introduction to human anatomy & physiology. gps sap1. students will analyze anatomical...
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GPS SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in
relationship to their physiological functions. a. Apply correct terminology when explaining the orientation
of body parts and regions. b. Investigate the interdependence of the various body
systems to each other and to the body as a whole. c. Explain the role of homeostasis and its mechanisms as
these relate to the body as a whole and predict the consequences of the failure to maintain homeostasis.
d. Relate cellular metabolism and transport to homeostasis and cellular reproduction.
e. Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types.
EQ: Why can’t we separate anatomy from physiology?How does function support form?
The Human Body: An Orientation
Unit 1: Part 1
Biology
- study of living organisms
Botany
- study of plants
Genetics
- study of physical & physiological traits transmitted from one generation
to another
Zoology- study of animals
Anatomy
- study of the structures and parts of cells & the relationship of the structure to the whole individual
Macroanatomy
- gross anatomy – can be seen & identified by the naked eye
Microanatomy
- only visible with a microscope – ex. histology & cytology
Physiology
- study of HOW an organism functions – all the chemical & physical mechanisms answer what, why & how
Pathology- study of the causes & effects of bodily dysfunction or disease as it relates to the physiology of the
human body
Zoology
Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology?
Structure is always related to function!
Characteristics of Life 10 Characteristics of Life
(Necessary Life Functions)
Movement – change in position; movemt of substances
Responsiveness/ Irritability – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in size/ # at cellular & organismal level
Metabolism –all the chemical rxns in the body; releasing energy from foods; includes RESPIRATION by obtain oxygen & remove carbon dioxide.
Reproduction – production of new organisms & new cells
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10 Characteristics of Life(Necessary Life Functions)
Maintain Boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external.
•Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes•Organismal level – accomplished by the skin
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances
Excretion – removal of wastes
Digestion – breakdown & absorption of food substances
5 Requirements for Life/ Survival Needs
Water- most abundant substance in body (~70% of body)- required for metabolic processes- required for transport of materials in body/ cells- regulates body temperature
Nutrients/Food- supply energy for cell building & metabolism- supply raw materials for metabolism
- carbs, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins, minerals
5 Requirements for Life/ Survival Needs
Oxygen- one-fifth of air- used to release energy from nutrients during
cellular respiration. Heat
- form of energy- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
-many chemical rxns in body requires a specific temp. (98.6° F/37° C) -produced by metabolism & muscle movement
Pressure -required for proper breathing & gas exchange in lungs
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic (water) pressure – keeps blood
flowing
Homeostasis:EQ: Why is homeostasis so important
in maintaining biological systems?
GPS c. Explain the role of homeostasis and
its mechanisms as these relate to the body as a whole and predict the consequences of the failure to maintain homeostasis.
HomeostasisBody’s maintenance of a stable internal environment;Necessary for normal functioning & to sustain life.
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
Control Center(set point)
(change) (correction)
Effectors
ResponseStimulus
(muscles or glands)
Receptors(provide info)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
1. Variable/ stimulus produces a change in the body
2. Receptor monitors the environments & responds to changes (stimuli)
3. Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
4. Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulus
5. Response: The body communicates via effector pathways through neural & hormonal control systems.
Homeostatic imbalance: A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
HOMEOSTASIS
The tendency to maintain a stable, internal environment.
Ex. Thermostat in your house Shivering to keep warm Sweating to keep cool Heart rate increases when you are
dehydrated
Figure 1.4, step 5
Changedetectedby receptor
Stimulus:Produceschangein variable
Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Variable(in homeostasis)
Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis
Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate
Controlcenter
Imbalance
Imbalance
Negative feedback- maintains homeostasis receptors receive info that is close to set point so
effectors shut down most feedback mechanisms in body use this examples: thirst, respiration, body temperature
Positive feedback- continues the production of…- receptors receive info and cause effectors to produce- examples: blood clot stimulates more clotting, baby suckles stimulates more milk
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback the output shuts
off the original stimulus or reduces it intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels, thirst, respiration, body temperature
Figure 1.5
Positive Feedback
the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: blood clot stimulates
more clotting baby suckles stimulates
more milk
Figure 1.6
GPS SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in
relationship to their physiological functions. b. Investigate the interdependence of the various body
systems to each other and to the body as a whole.
EQ: What are the functions of our body systems &
how do they work together to maintain homeostasis?
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1, step 6
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
Levels of Structural Organization
1. Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules.
2. Cellular – cells made of molecules.3. Tissue – made of similar types of cells.4. Organ – made of diff. types of tissues.5. Organ system – consists of different
organs that work closely together.6. Organismal – made up of the organ
systems.
Organ Systems
-composed of bones, cartilage, & joints- provides support & framework for vital organs- serves as a place for muscle attachment
-Forms blood
-Stores minerals: calcium & phosphorus.
-consists of striated, smooth & cardiac muscle- smooth: found in hollow organs- cardiac: found in the heart
- striated (skeletal):
-responsible for movement;
-maintains posture
-Produce heat
Organ Systems
-consists of the largest organ in the body; skin & accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat & oil glands, etc.)- protects underlying tissues- helps regulate body temp.
-Provides mechanical/physical & chemical protection.
-1st line of defense.
-Protects underlying tissue from injury.
-Makes vitamin D.
