INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY

Taxonomy Taxonomy: How we organize organisms

into different groups depending on their structures or their origins.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Primative Organisms

No membrane bound organelles

No nuclear membrane

Contains ribosomes

Much bigger than prokaryotic cells

Contain membrane bound organelles

Contains ribosomes

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Taxonomy Chart

Bacteria Archea Eukaryote

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Protists Fungi Animal Plant Mult. phyla Chordates

Vertebrate

Cladogram

Monophyletic

Animals

Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop

from embryonic layers

Animals No cell wall: instead animals have structural

proteins: collagen Unique intercellular junctions:

Tight junctions: small intestine Desmosomes: skin Gap junctions: cardiac muscle

Reproduction Cleavage: mitotic divisions without cell growth Blastula: hollow ball Gastrula: embryonic tissue

Animals: metamorphosis Most animals: life dominated by the

diploid stage Larva stage: sexually immature form of

an animal that is morphologically distinct from adult: must…

Metamorphosis: new development that transforms animal to adult form

A Deeper Look into Invertebrates! 97% of animals are invertebrates Invertebrates are animals that lack a

backbone. Inhabit land and water Range anywhere from head lice to a MASSIVE octopus

Types of Invertebrates

Three Basic Evolutionary Trends in Invertebrates Embryonic Cell Layers:

-ectoderm: outer layer becomes skin, nervous system, inner ear, lens of eye-endoderm: inner layer becomes organs, linings-mesoderm: middle layer becomes notochord, skeleton

Body Cavity: Coelom: Place for organs to grow and function

Body Compartments: Segments: Increases body size and is specialized for specific functions

Systems in Invertebrates FOR EXAMPLE, The open circulatory

system is more primitive than the closed circulatory system because blood is completely contained within blood vessels.

A grasshopper has an open circulatory system while a worm has a closed system.

Symmetries in Invertebrates NO Symmetry: varying in shapes and

sizes Radial Symmetry: body parts repeat

around an imaginary line drawn around the body

Bilateral Symmetry: left and right sides are mirror images if an imaginary line through the body longway

Invertebrate phyla

Pofifera: sponge

radial No tissue No coelom

Cnidarian: jellyfish

radial 2

planaria: flatworm

bilateral 3 tissue simplest CNSSmall brain

Nematode: round worm

Psuedo col: gastro-vasc cavity, alimentary canal

Annalids: earthworm

segmented Start: coelomates:Protostome: mouthDeuterostome: anus

Only invert with closed circ. syst

Mollusks: snail squidEchinoderm: star

Radial: bilat embyo

Arthropod: insects & crustaceans

Breath thru skin, gills or tracheal syst.

Open circ: hemolymph: bl and intestinal fluid

chordate

chordates Notochord: becomes vertebral column Gill slits Post anal tail

Subphyla: Vertebrates (6 classes) Skeleton of cartilage or bone Neural crest: in embryo: these cells

become: bones of skull, teeth, adrenal glands, periph. Nervous system

Vertebrates

VertebratesBony fish: jawless fishLamprey, hagfish

Cartilagenous fish: sharks, rays

Oldest vertebrates2 chamber heart: no sep of ox and deox bloodHeart to gills then to system

Kidneys: osmotic balance: need lots ammonia in body

No lung, swimbladder

Amphibians: tadpole/frogsPart of life on land, part live in water

3 chamber heartSkin breath

Slimy eggs external fertilize in fresh water

Reptiles: lizardssnakes

1st move to landDry tough skinBreath air

Amniotes: egg protected by membranesInternal fertilizationOviparous: egg laying

Birds 4 chamber heartSep pulmonary and systemic (no mix ox deox)

Endotherm: warm bloodedFeathers, wings, lg breast bone

Mammals: make milk

Placental: eutheriansOr marsupial

Viviparous: live birthHair or fat

Mammals Internal fertilization Placental or marsupial Viviparous: (placental) give birth to live

young Make milk Have hair or fur

Embryo development Oviparous: egg develops external to

body fertilization can be internal or external Aquatic invertebrates Insects Birds

Viviparous: live birth Marsupials Mammals

A Deeper look into Vertebrates 3% of the animals are vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have a

backbone. Inhabit land and water

Types of Vertebrates Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds Fish

MAMMALS: Warm blooded, hair or fur, birth live young, make milk.

THE END (: