDriving at night requires a different set of principles. In this section, we will review the following types of extreme driving conditions:

Driving in mountains and rolling terrain

Extreme weather conditions including fog, ice, snow, rain and wind

Grade

A small grade may be only a 4% grade. This means there is a 4-foot change in altitude for every 100 feet of roadway. A 4% grade in a thousand feet would mean a 40-foot increase or decrease in altitude.


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Uphill and Downhill OperationsWhen traveling either uphill or downhill, you must take into consideration the grade, the appropriate gear, the use of brakes, brake fades, runaway ramps and rolling terrain.

Considering these factors, respond to the following questions based on uphill and downhill operations.

Uphill Operations Scenarios

1. You are traveling at 45 MPH and you notice that you are slowing down. You need to shift down one gear. What are the steps you will need to take to complete this action.

2. While traveling up the hill, you notice that your vehicle’s RPM are at the “high” range, but you find that the ground speed does not support shifting up one gear. What action(s) are available for you at this stage?

Downhill Operations

1. You are traveling downhill at a speed of 55 MPH. You notice your vehicle is gaining speed and you need to bring the vehicle back under control. What action(s) are available?

2. While traveling downhill, what is the gear you should shift in to descend the hill and maintain your speed during the downhill operation?

3. While descending the hill, you notice your trailer brakes are starting to smoke and the brakes are getting “softer”. What action(s) are available?


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Uphill and Downhill Operations Hints and Tips

Uphill Operation Tips Downhill Operation Tips

If you do not downshift on an upgrade, you will lug the engine and eventually stall

Downshifting on an upgrade is different from downshifting on level ground

On a grade, the truck will slow down much more quickly

Shift fast Your double-clutch technique must be

very accurate If you do “miss a gear,” your only choice

may be to bring the truck to a stop, shift into first and continue up the hill

You probably will not be able to upshift many gears so your trip up the hill will be a slow one

Traffic, poor driving habits and wear and tear on the rig can impact your uphill operation efficiency

To reduce wear and tear on your rig watch the temperature of the engine, transmission and differential

Reduce and control your speed before you start descending down a hill

Avoid making any sudden moves on the road. If your back box starts to slide, DO NOT BRAKE! You will have to speed up to straighten it out.

Be careful not to downshift too far or not far enough

Pull off before descending and check the brakes

Use one gear down from what you used to climb the hill

Be in the right gear before you start heading down

Check the slack adjusters and look for any other loose or broken parts

Do not change gears on a downhill run Turn on the auxiliary brake With the engine retarder on, you will

probably not need the service brakes Service brakes should only be used when

either the engine rpm or the truck speed exceeds safe limits

Do not fan or pump the brakes – remember, they will take a long time to cool

Be careful, brake fade occurs when brake temperature gets so high the brake shoe surface beings to melt

Overheating the brakes can also cause the brake drums to get red hot and crack, brake linings to burn up, wheel grease seals to get hot and leak grease (if the wheel grease heats to 900 degrees Fahrenheit, it will ignite)


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Runaway Ramps Hints and TipsHighways have runaway ramps on long downhill grades. Runaway ramps stop up to 80% of out-of-control trucks. If using a runaway ramp, follow the following hints and tips:

Turn on your lights and flashers

Blow the air horn

Look for runaway ramp signs

As you enter the ramp, shift your rig into neutral

Hold the steering wheel firmly

When you stop, shut off the engine and turn off the lights

Climb out and take the fire extinguisher


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Rolling TerrainThere are times when your grade is not as severe and other strategies to get back into control will work effectively. For grades that are not severe, following the following steps:

Check brake adjustment prior to mountain driving

Use right lane or special truck lane going up grades

Maintain a steady speed

Select the correct gear for one hill after another

Remember, you will be changing gears constantly

Anticipate your gear changes

Upshift and increase your speed when needed

Downshift near the top of the hill

Use the tachometer

Use momentum to get up the next hill but do not exceed the legal speed limit

Traffic will frustrate your attempts to maintain an even speed – try not to get angry about this issue

Use four-way flashers

Observe temperature gauge frequently when pulling heavy loads up long grades

Think ahead to what may be over the hill ahead of you


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Extreme Adverse Weather ConditionsThe following table outlines tips to follow when faced with extreme adverse weather conditions. The information is a summary of the video you just watched from J.J. Keller & Associates.

Weather Condition

Tips

Fog Fog is the most common visibility problem When you can’t see more than seven vehicle lengths ahead,

slow down Your maximum speed should be 20 to 30 mph If you can’t see three vehicle lengths ahead, your speed should

be no more than 10 to 15 mph Consider how long it would take you to stop for a stalled car,

animal or crash scene ahead of you Keep your headlights on the low beams, so other drivers can

see you better Use your wipers to clear mist from your windshield If visibility is near zero, find a safe place to pull over until

conditions improve

Rain Rain is the most common weather problem for drivers Heavy rain can limit your visibility as much as fog Your rig may hydroplane and lose contact with the pavement Traction is reduced when rain mixes with dirt, oil and grease on

the road Factors that affect traction: Type and weight of rig Tire condition Type of road surface Road and air temperatures Reduce your speed to increase traction and control of your

vehicle If you are in a downpour, pull off the roadway to the right and

turn on your four-way flashers and turn off all your other lights

Snow Falling and blowing snow contribute to both reduced visibility


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Weather Condition

Tips

and reduced traction Give yourself plenty of time, and be extra alert Increase visibility by using low beam headlights and properly

functioning windshield wipers Reduce your speed to allow for increased stopping distances Accelerate, steer and brake smoothly and carefully to minimize

the chance of skidding Know your company’s policy and state laws regarding tire

chains Know how to mount chains correctly Do not use the retarder in snow Lock the inter-axle differential to get more traction if you need it If you are in a blizzard, pull off the roadway to the right and turn

on your four-way flashers and turn off all your other lights

Ice Icy roads can create the slickest conditions, even when visibility is good

“Black ice” is difficult or impossible to see on the road surface, especially at night

When ice forms on the front of your mirrors, there may also be ice forming on the road

If it has been raining or snowing and there is no road spray from other vehicles, ice is likely to be forming

Ice may form first on bridges and overpasses Increase your braking distance 4 to 10 times what you would

allow on dry pavement Make no sudden moves If you need to accelerate or decelerate, do so slowly and

carefully If you have anti-lock brakes (ABS), apply them and maintain

the pressure then slow down safely Slow down for turns and do not over-steer Do not use the retarder Lock the inter-axle differential if you have stopped and poor

traction makes it hard to get started again

Wind Tractor-trailers and other high-profile vehicles are especially vulnerable to the effects of wind


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Weather Condition

Tips

Wind effect increases if you have a light load, a top-heavy load or a combination of units

When winds are 50 mph or more, controlling a rig can be a challenge

When winds are over 60 mph, just about any vehicle can be put in the ditch

When extreme winds are combined with rain, snow or ice, your rig may skid, jackknife or roll over no matter how careful you are

Watch for high wind warning signs Listen to the radio for weather alerts and updates Communicate with your dispatcher about local weather

conditions If you proceed, keep both hands on the wheel, and eye on the

mirrors and reduce your speed Be ready for sudden wind gusts, especially on overpasses and

bridges, coming out of tunnels, while driving near canyons or in open, flat areas

Look for signs of worsening wind conditions such as bent trees, choppy water, fully-extended flags and flying debris

When you no longer feel in full control of your vehicle, pull over until conditions improve

Check the engine temperature often Steer into the wind slightly


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Cold Weather Driving Tips A diesel engine is more difficult to start in cold weather

Cold air takes longer to reach combustion temperatures

If temperatures are consistently below 40 degrees Fahrenheit, you may need a starting aid to get the engine going

Bring your engine up to operating temperature. If you try to accelerate before the lubricant is circulating well, your truck may experience camshaft lobe damage, crankshaft and bearing damage and turbo-shaft and bearing damage

Do not start your trip until the needle of the water temperature gauge starts to move up

White smoke coming from your exhaust stack during cold starts is a sign of incomplete combustion and will clear up when the engine warms up

Allowing for an idling period will help to establish an oil film on the cylinder walls, lubricate the turbocharger bearings, allow time for the pistons to expand to fit the cylinders and allows coolant temperature to increase

Be prepared for cold weather – carry additional food and clothing to deal with “stop” situations

Always check with dispatch or other source for weather conditions


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Winter Safe Driving Tips


1. Check backside of mirror for ice. If there is ice on the mirror, there is ice on the road.

2. When road spray stops, ice begins.

3. Get your proper rest before each day’s work.

4. Know the weather report for the area you will be delivering to.

5. Properly check the truck each day before leaving the parking lot.

6. Check the snow on the head and taillights, and clean if necessary.

7. Slow down before entering curve. Do not brake while in curve.

8. Watch for wind conditions when entering and leaving tree rows and bridges.

9. Heavy blowing snow, use flashers.

10.Always turn on windshield wipers before you meet an oncoming truck and when passing.

11.When going up steep slippery hills, and your speed has dropped to less than 30 MPH, you can move to the shoulder of the roadway to take advantage of the better traction in the loose snow on the shoulder.

12.Drive with headlights on at all times.

13.Before starting each day, make sure windshield washer is filled.

14.Watch corners at intersections for drivers that may fail to stop.

15.Do not put blind trust in the other driver.

16.Watch ahead for the slow driver. You may have to stop.

17.When stopping, make sure you park your unit in a straight line and


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allow your tractor to roll to a stop rather than applying your brakes and make a hole you can not get out of.

18.When wind is blowing snow across the road look for slippery spots.

19.Don’t add anything to fuel tanks not furnished and approved by the company. Combining additives may create your own home brewed rocket fuel.

20.When disaster strikes:

Pull of the roadway

Use your four ways until you get your triangles out. Place your triangles 100’, 50’ and 25’ from the rear of the truck – refer to FMCSR 392.22

Turn off all lights and four ways. Save your batteries for when you leave

When you call in, give as much information as possible. Describe exactly what happened. Let the mechanic decide what is important. Give as much information on your location as you can. Maps don’t show mile markers, so the nearest exit on highways is a big help in locating you.

Remember that fuel filters must be filled before installing

You are our representative on the scene. Ask questions. Watch the repairman, if he does something that does not look right to you, ask him what he is doing and why.

21.When you are stuck:

Look the situation over before you try to get moving. Will the tractor rock at all? Can you move the opposite direction? Will the trailer roll? If yes to these questions, contact the shop for a wreckerand don’t try to burn your way down to traction. For the cost of one rear end tow drive tires, we can pay for about sixty wrecker calls

Hook chains to tow hooks or axles. Bumpers are strictly for decoration

If you put a chain around the front axle, don’t hook around the tie rod. It will bend immediately and the front wheels will point in


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different directions.

22.Watch for the wind when passing or being passed.

23.Change your driving habits as the weather changes.

24. If the roads are snow covered and you have to stop fast, look at the right mirror to see what your trailer is doing.

25.Anti-lock brakes help you stop in a straight line and give you some steering control. They do not help you stop faster or shorter.


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Other Driving and Road Hazards Always be aware of the road and learn the location of all road hazards,

curves, railroad crossings and other road conditions in a route when possible.

Approach bridges, trestles, overpasses, viaducts, underpasses, etc., cautiously

Be careful when pulling up next to curbs or passing through alleys

Be careful around telephone poles, trees, signs, fire escapes, overhead wires, etc.

Use care in driving through tunnels. In most states transporting Haz Mat in tunnels is a violation of the law. Watch for signs

In daytime, turn on headlights before entering a tunnel

At night, dim lights before entering narrow tunnels and proceed cautiously

Never turn lights off when entering or traveling through tunnels unless posted

If another vehicle enters a narrow tunnel from the opposite and, come to a full stop immediately and dim lights until the other vehicle has passed

Check side and top clearance closely

Know your equipment height and watch posted clearances on bridges and underpasses. Where the posted clearance exceeds the height of your until six inches or less, slow down to avoid bouncing into the overhead obstruction.

