introduction to referencing
TRANSCRIPT
Introduction to Referencing
Referencing is the process of acknowledging the authors of sources you have consulted for your work
Introduction to Referencing
• Acknowledging and crediting other’s work• Avoiding accusations of plagiarism • Demonstrate your understanding of the subject• To support your work with information from
other experts and authorities• Showing tutors the breadth of your research• Allowing your tutors to check your sources• Allowing the reader to follow up on
information you have provided
Introduction to Referencing
References should be given when you cite the work of other authors including:• Direct Quotes• Ideas and theories that have
been published by other people• Statistics and numerical data• Figures and illustrations
Introduction to Referencing
• A citation is when you directly refer to another author’s work in your writing
• It is when you cite the work of other authors to support your own
• Citations should be supported with a reference to the source of the work
• References are the bibliographical information included at the end of an essay in a reference list
Introduction to Referencing
Plagiarism is when you present someone else’s ideas or writing as your own, either by not referencing their work correctly or by including no reference at all.
It is taken very seriously by universities and can result in disciplinary action
Introduction to Referencing
To avoid plagiarism:• Always make sure you include references
for all of the work you have cited• Always make sure your references are
complete and correct• Do not directly copy phrases from other
work without putting it in quotation marks and including a reference
• Make sure you paraphrase properly, using your own words
Introduction to Referencing
• Quotations can be used to begin an essay as a talking point or introduction to a subject
• Short quotations should be included in the main body of the text and within quotation marks
• Short quotations should be integrated within sentences in the text
• Long quotations, more than 3 full lines of text, should be included as separate paragraph and indented
Introduction to Referencing
• Quotations should be copied accurately• Quotations can be abridged with an ellipsis
... to only include the relevant part of the text
• Additions can be made to quotations for clarification or context using square brackets []
• If a quote has a spelling error or is not grammatically correct, write it as it appears but use [sic] to indicate that this is how the words appear in the original source
Introduction to Referencing
• Quotations embedded in the main text should be enclosed in double quotation marks “ ”
• Any punctuation that belongs with the quotation should also be included inside the quotation marks
• Punctuation that is part of your own writing should be outside of the quotation marks
• The citation within the text should be outside the quotation marks
• If you have a quotation within a quotation use single quotation marks ‘ ’
Introduction to Referencing
• Paraphrasing is re-writing an author’s text in your own words
• It should explain the author’s idea or concept in a different way
• The meaning of the text should be the same but the language should be different
• Any specific language or phrases used by the author should be contained within quotation marks
• A paraphrase is more detailed than a summary• A reference should still be provided when
paraphrasing
Introduction to Referencing
• Summarising involves taking the key points from another text and writing them in your own words
• You can summarise you own work or the work of another author
• A summary should provide an overview • A summary should be shorter
than the original• If you are summarising an idea that
was published by someone else then you should include a reference
Introduction to Referencing
Information that is deemed as common knowledge does not need to be referenced
Common knowledge includes:• Knowledge that is shared by a community• Well known dates • Established facts• Terminology that is specific to your
subject area
Introduction to Referencing
• A reference list appears at the end of an essay
• It lists all the sources cited in your essay
• The format of your reference list will vary slightly depending what referencing system you are using
Introduction to Referencing
• A bibliography appears at the end of an essay • It lists all the sources you consulted for your
essay• This included sources you used for
background information• The format of your bibliography will vary
slightly depending what referencing system you are using
• A bibliography is listed in alphabetical order• It is usually listed by the author’s surname for
each source• However there are exceptions to this format
for different types of sources
Introduction to Referencing
• There are a number of styles of referencing used in academic writing
• Different styles are favoured by different disciplines
• The main two systems used are:
• Harvard Method• Numerical Method
You should check with your tutors or course handbook which method of referencing they would like you to use
Introduction to Referencing
The principles of the Harvard method:• The Harvard method is a name and
date system• Author’s name and year of publication
included within the text• A reference list gives the full details of
material that has been cited at the end of the essay
• A bibliography, lists all source materials used but not directly cited in the essay
Introduction to Referencing
• The format for the Harvard method varies slightly depending on the source of your information
• There are different variations to accommodate instances where there are more than one author or missing information
• Specific use of punctuation and formatting should be followed consistently
Introduction to Referencing
• The numerical system uses a number in the text to indicate a citation
• This is followed up with a correspondingly numbered reference in the reference list
• The number can be indicated in the text in parenthesis (1) or superscript 1
• The number always appears after the quotation
Introduction to Referencing
• Figures can be included in your essay where relevant
• They can be used to support what you are saying
• Illustrate something you are describing• Used as reference material• Figures can include photographs,
diagrams, illustrations, graphs and charts, stills from films or digital media
Introduction to Referencing
• Figures can be included within your text or at the end
• Figures should be numbered in the order they appear, for example Figure 1 or Fig. 1
• Figures should be labelled underneath with their figure number and a short description
• Figures should be referred to in the text by their number
Introduction to Referencing
Fig. 1 Chanel No 5 Perfume Fig. 2 Chanel interlocking ‘C’s logo
Examples
Introduction to Referencing
• Figures should be listed in order in a list of illustrations
• The list of figures should include references to the source of the image
• The list of figures is included at the end of your essay
• In a dissertation a list of figures may be included at the start