General Chemistry

Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences

(MGGC-101)&(GRGC-101)

Supervision:Prof.Dr.Shehata El-Sewedy Dr.Fatma Ahmed

Outcomes By the end of this lecture, the students will be able to

1-Understand Periodic Table and the Elements2-learn to classification of Periodic Table and the Elements3-To differentiate between Periodic properties such as Atomic radius , Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electron negativity4-Recognize development of periodic table

What is the periodic tableWhat is the periodic table? ? What information is obtained from the tableWhat information is obtained from the table? ? How can elemental properties be predicted base on the PTHow can elemental properties be predicted base on the PT? ?

In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known classification schemes for elements known to date. The periodic table is base on the to date. The periodic table is base on the similarity of properties and reactivities similarity of properties and reactivities exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri exhibited by certain elements. Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

A map of the building block of matter.

1IA

18VIIIA

11H

1.00797

2IIA

Periodic Table 13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2He

4.0026

23

Li6.939

4Be

9.0122

5B

10.811

6C

12.0112

7N

14.0067

8O

15.9994

9F

18.9984

10Ne

20.179

311

Na22.9898

12Mg24.305

3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

13Al

26.9815

14Si

28.086

15P

30.9738

16S

32.064

17Cl

35.453

18Ar

39.948

419K

39.102

20Ca40.08

21Sc

44.956

22Ti

47.90

23V

50.942

24Cr

51.996

25Mn

54.9380

26Fe

55.847

27Co

58.9332

28Ni58.71

29Cu63.54

30Zn65.37

31Ga65.37

32Ge72.59

33As

74.9216

34Se78.96

35Br

79.909

36Kr83.80

537

Rb85.47

38Sr87.62

39Y

88.905

40Zr91.22

41Nb

92.906

42Mo95.94

43Tc[99]

44Ru

101.07

45Rh

102.905

46Pd106.4

47Ag

107.870

48Cd

112.40

49In

114.82

50Sn

118.69

51Sb

121.75

52Te

127.60

53I

126.904

54Xe

131.30

655Cs

132.905

56Ba

137.34

57La

138.91

72Hf

178.49

73Ta

180.948

74W

183.85

75Re186.2

76Os190.2

77Ir

192.2

78Pt

195.09

79Au

196.967

80Hg200.59

81Tl

204.37

82Pb

207.19

83Bi

208.980

84Po[210]

85At[210]

86Rn[222]

787Fr[223]

88Ra[226]

89Ac[227]

104Ku[260]

105 106 107 108 109http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

The way the periodic table usually seen is The way the periodic table usually seen is a compress view, placing the Lanthanides a compress view, placing the Lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the stableand actinides at the bottom of the stable..

The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The Periodic Table can be arrange by subshells. The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is The s-block is Group IA and & IIA, the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition Group IIIA - VIIIA. The d-block is the transition metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and metals, and the f-block are the Lanthanides and Actinide metalsActinide metals

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

MetalsMetalsNonmetalsNonmetals

Main (Representative), Transition metals, lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)

Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table periodic table (rows 1-7)(rows 1-7)These elements have the same number of valence shellsThese elements have the same number of valence shells..

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

2nd Period

6th Period

Family:Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)1-8 A,B)These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shellThese elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell..

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

Alkali

Alkaline (earth)

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Noble GasNoble GasHalogenHalogen

ChalcogensChalcogens

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristicsIndividual members of selected Elements & their characteristics