Posted clearance signs are not always correct. Before entering areas with questionable overhead clearances, stop, get out, and check

Watch for slippery surfaces – shaded areas, bridges, melting ice, black ice, vehicle icing, areas with standing water

Be careful to not hydroplane – if it happens, regain control by releasing the accelerator and pushing in the clutch to slow the vehicle

If the weather is hot, carry an ample supply of drinking water

Inspect tires frequently when it is hot weather

Avoid leaving the vehicle if it is disabled in the desert

Check tires, lubrication levels and operation of cooling system, fan belts, fans and hoses and check the radiator for debris


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H a z a r d o u s M a t e r i a l sAs discussed earlier, some of you might be transporting hazardous materials. Drivers who haul hazardous materials must have a special endorsement on their CDL and must pass background security checks.

The Department of Transportation regulates hazardous materials regarding packaging, labeling, loading and transporting. As a driver, when hauling hazardous materials your responsibility is to be able to recognize, load safely, placard correctly and transport safely the cargo.

The Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) is found in parts 171-180 of title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The common reference for these regulations is 49 CFR 171-180.

As a driver, you must follow the many rules about transporting hazardous materials so you can:

Contain the product

Communicate the risk

Ensure safe drivers and equipment

Avoid fines


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A hazardous material can pose a health or safety risk to individuals, animals, plants and could damage property. There are 9 classes of hazardous materials that can cause a serious health issue if not managed properly. These classes include substances that are flammable, combustible, poisonous or otherwise harmful. ORM-D (other regulated material – domestic) is a consumer commodity which presents a limited hazard during transportation due to it’s form, quantity and packaging. These include elements of:

Liquid

Gas

Solid


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Employee ResponsibilitiesAs an employee dealing with Haz Mat materials, you must follow proper procedures and ensure you in compliance when:

Loading or unloading Haz Mat materials

Preparing Haz Mat documents for transportation

Know what to do to stay in safety compliance

Effectively operate a vehicle to transport Haz Mat materials

Know how to test or Mark materials for Haz Mat packages

As an employee, it is critical that you understand this information and continue to refresh your knowledge at least every 3 years. Haz Mat information is consistent across the United States but there are a few exceptions when the regulations apply differently:

Shipping into Canada (Transportation Dangerous Goods)

Shipping by Air (International Aviation Transportation Association)

Shipping by Sea (International Maritime Dangerous Goods)

There are three Packaging Groups to Learn:

1. Packaging Group I refers to great level of risk to health and safety

2. Packaging Group II refers to medium level of risk to health and safety

3. Packaging Group III refers to minor level of risk to health and safety


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Hazardous Materials ClassYou must be able to verify the proper identification number, packaging group, verify the label is correct, the shipper used the proper package and know what placards are required. You must also be able to recognize a Haz Mat shipment and handle it safely. Refer to your Hazardous Materials Compliance Pocketbook for this process and your Emergency Response Guidebook.

Shipping Name

Haz Mat Group

ID Number

Packaging Group

Labels

Special Provisions

ERG Guide No.

Proper Placards

Nitrotriazolone or NTO

1.1D UN0490

II 1.1D None listed

112 Explosives 1.1

Pentolite, dry or wetted with less than 15% water, by massHydrocarbon gas mixture, liquefied, n.o.s.

Sodium phosphide

Beryllium, powder

Mercury contained in manufactured articles

Oxygen generator, chemical, spent


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Shipping Papers and ManifestsWhen preparing to transport hazardous materials, it is critical that the shipping papers be in order along with the manifest. The shipper is responsible for completing this paperwork and a driver must verify this information.

The following acronyms should help you to better understand how things are labeled:

Acronyms and Terminology

Description

Placards Used to warn others of hazardous materials. Placards are signs put on the outside of a vehicle (four sides) that identify the hazard class of the cargo.

ID Identification Number – four digit code used by first responders to identify hazardous materials.

Bulk Packaging Packaging, other than a vessel, or a barge, having a maximum capacity greater than 119 Gals for a liquid, net mass greater than 882 pounds for a solid and capacity greater than 1000 pounds for gas.

Carrier A person engaged in the transportation of passengers or property.

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

FMCSR The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations

Fuel Tank A tank, other than a cargo tank, used to transport flammable or combustible liquid or compressed gas.

N.O.S. Not otherwise specified.

Hazardous Material

A hazardous material is a substance or material which has been determine by the Secretary of Transportation to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and which has been so designated. This includes hazardous substances, hazardous wastes, marine pollutants, and elevated temperature material.


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Hints and Tips about Shipping Papers and Manifests

According to HMR 172.205, a shipper is required to prepare, date and sign their shipping papers. As a driver, you must receive 3 copies and keep them readily available should you be stopped in route or questioned upon your delivery.

Abbreviations of the shipping name may be used only when certain regulations permit

The identification number is a four digit United Nations (UN) number used for U.S. and international shipments

The identification number is a North American (NA) number used for U.S. and Canadian shipments only

Keep these documents within reach even when you wear your seat belt

Keep these documents in the cab, on the driver’s seat, in plain view even when you leave the tractor


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Loading Hazardous MaterialsWe have discussed many elements of hazardous materials except how to load them onto the vehicles. As you watch the video, record the loading steps in the appropriate column.

Class Hazardous Material

Examples Loading Steps

1 Explosives Ammunition, Dynamite, Fireworks – includes six divisions with the final division being extremely insensitive detonating substances

2 Compressed Gas Cylinders

Propane, Oxygen, Helium – includes three divisions (flammable, non-flammable and non-poisonous, poisonous by inhalation)

3 Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Gasoline Fuel, Acetone

4 Flammable Solids

Matches, Fuses – spontaneously combustible and dangerous when wet

5 Oxidizing Substances

Ammonium Nitrate, Hydrogen Peroxide, oxidizers


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Class Hazardous Material

Examples Loading Steps

6 Poisons Pesticides, Arsenic – poisonous or infectious

7 Radioactive Materials

Uranium, Plutonium – greater than .002 microcuries per gram

8 Corrosives Hydrochloric Acid, Battery Acid – visible destruction or irreversible alternation to human skin or can cause sever corrosion on steel or aluminum

9 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

Formaldehyde, Asbestos – hazardous substance or waste

None ORMD (other regulated material – Domestic)

Hair spray or charcoal – consumer commodities

None Combustible Liquids

Fuel Oils, Lighter Fluid

Review the Oregon Commercial Vehicle 2005 – 2007 workbook which outlines materials that should not be loaded next to or near certain hazardous materials.


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General Steps for Loading and Unloading Refuse leaking packages and shipments Make sure the parking brake on your vehicle is set Do not speak when loading or unloading hazardous materials – keep fire

away Chock the wheels Turn off the engine Be alert Have a clear view of the cargo tank Ensure the load will not bounce or shift Do not load if materials are damaged or leaking No overhang or tailgate with loads of explosives Make sure you have proper emergency equipment (fire extinguisher being

one of them) Load the containers so they will be easy to get to in an emergency Load the materials so they will not bounce or shift in the ride Do not drop or roll containers of corrosive liquid Pay attention to what you load packages next to or near – keep corrosive

liquids away from explosives, flammable solids, spontaneously combustible oxidizers and poisonous gases)

Do not load nitric acid above any other product and do not stack it more than two levels high

Do not park within 300 feet of a bridge, tunnel or building, a place where people gather, an open fire if you have Class A or B explosives

Refuel with the engine off Never use flares


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PlacardsPlacards are similar to a label and are attached to the outside of a vehicle. It is the shipper’s responsibility to provide, class and quantity of the material listed determines the placard needed.

The following lists the different types of Placards you might see on the road:

Explosives

Explosive 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 – a Placard must be used for any amount carried

Oxygen

FlammableA Combustible Placard may be used instead

Flammable, if the liquid has a flash point greater

than 141 F

Flammable SolidA Placard must be used

for any amount of Division 4.3 Dangerous

When Wet Material

Oxidizing SubstancesA Placard must be used

for any amount of Division 5.2 Type B

Temperature controlled

PoisonA Placard must be used

for any amount of Division 2.3 and 6, Zone A

or B


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RadioactiveA Placard must be used

for any amount of Radioactive III label

Corrosive

Placards are required for amounts of 1001 pounds

or more

Spontaneously CombustiblePlacards are required for

amount of 1001 pounds or more

Flammable GasPlacards are required for

amount of 1001 pounds or more

Placards must be visible when carrying these hazardous materials for classes noted above (as noted in the far right column). For all others, a Placard must be visible if total weight is greater than 1,001 pounds. This includes when two elements are combined and total 1,001 pounds. When total weight equals 2,204 pounds, all Placards must be visible.


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Safe Transport on the RoadWhile on the road, it is important to ensure safe transport on the road.

Safe Transport Element

Description

Tire Inspection If any defect is found in a tire, it should be repaired or replaced immediately. The vehicle may, however, be driven a short distance to the nearest safe place for repair. If a hot tire is found, it must be removed from the vehicle immediately and taken to a safe distance.

Parking Do not park on or within five feet of the traveled portion of any roadway. Standard warning devices are to be set out as required by law when a vehicle is stopped along a roadway. If vehicle does not contain division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive materials, it may be stopped for brief periods when operational necessity requires parking the vehicle.

Routing Identify routes which do not go through or near heavily populated areas, places where crowds are assembled, tunnels, narrow streets, alleys except when there is no other alternative. Convenience is not a basis for determining if a route can be used.

Railroad Crossing Must stop at a railroad crossing. Stops must be made within 50 feet of the crossing but no closer than 15 feet. Do not shift gears while crossing the tracks.

Fire Do not drive near an open fire, unless careful precautions have been taken to be sure the vehicle can completely pass the fire without stopping. Do not park within 300 feet of any open fire.

Please note: during the loading and unloading of any hazardous materials shipment and handbrake on the vehicle must be set and all precautions taken to prevent movement of the vehicle.


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In Case of an AccidentDue to extreme circumstances, you could find yourself involved in an accident.

The following lists the specific steps you should follow should an accident occur:

Keep people away from the scene

Limit the spread of material, only if you can do so safely

Communicate the danger of the hazardous materials to emergency response personnel

Provide emergency responders with the shipping papers and emergency response information

If driving with another person, make sure they are okay

Warn others of the danger

Send for help

Follow your employer’s instructions

Use the fire extinguisher to keep minor truck fires from spreading to cargo before firefighters arrive

Do not open doors if they are hot

Do not touch leaking materials

If materials are leaking, park your vehicle, secure the area, stay there and send for help


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Hazardous Materials Case ScenariosReview the following case scenarios and complete in small groups.

Case Scenario Steps to Follow1. You are traveling down a major

highway and notice your vehicle is leaking fluids. You are carrying class 6.1 materials.

2. Your vehicle has just been in an accident and is on fire. You are carrying class 2.1 and your back door is hot.

3. You are assigned to pickup a trailer at a customer’s facility. You notice that the trailer contains class 8 material, but no placards are applied to the trailers.

4. Your vehicle is stopped at a rest area and you notice a strange individual showing interest in your placard load.

5. While loading your trailer, you notice a mislabeled carton of food on board. You are currently carrying class 2.3 material.


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Destination ProcessWhen you reach your final destination, the following steps must be followed.

1. Allow for no delay – find the appropriate person immediately to begin the transfer

2. If your shipment is refused, call your dispatcher immediately to determine next steps

3. Should all else fail, call your dispatcher


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E m e r g e n c y M a n e u v e r sThere will be times in your driving experience that you will need to employ an emergency maneuver. Steering to avoid an emergency is safer than trying to stop. If an escape path is available, evasive steering provides a better chance of avoiding a collision than attempting to stop.

Often, you will use evasive steering and can be a very safe maneuver. In doing so, minimize the amount of turning necessary and start the process as soon as possible. It is also important to avoid braking while turning. Once you make the turn, be sure to counter steer immediately to keep your vehicle from going outside its escape path.

Take a few minutes to match the emergency maneuver with the appropriate step.

