introduction to oil and gas

7/28/2019 Introduction to Oil and Gas

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INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS

Dr Deva Ghosh

Professor in Geophysics

Head Center of seismic Imaging ( C.S. I )

30/11/2011

UTP Course


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World Energy Sources


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Future Prospects of Oil & Gas

Oil

Gas

Coal

Nuclear

Renewable


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Power Map : The colour-coded image of the Earth at

night shows the use of electricity for Lighting is

concentrated in industrialized regions(yellow)

The red parts correspond to oil flares.

Electricity Usage at Night


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SINGAPORE

KL

IPOHPENANG

TRONOH?


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G.O.M. Offshore Platforms in Deepwater


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Proven Global Oil & Gas Reserves


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Including Malaysia

PETRONAS a Fortune 500 Company **Has interest in 30 countries

TOP TEN **

@ Profit@ Return in

Asset &

Revenue

44% of Malaysias Govt.

revenue contributed by

PETRONAS


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Oil and gas fields/discoveries in Malay Basin


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Example of Gas Field in an Oil Field


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Malaysia Oil and Gas Fields

Area Discovered Producing

P.Malaysia 68 28Sarawak 44 16

Sabah 28 9

Total 140 53

Area Discovered Producing

P.Malaysia 89 9Sarawak 70 11

Sabah 24 2

Total 183 22

Production Breakdown

PM 42%

Sabah8%

Sarawak 50%

MSIA/THAI JOINT

DEVELOPMENTJOINT DEVELOPMENTMSIA/VIETNAM


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Reserves

Oil & Condensate

Natural Gas

Production

(million barrels)

(billion barrels)

Reserve ( B.O.E )

(billion barrels)

(World Ranking)23rd

14th

Malaysia Oil

and Gas

PM 42%

Sabah

8%

Sarawak 50%

Production Breakdown


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Corrective Initiative for Domestic Production Decline

Reservoir & Field Development Perspective

To compensate for Domestic Oil decline by

corrective measures in Field

Development

improve recovery factor

From 0.34 to 0.5

EOR/IOR processes (WAG)

find bypass oil by 4D

Deepwater Contribution

Cluster Development strategy

Improving Recovery Factor

600 Mbl/d

9070 80 00

Deepwater

Contribution

08


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Major Oil Companies

1. EXXON MOBIL

2. Royal Dutch Shell

3. TOTAL

4. B.P5. Chevron

6. Conoco Phillips

7. Stat Oil

8. REPSOL

9. British Gas


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National Oil Companies

CNPCCNOOC

PETROBRAS

PETRONAS

PEMEXONGC

PETRAMINA

NNPC

PETROBANGLA

PVDSA

GAZPROM


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Petroleum Economics

5 10 15 20 Years

US $


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Sizes of Oil and Gas Fields

G l i l i ld k


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1985, P.D.O., Muscat, Oman

Geological Field Work:

Examining Exposed Rocks

To Understand the Subsurface


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Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocksform from materials

that are eroded from

other rocks


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Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocksare rocks that have

changed due to

being heated and/orcompressed.

Wh t T f R k R l t t


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What Types of Rocks are Relevant to a

Petroleum System?

Mainly sedimentary rocks

Sandstone for reservoir rocks

Limestone for reservoir and source rocks

Shale for source rocks and seals

Evaporite (salt) for seals.


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Sedimentary Basins of Malaysia


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Mekong Delta, Thailand

Niger Delta, NigeriaMahakam Delta, East

Kalimantan, Indonesia

Delta Satellite Images

O i i T d D i i f


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Origin, Transport and Deposition of

Sediments


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The Origin of Oil and Gas

INORGANIC THEORYHydrogen and carbon are brought together under

great pressure and temperature deep in the earthto form Petroleum

ORGANIC THEORY

Originated from the organic remains of plants andanimals buried in fine-grained sediments. The

organic remains become kerogen then oil underhigh pressure and high temperature.


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Source Rock

Most commonly an organic-rich shale


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Ganges Delta, India

Turkmenistan

Delta

Ural Delta,

Kazakhstan

Bay of Bengal,

India

DELTA IMAGES

S.E. ASIA BASIN EVOLUTION EARLY EOCENE (~55 MA) TO Curreny


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Modified. from Scotese and PALEOMAP(2005) Courtesy Harry Doust

( ) y

1) Collision of India plate moving eastward with Asia

plate

2) Further Collision with Australia plate moving

Northward

60 maPaleocene

50 ma

Early Eocene

40 maLate Eocene

30 maOligocene

20 ma

Early Miocene

10 ma

Late Miocene

0 ma

Present day

60 maPaleocene

50 ma

Early Eocene

40 maLate Eocene

30 maOligocene

20 ma

Early Miocene

10 ma

Late Miocene

0 ma

Present day

S E A i B i G


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S.E. Asia Basin Geometry

SEG Research Workshop, KL 2008

Satellite View

VARIOUS

BASINS

Pacific

Deepwater

Mature

MALAY

SARAWAK SABAH

CONSON

200 KMSUMATRA


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Malay Basin Geology

Malay basin is a prolific

Petroleum Tertiary basin that

has seen four decades of

extensive E & P activity.

It is an extensional deep

(12Km) mature, NW trending

basin. With dimension 500 X

200 sq km

Exploration is focused inMiocene stratigraphic. Units

called Group E to K .

Youngest to oldest.

Courtesy PETRONAS


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Petroleum System Processes

120 F120 F

350 F350 FGenerationGeneration

MigrationMigration

Seal RockSeal Rock

ReservoirRockReservoirRock

OilOil

WaterWater

GasCapGasCap

EntrapmentEntrapment

Source: AAPGSource: AAPG

Petroleum System


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Petroleum System


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Trap Styles

Fault

Salt domeAnticline

Pinch-out

Unconformity

Geochemistry for Source Rock Evaluation


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Geochemistry for Source Rock Evaluation


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Graphite

Dead Carbon

Temperature

Organic

Matter

Fate of Organic Matter

Humic

Substances

Kerogen

methane

oil

Wet

Gas

ThermallyMaturedOrganicMatter

Dry

Gas

Source Rock Maturation & Petroleum


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Source Rock Maturation & Petroleum

Generation

The earthstemperatureincreases with depthin the earths crust.

As organic matter is

buried, it is heatedand transformed intokerogen, oil and gas.

Most oil is producedbetweentemperatures of 60and 120 degrees C, ata depth range knownas the oil window.

Kerogen Maturation Van Krevelen Diagram


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HydrogenIn

dex

Oxygen Index

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

LEGEND BARS

CO2, H2O

OIL

WET GAS

DRY GAS

NO HYDROCARBON

POTENTIAL

INCREASINGMATURATION

Kerogen Maturation Van Krevelen Diagram


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PlanningBlock

Acquisition

Frontier

Exploration

Prospect

EvaluationDrilling

Discovery Volumes Appraisal

Reserve &

Economic

Reservoir

Static ModelSimulation

Production

Forecast

PVT

RFT

DST

Development

Plan

Infill

Drilling

LIFE OF FIELD

Exploration

Appraisal

Field Development

EORFLOODING

INJECTION SECONDARY

RECOVERY

PRODUCER &

INJECTOR

Secondary Recovery


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The Role of Geoscientists:


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The Role of Geoscientists:

Finding and Monitoring Petroleum Resources


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Gas bubbling in water

GEOHAZARD IMAGES

MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE

Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water


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MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD

(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)

SINKING OF DRILLING RIG


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DUE TO GAS HAZARD

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introduction to oil and gas

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