Department of Natural Sciences

Introduction to paraphrasing & referencing

NSCI3750 The Animal Care Facility

• American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition

• Known simply as - APA 6th

Referencing style used at Unitec

• Acknowledges the ideas and words of another person (morally and legally important)

• To avoid plagiarism.• To extend your knowledge on a subject.

• Read what experts and authorities have researched and written about.

• Shows your lecturers what you have read and the extent of your reading.

What is referencing and why it is important?

Plagiarism…what is it?

Using another person’s ideas, words, images, diagrams (anything that’s not your own) in your assignment without referencing the original source.

Cut & paste, deliberate copying from any source including another student’s work, paraphrasing too closely, incorrect direct quoting.

The onus is on you to determine if the work belongs to another person, if in doubt and you cannot find the original source – LEAVE IT OUT.

Plagiarism in any form is an unacceptable practice and is treated as an offence at Unitec.

To avoid plagiarism we can combine the use of

direct quotations (limited use only)and

paraphrasingwith

in-text citations and references

Paraphrasing putting someone else’s words into your own words

• You may summarise or outline only the key ideas, and it is important not to change the meaning of the original text.

• You must not include too many words from the original source. Successful paraphrasing relies on your absolute understanding of the original text.

• Include in-text citations within your writing and a reference list at the end (we talk about how to do this after our paraphrasing exercise).

• Read original text: skim read then read in detail

• Look away from text and think aboutMain ideas of reading

Relevance of reading to your needs

Rephrasing into your own words

Rewrite main ideas using your own words

Looking at original source influences your language and makes paraphrasing difficult

It is easier to paraphrase a complete paragraph or section of text rather than individual sentences. Why?

Steps in paraphrasing

Example of paraphraseOriginal source:

Home-made diets are often inadequate. It is often more expensive and certainly more time-consuming to cook a balanced diet for a dog or cat than to purchase a prepared pet food. Whether the food is dry, canned moist, or semi-moist all pet food manufacturers invest a lot of time and money into balancing their diets and label them as complete diets if they are suitable to be fed alone (Rock, 2007, p.12).

Paraphrase:According to Rock (2007) preparing nutritionally balanced pet food at home can take up time and be costly. Because manufacturers have more resources to put into their products, the nutritional quality of their pet food is usually higher than that prepared at home.

In text citation

• Re-arrange order of text eg use author at beginning of text rather than end

• Use different words eg expensive… change to more costly, balanced diet for a dog or cat… change to balanced pet food, time consuming… change to take up time

• Use different length sentences

• Use different words to link sentences and paragraphs

• Challenged to find the right word? Ask a colleague/friend/family for help or consult a thesaurus

Some ideas

• It is thought that thousands of years ago some wolves started giving up co-operative pack hunting activities, in favour of scavenging on human refuse. The domestic dog as we know it is likely to have derived from the wolf as a scavenger, and this is indeed what we see when we look at free ranging (or feral) dog populations.

Try paraphrasing the following. This is a direct quote.

• Wolves are thought to be ancestors of the domestic dog and have long been scavengers, a trait we now see in feral dog populations.

• Paraphrased by Angela Dale 2013

Paraphrase example

• Many of us find paraphrasing difficult, especially our first attempts

• Paraphrasing takes practice

• Paraphrasing relies on you fully understanding the text

• Be careful not to change the meaning of the original work

• Changing two or three words is insufficient to avoid plagiarising

• In-text citation required

Remember…

1) In-text citations

You must provide a correct in-text citation (Dale, 2009) within your writing

2) and a complete reference list at end of your workReferences

Dale, A. (2009). Apprenticing students into a culture of enquiry. (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.

Referencing generally takes two forms

• Reference the author/s (last name/s) and include the date of their published work (Dale, 2009) when you have used their words and/or ideas in your writing either by paraphrasing or direct quotes.

• If no date is available (Dale, n.d.) write your in-text citation like this.

