Introduction

Anatomy is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their

parts

Derived from the Greek ἀνατέμνω anatemnō "I cut up, cut open" from ἀνά ana "up", and τέμνω temnō "I cut", anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, their locations and their relationships with other parts.

The discipline of anatomy is divided into macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, is the examination of an animal’s body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy. Microscopic anatomy involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology and also in the study of cells.

275 BCE Herophilus teaches anatomy, Alexandria, Egypt; performs dissections of human bodies.ca. 150 Galen dissects apes, monkeys, cows, dogs; writes treatises on human anatomy.ca. 600-1100 Knowledge of Greek anatomical treatises lost to Western Europeans, but retained in Byzantium and the Islamic world. Islamic scholars translate Greek anatomical treatises into Arabic.1100s-1500s Galen’s anatomical treatises translated from Arabic into Latin, later from the Greek originals.

History of Anatomy

Erasistratos examines the pulse of Antiochus I Soter, on the right side Stratonice of Syria

1235 First European medical school founded at Salerno, Italy; human bodies are publicly dissected.1316 Mondino de’Liuzzi stages public dissections, Bologna, Italy; writes Anatomia.450s Moveable type invented; Gutenberg Bible printed (1455). Copperplate engraving invented. 1490 Anatomical theater opens in Padua, Italy.

1491 First illustrated printed medical book published in Venice, Johannes de Ketham, Fasciculus medicinae.ca. 1500-1540 Earliest printed illustrated anatomies.1510 Leonardo da Vinci dissects human beings, makes anatomical drawings.1543 First profusely illustrated printed anatomy, Vesalius’ De Humani Corporis Fabrica.1670s-1690s Schwammerdam, Ruysch and others start making anatomical specimens and museums. Bidloo starts movement toward greater anatomical realism. First art academies founded; anatomy is a key part of the curriculum.1600-1900 Anatomy plays an important role in medical education and research

History of Anatomy

Anatomical position

• The anatomical position is that to which all anatomical descriptions refer. It is one in which the person stands upright with feet together, eyes looking forward and arms straight down the side of the body, with the palms facing forward.

What is anatomy?

A science concerned with the study of the structure of biological organisms

AnatomyAna = aparttomy = a cutting---------------------------1- Gross anatomy (Macroanatomy)2- Histology (Microanatomy)3- Embryology

Anatomy Divisions1- Developmental anatomy2- Pediatric anatomy3- Comparative anatomy4- Applied anatomy5- Anthropology

The Methods Studying of Anatomy1- Regional : - Head and Neck - Trunk (Thorax-Abdomen-Pelvis) - Limbs (Lower limb – Upper limb)2- Systemic : (Skeletal – Muscular – Cardiovascular Digestive – Respiratory – Urinary - Endocrine - Reproductive – Nervous)

Systemic Anatomy

How to learn anatomy

• Observation• Memorization (≠rote memorization) • Visualization

Observation

• Atlas• Specimen• Cadaver

Memorization• Terminology • Features • Position• Relationship• Blood supply• Lymphatic drainage• Innervations• Relevant clinical points

Visualization

• What is liver?• Where is it?• Could you visual your own liver in your

body?

Anatomical Position

AnatomicalPosition

erecterect feet togetherfeet together arms to the sidearms to the side head head

facing facing forwardsforwardseyeseyes

palms of the handspalms of the hands

TerminologyAnterior = ant. (Ventral = vent.) Posterior = post. (Dorsal = dors.)Superior = sup. (Cranial = cran.) Inferior = inf. (Caudal = caud.)

TerminologyMedianMedial = med.Lateral = lat.MiddleIntermediate = intermed.

TerminologyInternal = int.External = ext.Superficial = superf.Deep

TerminologyProximal = prox.Distal = dist.PalmarPlantar

TerminologyPlanesMedian planeSagittal planeCoronal planeTransverse plane( Horizontal )

Artery = a. aa.Vein = v. vv.Nerve = n. nn.Muscle = m. mm.Ligament = lig. ligg.TendonAponeurosis

1- Coronal(Frontal).P

3- Transverse(Axial).P

2- Sagittal.P

Anterior & Posterior (Coronal.S)

Superior & InferiorTransverse.S

Right & left (Sagittal.S)

FlexionExtension