introduction to anthropology. what is anthropology? anthropology is the broad study of humankind...
TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION TO
ANTHROPOLOGY
What is Anthropology?
Anthropology is the broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time.
It is concerned with both the biological and the cultural aspects of humans.
Branches of Anthropology
There are four main subdivisions (areas) in the study of Anthropology: Physical Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Archeology Linguistic Anthropology
We will focus on the following in this course…
Theory of Evolution Origin of Humans Primatology Evolutionary Timeline Genetic Inheritance Physical Adaptations Anthropologists:
Darwin Leakey's
Definition and Aspects of Culture
Race as a Social Construct Race and Adaptation Participation/Observation Anthropologists:
Jane Goodall Franz Boas Margaret Mead
Physical Anthropology: Cultural Anthropology:
Main Concepts in Physical Anthropology
Biological
Attempts to understand and define the physical or biological nature of human beings in comparison to other species (similarities and differences)
Follows human physical evolution from beginning to modern day human beings
Uses fossils, bones and other human remains to study human evolution
How the human species has changed physically over time (hundreds of millions of years) – called Biological Evolution
Study of Primatology – primates (apes, chimps as ancestors of humans)
Why we have certain physical characteristics from our ancestors (i.e. skin colour…) - called Genetic Inheritance
Evolution refers to change or transformation over time - how have humans changed and adapted to their environment over time – called Adaptation
Fossil record of human evolution
Main Concepts in Physical Anthropology
Archeology
Prehistory and early history of cultures around the world
Major trends in cultural evolution
Techniques for finding, excavating, dating, and analyzing material remains of past societies – used to help prove theories, i.e. evolution, artifacts…
Archaeological Field Methods:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m9wq_mtY4Q
Main Concepts in Cultural Anthropology
Behavioural The study of human beings in different
cultural settings around the world Includes comparisons of human cultures
to the cultures of other species ie.) Chimps
Culture includes learned behaviours, beliefs, attitudes, values, rituals, spirituality and societal ideals
Linguistic Anthropology:
The human communication process
Verbal and nonverbal communication
The structure, function, and history of languages
Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistics studies:
The human communication process
Verbal and nonverbal communication
The structure, function, and history of languages
Linguistic Anthropology: Communication
Communication allows us to express feelings, describe tasks, argue or discuss a position or ideas
Communication was an essential skill for our ancestors Co-operation during the hunt Warning of potential danger
Research Methods Used by Anthropologists:
Participation-observation Collection of statistics Field interviews Rigorous compilation of detailed notes Fieldwork on anthropologists is know as
“ethnography”: the scientific study of human races and cultures
EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGISTS
Louis and Mary Leakey
Credited with discovering physical evidence to support the evolutionary timeline
Primarily studied biological anthropology, largely focusing on fossil records and found tools.
Much of their discoveries were throughout Africa
Short Biography:http://www.leakey.com/origins
Louise Leaky ‘Who Are We?” TED Talk (grand-daughter of Louis and Mary):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-TGxJI4JwA
Jane GoodallBorn: 3 April 1934, Birthplace: London, England, Died: n/a
Worked directly with the Leaky family Her specialty was living with and
understanding the language and behaviour of chimps
Her famous work is an example of the participation/observation method
View the short interview with Jane Goodall: http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5Q6-hh49mU
Documentary: Wild Chimpanzees
Franz Boas Born: 9-Jul-1858, Birthplace: Minden, Germany, Died: 22-Dec-1942
Studied and widely collected information on race, linguistics, art, dance, and archaeology.
From these studies he developed his theory of relativism, debunking the prevailing beliefs that Western Civilization is superior to less complex societies.
Short Biography: http://www.biography.com/people/
franz-boas-9216786
Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. In other words, “right” and “wrong” are culture-specific; what
is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to judge another society’s customs.
All cultures are equally legitimate expressions of human existence, to be studied from a purely neutral perspective.
Ethnocentrism: comparing other cultures to your own, believing that one’s
own culture is superior to others based on lack of knowledge and understanding leads to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
Margaret MeadBorn: December 16, 1901 , Birthplace: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Died: November 15, 1978
Proposed that culture and gender roles play just as strong a role as biology in influencing adolescent behavior—
Short Biography: http://
www.biography.com/people/margaret-mead-9404056
Much of her research was completed via participation/observation in Samoa and New Guinea published Coming of Age in Samoa
presented the idea that the individual experience of developmental stages could be shaped by cultural demands and expectations
published Growing Up in New Guinea she demonstrated that gender roles differed from
one society to another, depending at least as much on culture as on biology