In-text citations

Put in-text citations within or at the end of the sentence: note format

• As Jones and Grant (1991) state, essay writers are sometimes aware that they are doing something wrong once they see their grade, but may not be sure of how to find the right way to proceed.

• It has been suggested that there may or may not be any right answers (Jones & Grant, 1991).

• Please note: the full-stop goes AFTER the ( ). NOT BEFORE if your in-text citation is at the end of a sentence.

Full-stop

• DO NOT include initials, only last name and date: example (Dale, 2012) is correct (A. Dale, 2012)

• Referring to similar information using multiple sources. List the sources in ALPHABETICAL order within ONE bracket, each source separated by a SEMI-COLON : example

• Learning to reference correctly is an important tertiary skill (Chambers, 2012; Dale & Walker-Mead, 2011; Simpson, 2006).

• Note the full stop AFTER the bracket.

Formatting in-text citations

Go back to your paraphrase and using this reference, add an in-text citation to your work. The original quotation came from page 18 in the article below.

Carter, G. (2011). Is your dog dominant? The New Zealand Veterinary Nurse, 17 (57), 17-18.

Write this reference below your paraphrase

• Wolves are thought to be ancestors of the domestic dog and have long been scavengers, a trait we see in feral dog populations (Carter, 2011).

• Reference

• Carter, G. (2011). Is your dog dominant? The New Zealand Veterinary Nurse, 17 (57), 17-18.

• Paraphrased by Angela Dale , 2013

Paraphrase example completed

• If a work has one or two authors always cite all of the author/s each time you refer to them in-text.

• Please go to the Library web page, click APA, click on tab for Books. Here you will find examples of how to cite multiple authors.

Multiple authors

Quoting (less than 40 words)

• copying exactly the words of the author(s). When quoting, use quotation marks around the author's words and include an in-text citation and the page number where the quotation came from, “academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence’’ (Cottrell, 2003, p. 134).

• This may also be written like this, Cottrell (2003) makes the point that “academic success may be more a question of good strategy and of building upon experience rather than underlying intelligence’’ (p. 134).

• copying exactly the words of the author(s). When quoting more than 40 words, indent the quotation and do not use quotation marks around the author's words. Remember to include an in-text citation and the page number. For example

• Kirton (2010) offers the following advice:Ideas in books and articles belong to the people who express them. They themselves may have got them from others, but if you’re using their version, you must acknowledge that you’re borrowing from them. Even if your aim is to disagree with them, you must give them full credit for what is their intellectual property (p.195).

Quoting (more than 40 words)

Do not over use direct quotes. Assignments should reflect your own work and marks may be deducted if too many quotes are used. Paraphrasing shows your understanding of the material.

You don’t need a reference when you use…• general knowledge e.g. the 2008 Olympics were held in

Beijing, New York City is known as the Big Apple, the Auckland Harbour Bridge links Auckland City with the North Shore.

• information that is common knowledge in your field

• ideas that are definitely your own, and findings or insights from your own research

• Emails, speeches, telephone conversations, letters, conversations etc

• Are not included in the reference list as they cannot be retrieved

• Must be cited in text to avoid plagiarism eg.– In a recent email J. Brown (personal communication, 20

September, 2011) suggested that…– …probably due to the lower water temperatures this year

(J. Brown, personal communication, 20 September, 2011).

Personal communications

Referencing a Journal article References are organised alphabetically by author

surnames and listed at the end of your work. The second line of each reference is indented.

Example:authors (publication date) article name

Steele, C., & Yielder, J. (2004). Clinical supervision: Designing a model to enhance clinical learning for medial imaging students. Journal of Diagnostic Radiography and Imaging, 5(2), 89-97.

journal vol + (issue no). Name of Journal in italicspage numbers

• Unitec (2014). NSCI3770 Course e-book. Retrieved from http://moodle.unitec.ac.nz/mod/book/view.php?id=122534&chapterid=8612

Information from Moodle e-book

•  To be used for material handed out in a lecture that has not been published in another format, ie not a book chapter or journal article.

