psychometrics

Research

Statistics

Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory

Highlights of History of Psychological Testing and

Assessment

2200 B.C.E. Proficiency Testing started in China

1115 B.C.E.

During Chen Dynasty test proficiency examination conducted in areas such as music, archery, horsemanship, writing, arithmetic, agriculture, and geography, for civil service examinations.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

400 B. C. E.

Plato suggested people should work at jobs consistent with their abilities and

Endowments/ ornatural capacities.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING?

HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE ARE CAPABLE OF DOING?

"The Unexamined Life is not Worth

Living." Socrates 469 BC

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

200 Dark Ages begin Science takes a

backseat to faith and superstition.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1600 After 1400 years from dark ages we slowly moved from a religion dominated view of the world to a philosophical and scientific view.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1859 Publication of Charles Darwin’s On the

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (humans are descended from apes).

Natural Selection and the Survival of the Fittest of the Species.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1860 Gustave (gu5 s-ˌtäv)Fechner

publishes Elements of Psychophysics

(perception of light and sound).

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1869 Francis Galton (gol-tən) father of testing

movement half cousin to Darwin GaltonNature

publishes a study of heredity and genius, pioneering

a statistical technique that Karl Pearson would later call Correlation.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

The phrase "Nature versus nurture" was coined by Francis Galton in discussion of the influence of heredity or genes and environment on social advancement. The nature versus nurture concerns the relative importance of an individual's genetic qualities "nature,” versus environment “nurture," in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.

NATURE VS NURTURE

1879 Wilhelm Max Wundt founds the first

experimental psychology

laboratory, in Leipzig,

Germany (reaction time)

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1890 American psychologist James Mckeen Cattell coins

the term “mental test”

in a publication.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1895 Alfred Binet and Victor Henri publish articles calling for the measurement of cognitive abilities.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1896 Lightner Witmer establishes

the first psychological clinic

in the United States, at the

University of Pennsylvania.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1904 Charles/Carl Spearman student of Wilhelm Max

Wundt at Leipzig begins the foundation for Test Reliability and Factor Analysis.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1905 Alfered Binet and Theodore Simon

published a 30-item “measuring scale of intelligence.” Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale launches a new era in measurement.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1913 John Watson publishes Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which is known as the “Behaviorist Manifesto.”

Galton Nature-> heredity Watson Nurture -> environment

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” John Watson

"Twelve infants" quotation

GOOD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: MAXIMUM POTENTIAL

GOOD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: STOPS AT A POINT.

BAD GENES IN A GOOD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: PARTIAL GROWTH.

BAD GENES IN A BAD ENVIRONMENT, CHANCES OF GROWTH: WILL NEVER MAKE IT.

1913 Swiss psychologist Herman Rorschach,

publishes papers on how analysis of patients’ art-work can provide insights into

personality. In 1921 he

published his now famous

monograph, psychodiagnostics,

known as, the Rorschach Inkblot Test.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1914 World War I serves as a boon to the testing movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional

fitness.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1916 Lewis Terman from Stanford University, publishes

the Stanford-Binet

Intelligence Test.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1926 The development of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) started and administered for the first time.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1927 Charles/Carl Spearman publishes a two-

factor theory of intelligence in which he postulates the existence of a general intellectual ability factor (g) and specific (s) components of that general ability.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1931 L.L.Thurstone publishes Multiple

Factor Analysis. He created systems of equations

or “laws” to estimate scale

values for each stimulus. He also developed

Agree-Disagree format

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1935 Henry A. Murray published “Thematic Apperception Test.” The final version of the

test was published in

1943.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1938 According to the 1938 “Mental

Measurement Year Book” at least 4,000 different psychological tests were in print at this year.

Lauretta Bender published

“A Visual Motor Gestalt Test.” Bender Gestalt II published in 2003.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1939 David "Wex" Wechsler “Wex-ler” from

Bellevue Hospital in New York City introduces the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale,

designed to measure

adult intelligence.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1940 World War II serves as a boon to the testing

movement since thousands of recruits must be quickly screened for intellectual functioning and emotional fitness.

Hathaway and McKinley developed MMPI

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1941 Raymond Cattell with the benefit of factor

analysis as a statistical tool, introduces a theory of intelligence based on two general factors he calls “fluid intelligence” and “crystallized intelligence.”

Later, he developed 16PF.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1941 Fluid intelligence” involves being able to

think, reason, and solve problems (short term memory/working memory).

Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences (long term memory).

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment 1951 Test expert Lee Cronbach introduces

“Coefficient Alpha” to measure test reliability.

This formula which was the modification of KR-20 calculates the mean of all possible split-half test correlations (reliabilities). Later, it was corrected by Spearman-Brown Prophesy Formula.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment  

                               

                             

1954 The first edition of “Psychological

Testing”

by Ann Anastasi published.

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget publishes

his work on the development of

cognition in children.

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1963 Stanly Milgram publishes

“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”

The experimental procedures and measurement methods of his work aroused many questioning on ethical grounds, and eventually lead to the establishment of APA Ethics Committees to oversee

measurement procedures

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

E=Experimenter/Researcher/AuthorityT=Teacher/Subject

L=Learner/confederate/Actor

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1975 John Holland proposes

a classification system consisting of six personality types based on corresponding interest patterns called “ Vocational Preference Inventory.”

History of Psychological Testing and Assessment

1993 The APA publishes “guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations.”