H He

Li

Na

K Ca

Mg

Fe

I

Cl

F

P SSi

ONC

Al

ZnCu

Ag

Br

B2

p1

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

H1s1

Li2s1

Na3s1

K4s1

Rb5s1

Cs6s1

Fr7s1

Be2s2

Mg3s2

Ca4s2

Sr5s2

Ba6s2

Ra7s2

Sc3d1

Ti3d2

V3d3

Cr4s13d5

Mn3d5

Fe3d6

Co3d7

Ni3d8

Zn3d10

Cu4s13d10

B2p1

C2p2

N2p3

O2p4

F2p5

Ne2p6

He1s2

Al3p1

Ga4p1

In5p1

Tl6p1

Si3p2

Ge4p2

Sn5p2

Pb6p2

P3p3

As4p3

Sb5p3

Bi6p3

S3p4

Se4p4

Te5p4

Po6p4

Cl3p5

Be4p5

I5p5

At6p5

Ar3p6

Kr4p6

Xe5p6

Rn6p6

Y4d1

La5d1

Ac6d1

Cd4d10

Hg5d10

Ag5s14d10

Au6s15d10

Zr4d2

Hf5d2

Rf6d2

Nb4d3

Ta5d3

Db6d3

Mo5s14d5

W6s15d5

Sg7s16d5

Tc4d5

Re5d5

Bh6d5

Ru4d6

Os5d6

Hs6d6

Rh4d7

Ir5d7

Mt6d7

Ni4d8

Ni5d8

The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

West (South) Mid-plains East (North)METALS

AlkaliAlkaline

Transition

METALLOID NON-METALSNoble gasHalogensCalcogens

These elementstend to give up

e- and formCATIONS

These elementswill give up e- or

accept e-

These elementstend to accept

e- and formANIONS

Periodic propertiesThe periodic law states that when the elements are arranged by atomic number, their physical and chemical properties vary periodically.Among periodic properties, we will discuss 1- Atomic radius 2- Ionization energy3- Electron affinity4- Electron negativity.

Atomic RadiusAtomic Radius : :Within the groups of the periodic table, the atomic radius increases as you go down the group.

Within the periods of the periodic table, the atomic radius decreases as you move to the right.

.

Ionization potential: Ionization potential: ****ionization energy of an atom is the minimal energy needed to remove the outermost electron from the neutral atom.

Within a period, as you move from left to right across a period, first ionization energy increases. WHY? As you move across a period, the atomic radius decreases, that is, the atom is smaller.  The outer electrons are closer to the nucleus and more strongly attracted to the center.  Therefore, it becomes more difficult to remove the outermost electron.

Within a group, as you move down a group, first ionization energy decreases. WHY? As you move down a group, the atomic radius increases, that is, the atom is bigger. The outer electrons are farther away from the nucleus and weakly attracted to the center.  Therefore, it becomes easier to remove the outermost electron.

Electron Affinity: Electron Affinity: The electron affinity EA of an atom or ion is the energy change (mainly energy released) with gaining an e by the atom in the gaseous state Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g) EA= -439 kJ/mol

Periodic TablePeriodic Table: Map of the Building block of matterTypeType: Metal, metalloid and NonmetalGroupings: Representative or main, transition and Lanthanide/Actanides

FamilyFamily: Elements in the same column have similar chemical property because of similar valence electronsAlkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases

PeriodPeriod:: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell.

Summary

Quiz time

Arrange these elements based on their increasing Electronegativity

a-Se, Ge, Br, As b. Be, Mg, Ca, Ba

Student Question

Arrange these elements based on their increasing Electronegativity

a-Se, Ge, Br, As b. Be, Mg, Ca, Ba

1- Atomic radius 2- Ionization energy3- Electron affinity4- Electron negativity.

Arrange these elements based on their increasing and why??????????

• Cr, K, Br, Sc• Se, Ca, Cu, Kr

AssignmentsGroup A and Group BEffect of hydrogen peroxide on health شحاتة أحمد - -محمود على يوسف مروان

احمد - - مريم عبدالستار فاروق مروة عبدالغنىصبرى - - مى جمال الهرميل مى ابوالغيط محمد

- محمد- عادل هاجر رشدى صبحى مينا طايل

Effect of sulphur dioxide(SO2) on health - - حمادة عبدالسالم محمد اسالم سعودى ايةالعشرى محمد

عمرو - - محمد سعد رحاب عبداالله حميدعبدالمنعم

كمال - ايمان عبدالسالم صالح اميرةعلى - مصطفى سارة كمال جمال عمرو

Uses of Phosphoric acids - اللطيف عبد جمال ايمان حامد ممدوح خلود - - اشرف منى هانى محمد عمر عبده فتحى االء

كمال - - شيخون أحمد عبدالغنى أنور محمد محمد سها

محفوظToxic effect of hydrochloric acid الصفتى سالم وصال على عنتر عبدالحى عمر

احمد الشربينى ريهام وجية محمد مهابالسيد شريف أحمد عبدالحفيظ عبدالفتاح مروة

Group A and Group B

Applications of sulfuric acid محمد كمال العزيز عبد كريم محمد ماهر فريدةكمال

السيد صالح محمد الله عبد صابر محمدمحمد عبدالحميد طاهر محمد جابر صالح محمد

القادر عبد فايز محمد الهادى محمد عاصمعبدالمنصف فوزى محمد

Effect of nitration on health عبدالله أحمدالمقصود عبد أحمد

يحيى على أحمدبطاح هشام أحمد

مفرح محمد أالءعلى محمد اية

فونس باسممحمد الدين صالح خالد

السيد الرحمن عبدمحمد محمد السيد فاطمة

1-Raymond Chang. Chemistry. 10th ed. 20092-Zumdehl. International edition. 2009