A = Evasive steering, B = Emergency stop, C = Off-road recovery, D = Brake failure on a downgrade, E = Rapid air loss or blowout

Emergency Maneuver Letter

Emergency Action

Use controlled braking. Stab brake whenever you can

Apply a little power. Do not apply the brakes. Make steering corrections and pull off the road

If you have to go off the pavement, maintain control of your vehicle. Try to keep one set of wheels on the pavement

Steer to avoid an accident. Do not over-steer or use the brakes during this process and avoid braking while turning

If brakes fail, look for an escape ramp


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Skid ControlWhen the wheels of the trailer lock, the trailer will begin to jackknife. Skid control can happen and we need to be prepared to manage it when it does.

Brainstorm when you think skid type of issues can occur.

When tires lose their grip on the road


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3 Types of Skids

Skid Type Description

Over-Braking Brakes are applied too hard and the wheels lock up

Over-Steering The wheels turn too sharply (more than the vehicle can turn)

Over-Accelerating

Too much power is sent to the drive wheel

Most skids result from driving too fast for the existing road conditions!

Drive wheel skid with wheels spinning due to loss of traction or locked due to braking. Recovering from a jackknife skid involves four steps:

1. Speed control

2. Corrective steering

3. Counter-steering

4. Braking a stop


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Skid Recovery Strategies Inspect your air system and check brake adjustments before driving

Avoid hard braking

Load your cargo properly

Avoid over braking, over acceleration and sudden downshifts

When the trailer jackknifes, skids can be recovered by a slight increase in speed

Be careful to not use the brakes or the trailer hand brake

Stop braking to recover

Turn quickly in the direction you want the vehicle to travel

When the vehicle begins to slide sideways, steer the direction you want to go

When the front wheels skid, the front end tends to go in a straight line no matter which way the wheels are turned – slow down and use the brakes and stop the vehicle as soon as possible

Countersteer when you are back on course

Operate brakes properly to provide maximum braking without loss of control

Maintain control

Judge maximum safe speed for slippery surface conditions


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R a i l r o a d C r o s s i n g sThis section focuses on what you should do prior to and while driving over a railroad crossing. There are two types of crossing; passive and active.

Passive crossings do not have any type of traffic control device. They require the driver to recognize the crossing, search for any train using the tracks and decide if there is sufficient clear space to cross safely. They will have yellow circular advance warning signs, pavement markings and crossbucks to assist you.

Active crossings have a traffic control device installed at the crossing to regulate traffic. These include flashing red lights, with or without bells and gates.


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Railroad Engineering Considerations

Signs and Signals

Description Sign Icon

Crossbuck Signs

One of the oldest warning devices. IT is a white regulator, X-shaped sign with words “Railroad Crossing” in black lettering, located alongside the highway prior to the railroad tracks.

In most cases, the crossbuck sign is installed on the right-hand side of a public roadway on each approach to the highway-rail grade crossing.

Advance Warning Signs

Round yellow warning sign with a black “X” and “RR.” These signs are located alongside the highway in advance of the crossing, and serve to alert motorists to the crossing. This is usually the first sign you see when approaching a highway-rail grade crossing.

Flashing Light Signal

This is a device installed on a standard mast which, when activated, displays red lights flashing alternately. Flashing light signals activate upon the approach or presence of a train at a highway-rail grade crossing, and require a complete stop by the highway user.

Standard Bell A device which, when activated, provides an audible warning. It may be used with flashing light signals and gates, and is most effective as warning to pedestrians and bicyclists. A new approach is to use an electronic bell in which the volume can be adjusted.


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Signs and Signals


Standard Gates Active traffic control device used with flashing lights and normally accompanied by a crossbuck sign, flashing light signals and other passive warning signs.

Long Arm Gate This is similar to a standard gate but with a longer arm. This reduces the driver’s ability to run around the gate. This will cover at least 75 percent of the roadway.

Same as gate above but longer arm

Four Quadrant Gates

These gates have an additional pair of dual gate arms to completely seal off the intersection.

Same as gate above but gates on both sides

Barrier Gates These warning gates lock into a post when in the down position. It prevents vehicles from driving around them at a crossing.

Additional barrier gate

Median Barriers

These barriers consist of a pre-fabricated mountable island placed in the center of the roadway leading up to a highway-rail grade crossing. The barrier provides an obstacle so they can not be driven around.

Additional barrier gate

Wayside Horns Stationary horn system that is designed to sound like a train horn and is activated by the railroad-highway grade crossing warning system.

Exempt Signs This sign is to inform placarded hazardous materials vehicles, buses and users that a stop is not required, except when a signal or other person is approaching the crossing.


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Signs and Signals


Yield Signs Assigns right-of-way. A train has the right-of-way.

Do Not Stop on Track Signs

Placed at a crossing when an engineering study or experience determines there is a high potential for vehicles stopping on the tracks.

Stop Sign Standard, red regulatory stop sign telling vehicles to completely stop.

Tracks Out of Service Sign

This is used at a crossing in lieu of the crossbuck when a railroad track has been abandoned or use is discontinued.

Parallel Track Sign

This is a diamond-shaped yellow advance warning sign located on roadway parallel to the railroad tracks indicating the road ahead will cross the tracks.

Low Ground Clearance Sign

To let vehicles know that conditions are sufficiently abrupt to create a hang-up of long wheelbase vehicles or trailers with low ground clearance.


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Signs and Signals


Number Sign At multiple-track crossings, a sign indicating the number of tracks will be on the post below the crossbuck.

Pavement Markings

The white letters “R&R” can be set into the surface of the pavement in advance of a crossing to advise, warn or guide traffic.


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Hints and Tips for Railroad Crossings Always be alert, and always expect a train Obey all rail-crossing signals Check for traffic behind you and make sure they know your intentions Choose an escape route in the event of a failure Roll down your window and turn off the fan, radio, CB and other noisy

equipment to better hear the train While waiting for the train to pass, set your emergency brakes so you will

not move onto the track Stop within 50 feet but no closer than 15 feet of a railroad crossing if you

are:1. Carrying chlorine2. Carrying hazardous materials (cargo tank loaded or empty,

required to be marked)3. Operating a bus carrying passengers

You do not need to stop if the crossing: 1. Used for streetcars2. An industrial switching track or in a business district3. Marked as abandoned4. Controlled by a police officer5. Controlled by traffic signal 6. Marked exempt

Always slow down and be able to make a complete stop before reaching the tracks, if necessary

Look and listen before crossing (don’t expect to hear a train) Never shift gears while crossing Use the highest gear that will allow you to cross the tracks without shifting Always be aware of overhangs Determine that no train is approaching Watch for additional trains If you get stuck – get out of the vehicle immediately, take your cell phone,

move away from the vehicle in the direction of any approaching train, look for an emergency telephone number (could be 911), give your exact location and the DOT number from the crossing


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V e h i c l e C h e c k s a n d M a i n t e n a n c eThis section is intended to teach the driver how to do preventive maintenance to their truck in order to increase safety and reduce or eliminate the need for major repairs. There are three types of maintenance:

1. Routine servicing

2. Scheduled preventative maintenance

3. Unscheduled maintenance and repair

Section 396.3 of the FMCSRs states that every motor carrier must systematically inspect, repair and maintain all vehicles in its control or make provisions for systematic inspection, repair and maintenance.

This means that in addition to the daily inspections, there must be scheduled maintenance and servicing checks completed on each vehicle. This will help to ensure that the trucks on the road are safe for the drivers and other individuals on the road.

As a part of a routine check, a driver will ensure that all fluid levels are up to code and systems are running in good order.

Maintenance checks specifically include the following areas:

Braking system

Steering system

Coupling devices

Tires and wheels

Suspension system (clutch and engine areas)


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Daily Vehicle Maintenance Checklist

Checklist Steps

Power and Towed Unit – Engine Off

DVIR – check previous report for repairs.

Approach to vehicle – looking for leaks under the vehicle.

License plate(s) – is not missing or tags are current.

Lights/Reflectors – clearance (five amber on top of cab), headlights and turn indicators.

Mirrors and Windshield – clean with no illegal stickers, obstructions and mirrors adjusted correctly.

Doors – hinges not damaged. Will open and close properly. Windows go up and down.

Engine Access – check fluids, belts, hoses, and air compressor is not leaking.

Battery box – secure, connections tight, and no sign of excessive corrosion.

Fuel tanks – secure, caps not missing, and no leaks. Check crossover line for leaks, and if steps are mounted, no loose or missing.

Frame – no cracks, broken welds, foreign welds, or holes.

Catwalk (if equipped) – secure and not missing

Exhaust system – not damaged and not leaking (soot trails) and securely mounted.

Drive shaft – not bent or cracked. Securely mounted.

Mounting bolts – not loose or missing brackets clamps, bolts or nuts.

Fifth wheel – no cracks or breaks in the platform structure. Check jaws and release arm is not damaged.

Suspension springs – not missing, shifted, cracked or broken. Check air bags for leaks or damage, if equipped.

Suspension mounts – not cracked or broken hangers, missing or damaged bushings and broken, loose or missing bolts, U-bolts or other axle mounting parts.

Shock absorbers – are secure and not leaking.

Slack adjuster – not broken, loose or missing parts.


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Checklist Steps

Brake chambers – not leaking, cracked, dented and is mounted securely.

Brake hoses/lines – not cracked, worn, or leaking.

Brake linings – have visible amount of liner left (1/4 inch minimum).

Brake drums – not crack, dents, or missing pieces of drum.

Wheels – rims not damaged or bent. Tire tread is 4/32 on steering and 2/32 on all other tires. Seals not leaking and lug nuts not loose or missing.

Splash guards – is not mounted more than 10 inch above the level ground. Not torn and missing.

Air/Electrical lines – check for cut, chafed, spliced, worn, tangled, pinched, or dragging/rubbing against tractor parts. Check glad hands for missing seals and is not leaking.

Header board/Front of the trailer – is secured, free of damage and strong enough to contain the cargo.

Kingpin/Apron – is not bent. Apron is not cracked, bent. No gap between fifth wheel and apron when coupled.

Landing gear – no missing parts and both legs are operational. The crank handle is secure and not missing parts.

Trailer frame – not crack, broken welds, holes or other damage to the frame, cross members, box and floor.

Trailer suspension springs – not missing, shifted, cracked or broken. Check air bags for leaks and damage.

Trailer mounts - not cracked or broken hangers, missing or damaged bushings and broken, loose or missing bolts, U-bolts or other axle mounting parts.

Trailer slack adjusters - not broken, loose or missing parts.

Trailer brake chambers - not leaking, cracked, dented and are mounted securely.

Trailer brake hoses/lines - not cracked, worn, or leaking.

Trailer brake lining - have visible amount of liner left (1/4 inch minimum)

Trailer brake drum - not crack, dents, or missing pieces of drum.

Trailer wheels - rims not damaged or bent. Tire tread is 2/32 on all tires. Seals not leaking and lug nuts not loose or missing.


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Checklist Steps

Trailer splashguard - is no more than 10 inch above the level ground.

Power and Towed Unit – Engine On

Emergency equipment – not missing three red reflective triangles, fire extinguisher, and fuses.

Seat belt – not cut, frayed, worn and operates properly.

Oil gauge – is operating in the normal range.

Temperature gauge – is operating in the normal range.

Ammeter/Voltmeter – is operating in the normal range (13.5 volts on a 12 volts system).

Air Pressure gauge – is operating in the normal range (between 100-120 psi)

Wiper/Washer – arms and blades are secured, not damaged and operate properly. Washer operates correctly.

Lighting indicators – check left, right turn signal, 4-way emergency flashers, and high beam indicator.

Heater/defroster – check that the heater/defroster works.

Horns – check both air and city horns.

Pedals – check for free movement and unusual noise.

Steering wheel – check for free play (no more than 10%).


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Brake Testing – 5 steps

STEP 1: STATIC TEST

1. Run the engine until you have maximum air pressure. With the air tanks fully charged, the air gauge should normally read 120 to 125 psi. Normal operating pressure is from 100 to 125 psi.