• Unitec. (2007). GDHE EDUC 7782 The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. Auckland, New Zealand: Author.

• In text citation (Unitec, 2007)

Course handout

• When referencing a blog you should use the Author's full name if this is available, list the last name first followed by initials, Smith, A. A.. If only a screen name is available use that. The date should be the date that the blog was posted NOT the date you viewed it.

• Use the course moodle as the retrieved address eg Retrieved from NSCI6738 Moodle forum.

 

Use Blog referencing to reference your Moodle forum discussions

• Blog Post (the person who started the conversation)

• Myers, P. Z. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogspharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequistes.php

• In-text citation (Myers, 2007)

• Blog comment (person responding to the conversation)

• MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). RE: The unfortunate prerequisites and

•      consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved

•      from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate

•      _prerequistes.php

• In-text citation (MiddleKid, 2007)

Blog post and comment /forum discussions

Lee, J. (1997). Kinship and family ties. Retrieved from

     http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nz/maorijlg2b.html

In-text citation  (Lee, 1997)

 

Web page with no author

Kinship and family ties. (1997). Retrieved from

     http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nz/maorijlg2b.html

In-text citation  ("Kinship and family ties," 1997)

Referencing a web page

• A book from a database

 

Knutson, J. (2001). Project management for business professionals: A

     comprehensive guide. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

In text citation (Knutson, 2001).

 

• A book from the internet

 

Arnold, S. E. (2005). The Google legacy. Available from

     http://www.infonortics.com/publications/google/

    google-legacy.html

In text citation (Arnold, 2005)

Electronic Books

• One Author

Stanley-Baker, J. (2000). Japanese art. London, England: Thames and Hudson

   Ltd.

In-text citation  (Stanley-Baker, 2000)

 

• Two Authors

Press, F., & Siever, R. (1998). Understanding earth (2nd ed.). New York, NY:

   W. H. Freedman and Company.

In-text citation (Press & Siever, 1998)

 

Books

In text citation:

Health and Safety in Employment Act (1992).

Reference list:

Health and Safety in Employment Act, New Zealand Statutes §48. (1992).

[The § symbol is used to denote a section number of an Act]

 (source: Unitec Library website and APA manual. Waikato University use a simple ‘S’ denoting section number eg. S48. This is perfectly acceptable for our purposes also.

Referencing an Act of Parliament

More than one publication, same author, same date:

Unitec. (2008a). Academic literacies policy. Auckland: Unitec.

 Unitec. (2008b). Appt5110. Auckland: Unitec.In-text: …these practices (Unitec, 2008a).

…become approved processes (Unitec, 2008b).

Multiple publications, same author & date

• Abbreviations: eg. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA). Write the full name followed by the abbreviation in brackets (). You can now use the abbreviation within your work.

• The list of references at the back of a piece of writing follows a strict alphabetical order by author/s name/s or title of article if author is unknown. The heading for this page is simply References.

Brief but important points

• It is your responsibility to ensure all in-text citations and references are accurate and the References page contains all references cited in the work. Be consistent with your formatting (style) of referencing.

• Never change the order that authors appear on a piece of work.

Brief but important points

American Psychological Association (2010). Concise rules of APA style. (6th ed.). Baltimore MD: American Psychological Association .

Carter, G. (March 2011). Is your dog dominant? The New Zealand Veterinary Nurse, 17-18

Cottrell, S. (2003). The study skills handbook. (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.

Kirton, B. (2010). Brilliant study skills. Gosport, Hants: Pearson Education.

Rock, A. (2007). Basic biology. In J. Masters & C. Martin (eds.), Animal nursing assistant textbook (pp. 3-12). Edinburgh: Elsevier.

• Note the strict alphabetical order

References used in this presentation

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