General anatomy

• This part of anatomy deals with the common features of bones ,joints ,vessels etc with main differences along with classifications based on different criteria

• Introduction of various terms and body systems

Axial Skelton- 80 bones

• Cranium-8• Facial-14• Hyoid-1• Auditory ossicles-6• Cervical vert.-7• Thoracic vert.-12• Lumbar vert.-5• Sacrum-1• Coccyx-1• Sternum-1• Ribs-24 Total-80

Appendicular Skeleton- 126• Clavicles-2• Scapulae-2• Humeri-2• Ulnae-2• Radii-2• Carpals-16• Metacarpals-10• Phalanges-28• Hip bones-2• Femora-2• Tibias-2• Fibulas-2• Patellae-2• Tarsals-14• Metatarsals-10• Phalanges-28

total: 126

Anatomic Position

• Body erect• Arms to side• Palms forward• Head & neck forward

terminology

Anterior/ventral – front side of the body

Posterior/dorsal– back side of the body

Anterior median line– a vertical line that divides the anterior (front) surface

of the body in right & left halves

Posterior median lane– a vertical line on posterior ( surface) dividing it into

right & left halves

Body planes

MEDIAN PLANE

Plane dividing the body into right & left halves by passing through anterior & posterior median line

Coronal plane

• Divides the body into anterior & posterior halves

• Its at right angle to the median plane

Transverse / horizontal plane

• Parallel to ground• Divides the body into

upper & lower parts may pass through any part of the body

Sagittal/ para median plane

• Parallel to the median plane on either side of it

Terms in reference to the planes

• Medial: near or towards the median plane

• Lateral: away from medial plane

• Ulnar: medial border of forearm (term used in reference to a bone called ulna in the medial part of forearm)

• Radial: lateral border of forearm (term used in reference to a bone called radius in the lateral part of forearm)

• Tibial: medial border of leg (term used due to a bone called tibia present in the medial part of leg)

• Fibular :lateral border of leg ( due to a bone called fibula in the lateral part of leg)

• Superior/cephalic: towards the head

• Inferior/caudal: towards the feet

Terms denoting intermediate positions

• Supero- medial• Supero-lateral• Infero-medial• Infero-lateral• Antero-inferior• Antero-superior• Postero-inferior• Postero-superior

Terms related with the trunk or main body

• Proximal: nearer to the body e.g elbow is proximal to the the wrist

• Distal: away from body e.g elbow is distal to shoulder but proximal to the wrist

• Intermediate :in between lateral/medial or proximal/distal e.g elbow is intermediate in position when compared with shoulder and wrist

miscellaneous

• Superficial or external :nearer to the skin or outer surface of any structure

• Deep or internal: inside the skin or inner aspect of any structure

• Palmer: the anterior surface of hand is called palmer surface

• Plantar: inferior surface of foot is called planter surface

• Ipsi- lateral :on or of the same side• Contra-lateral :on or of the opposite side

axis of movements

• Axis is an imaginary line around which a movement takes place

• There are three primary axis– Transverse axis– Antero-posterior (AP)– Vertical axis

Transverse axis:– passes from side to side– Movements of flexion & extension take place

around this axis

Antero-posterior (AP) OR Posterior-anterior( PA) axis:

– its direction is from before backwards or from behind forwards

– Movements of adduction & abduction take place around this axis

Vertical axis:

• vertical to the ground

• Rotations take place around this axis

• Sliding /gliding movements or translations– These are b/w two flat surfaces– Do not have any axis

• Angular movements– In this angle b/w two parts of the limb or body

is changed (on transverse axis)extensionFlexionAdductionAbductionAdduction-abduction of fingers & toes

Rotations• Two types1. Conjunct rotations/movements : these are in conjunction with some other

main movements– No muscles responsible for these

movements– It is due to non alignment of articular

surfaces e .g – Medial rotation of femur on tibia in full

extension of knee joint

• Adjunct rotation:

• By muscle action1) Medial rotation :ant. surface of limb is turned

or directed medially

2) Lateral rotation :ant. surface of limb is turned or directed laterally

3) Supination: rotatory movement of fore arm

4) Palm is directed forward or upwards

5) Pronation: opposite to supination

• Circumduction:– Combination of all movements in sequence

e.g flexion-abduction-extension-adduction

• Movements of foot– Dorsiflexion– Planter flexion– Inversion– eversion

• (

• These movements are:

• flexion