2. Secure the unit from moving by chocking both sides of the rear tire.

3. Release both knobs – Parking Brake (Yellow) and the Trailer Air Supply (Red) – by pushing in.

4. After the initial loss of air, the system must maintain or maintain and gain. (This depends on what the air governor is set at.)

5. If the system is not maintaining air pressure, then you have a leak on the EMERGENCY side of the air system.

STEP 2: APPLIED OR PRESSURE TEST

1. Apply full brake pedal pressure (at least 90 psi) for 60 seconds.

2. After the initial loss of air, the system must maintain or maintain and gain. (This depends on what the air governor is set at.)

3. If the system in not maintaining air pressure, then you have a leak on the SERVICE side of the air system.

STEP 3: LOW AIR WARNING DEVICE TEST

1. Start by pumping the brake pedal rapidly until the Low Air Warning Device comes on. (This should be at least a loud buzzer. It could also include a warning light on the dash.)

2. The Low Air Warning Device must not come on before 60 psi.

STEP 4: SPRING BRAKE TEST

1. Start by pumping the brake pedal rapidly, going past the Low Air Warning, until the Trailer Air Supply knob pops out.

2. The Trailer Air Supply knob must not pop out before 20 psi.


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Brake Testing – 5 steps

STEP 5: AIR GOVERNOR AND COMPRESSOR TEST

1. With a fast acceleration, bring the air pressure up to 85 psi.

2. Let the engine idle and monitor the air pressure gauge. The air Compressor should build 15 psi on 45 seconds.

3. After testing the Air Compressor, bring the air pressure up to 110 psi and let it idle. The Air Governor must cut out before the pressure reaches 130 psi.


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Types of Service Checklist

Checklist Steps

Pre-Service

Before bringing the truck in for service, check the starter and charging systems for proper operating conditionInspect batteries and cables for corrosion and the operation of the air compressor and governorCheck clutch for free playLook for cracked or worn belts and exhaust leaksNote the position of the air warning device on the air cleaner restriction gaugeA Level

Most basic serviceIncludes checks and adjustments that can be taken care of without much issueTire inspectionBrake inspectionFluid level checksB Level

A-level service plus a few additionsOil and oil filterFuel filterHigher Levels

A and B level serviceEngine tuningBrake changeChanging or rebuilding other components


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Winterizing and SummerizingThe following steps must be followed when either winterizing or summarizing your vehicle.

Winterizing

Check antifreeze level

Make sure heaters and defrosters work

Check windshield washer antifreeze

Make sure truck is clean

Summerizing

Double check the engine oil supply

Check antifreeze level

Make sure heaters and defrosters work

Double check the condition and tightness of the water pump and fan belts

Double check the condition of the coolant hoses

Check tire pressure

Make sure truck is clean


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D i a g n o s i n g a n d R e p o r t i n g M a l f u n c t i o n sThis section focuses what to do to effectively diagnose and report vehicle malfunctions. It is the drivers responsibility to report any problems with your vehicle and make sure issues are investigated and completed.

Eventually, you will be able to quickly diagnose based on:

Sight

Sound

Smell

Feel

Problem Symptom or Vehicle System

1. A loose or shaky feeling in the steering.

2. A “thumping” feeling, while driving down the road.

3. Poor or weak power when accelerating.

4. Poor braking when hooked to a trailer.

5. Turning is difficult when hooked to a trailer.

How would you describe symptoms completely and accurately to maintenance personnel?


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Typical Issues Drivers FaceThere are many types of malfunctions a driver can face before, during or after a trip.

Brainstorm as many typical malfunction issues you think could happen:


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Malfunction Process Steps The following steps should be followed when a malfunction occurs. The steps also include what to do regarding the reporting procedures. A Driver Vehicle Inspection Report is to be completed each day. The following lists the steps to complete to ensure the vehicle is noted as safe for the next day.

Completing DVIR’s Check List

1. DVIR’s are to be completed at the start and end of every day and when switching power units (tractors).

2. DVIR’s can typically be found between passenger and driver seat.

3. The DVIR should be signed off by last driver and current driver indicating whether the vehicle is safe to drive after completing your pre-trip inspection.

4. If vehicle defect has not been repaired by a mechanic and is unsafe to drive, see mechanic on duty.

Don’t forget – fill these out correctly!!!


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H a n d l i n g , A d j u s t i n g a n d D o c u m e n t i n g C a r g o a n d M a n i f e s tThis section focuses on how to properly handle, adjust and document cargo and the manifest. Cargo documentation is the paperwork needed for each shipment of freight. As we discussed in the hazardous materials section, following protocol is important to ensure materials are loaded and unloaded properly and well documented.

Cargo Documentation Elements

Description Driver Roles and Responsibilities

Bills of Lading Contract between the trucking company and the shipper

Common carrier of goods must comply with the conditions

The shipper and the consignee must obey them as well

Legal and binding contract Covers interstate shipments COD means you must collect

the money before unloading the shipment

Sign the Bill of Lading

The Bill of Lading cannot be changed once it is signed

Treat the Bill of Lading with the same care as a personal check

Sign for the exact count on all shipments

Always weigh the load. The overload ticket will be written against you, the driver

Freight Bills Similar to an invoice Has the information contained

on the Bill of Lading and more Shows all charges, the trailer

number, the origin and destination terminals and any additional information that the driver needs

The consignee gets the consignee copy and the driver gets the delivery receipt

Both copies should have the same information

Waybills Allows the driver to deliver split shipments or a shipment before the charges have been applied

Each one shows the number of cartons, the weight and the

This sometimes call a “part-lot” shipment.


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trailer number or the trip number

Each load is delivered on a waybill

No freight charges show on the waybill

Manifests Used when there is cargo from more than one shipper in your trailer

Lists all the cargo in the load

This is a contract between the shipper and the carrier.

Pro Numbers Pro numbers are the numbers assigned to freight bills and waybills

It is easy to keep track of pro numbers

Pro numbers allow the freight bills to be filed in order, day after day

This is a numbering system used to track the shipment thru the carrier’s system.

Delivery Receipts

The delivery receipt is valuable to the carrier

The Delivery receipt can prove delivery of a shipment to the correct consignee

Shows the name of the person who received the shipment, the name of the truck driver who delivered it, the charges paid at the time of delivery, any exceptions at time delivery, the date and the time of the delivery, the truck or trailer number and the shipper’s number

Any damage or shortage must be noted and signed by the driver and consignee

Describe the damage or shortage exactly

Shortages are fewer pieces and overages are more pieces to deliver than what the freight bill or Bill of Lading calls for

Call the dispatcher before accepting an exception to a clear delivery


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Trip Reports Shows all the important facts about a trip including date and place the trip began, the driver’s name, truck equipment numbers and beginning and ending odometer reading

The trip report shows all the important facts about trip including each state entered or crossed, odometer readings at each entry into a state and amount of money advanced to the driver for expenses

The trip report shows all the important facts about a trip including fuel purchases, where the driver purchased the fuel, the amount of fuel and cost

Trip reports can help carriers figure out the cost per mile and per shipment, which tractors cost less to operate and which tractors break down more often

It shows all the money paid out for a trip and advancements to the driver

Enter the odometer reading each time you enter a state

The number of miles driven in a state determines the amount of fuel tax that state must be paid

Carriers can figure pay from the trip report

Upon receiving your Manifest, highlight your manifest number, route number, employee number, first and last invoice number. This will help you begin your trip planning process.


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Cargo Documentation and Manifest Example


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Load Differential and Damaged CargoNo matter who loads a trailer, the driver is ultimately responsible for the condition of the cargo unless the trailer is sealed. When items are damaged by improper handling or tying down, they are noted when unloaded and inspected at the final destination point. This could lead to a claim against the driver – one that could have been prevented with better loading and securing.

The following list provides the driver with hints and tips for managing load differential and preventing and/or identifying damaged cargo.

Hints and Tip Sheet

Know your height limits – platform trailers height limit for travel on the interstate is usually 13 ½ feet

Know FMCSR Part 393.100 which outlines the specific regulations for certain types of loads

Use appropriate tools for securing down items on platform trailers but be very careful because these could damage the load if used improperly - cables and winches, webbing straps and winches and chains and load binders, using a cheater pipe to add leverage to make the binder snap over is unsafe

Use boards or wooden blocks – these keep machinery mounted on wheels from moving, four-by-fours should be nailed to the wood floor, make sure the lumber used has no knots or cracks, nails should be twice as long as the thickness of the board

Know how many tie downs you need for each load Use tarps to protect platform loads Make our first inspection within the first 50 miles of travel Make your second inspection after three hours or 150 miles and then

continue with the same process every 3 hours or 150 miles Be aware of your driving techniques to ensure you are in compliance and

safe with your load Tiered stacking will distribute the weight equally When loading reefers, the air must circulate all around the load Use Load Locks when securing van loads


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49 CFR 658 Truck Size and Weight, Route designations – Length, Width and Weight Limitations

APPENDIX B TO 658 – GRANDFATHERED SEMITRAILER LENGTHS

STATE

Semi-Trailer'sMaximum Legal

LengthsAlabama 53' 6"Alaska 48'Arizona 57' 6"Arkansas 53' 6"California 48' (1)Colorado 57' 4"Connecticut 48'Delaware 53'District of Columbia 48'Florida 48'Georgia 48'Hawaii 48'Idaho 48'Illinois 53'Indiana 48' 6" (2)Iowa 53'Kansas 57' 6"Kentucky 53'Louisiana 59' 6"Maine 48'Maryland 48'Massachusetts 48'Michigan 48'Minnesota 48'Mississippi 53'Missouri 53'Montana 53'Nebraska 53'Nevada 53'New Hampshire 48'New Jersey 48'New Mexico 57' 6"New York 48'


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STATE

Semi-Trailer'sMaximum Legal

LengthsNorth Carolina 48'North Dakota 53'Ohio 53Oklahoma 59' 6"Oregon 53'Pennsylvania 53'Puerto Rico 48'Rhode Island 48' 6"South Carolina 48'South Dakota 53'Tennessee 50'Texas 59'Utah 48'Vermont 48'Virginia 48'Washington 53'West Virginia 48'Wisconsin 48' (3)Wyoming 57' 4"

(1). Semi-trailers up 52 feet may also operate without a permit by conforming to a kingpin-to-rearmost axle distance of 38 feet. Semi-trailers that are consistent with 23 CFR 658.13(h) may operate without a permit provided the distance from the kingpin to the center of the rear axle is 46 feet or less.

(2). Semi-trailer up 53 feet in length may operate without a permit by conforming to a kingpin-to-rearmost axle distance of 40 feet 6 inches. Semi-trailer that are consistent with 23 CFR 658.13(h) may operate without a permit provided the distance from the kingpin to center of the rear axle is 46 feet or less.

(3). Semi-trailers up to 53 feet in length may operate without a permit by conforming to a kingpin-to-rearmost axle distance of 41 feet, measured to the center of the rear tandem assembly. Semi-trailer that are consistent with 23 CFR 658.13(h) may operate without a permit provided the distance from the kingpin to the center of the rear axle is 46 feet or less.

(53FR 2599, Jan 29, 88, as amended at 54FR 1931, Jan 18, 89; 62FR 10181, Mar 5, 97).


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Loading Liquid TankersWhen loading liquid tankers, there must be a person watching the loading and unloading; they must have a clear view of the cargo tank, be within 25 feet of the tank, be aware of the hazards, and know the emergency procedures. This person must also be authorized to move the cargo tank.

Steps for loading a Liquid Tanker

1. Turn off your engine before loading or unloading any flammable liquid

2. Never load liquid tankers completely full because liquids need room to expand when warm (this is called outage and your dispatcher will let you know how much you need)

3. Fill a liquid tanker only partially full of heavy liquids

4. Inspect the hoses and valves for leaks

5. Check the temperature and pressure gauges for normal readings


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Proper Weight DistributionsKeeping an eye on weight distribution is an important part of the loading process. You must keep weights within legal limits. States have maximums for GVWs, GCWs and axle weights. Often, maximum axle weights are set by a bridge formula. A bridge formula permits less maximum axle weight for axles that are closer together. This is to prevent overloading bridges and roadways.

