introduction to microprocessor 1

7/28/2019 Introduction to Microprocessor 1

1/22

By


2/22

MicrocomputersMicrocomputers

The modern microcomputer has roots going back toUSA in the 1940 s. Of the many researchers, the

Hungarian- orn mat ematician, Jo n von Neumann(1903-57), is worthy of special mention. Hedevelo ed a ver basic model for com uters whichwe are still using today.


3/22

The von Neumann Architecture The von Neumann Architecture The von Neumann architecture is a computer design

model that uses a processing unit and a single separatestorage structure to hold both instructions and data.

Von Neumann divided a computer s hardware into 5primary groups:

.2. Input

3. Output.

5. Secondary Storage

modern PC, as von Neumann was the first person toconstruct a computer which had working storage (whatwe toda call RAM . And the amazin thin is his modelis still completely applicable today.


4/22

The von Neumann Architecture The von Neumann ArchitectureIf we apply the von Neumann model to today s PC, it

looks like this:


5/22

A central processing unit (CPU) is the component

in a digital computer capable of executing a programno . n erpre s compu er program

instructions and processes data.

A CPU that is manufactured as a single integratedcircuit IC is usuall known as a micro rocessor .


6/22

directly connected to thecentral processing unit of

the computer.

r mary s orage yp ca yconsists of three kinds of

1. Processor registers2. Cache memory3. Main memory


7/22

Processor registers are internal to the central

.that the arithmetic and logic unit needs to carryout the current instruction. The are technicallthe fastest of all forms of computer storage.


8/22

Cache memory is a special type of internalmemory used by many central processing units toincrease their performance or "throughput".


9/22

Main memor RAM contains the ro ramsthat are currently being run and the data theprograms are operating on.


10/22

Secondar stora e (massstorage), requires thecomputer to use its

access the information, andis used for long-term storageo pers stent n ormaton.

Secondar or mass stora eis typically of much greatercapacity than primary storage

,much slower. (Ex. hard disks)


11/22

that different functional units of a computer systemuse to communicate with each other.

Inputs are the signals received by the unit, andou pu s are e s gna s sen rom .

computer. For instance, keyboards and mouse areconsidered in ut devices of a com uter andmonitors and printers are considered outputdevices of a computer. Modems and network cardsare typ ca ev ces or ot nput an output.


12/22

Evolution of MicroprocessoEvolution of Microprocesso(4(4--bit)bit)

The Intel 4004 , a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU)released by Intel Corp. in 1971, is widely considered to be

e wor s rs commerc a s ng e-c p mcroprocessor.


13/22

Evolution of MicroprocessorEvolution of Microprocessor(8(8--bit)bit)

The 4004 was later followed in 1972 by the 8008, theworld's first 8-bit microprocessor.

ese processors are e precursors o e verysuccessful Intel 8080 (1974), Zilog Z80 (1976), Motorola6800 (1976), Motorola MC6809 (1978), RCA 1802 (1976 for Viking, Voyager, Galileo), WDC 65C02 (1982 forApple II).


14/22

Evolution of MicroprocessorEvolution of Microprocessor(16(16--bit)bit)- -

National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973.- - '

9900 (1976) .

n e n ro uce , or ,80186 (1982), 80286 (1982), 80386 (1985).


15/22

Evolution of MicroprocessorEvolution of Microprocessor(32(32--bit)bit)- ,

introduced in 1979. The 68K, as it was widely known. (forApple Lisa, Atari, Commodore Amiga).

The Intel iAPX 432 was Intel's first 32-bit microprocessor

design, introduced in 1981. Then Intel introduced 80486, , ,(1999), Pentium 4 (2001).


16/22

Evolution of MicroprocessorEvolution of Microprocessor(64(64--bit)bit)

AMD's introduced the first 64-bit AMD64 in September2003.

o owe y n e s en um , uo oreand Quad Core (2008).


17/22

BITBIT The smallest piece of information that a computer can deal with, it The smallest piece of information that a computer can deal with, itis either a "0" (off, clear) or a "1" (on, set).is either a "0" (off, clear) or a "1" (on, set).

BYTEBYTEe mos conven en p ece o n orma on or umans ae mos conven en p ece o n orma on or umans a

computers use. One byte consists of eight bits, and ranges fromcomputers use. One byte consists of eight bits, and ranges from"00000000" (0 decimal) to "11111111" (255 decimal)."00000000" (0 decimal) to "11111111" (255 decimal).

NIBBLENIBBLE

byte, consisting of four bits, ranging from "0000" (0 decimal) to byte, consisting of four bits, ranging from "0000" (0 decimal) to" "" " ..

WORDWORD2 b tes lon , consistin of sixteen bits, and ran in from2 b tes lon , consistin of sixteen bits, and ran in from"00000000 00000000" (0 decimal) to "11111111 11111111" (65535"00000000 00000000" (0 decimal) to "11111111 11111111" (65535decimal). Not used much in microcomputers.decimal). Not used much in microcomputers.

LONGWORDLONGWORD Quad WordQuad Word

4 bytes long4 bytes long 8 bytes long8 bytes long


18/22


19/22

System Bus (Computer Bus)System Bus (Computer Bus) Address Bus : Unidirectional bus that

carries the binar address ou uts from the

CPU to the memory to select one memorylocation.

Data Bus : Bidirectional bus that carries.

Control Bus : is used by CPUs for

the computer. Ex. It carries control signal

the memory.


20/22

8085 Bus Structure

Address Bus:

e a ress us s a group o nes genera y en e as o . The address bus is unidirectional: bits flow in one direction-from theMPU to peripheral devices.

The MPU uses the address bus to identif in a eri heral or a memor location.


21/22

8085 Bus Structure

Data Bus: The data bus is a group of eight lines used for data flow.

- -the

MPU and memory and peripheral devices. The MPU uses the data bus to transfer binary information. The eight data lines enable the MPU to manipulate 8-bit data ranging

from 00 to FF (28 = 256 numbers). The largest number that can appear on the data bus is 11111111.


22/22

8085 Bus Structure

Control Bus:

e con ro us carr es sync ron za on s gna s an prov ng m ngsignals. The MPU generates specific control signals for every operation it

erforms. These si nals are used to identif a device t e with whichthe MPU wants to communicate.

introduction to microprocessor 1

Documents