-Contain sensory receptors.
Organ Systems
Nervous:-Fast-acting response systemconsists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, & special sense organs- highly integrated (nerves)- senses environmental changes (stimuli)-(aka:responsiveness/ irritability)- enables reaction to changes, provides the ability to think, & coordinates the activities of the other systems- regulates the body’s responses to changes in the external environment-*all this adds up to homeostasis
- consists of ductless glands; pituitary, pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenals & portions of the pancreas, ovaries,
& testes- secrete hormones directly
into the blood stream to target organs throughout the body-coordinates many of the body’s physiological activities-regulates the body’s internal processes-Slow-acting response system
Organ Systems: CirculatoryCirculatory
1. Cardiovascular:
- distribute materials (O2, CO2, hormones, nutrients, waste) via blood throughout the body - consists of heart, blood vessels & blood
2. Lymphatic/ Immune:
-consists of spleen, thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph fluid, & marrow.- function includes immunity; Store white blood cells (WBCs)
-Clean blood
-Picks up leaked fluid & returns it to the blood.
Organ Systems: Excretory System1.Digestive: long tubular passage: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, rectum, anus.
•accessory organs include: salivary glands, pancreas, liver & gallbladder.
•digest/ breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood through physical & chemical processes.
• small intestines absorbs most of the nutrients.
• large intestine absorbs water & eliminates undigested materials as feces.
2. Urinary: comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. - eliminates excess water, various salts, foreign substances & cellular waste products as urine. - maintains constant internal conditions: Regulates water, electrolyte, & pH (acid- base) balance of the blood.
3. Respiratory: - consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. - provides the body w/ a continuous supply of O2; rids body of CO2
Reproductive System
male organs: testes, epididymis (sperm storing tubules), vas deferens (sperm ducts), seminal vesicles, prostate, penis and urethra
female organs: ovaries, oviducts (fallopian tubes), vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands
BOTH:
- designed to perpetuate the species; produce offspring- influences maturation and development
-Testes produce sperm & male sex hormones-Ducts & glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
-Ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones.-Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization & development of the fetus.-Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Interrelationships Among Body Systems
The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment
Digestive & respiratory systems, in contact w/ the external environment, take in nutrients & oxygen
Nutrients & oxygen are distributed by the blood
Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary & respiratory systems
Unused foodstuff is eliminated via the digestive system
Figure 1.3
The Language of AnatomyEQ: Why is it important to know the correct anatomical
terminology for position, region and direction of body parts in humans?
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for Position Regions Direction Structures
Anatomical Reference Systems
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
1-18
- define & describe location, position and relationship of one part to another in the body
Terms of Direction
ventral – anterior: toward the front
dorsal – posterior: toward the back
cranial – superior: uppermost part (head)
caudal – inferior: lowermost part (feet)
medial: toward the midline
lateral: away from the midline
proximal: nearest the point of attachment
distal: away from the point of attachment
Terms of Direction
superficial - peripheral: toward the surface
deep: away from the surface
parietal: pertains to the outer layer or wall
visceral: pertains to the covering of an organ
ipslateral: on the same side
contralateral: positioned on the opposite side of something else
Supe- pointed up (supinate)Prone- pointed down (pronate)
Planes of Sections/ Body Planes
Transverse / Cross
-divides the body into superior (upper) & inferior (lower) portions
-Oblique: angular cross-section
Planes of Sections
Coronal or Frontal
- divides the body into ventral (anterior) and dorsal (posterior) portions
Planes of Sections
Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
-runs vertically and divides right & left
Mid –equally in twoPara—Unequal halves
Body Cavities
Human body can be divided into two portions:1. Axial portion- includes the head, neck,
& trunk Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity
2. Appendicular portion- includes the upper and lower limbs
Body Cavities
Dorsalposterior
Ventralanterior
Cranialbrain
Spinalspinal cord
Thoracic
Mediastinummajor blood vessels, esophagus, trachea
Pleurallungs
Pericardialheart
Abdominalliver, spleen, stomach,
kidneys, lg/sm intestines
Pelvicbladder, rectum, internal
reproductive organs
Abdominopelvic
Diaphragmdome shaped muscle
Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity,
and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial – encloses the heart
Body Cavities The abdominopelvic cavity is separated
from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa covering the body walls
Visceral serosa covering the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Figure 1.10
Body Cavities
Smaller cavities w/in the head include: Oral cavity – teeth & tongue Nasal cavity – w/in the nose
Divided by the nasal septum Includes several sinuses
Orbital cavities – eyes, muscles, nerves Middle ear cavities – small ear bones
Membranes in the body
Pleural: covers the lungs; w/in ribcage
Pericardial: covers the heart Peritoneal: covers the
abdominal organs
Serous Membranes
Thoracic Membranes•Visceral pleura •Parietal pleura•Visceral pericardium•Parietal pericardium
Line walls of thoracic & abdominal cavities & organsVisceral layer – covers an organ; inner layerParietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall; outer layer
Abdominopelvic Membranes•Visceral peritoneum•Parietal peritoneum
Serous Membranes
1-16
peri =aroundpariet = wallspleur = rib areaviscera = internal organscardi = heart
Abdominal Subdivisions- Regions
hypo =beneathumbil = navelepi = upongastr = stomachchondr =cartilage