You should be concerned with the following:

Weight Description

Gross Weight and Gross Combination Weight

The total weight of the tractor or trailer plus its load The total weight of the tractor and the trailer or trailers

plus the cargo Cannot exceed the limit set by each state you drive

through The allowed gross combination weight for an 18-

wheeler is 80,000 pounds – the axle weights must not be exceeded

Axle Weight The weight any axle or combination of axles transmits to the ground

Bridge laws determine the maximum axle weight for axles that are close together

Loading to bulk capacity means trying to fill all space in a trailer and still stay within weight limits

Weight each axle or pair of axles separately Exceeding the weight rating can be dangerous

Tire Load The maximum safe weight a tire can carry at a specified pressure. This rating is stated on the side of each tire

Suspension Systems Suspension systems have a manufacturer’s weight capacity rating

Coupling Device Capacity

Coupling devices are rated for the maximum weight they can pull and/or carry

Bridge Gross Weight Formula

The standard specifying the relationship between axle (or groups of axles) spacing and the gross weight that (those) axle(s) may carry expressed by the formula:


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Weight Description

where W=overall gross weight on any group of two or more consecutive axles to the nearest 500 pounds, L=distance in feet between the extreme of any group of two or more consecutive axles, and N=number of axles in the group under consideration.


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Hints and Tips for Proper Weight Distribution and Delivery

The weight needs to be properly distributed

Put the heaviest parts of the cargo under the lightest parts

Plan how you are going to load the whole trailer

Figure out how many boxes or pallets you can put in the trailer without going over your gross weight

Be sure the load spaced evenly from the front to the back

The last cargo loaded should be destined for your first stop

Trailers with doors must have a padlock

Driver should not remove a seal until the consignee looks at it or removes it just before unloading

Keep track of pallets and cartons as they are taken off

Watch the forklift driver

Have your delivery receipt signed

Never leave the trailer when the doors are open

Do your own checking and counting

Verify seals, if used

Remember the old rule; “light to the right”, meaning load the lightest freight on the right side of the trailer.


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Securing the CargoSecuring the cargo will help to ensure that your load stays in place throughout your trip. However, as mentioned, it is important to continually re-check the security of the load throughout the trip.

Types of securing processes include:

Weight Description

Blocking and Bracing

Blocking is used in the front, back and/or sides of a piece of cargo to keep it from sliding. Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo. It is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement. Bracing is also used to prevent movement of cargo. Bracing goes from the upper part of the cargo to the floor and/or walls of the cargo compartment.

Cargo Tiedown On flatbed trailers or trailers without sides, cargo must be secured to keep it from shifting or falling off. In closed vans, tiedowns can also be important to prevent shifting. They must be of the proper type and strength. The combined strength of all cargo tiedowns must be strong enough to lift one-half times the weight of the cargo tied down. Tie down equipment includes; winches, ratchets, clinching components). They must also be attached to the vehicle correctly using hooks, bolts rails or rings.

Header Boards Front-end header boards protect you from your cargo in case of a crash or emergency stop.

Covering Cargo It is important to cover the cargo to protect people from spilled cargo and protect the cargo from the weather. Spill protection is a safety requirement in many states. Look at your cargo covers in the mirrors from time to time while driving.

Sealed and Containerized Loads

Containerized loads are used when freight is carried part way by rail or ship. Regardless of whether they have their own tiedown devices or locks or if they are loaded onto flat bed trailers, they must be properly secured.


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M a p R e a d i n gThis section focuses on how to effectively read and interpret a map. The interstate system and certain state highways make up the National Network of Designated Routes or the Designated System. This system provides highway access to heavy vehicles such as the ones you will be driving. Knowing how to read a map is an important part of trip planning and managing your route effectively.

Here are a few tips to help you understand map reading better:

1. Highways that start with an odd number indicate a North/South direction.

2. Highways that start with an odd number spur into the city – inbound and outbound from city.

3. Highways that start with an even number indicate an East/West direction.

4. Highways that start with an even number spur of a highway and go around a metro area.

5. Highway numbers increase when they go from the South to the North.

6. Highway numbers are smaller on the West coast and increase in on the East coast. Example; I-5 is on the West coast and I-95 is on the East coast.


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Map Symbol DescriptionsMap Symbol Name Description

US Highways Shown in different colors

Several kinds; ordinary road, limited access, toll, multi-lane (four lanes or more)

Interstate Shield shape with the name of the state and the highway number inside

Under Construction Indicates road construction ahead

Toll ways Have to pay a toll charge to use the highway or bridge

Rest Areas Parking and spaces for large trucks

Rest rooms

Drinking water and telephones

Great place for a safety check

Tourist/Recreation Areas National parks, historic sites and other spots

Avoid these spots because traffic will move slower

Ferries The word “ferry” or “FY” will denote this feature

Usually a fee is required

Port of Entry This is an important symbol

Make sure your log book is current, permits are ready and be prepared to stop at the scales

Weigh Stations Ensure your log book is up to date

Time Zones Time zones identify current time for the area

Consider the differences between your destination and the local time when you determine your estimated time of arrival (ETA)


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Map Symbol Name Description

Highway Mileage Distances between intersections and large towns will be shown by a small black number

At major intersections and large towns, there will be a dart or a dot

Between the darts there will be a larger number (usually in red) that shows the distance between the darts

Map Scale Provides indications of distance

Routes Odd numbered routes run north and south with lowest numbers in the west

Even numbered routs run east and west with the lowest numbers in the south


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F u e l M a n a g e m e n tThis section focuses on fuel management and understanding the impact of wear and tear on your vehicle and its parts.

Natural forces and fuel use is a big part of this process. There are three areas under this domain:

1. Friction – the rubbing of one surface against the other. There is friction between your truck tires and the road. This is called rolling resistance or traction. There is also friction between the truck and the air; this is called air resistance or drag.

2. Gravity – helps hold your vehicle on the road but too much gravity slows down your vehicle and even keeps it from moving. Gross vehicle weight affects the influence of gravity on a truck.

3. Inertia – is the tendency of an object that is in motion to stay in motion (and to stay still if it is already still). You must overcome inertia to get the truck to stop or move.

How can these three elements help you save fuel?


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Economy Driving TechniquesEconomy operating requires some planning to ensure you are doing your best to save on costs.

Economy Driving Technique

Description

Keeping Speed Down Keep your speed down, go slowly and do not speed up to buck the wind. Keep the number of stops you make to a minimum and approach a hill going no faster than the posted speed limits.

Progressive Shifting Progressive shifting is a special shifting technique used with economy engines. The engine is not brought to maximum rpm with every shift.

Skip Shifting Skip over some of the lower gears to reduce the amount of time the engine is running at high rpm. One thing you must avoid is making the engine work too hard at too low an rpm.

Trip Planning A well-planned, well-driven run is economical. Every stop saved is fuel saved.

Road Management Watch the traffic and plan ahead. Drive at a steady speed. Vehicle management systems help maintain a slow, steady driving speed.

Idling and Shutting Down the Engine

Idling wastes fuel and wears out the engine. Idle your engine as little as possible. Remember to idle before shutting down to avoid turbocharger heat from ruining the bearings.

Proper Maintenance and Optional Equipment

Fuel can also be saved with other optional equipment and proper maintenance. Power components that can be turned off when not needed are fuel savers. A fan clutch turns the fan on only when the engine heat climbs to a certain level.

A well tuned vehicle simply runs more efficiently.

Aerodynamic Design Trucks and tires are designed to combat rolling and air resistance. Vehicles are rated as to how


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Economy Driving Technique

Description

aerodynamic they are. This rating is given as a coefficient of drag “Cd.” A low Cd means little air resistances. Radial tires roll better. In modern trucks, square or sharp edges are rounded off. Wind deflectors direct the air up and over. Lightweight materials keep gross vehicle weight low.

Progressive shifting patterns:

First gear: 0 to 3 mph. You may need only 1,250 rpm

Second gear: 3 to 6 mph. You may need only 1,350 rpm

Third gear: 6 to 9 rpm. You may need only 1,450 rpm

Fourth gear: 9 to 15 mph. You may need only 1,600 rpm

Fifth gear: 15 to 20 mph. You may need only 1,650 rpm

Remember the Fuel Management GIFT …

Gravity - weight reduction, load management

Inertia - focus ahead, avoid braking or stopping, progressive shift, skip shifting

Friction - tire inflation, matching, radial tires, aerodynamics

Team - dispatch, router, mechanic and driver all working together!


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Fuel Management ScenariosRead the following scenarios and identify appropriate and effective fuel management and equipment optimization strategies.

Case Scenario Fuel Management and Equipment Optimization Strategies

1. You are traveling through the mountains and heading down a long hill.

2. You are traveling through a metro area with rush hour traffic.

3. You have stopped for the night and the outside temperature is 40 degrees.

4. You are traveling empty to your next location.


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H o u r s o f S e r v i c e , D a i l y L o g , L o g b o o k R e c a pThis section focuses understanding regulated hours of service and listing the exceptions to (off-duty time, sleeper berth time, driving time, and on-duty (not driving) time. The importance of documentation and monthly summaries are required as a driver. The hours of duty information is documented as DOT Part 395.3, Hours of service of Drivers, of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FM CSR).

The rules were adopted in 1939 and have evolved in order to save lives and help with driver fatigue. The hope is that it will save up to 75 lives and prevent as many as 1,326 fatigue related crashes annually. This effort moves towards a 24 hour work rest cycle. It increases the opportunity for restorative sleep by increasing the amount of off-duty time.

Duty Status Acronyms:

1. Off Duty – “OFF” – your own time

2. Sleeper Berth – “SB” – time spent in sleeper berth

3. Driving – “D” – at the wheel while in operation

4. On Duty – “On” – not driving time, inspections, waiting for dispatch, time spent loading and unloading, co-driving, working for someone else


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Interstate and Intrastate Driving RegulationsStarting in October 2007, the rules for driving have changed to the following:

Interstate Driving Regulations Intrastate Driving Regulations in Oregon

Off-duty time = Must be at least 10 consecutive hours

Ref: 49CFR 395.3(a)(1)

Off-duty time = Must be at least 10 consecutive hours

Ref: OAR 740-100-0010(f)(A & B)

On-duty driving time = May not drive beyond the 14th hours after coming on duty, following 10 consecutive hours off duty

Ref: 49CFR 395.3(a)(2)

On-duty driving time = drivers may not drive beyond the 16th hour after coming on duty

Ref: OAR 740-100-0010(f)(B)

Driving time = May drive a maximum of 11 hours after 10 consecutive hours off duty

Ref: 49CFR 395.3(a)(1)

Drive time = Exceed 12 hours driving following ten consecutive hours off-duty

Ref: OAR 740-100-0010(f)(A)

May not drive after 60/70 hours on duty in 7/8 consecutive days.

Ref: 49CFR 395.3(b)(1),(b)(2)

Drivers may not drive 70 hours on duty in any 7 consecutive days

Ref: OAR 740-100-0010(f)(C)

34-hour restart = the 60/70 hour clock may restart after 34 consecutive hours off duty

Drivers may not drive following 80 hours on duty in any 8 consecutive days

Ref: OAR 740-100-0010(f)(D)

Split sleeper berth = Commercial motor vehicle (CMV drivers using a sleeper berth must take 10 hours off duty, but may split sleeper-berth time into two periods provided neither is less than 2 hours

Ref: 49CFR 395.1(g)

34 hour restart = the 70/80 hour clock may restart after 34 consecutive hours off duty

16 hour Exception for Property-Carrying Drivers = Drivers may extend the 14-hour on-duty period by 2


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Interstate Driving Regulations Intrastate Driving Regulations in Oregon

additional hours IF THEY:

* Are released from duty at the normal work reporting location for the previous 5 duty tours; AND* Return to their normal work reporting location and are released from duty within 16 hours; AND* Have not used this exception in the previous 6 days, except following a 34-hour restart of a 7/8-day period

Total hours driving may not exceed 11 hours.

