introduction to chemistry 101
DESCRIPTION
A power point presentation on the basic concepts of chemisty. With periodical table guides, elements, and colored pictures. From References of various sourcesTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Chemistry
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Part I Chemistry and Technology
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ChemistryThe study of:
the composition (make-up) of matter
the changes that matter undergoes
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What is matter? Anything that:
has mass and occupies space (volume).
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Mass vs Weight Mass: a measure of the amount
of matter that an object contains. (SI unit kilogram, kg)
Weight: The force with which the earth pulls on an object. (SI unit Newton, N)
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The 5 Branches of Chemistry Inorganic Organic Analytical Physical Biochemistry
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Inorganic Chemistry The study of chemicals that do
not contain carbon.
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Organic Chemistry The study of chemicals that
contain carbon. Origin: study of chemicals in
living organisms.
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Organic or Inorganic ?
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
Methane CH4
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
Ethane C2H6
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Analytical Chemistry Composition of matter.
http://besg.group.shef.ac.uk/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Ex:Mass SpectrometerGas Chromatograph
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Physical Chemistry The study of :
The mechanism The rate The energy transfer
that happens when matter undergoes change.
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Biochemistry Study of processes that take
place in organisms.
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Science What? Why?
How? When?
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Science and Technology Science Pure
Does not necessarily have an application.
Technology Applied Has practical applications in
society. Engineering.
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Question: Science or Technology?
Studying or forming aspirin in a lab in small scale (small amounts).
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Producing aspirin tablets so that consumers can use them.
Question: Science or Technology?
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Example: Discovery of Nylon by Wallace Carothers in 1930’s
http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/nylon/nylon.html
http://heritage.dupont.com/touchpoints/tp_1935-2/depth.shtml
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Microscopic- Macroscopic Micro –(small)
Microscopic- objects can be seen with a microscope.
Macro-(from afar) Macroscopic- objects are seen
without a microscope.
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Part II – A Brief History andthe Scientific Method
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Aristotle (Greece, 4th Century BC)
Philosopher who believed that:
There are 4 elements:earth, water, air, fire.
Matter is perpetually divisible.
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Democritus (Greece, 4th Century BC)
First atomic theory
Atom (indivisible).
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Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt
•Aiming to:Change common metals to gold.Develop medicines.
•Developed lab equipment.•Mystical.
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Galileo Galilei (Italy 1564 AD)
Father of the scientific method (along with the Englishman
Francis Bacon 1500’s).
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Antoine Lavoisier (France 1743-
1794) Regarded as the Father of Chemistry. Designed equipment. Used observations and measurements. Discovered nitrogen.
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Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d) Discovered the Law of
Conservation of Mass: In a chemical reaction mass is
conserved.
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Explained burning as reaction with oxygen.
Old theory: release of “phlogiston”.
Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)
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Question: Does an iron nail gain mass or lose
mass when it rusts (a form of burning)?
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John Dalton (England 1766-
1844) Atomic theory
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Amedeo Avogadro (Italy, 1776-
1856) Avogadro’s Number 6.02x1023
One mole of any substance contains 6.02x1023 particles.
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Dmitri Mendeléev (Russia, 1834-
1907)
First Periodic Table of elements.
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The Scientific Method
Steps followed during scientific investigations.
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Scientific Method Observation- recognition of a problem. Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation an educated guess must be testable.
Experiment- a procedure used to test a hypothesis (measurement, data collection, manipulated and responding variables)
Theory Law
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Theory A well tested explanation for a
broad set of observations. May use models. May allow predictions. Theories may change to explain
new observations.
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Law
A statement that summarizes results of observations, but does not explain them.
Changes or is abandoned when contradicted by new experiments.
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Note: The order of the steps can vary
and additional steps may be added.
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“No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong.”Albert Einstein
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Part III Math and Chemistry Math- the language of Science
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Units
SI Units – International System
Basic Units mks
Length (meter) mMass (kilogram) kgTime (second) s
National Bureau of Standards
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Solving Word Problems Analyze
List knowns and unknowns. Devise a plan. Write the math equation to be used.
Calculate If needed, rearrange the equation to
solve for the unknown. Substitute the knowns with units in the
equation and express the answer with units.
Evaluate Is the answer reasonable?