Rule Exemptions

Certain types of drivers are considered to be exempt from these rules (100 air-mile radius HOS provision)

Some of these include local drivers and special situations and usually made under certain conditions

Under a rule effective as of January 2004, any period of seven or eight days will end with the beginning of any off duty period of 34 or more consecutive hours. This will allow a driver to “restart” the 70-hour rule.

Adverse driving conditions – adds 2 hours to the 11 hours driving. Driver must comply with the 14-hour rule

100 Air-Mile Radius HOS Provision

A driver normally operating under the 100 air-mile radius exception in 395.1(e) may also meet the requirements in 395.1(o) enabling the driver to have one period of 16 hours on-duty each week (or after a 34-hour restart). However, on the day in which the 16-hour exception is utilized, the driver would not meet the 12-hour duty period requirement of the 100 air-mile radius exception and would therefore be required to make a RODS for that day.


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Hours of Service Case ScenariosRead the following scenarios and identify what the driver should have done differently to comply with regulations.

Case Scenario What Should the Driver Have Done?

1. A driver has been traveling within Oregon for the past 11 hours. They are just 1 hour from their final destination and decide to just get there so they can deliver their load.

2. A driver, working under the 100 air mile ruling, is approaching a weight station and is asked to stop and bring in papers.

3. A driver, after working 50 hours of the 60 ruling, takes the next day off from work. They decide to help a friend move equipment and receives pay for the work.

4. A casual driver, working for two different companies, is required to fill out a recap of hours worked for one of the companies.


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Log BooksA logbook shows how you spent your work time and where you were traveling while on the road. It is important to keep a legible and accurate log book which supports keeping good records. The following steps should be followed when recording your time in your logbook:

1. Know where to find them

2. Write legibly

3. Include key information (name of driver, month, day and year of beginning of 24 hour period, carrier’s vehicle number, number of miles you drove that day, legal signature, name and main office address of carrier, name of co-driver if there was one, number of hours in each duty status, total hours (adding to 24), any sipping document numbers or names of shippers)

4. Update your logbook each time you change your duty status (you need to record the name of the city, town or village with the state abbreviated and where the change took place)

5. Always use the local time from your base location

6. Time must total 24 hours each day

7. Keep track of your time to the closest quarter of an hour

Special Provisions

100 air-mile radius HOS provision conditions:

The driver operates within a 100 air-mile (115 statute miles) radius of the normal work reporting location

The driver returns to the work reporting location and be released from duty within 12 consecutive hours

The driver maintains time records as specified in the rule

The driver is not covered by the “non-CDL 150 air-mile radius” provision


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Log Book Examples

No violation on either day occurs.

No violation occurs on day one. There is an 11-hour violation on day tow, starting at 11:00 p.m. until midnight. A driver may not drive more than 11 hours following one of the 10-hour off-duty periods.


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Log Book Examples Continued


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Keeping track of your time: Record each 24 hour time period on a separate log sheet staring with

midnight.

Fill out an original form and one copy of each log.

The original must reach the carrier within 13 days after you have completed the form.

Keep the copies of your logs for the past seven straight days with you at all times.

The Department of Transportation mandates that you complete your logbook every day.

Not doing so will place you out of compliance with the law and you may be penalized.

Not keeping proper track of your time can put you out of service.

Remember, any agent of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration can inspect your logbook and, if you are out of compliance, they can declare you out of service.

These agents can range from highway patrol offices, Department of Transportation inspectors and weigh masters.

Once you have been declared as out of service, you will be required to spend the next ten hours off duty before you can return to the wheel (your carrier cannot change this regulation)

You must mail your carrier a copy of the out of service form within 24 hours from receiving the notice

The Department of Transportation has only approved certain log sheets; The Daily Log, Form MCS-59, Multi-day Log, MCS – 139 & MCS-139A


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CAB - Monthly Summary SheetThe monthly summary sheet tracks your hours for the week and month. It is a tool to help you remember how many hours you can work going forward. Using the daily logbook and the monthly summary will help you to stay in compliance with the law.

C = How many hours you have worked in the last eight days

A = total hours on-duty the last seven days

B = how many hours you can work tomorrow


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P r e v e n t a b l e A c c i d e n t sIn many cases, accidents can be prevented. The following lists the types of preventable accident types and descriptions.

Preventable Accident Type

Description

Intersections It is the responsibility of professional drivers to approach, enter, and cross intersections, prepared to avoid accidents that might occur from the actions of other drivers. Complex traffic movement, blind intersections, or failure of the “other driver” to conform to law or traffic control devices will not automatically result in a “non preventable” decision. Intersection accidents may be preventable even if the professional driver did not violate any traffic regulations. Failure to take precautionary measures prior to entering the intersection is an important factor to consider. When a professional driver crosses an intersection and the obvious actions of the “other driver’ indicate possible involvement – either by reason of excess speed, crossing their lane in turning, or coming from behind a blind spot – the decision based on any of the above entrapments may be preventable

Backing Practically all backing accidents are preventable. Even when a guide is involved in the maneuver, the driver is not relieved of his or her responsibility to back safely since a guide cannot control the movement of the vehicle. Therefore, it is the driver’s responsibility to check all clearances.

Front-End collisions vehicle number 1 into vehicle number 2

Regardless of an abrupt or unexpected stop by the vehicle ahead, any driver can prevent accidents by maintaining a safe following distance at all times. This includes being prepared for possible obstructions on the highway – whether in plain view or hidden by the crest of a hill or the curve of the roadway. Over-driving headlights at night is a common cause of front-end collisions. Night speed should not be greater than that which will permit the vehicle to come to a stop within the forward distance illuminated by the vehicle’s headlights.

Rear-end Collisions Vehicle

Investigation will often disclose that a driver risked being struck from behind by failing to maintain a margin of safety


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Description

Number 2 into vehicle number 1

in their own following distance. Rear-end collisions preceded by a rollback, an abrupt stop at a grade crossing or traffic signal change, or the driver’s failure to signal a turn at an intersection are preventable.

Passing Safely Failure to pass safely indicates not only faulty judgment, but the possibility of not having considered one or more important factors a driver must observe before attempting the maneuver. Unusual actions of oncoming traffic or the driver being passed might appear to exonerate the driver involved in a passing accident; however, the entire passing maneuver is the driver’s responsibility since it is a voluntary act.

Being Passed Sideswipes and cut-off accidents are preventable if the driver, who was being passed, failed to yield to the passing vehicle by slowing down or moving to the right, where possible.

Lane Encroachment

When changing lanes, a safe driver is rarely a victim of entrapment. Similarly, entrapment in merging traffic is an indication of unwillingness to yield to other vehicles or to wait for a break in traffic.

Blind Spot Not Valid Excuse

Blind spots are not a valid excuse for lane encroachment accidents. Drivers must make extra allowances for protecting themselves in areas with limited sight distance. Squeeze plays that cause involvement with parked cars, pillars or other road structures can be prevented by dropping back when it is apparent that the other driver is forcing the issue or contesting a common portion of the road.

Grade Crossings It is the professional driver’s responsibility to prevent collisions with fixed rail vehicles, such as trains, streetcars, etc., that occur at grade crossing, in traffic, in a rail yard, in a switch area, or on private property. Before parking a vehicle across a rail siding, the driver must first determine if it is safe and permissible. They must then standby, during the parked interval in case conditions change, such as the movement of rail cars.


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Description

Approach of Opposing Vehicles

It is extremely important to determine what action our driver took prior to a head-on or side-swiped collision with a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction. The exact location of vehicles, prior to and at the point of impact, must be carefully verified. Even if an opposing vehicle entered our driver’s traffic lane, the collision may have possibly been avoided. For example, if, while the opposing vehicle was in a passing maneuver, our driver failed to slow down, stop, or move to the right (allowing the vehicle to reenter its own lane) they failed to take proper action to prevent the occurrence. Failure to signal the opposing driver, by flickering the headlights or sounding the horn, must also be taken into account.

Turning Turning movements, like passing maneuvers, require the most exacting care from a professional driver. When making left or right turns, it is the driver’s responsibility to avoid squeeze plays involving other vehicles, scooters, bicycles, or pedestrians. Failure to signal, failure to properly position the vehicle for a turn, failure to check the rear view mirrors, failure to check pedestrian lanes, or failure to take any other defensive action must be considered. Sudden turns or other drivers must be carefully examined, since it may be found that, immediately preceding the incident, our driver failed to take precautionary action on the other vehicle’s tip-off. U-turns that result in a collision are preventable.

Weather Adverse weather conditions are not a valid excuse for being involved in an accident. Conditions such as rain, snow, fog, sleet, or icy pavement do not cause accidents – they merely increase the hazards of driving. Failure to adjust driving to the prevailing weather conditions would be cause for judging an accident preventable.

Alleys, Driveways and Plant Entrances

Accidents that involve traffic within alleys, driveways, plant entrances, or other special locations must be carefully analyzed to determine what measures the professional driver might have taken to avoid the occurrence. Failure to slow down, failure to sound a warning, failure to yield to the other driver would be cause for judging an accident


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Description

preventable.

Fixed Objects Collisions with fixed objects are preventable because they usually originate from the driver’s failure to check or properly judge a clearance. New routes, strange delivery points, resurfaced pavements under viaducts, inclined entrances to docks, marquees projecting over traveled sections of road, and similar situations are not in themselves valid reasons for excusing a driver’s involvement in a collision. He must constantly be on the lookout for such conditions in order to avoid an accident involving fixed objects.

Private Property, Driveways, Lawns, Etc.

When a driver is required to make deliveries to unusual locations, construction sites, etc., or on driveways that are not built to support heavy commercial vehicles, it is their responsibility before entering such and area to discuss the operation with and obtain permission from the proper authorities.

Parking Failure to properly park, failure to park in appropriate locations (including double parking), failure to put out warning devices, etc., generally constitutes evidence for judging an accident preventable. Roll away accidents that occur from a parked position of the vehicle are normally classified preventable if the driver failed to place the vehicle in gear, cut ignition, apply parking brake and block vehicle.

Mechanical Failure Any accident caused by a driver’s negligence to heed a warning indication of mechanical failure in their vehicle is preventable. It is the driver’s responsibility to report unsafe vehicle conditions and obtain immediate repairs when continued operation might result in an accident. If, during a trip, unexpected mechanical difficulties occurred and the driver, upon discovery, failed to check with his company for emergency instructions prior to an accident, the accident could be charged preventable. Furthermore, any accident caused by mechanical failure as a result of abusive driving is preventable.

Non-Collision Since many accidents (such as overturning, jackknifing, or running off the road) result from a driver’s emergency action


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Description

to avoid being involved in a collision, a careful examination of their driving practice – prior to the incident – must be made. Frequently, in situations such as those just mentioned, the examination reveals speed too fast for conditions, lack of defensive driving practice, or other possible errors.

Miscellaneous When evidence that projecting loads, doors swinging open, loose objects falling, or loose tarpaulins and chains from a vehicle caused damage to the cargo, vehicle, or other property it would be a preventable charge against the driver if they had failed to either correct or secure them. Cargo damage resulting from unsafe vehicle operation is also a preventable charge against drivers.


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A c c i d e n t P r e v e n t i o n Strategies

Aim High in Steering 1. Our eyes are designed to work for us at walking speeds

2. The average person has not fully adjusted visually and mentally to gathering information at the higher speeds traveled in motor vehicles

3. Look ahead to where you will be at least fifteen (15) seconds from now

4. Fifteen (15) second eye-lead time provides advance warning of pending danger, and gives you an additional margin of safety

5. Use improved eye-lead time, for safer, more efficient, and more economical driving

Get the Big Picture 6. While glancing ahead, don’t forget the sides and the rear. Consistently update your information

7. Eliminate vision barriers by establishing proper following distance. Stay far enough behind vehicles to obtain the visibility required to make your own decisions

8. Avoid distractions inside your truck or in your thinking. Recognize and avoid drivers who seem distracted

Keep Your Eyes Moving 9. Focusing on any object for too long disables your peripheral vision – your early warning system

10.Keep your eyes moving at least every two (2) seconds

11.Check your mirrors every five (5) to (8) seconds

Leave Yourself An Out 12.Your safest location in traffic is where the fewest potential conflict exists

13.When possible, surround your truck with space

14.Choose the clearest legal lane and adjust speed accordingly to maintain the space cushion

15. If you lose part of the cushion, work to keep at least the front open

16.Don’t allow vehicles to enter your blind areas


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without your knowledge

Make Sure They See You

17.Detect the presence of potential danger early. Send your warning as soon as you think they will be recognized – not too soon, nor too late

18.Get eye contact by using the warning devices on your vehicle

19.Don’t take eye contact for granted. Be sure your warnings are heeded

20.Eye contact is insurance against the unexpected


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A c c i d e n t a n d S a f e t y M a n a g e m e n tThe previous section highlighted strategies for preventing accidents from occurring. This section focuses your roles and responsibilities when you are involved in an accident. The process steps to follow for reporting are also discussed within this section.

If you must stop on the highway or the adjacent shoulder for any reason other than a normal traffic stop, emergency warning devices must be set out to comply with the rules of the U.S. Department of Transportation and the company as prescribed below.

Warning devices must be set out far enough from the stopped vehicle to give sufficient warning for another driver to see them and react to avoid a collision. When setting out signals pace off the distance indicated for each warning device. Warning devices must be set out fast and at the proper distances. Reflective devices must be set squarely.

Red reflective triangles with an orange inside border are the currently required warning devices. Other types may be used if they were installed in a vehicle prior to January 1, 1974.

Safety Devices Table

Time Used Description

Daylight Use Place one reflective triangle at least one hundred feet (40 paces), but not more than five hundred feet (200 paces), behind the unit in the center of the occupied lane.

Place one reflective triangle at least one hundred feet (40 paces) in front of the unit in the center of the occupied lane.

When stopped on a divided highway or one-way roadway, place one reflective triangle ten feet (304 paces) to the rear of the unit. Place the second triangle one hundred feet (40 paces) to the rear, and place the third reflective triangle to hundred feet (80 paces) to the rear.

Night Use Immediately upon stopping, turn on the four-way flasher switch to simultaneously flash the turn signals on both sides of the vehicle, front and rear. The four-way flashers, alone, may be used for not more than ten


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Time Used Description

minutes.

Within ten minutes, place a reflective triangle at the traffic side of the vehicle ten feet (2-3 paces) from it in the direction of the closest approaching traffic, usually coming from the rear.

Place another reflective triangle at least one hundred feet (40 paces) from the unit in the direction of the closest approaching traffic, usually coming from the rear.

Place the third reflective triangle one hundred feet (40 paces) from the unit in the opposite direction.

If stopped on a divided highway or one-way roadway, all reflective triangles must be to the rear of the unit at distances of ten feet (203 paces), one hundred feet (40 paces), and two hundred feet (80 paces).

When ready to resume travel, turn on four-way flashers before starting to pick up reflective triangles.

Restricted View If your unit is stopped just over a hillcrest, just around a curve, or just beyond some other obstruction to the view of the unit or the emergency warning devices, the warning device closest to the obstruction shall be set out not less than one hundred feet (40 paces), not more than five hundred feet (200 paces) from the unit.

Special Consideration

Avoid leaving four-way flashers on for long periods. Doing so may run down the battery and keep you from restarting the engine. This does not apply to air start engines.


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Accident ProceduresThe following lists the steps to follow when you need to report an accident:

Accident Report Process Steps

1. Stay calm

2. Pull off road if possible

3. Stop immediately and turn on four way flashers and park truck in safe location

4. See that the injured are cared for (apply first aid and CPR procedures as necessary)

5. Check for fuel leaks

6. Immediately set out fuses, flags, and/or emergency reflectors

7. See that police are notified (911 if required)

8. Notify your supervisor immediately

9. Follow instructions on your driver’s preliminary report of an accident; completely fill out your report, document the collision, have witness cards filled out, make freehand drawing, get all names, license numbers, addresses, insurance companies, vehicle VIN and license number, take pictures, know where your insurance information certificate and information is located in the cab

10.Do not discuss accident except with company personnel, police, or our adjuster when sent to you (all representatives must properly identify themselves)

11.Protect yourself from blood-borne pathogens

12.Use your camera in your packet to take pictures

13.Choose and operate fire extinguishers correctly

14.Make sure any truck cargo that is spilled is cleaned up. Arrange for cleanup as necessary and call appropriate authorities


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15.Stay at the scene until law enforcement and company say it is okay to leave


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Accident PacketYou will find all the forms that are necessary to assist a Driver Sales representative in the event of an accident in the Accident Packet. DO NOT PANIC…remain calm and gather as much information as possible. Use your camera to take pictures.

The following information is needed on the report:

1. Your name and address2. Your driver’s license number3. Social Security number4. Owner’s name and address5. Date and time of the accident6. Place7. Street or highway8. On duty hours9. Actual driving hours10.Physical conditions11.All numbers of the equipment involved12.Describe the damage13.Estimated damage14.Vehicle involved15.Names, addresses, and ages of any witnesses16.Police investigation17. information on passengers18.Fatalities and injuries19.Type of roadway20.Weather21.Diagram of the accident 22.Description and driver’s signature

Blue courtesy card – If you are unable to leave the scene, fill out the blue card with the correct information.

Witness card – Attempt, to the best of your ability, to get as many witnesses as possible. All of the information must be correct.

Driver’s exoneration form – This form is to be filled out voluntarily by the individual(s) involved in the accident claiming that the accident was not our driver’s fault.


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Accident Reporting ScenariosRead the following case scenarios and identify the proper reporting steps the driver should follow.

Case Scenario Reporting Steps

1. You were just involved in an accident where your truck jackknifed on a major highway. Luckily, no one was injured but your truck is now blocking traffic and rolled-over.

2. You just side swiped another car when you were trying to change lanes. You did not see them unfortunately. A person is injured in the car and an ambulance is on the way. Your truck is slightly damaged and you are okay.

3. You were trying to turn right and had three lanes available for the turn. When you began to straighten your vehicle, you noticed a person had merged into the lane you were turning into. You did not have enough time to react and side-swiped the car. Fortunately, there were no injuries but the other car is damaged.


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R o a d L i f eThis section focuses on road life of a driver and how to manage your personal and professional life as a driver. This includes managing your time, your health and well being, your finances, your relationships, managing fatigue and preparing for your trip.

Time Management Challenges

List the challenges you may face when managing your time on the road:


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Time Management ScenariosRead the following scenarios and identify what the driver should do more of to manage their time effectively.

Case Scenario Time Management Strategies

1. Last month, you were behind on paying your bills, missed a doctor’s appointment and forgot to get something for your significant other on their birthday.

2. You have been behind on documenting your hours and your supervisor points this out to you. It seems as if you have to rush home after you return and just do not have time to get everything documented properly.

3. When you report to work, it is usually in a rush and you are often late getting there. This means you also are late getting started on the road as well.

4. You get to work on time every day and get out on the road when planned. Unfortunately, you end up late for each delivery due to traffic and other unforeseen issues.


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Managing MoneyManaging your money on the road is keeping check of what you have while traveling and anticipating what you will need in case of emergencies. Consider the following scenario:

“You are about to go on a trip that will take you away for 2 days. It will take you

350 miles each day to get to your destination and back. The price of fuel is $3.50

a gallon. Your tank holds approximately two 110 gallon tanks. Your hotel charge

will cost you $70. There are two tolls on the road that will cost approximately $6

total. Take a few minutes to price the cost of fuel and how much money you will

need for the trip.”

1. How much money will you need to have on hand to cover your fuel, hotel, tolls and food expenses?

2. What are effective ways of carrying money while traveling?

3. What type of system should you put in place to ensure you track all of your expenses and keep all of your receipts?


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Physical FitnessThere are many benefits to establishing and maintaining a physical fitness routine. As a driver, it is important for you to establish a consistent routine to follow so you can stay alert, in shape and safe on the road.

1. How do you feel after your 20-minute walk?

2. What are the benefits of a consistent exercise routine as a driver?

3. What will you do specifically to ensure you are following a fitness routine?


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Physical ActivitiesPhysical activity simply means movement of the body that uses energy. Walking, gardening, briskly pushing a baby stroller, climbing the stairs, playing soccer, or dancing the night away are all good examples of being active. For health benefits, physical activity should be moderate or vigorous and add up to at least 30 minutes a day.

Moderate physical activities include: Walking briskly (about 3 ½ miles per hour)

Hiking

Gardening/yard work

Dancing

Golf (walking and carrying clubs)

Bicycling (less than 10 miles per hour)

Weight training (general light workout)

Vigorous physical activities include: Running/jogging (5 miles per hour)

Bicycling (more than 10 miles per hour)

Swimming (freestyle laps)

Aerobics

Walking very fast (4 ½ miles per hour)

Heavy yard work, such as chopping wood

Weight lifting (vigorous effort)

Basketball (competitive)

Some physical activities are not intense enough to help you meet the recommendations. Although you are moving, these activities do not increase your heart rate, so you should not count these towards the 30 or more minutes a day that you should strive for. These include walking at a casual pace, such as while grocery shopping, and doing light household chores.


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Healthy EatingAn effective fitness routine is only part of the equation. Eating a healthy diet while on the road is another factor for success as a driver. To stay alert and safe, eating well on the road will need to happen.

Currently, the United States has the highest obesity rate. The advocacy group, Trust for America’s Health, said data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showed that the percentage of obese adults for 2002-04 stood at 22.7 percent nationally. The percentage for the previous cycle, 2001-03, was 22 percent. An estimated 64 percent of adults age 20 years or older are considered overweight or obese, according to the most recent CDC statistics.

Let’s take a few minutes to identify the types of food we should be eating while on the road.

Good Foods Bad Foods

1. What type of foods will you pack when you are traveling to ensure you are eating a healthy diet?

2. What type of restaurants will you try to find when you do need to dine out?


http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9048817/#%23

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9048817/#%23

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Food PyramidThe following food pyramid identifies the types of foods we should be eating more frequently.

Grains Fruits Meat & Beans

Vegetables Milk Oils and Discretionary Calories

Any food made from wheat, rice, oats, cornmeal, barley or another cereal grain is a grain product. Bread, pasta, oatmeal, breakfast cereals, tortillas, and grits are examples of grain products.

Grains are divided into 2 subgroups, whole grains and refined grains.

Any fruit or 100% fruit juice counts as part of the fruit group. Fruits may be fresh, canned, frozen, or dried, and may be whole, cut-up, or pureed.

All foods made from meat, poultry, fish, dry beans or peas, eggs, nuts, and seeds are considered part of this group. Dry beans and peas are part of this group as well as the vegetable group. For more information on dry beans and peas click here.

Most meat and poultry choices should be lean or low fat.

Any vegetable or 100% vegetable juice counts as a member of the vegetable group. Vegetables may be raw or cooked; fresh, frozen, canned, or dried/dehydrated; and may be whole, cut-up, or mashed.

All fluid milk products and many foods made from milk are considered part of this food group. Foods made from milk that retain their calcium content are part of the group, while foods made from milk that have little to no calcium, such as cream cheese, cream, and butter, are not. Most milk group choices should be fat-

Oils are fats that are liquid at room temperature, like the vegetable oils used in cooking. Oils come from many different plants and from fish. Some common oils are: canola oil corn oil

cottonseed oil

olive oil

safflower oil

soybean oil


http://www.mypyramid.gov/pyramid/meat.html#%23



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Grains Fruits Meat & Beans

Vegetables Milk Oils and Discretionary Calories

Fish, nuts, and seeds contain healthy oils, so choose these foods frequently instead of meat or poultry.

free or low fat. sunflower oil

Some oils are used mainly as flavorings, such as walnut oil and sesame oil. A number of foods are naturally high in oils, like: nuts olives

some fish

avocados

Each person has an allowance for some discretionary calories. But, many people have used up this allowance before lunch-time! Most discretionary calorie allowances are very small, between 100 and 300 calories, especially for those who are not physically active.


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When on the road, focus on the following: Eating whole grains, lean meat and lots of fresh produce

Avoid processed food and look for more fresh food

Eat food that is low in salt, sugar, caffeine and fat

Eat more lean meats (poultry and fish)

Focus on drinking unsweetened juices and low-fat and skim milk products (skim milk, mozzarella cheese, yogurt, low-fat cottage cheese)

Avoiding candy bars as a quick snack

Staying away from sugary soft drinks

Eat less white breads and pastas

Avoid fried foods


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Signs of FatigueFactors which have been shown to contribute to the onset of fatigue include inadequate sleep or rest (long- or short-term disturbance to sleep patterns, certain phases of circadian rhythms, sleep disorders), prolonged hours of service (prolonged driving periods, night-time driving), and food and drug intake (eating patterns, intake of alcohol and other drugs).

Driving behavior while fatigued can include zigzag driving within the permitted lane, crossing the centre line, and running off the road.

Poor concentration

Tired or sore eyes

Restlessness

Drowsiness

Slow reactions

Boredom

Feeling irritable

Making fewer and larger steering corrections

Missing road signs

Having difficulty in staying in the lane

Micro sleeps


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Circadian ClockThe brain regulates bodily functions and behavior on a 24-hour clock. This clock can go cuckoo when changing time zones or switching work shifts. The body's processes have peaks and low points during every 24-hour period. These are called circadian rhythms. Time cues -- such as sunlight and work/rest schedules keep the circadian clock "set." Crossing time zones or changing from a day shift to a night shift forces the circadian clock to move to a different schedule. Time is required to adjust to the new schedule. During the transition, symptoms similar to sleep loss can occur. Disruption of the circadian rhythm when combined with loss of sleep can create a dangerous increase in fatigue.

The environment and nature of the work can further magnify the effects of sleep debt and circadian rhythms. Environments with dim lighting, limited visual acuity (e.g. due to weather), high temperatures, high noise and high comfort tend to enhance fatigue. In addition, a worker's susceptibility to fatigue is increased by tasks where attention must be sustained for long period, and those which are long, repetitive, paced, difficult, boring and monotonous.


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Methods to Reduce FatigueMethods of counteracting fatigue include: compliance with hours of driving regulations including regular rest stops, using CB and AM/FM radio, avoidance of driving if narcoleptic, or under the effects of alcohol, depressants or amphetamines, using moderate amounts of caffeine, and introducing variation into the environment. Further study of the effects of adequate cabin ventilation and reduced cabin vibration is needed before these methods can be recommended.

1. Adjust your car's environment so that it helps keep you awake and alert. Keep the temperature cool, with open windows or air conditioning in the summer and frugal amounts of heat in the winter. Turn the radio volume up, and switch stations frequently, but avoid soft, sleep-inducing music. Do not use cruise control; keep your body involved with the driving.

2. Watch your posture. Drive with your head up and your shoulders back. Tuck your buttocks against the seat back. Legs should not be fully extended, but flexed at about a 45-degree angle.

3. Take frequent breaks. At least every two hours, stop at a gas station, restaurant or rest stop. Get out of the car, walk around, even jog or do calisthenics. Exercise fights fatigue.

4. In addition to exercise breaks, stop for light meals and snacks. Avoid alcohol entirely.

5. Don't allow your eyes to become fatigued or hypnotized. Wear sunglasses to fight glare (but never wear sunglasses at night).

6. Break the monotony. Turn the radio on for a while, then off. Vary speed levels. Chew gum. Stretch your legs, slap your thighs. Talk to yourself. Sing. Keep your eyes moving.

If anti-fatigue measures fail, and you start noticing the danger signs of fatigue, then there is only one solution. Sleep. If no motels or rest areas are in sight, pull off the road in a safe area that is well lit and take a nap. Even 20 minutes of sleep might refresh you enough to keep going until you reach a safe rest area.

What will you do specifically to manage fatigue going forward?


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Running Your Home from the RoadWhen traveling, it can be challenging to manage your home life from the road. If you do not have someone at home to help, this can be even more challenging. It is also challenging for the person left at home since they may have to handle all aspects of the home while you are away. To reduce stress on both ends, there are strategies you can employ to ensure the load is balanced for both parties.

List as many aspects of your home life that will need to be managed while on the road:

Bills

Mail

What will you do specifically to effectively run your home from the road going forward?


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Managing Road Life Action PlanComplete the following action plan which identifies specific areas of your life on the road to manage. We will revisit this plan in the 141 class and see if we can add any other actions.

Personal Resource Area Specific Actions

Finance

Relationships

Eating Habits

Physical Fitness

Fatigue

Time Management


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T r i p P l a n n i n gAs we discussed, one way to reduce stress is to effectively plan for your trips. This includes looking at your routing, equipment checks and ensuring you have the proper amount of money available for the trip.

Trip Planning Scenario

You are about to take a trip from Portland Oregon to San Francisco. Plan the following elements:

1. What is the best route to follow?

2. How many miles will this trip take?

3. How long will it take? How many stops will you incorporate to make sure you are rested and stay safe while traveling?

4. What will the weather conditions be like? Where can you check for weather information?

5. What type of roads will you be traveling on?

6. Will you travel through tolls, ferries or other options if it means getting you there faster? If yes, describe.


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7. How will you determine your expenses and track your receipts?

8. How much money should you carry?

9. What will you need to have in your vehicle (paperwork, documents, etc.)?

10.What will you need to take care of before leaving home?

11.What inspections will you need to do prior to leaving?

12.What else will you need to do prior to leaving for this trip?

13.How will you manage your health and fitness while on the road?

14.What will you do to combat fatigue?

Create a checklist that includes the various items you will need to prepare for and bring with you.


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D r i v i n g B e h a v i o rIt can be easy to lose control while driving. Losing behavioral control could be considered as venting your emotions when driving. When this happens, you can cause accidents. Your attitude can have a big impact on your concentration.

The following elements can impact your driving behavior:

Intoxication

Judgment

Reflexes

Attitude

Vision

Attention

Anger

Personal issues

Physical condition

Aggressiveness

What will you do specifically to manage your overall driving behavior?


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B o d y M e c h a n i c sA personal injury can happen quickly or develop over time. To prevent this from happening, it is important to watch your body mechanics as you lift, move and drive.

Sitting

Sitting can be twice as hard on your back as standing. Good sitting requires good support. Tips for driving and body mechanics:

1. Use a pillow or rolled-up towel to support your lower back

2. Keep the seat far enough forward to reach instruments and pedals easily

3. Stop from time to time to rest during long-distance driving

Twisting

The biggest danger on your back is twisting. Instead of twisting, use your feet to pivot. This will turn your whole body and not twist your back.

Lifting

Before starting to lift or carry anything, check your entire walkway

Make sure your footing will be solid. Your shoes should give you good balance, support and traction.

Clear any movable obstacles out of your way and make sure you know where the unmovable ones are

Cautiously shift the object you will be moving to check its weight and center of gravity (anything over 50 pounds is considered heavy)

Use mechanical aids such as hoists, carts or dollies when needed


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Safe and Easy Lifting TipsPerforming the lift is the area that causes most on-the-job back injuries. Follow these tips to ensure you are performing the lift properly.

Performing the Lift

Face the object squarely and get as close to it as you can

Balance yourself solidly, with your feet slightly apart

Squat down, bending your knees. Keep your back arched

Grip the object firmly

Take a breath and hold it

Tighten your abdomen

Use your legs to bring you to a standing position, keeping your back arched

Make the lift smoothly and under control

Safety Tips

Don’t lift objects over your head

Don’t twist your body when lifting or sitting an object down

Don’t reach over an obstacle to lift a load. Move whatever is in your way or go around it

Bend your knees and let your legs do the work

Set the load down properly

Always push, don’t pull an object

Pace yourself to avoid fatigue when doing heavy work for a long period of time

Follow the safety guidelines of your workplace


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Methods for Movement and StretchThe following movements and stretches are specifically designed to warm up and reduce injury of major muscle groups used on the job. These activities also help to improve mobility and overall performance. Being consistent and focused on each activity will be the most effective way to see results.

There are two types of activities, Dynamic movement based activity and Stretching based activity.

1. Dynamic Movement Based Activities = done with a continuous motion that is slow and controlled.

2. Stretching Based Activities – done with a two-second hold then release. Repeat this until recommended number of repetitions is complete.


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Types of Activities and Steps

Type Process Stretch Cues Purpose Benefit

Cross Back 1 set of 10 repetitions each leg

Standing leg straight, turn at hips, and reach for outside of foot with opposite hand

To warm-up and stretch hips, legs, back and arms

Improves torso rotation and hip mobility

Elbow Touches

1 set of 15 repetitions

Feet together, knuckles on temples, thumbs down, elbows up

To warm-up and stretch shoulders and upper back

Improves upper back and shoulder mobility. Prevention of back and shoulder injury

Cop Squat 1 set of 10 repetitions

Feet balanced, hips back, hands behind head, chest up, head forward

To warm-up and stretch hips, legs, back and chest

Improves overall mobility. Prevention of low back injury

Elbow Drops 1 set of 5 repetitions each leg

Drop your elbow to the inside arch of the forward leg

To warm-up and stretch hips, low back, and legs

Improves low back and hip mobility

Knee Hugs 1 set of 5 repetitions each leg

Pull knee to chest, stand tall

To warm-up and stretch hips and back

Improves back and hip mobility

Standing Hip Circles

1 set of 5 repetitions each leg

Standing leg straight, giant circles with lifted leg, hands on hips

To warm-up and stretch hips, low back and legs

Improves low back and hip mobility


TTL 101

F i n a l R e v i e w a n d E x a mLet’s spend some time reviewing our material and then prepare ourselves for the final exam.

List areas that you believe you know well at this point

List areas that you would like to spend more time addressing


TTL 101

Resources

Topic Website Name Website Address

Inspections 14 Point North American Standard Inspection Procedure

http://www.hcso.hctx.net/patrol/commercial/NAStandardInspectionProcedure.pdf

Health and Fitness Food Pyramid http://www.mypyramid.gov/

Trucking Advances Technology changes in trucking

http://www.climatetechnology.gov/library/2003/tech-options/tech-options-1-1-2.pdf

Videos J.J. Keller & Associates

www.jjkeller.com

History History of Trucking http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/publications/assistance/sectors/notebooks/grdtrnsnpt1.pdf

Oregon Trucking Association

Resources, articles and other helpful information

http://www.ortrucking.org/

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

Resources and regulation information

http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/

Oregon Employment Department

Information on jobs and wages

http://www.qualityinfo.org/olmisj/OIC?areacode=4101000000&rpttype=short&action=report&occ=533032&go=Continue


Articles Oregonian and AARP Oregonian Article http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/business/


http://www.oregonlive.com/business/







http://www.ortrucking.org/

http://www.jjkeller.com/



http://www.mypyramid.gov/




TTL 101

Topic Website Name Website Address117893672273300.xml&coll=7

AARP Article

http://lifetwo.com/production/node/20060831-midlife-career-change-long-haul-truck-driver

Highway Watch Includes additional websites and links for safety on the road

www.highwaywatch.com

2004 Emergency Response Guidebook

This would be a nice workbook to order for participants

www.labelmaster.com

2007 Facts for Drivers (or appropriate year)


www.truckline.com

Driver’s Guide to the FMCSRs – 2nd Edition


www.jjkeller.com

Hazardous Materials Compliance Pocketbook


www.jjkeller.com




http://www.truckline.com/

http://www.labelmaster.com/

http://www.highwaywatch.com/

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